CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "academic.oup.com",cType: 'managed',cRay: '91355a49ebff3d98',cH: 'XE0xJ.ssuvouowz1nk1gwzo.EptMoxZredQHQSvtDU0-1739790854-1.2.1.1-I3EgjoMO2Xylhn0baKiMgI5.3sff7aTTlqsNpdZEhYwh1LNAjTadLPXU7q3wY2um',cUPMDTk: "\/search-results?q=&tax=AcademicSubjects\/SOC02405&__cf_chl_tk=9q1Ecut82bZP1aZqSo3.9p8p0pTmC.hGg5Oo3qDcvEQ-1739790854-1.0.1.1-UbyYk3qyj_G.veQ6P65uiAYc2uPt8tJft1axRUBkh04",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739790854',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/search-results?q=&tax=AcademicSubjects\/SOC02405&__cf_chl_f_tk=9q1Ecut82bZP1aZqSo3.9p8p0pTmC.hGg5Oo3qDcvEQ-1739790854-1.0.1.1-UbyYk3qyj_G.veQ6P65uiAYc2uPt8tJft1axRUBkh04",md: "IVQDTCfNUwAjjAf0vQ7VF2eIQxH3xXYGja0Si7711xc-1739790854-1.2.1.1-p3iF0DD9dr4g8DwpxxmCRmVlJqWSXfZZC_lwmihz3eZfvWeU13BtuZcm1HXPP.MOCZHgF1vm7vbY96DBbFZypXpNWsgnz6volUcV8vTOaBGtz5XU4bqYy5RyBak.zcLjqYLqGdycNeg_ioGUj9i0YJpwpt0_G.rd15OaZAuHv.kApdJ2mCISTaato5MQDaCDG3jLiMMEXsTuL2Dk3hvK7ZcOsT3Ii5y2x1SkS1xWkHCTF05uTJTjZ_3P14hD3WBArooDIgUsyQ.BG8a22B6ChFd6t8fNNWL32BtpaWZX22Pf8zFvi735gI9JusdPVpRHoNlxvNqXwecxz_SgGAAC5t53YBToph3KV8_gu9FEldnXkwkQDxL7ckPeK5TypdSNYKcDPut2C617kPYfS4Wgn4VRaMGpqFKyMbfA.omigFENV0QRoJxPtQLic4jAhYGG27xC3jzH7I_2iKRHAHXCgiP0GzHgBBarcG56uRtBr.A8maCVZ3ZpUl4M9CvVYwFAqSZ74ws3WYGpwrE8SDwI3sNvqdzuoL_D4OzDhX8k8Rp4F3X4ZuNKkmDOTpzKnmEMM3Yhw4n_35xdiCulDrmINr9CET4Bk5igQp53zChMaw_EOLEa9UUBwb4g9vhKGlRN8KHZPux9L7.24dADeeVOT64xbWpYWTR0KVburb6QYerkT1PbdH6FChuo7CekQorFWhWZz1I2s.lGogELk7vOLfEDlE3tdwbrsh8RQ5kOyQRmxc2RRbNFfHJkoafoaeBq3_xyyKuVQaFAyEqYpqd52pBWsWp5yIb2sdq.su_eMV12HqA7Hbn3iZcmza.LnDjnk9uXH.VKNb1g0L5OqgPo9m7W_Vmt9E33NFpIx2xnqC0NEQvwhj5skemEKL63dazfz9_a6jEa0ZOCOasKI9PF8y.1GPJHhN_FgYCP0vFfmcPnMb338Ea6IA2o8dLaZhXeN1D791WlkTYwCdhsAPquonBfI4KfloOpi.Yv8CE5ltPHXinbWJpd3n5U7vn8Ezad8TWXvUj4l2O7bJ6wtU.Ew5nmmbmxD0Znx_.2nxGY2qLAjRd_D3zTCjJMcTfc.kZ604j.Qxd2Sq.HBl9Z6xl9LpqUYX5tucQ5kL91O0dUfXSKyj88KD5QvQEwF37RBeEaAECx_u1jiv6qK6HPnD48ojElHfjrLg04vYRH.S8Qa.l2DXDY.BrDozig9v95F5gbm1Pt9repcTHnO0hng2xQm_RLOu04oNzPjfXe.r3caKBQToBbsNtmdKTtmA.dqciN1vVADv5x9.RpMnqXsMjWmn6knhX3nA54XcMOpdToSnkVS6OYmR6aLvC5RvjBkd9LCscAkprLBf5ASFG5AFkZCMt2feymhul3Zh3dgnhCMD38rNZQ4w.Wt1PpMXM3FCPPnGePYaKGPlh5j0ITQFmjUJ1rTclL.I9kTYPPuJXjauuBfgQCRExX6Zk8Za93UFHh8rc9HZ1jDvHORh61jEdlxSQOwpdgne1.FYcFuy5zoX8pZViBTWnoQd3qLbci2BAQeBviNPX9GNymlyaXb8xNZLkFhi7k6ivvEcnsQk7C12BiTDeK86vE0rwpuK.BW1BujZdrjtafTQGXmKXAdV7mNOjzxXWzYnSM3OmYPuHWW1CBs1XuMmpwZpURt.lxmkcb1SSGK22gChMBtazZxB.66kET3VB5u824p.WT6k9zIHV.BlQmQ1sdKwiHbaQ.jbpqC.9xIt6zp5.ZeTYqZVI3UBuCQWF0KDw05_n8oGfXNUyd_C2ypP4VbftVh3hQDXJLxfCWyJpk.N4Pks2CL_oMeoi_GdZ.rrbC0YHv33vZka46OPZbEEKttoejK3sSmTa1QLxPRLBdGvkGjJ6Ya99GNxhY4Zi2e0VjcdN.7hi5Ou9jrLsi1HI16c4x5lCvjjToOuUKttuLR78sOeMyjaQOufoh_xXrHZynrRBG77.Pou2e_41Tuz30vcg36ZTVsh6_0AbsqzdAkEHiYu5ZeXWb3sFy9YjJ8VqzXVa6UIy3jhlTRsXnlE1ohk.lACuJ3DXcQUzAEJfTQjou9pZ_H0m_6NWYepG5fort1TlMaPfHbB4ATIuOTT03VaWAHYqDxssynE.85w80TNRsYqGB7LEEdVjMC74KOtEoaQlzvLP6NXhbQh8QgjRee7N7niF4UBXv0hNWfcda8bwINjeURLQvP0KHDzaBS_XNSaJwGgvYQHmTw_cF8yYhccdfbQbJj7HrXKmWXVcLPN.qrkqAQfCmPHiB1InESrbyClucWIjDAagW0HGyoZ2SKyLxjOTtd4cYN1yGaE5qO9yd32_TXT54L8iMGEqx556YrZQGRn4hb89WD08Iu.aAEP.SEjjouKzx0p50ZUpxMVBSK5iygc4zZQfhS.w4KPAgY6JVrfodI90jBmWxi5H283GBdoi7HmHAaUlLoJp7myxw6bskDspI1SN.J0FOGKf71hXOP91vKSGxjBQfbcU3M0d5EVjmqpHeaP_15Yi6gkwq7Xg1qC2oVWWRfeClQsYMcBJPYsyFmwgzvBghcyzeeZeovpDAwZUg9DSWPKXI2t.PRkguBQTspUmidg54eSkOzhieWMOfhSb9zDIGDrVEWRbh51MJD6Qxis4EYz.Dan2xWYTEpJXX2w",mdrd: "biuYQx87SYCofvUDFUmxm3mTE78nr.pNAmrYA8iwaq8-1739790854-1.2.1.1-XzUWTuyfl5g6akF1VeqHE0_9DURoaBDMMEQ4r09ySBdVf7h7HtzYM2Nk9twkZu1B.BDXMnBm8fY_0yjB6ttXZF3jig9yIPhsmMidB8xapIicNywyZoMCReDEdQa4zwUCisGlBcGOaLP5746WInE11MlGfUSHceuL7V7EXKrbkPt90byTob.Hf40FmHXHTeuPKNxWp8vjs_7prGWuEKjmLRESexfMiMjjGX1uzG.Avq.Fk2YVui_90uJmKDWvJd3_1APqDYNCVbjTxbP86n9FYo7iYe6rk4IwFNuh4jh8C.kro9ZyLsWnUKe2yG_IIOqsTzao_r1RJreivtQC2n2OjCDGHHIE1nIPvovN7yuL_6EJ47g_tVV2sOJfJdilb6wGHMYx82CL5uYrFnQD4DeSwfQJXq6GU.zTNV7Jq6tZx3yUUr.q83lp_gJgPrO.TQNwQKMW_1XA.nuLfgQ91QVuSXK_SRVZbrHAucJCG5nZqhuYtdxrdHJIdmHBsLH1z.AkjDC0kUnPE7dc8c82GZocyUD7LdMRznyV9YuZ8yoTrqap92GLqSE5dkZ2muvOQVcde.8KxJPg0TO..6Ci7Bl6O48IrRNZV_CVjlPQftyh5dEVDQU1cWBSlW__D3Ylf10Dp42oDdPbjwxC0ffnxrXw4LXb6zz04QxKw4x3ellpLdEmnhxST3irTX5KJp74c9rO5PXcnKpc6litk.IYk76IP_1xE1HjNivGdmvxC6CUzKJSpUrQO5tvufJHPk3LdEKxpxCEmrxJOEJAzQsbliQ3P4gweowKtXg1ix0l4R4i7hmmUUscEbioFYYLmEhTpAUsoxG2ojAVpZUc7TCC9L4VU5Xfhc_98obYIFqxnlunbxKq0dQf09nY9kEhmHKowa0BKilYnfShEiRm_X2_5Et4Dg8qqnEagkzy8dgOihW4yafEvQEKpg9yrBYH9MzmcEMKdkVwL6v0hsko_ItqLwZleJxWNH0AajZyzy.VNjigVJoOztnp.5lfV77NLfy8vyQE0r.TW.nnK.08EbguudSNzl6e3IkCj2fJhFcexvRfZhKOxvJ7sUPWvDRZWypkct8MFGL6ZDIL4HSWjQ5zsMyAdc9h6uDB4eigNMo4Mw0WyALC2iMW41DNepgc_MkKlusBitdvb6KOz5Dh3nxPgElr3voK8ldwuZvCCt8JTP0j9J64V55HW47Tr5ANR3J8JPHfx8HHhSbQdO3sw5h8nHOwMkJd5Oxs4cLJ5N20RMTKil4sF90M55EY3JzDTbd5aTQPPGuEDTZmraySyr._ffhpeOJkG93WXpu0JEmJYnl4N9fx.haGuK1eoYcPBuhzbNEZAWj87kJD35LSeTinJvAEWKukAlWhUbYla2qUJ_l0nTC6GUunxtsa4UAJsdYufocjsNLAyuy.snPOaf4ho8sKOZ.jQ0PeR1qiaAYXPnwpay08aPPki.N.HriDwb43I02H6X.gMyAcreoNwOOpcZHqVudj2ZT.9BOgjZFekTH0Wb38wrrUq1dwz4JX1cMlnQO3YiwDy2K5fcwo1GdLDGAjRxDG7ZDjZc3aIWw8ayXQVg3XPop_.QxAGVFTIoPCO3X0lrBzSvVTH8NvVpVsXrW6pkrvs4uGQQ3fiOnEjLuae_xHrJDzECs51CrZYDKxgou8tZWmaphgufoxZBMo7S8AGfOLXm4JAsSY4XZE9fXXQxX8RnEyvbeTtgk6FOVkpmcMJ72oCG0FckRlM2xKMrDK706HQlqUHV08CtixcyhmB762g6c7C6leYo0bGa.1xh4N3Oc4xer8g9uk970OF2kfyaZpAw4UN4unwkcWjRx3ls0P9iFkN.ID6gTIzL55fUhaisM71eiksFoM8i4yB_dnxNPSFXa467rW4HGVAtKB_M.Bk7nha.qTASAGNm5oBMTFmnGFgSed0eVeOX8Rl9OJdaiLmW65YwyUjkJN4fHcnipdEdKrsa7iVnOdKI.xaVMf"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91355a49ebff3d98';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/search-results?q=&tax=AcademicSubjects\/SOC02405&__cf_chl_rt_tk=9q1Ecut82bZP1aZqSo3.9p8p0pTmC.hGg5Oo3qDcvEQ-1739790854-1.0.1.1-UbyYk3qyj_G.veQ6P65uiAYc2uPt8tJft1axRUBkh04" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>