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<script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> Welsh (Cymraeg <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[kəmˈraːiɡ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2d\/Cymraeg_%28cropped%29.wav\/Cymraeg_%28cropped%29.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cymraeg (cropped).wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2d/Cymraeg_%2528cropped%2529.wav/Cymraeg_%2528cropped%2529.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Cymraeg_(cropped).wav?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="File:Cymraeg (cropped).wav">ⓘ</a> or y Gymraeg <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[ə ɡəmˈraːiɡ]</a>) is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_language_family?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic language family">Celtic language</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brittonic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a> subgroup that is native to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh people">Welsh people</a>. Welsh is spoken natively in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wales">Wales</a>, by some in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="England">England</a>, and in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Y_Wladfa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a> (the Welsh colony in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chubut_Province?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chubut Province">Chubut Province</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Argentina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Welsh</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Cymraeg, y Gymraeg</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[kəmˈraːiɡ]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wales">Wales</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="England">England</a>), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Argentina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chubut_Province?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chubut Province">Chubut Province</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wales">Wales</a>: 538,300 (2021) (17.8% of the population of Wales in 2021, including both <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First language">L1</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second language">L2</a> speakers) (official statistic)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="England">England</a>: 110,000 (2007, estimated)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chubut_Province?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chubut Province">Argentina (Patagonia)</a>: 1,500–5,000<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-WAG-3">[3]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canada">Canada</a>: <3,885 (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First language">L1</a>)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Australia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Australia">Australia</a>: 1,737<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[6]</a></li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Language_family?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Language family">Language family</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <div style="text-align:left;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indo-European_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brittonic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Brittonic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Brittonic languages">Western Brittonic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"> <li>Welsh</li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Early forms </div></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <div style="text-align:left;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Common_Brittonic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Welsh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Welsh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle Welsh">Middle Welsh</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr class="plainlist"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cofi_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cofi dialect">Cofi</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gwyndodeg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gwyndodeg">Gwyndodeg</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Powyseg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Powyseg">Powyseg</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dyfedeg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dyfedeg">Dyfedeg</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gwenhwyseg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gwenhwyseg">Gwenhwyseg</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patagonian_Welsh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patagonian Welsh">Patagonian Welsh</a></li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Writing_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Writing system">Writing system</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_script?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_orthography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh orthography">Welsh alphabet</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh Braille</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Official language in </div></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wales">Wales</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Recognised minority language in </div></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <div style="vertical-align:middle;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Argentina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chubut_Province?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chubut Province">Chubut Province</a>) </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_language_regulators?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_Language_Commissioner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh Language Commissioner">Welsh Language Commissioner</a> (2012–present)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_Language_Board?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh Language Board">Welsh Language Board</a> (1993–2012)</li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1%3Dcy">cy</a></code></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID%3D487">wel</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-2/B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/B">B</a>)</code> <code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID%3D487">cym</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-2/T?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/T">T</a>)</code></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/cym" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:cym">cym</a></code></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glottolog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/wels1247">wels1247</a></code></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/10429">Welsh</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc%3D1%26tr%3Dlsr%26nid%3D50-ABA">50-ABA</a></code></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Welsh_speakers_in_the_2021_census.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Welsh_speakers_in_the_2021_census.svg/320px-Welsh_speakers_in_the_2021_census.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Welsh_speakers_in_the_2021_census.svg/480px-Welsh_speakers_in_the_2021_census.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Welsh_speakers_in_the_2021_census.svg/640px-Welsh_speakers_in_the_2021_census.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="561"></a> <div style="text-align:left;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh-speaking_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh-speaking population">Welsh-speaking population</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wales">Wales</a> according to the 2021 census </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Lang_Status_80-VU.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/320px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/480px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/640px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153"></a> <div style="text-align:left;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> Welsh is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a> (2010)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[7]</a> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a 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Without proper <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unicode?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/WIKITONGUES-_Sandra_speaking_Welsh.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Sandra_speaking_Welsh.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="136" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Sandra_speaking_Welsh.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Sandra_speaking_Welsh.webm"> <source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/WIKITONGUES-_Sandra_speaking_Welsh.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Sandra_speaking_Welsh.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/WIKITONGUES-_Sandra_speaking_Welsh.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Sandra_speaking_Welsh.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/WIKITONGUES-_Sandra_speaking_Welsh.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Sandra_speaking_Welsh.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/WIKITONGUES-_Sandra_speaking_Welsh.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/WIKITONGUES-_Sandra_speaking_Welsh.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Sandra_speaking_Welsh.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/WIKITONGUES-_Sandra_speaking_Welsh.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Sandra_speaking_Welsh.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/WIKITONGUES-_Sandra_speaking_Welsh.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Sandra_speaking_Welsh.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Sandra_speaking_Welsh.webm&lang=cy&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="cy" label="Cymraeg ‪(cy)‬" data-dir="ltr"> </video> <figcaption> Video of a Welsh speaker </figcaption> </figure> It is spoken by smaller numbers of people in Canada and the United States descended from Welsh immigrants, within their households (especially in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nova_Scotia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>). Historically, it has also been known in English as "British",<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[9]</a> "Cambrian",<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[10]</a> "Cambric"<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[11]</a> and "Cymric".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_Language_(Wales)_Measure_2011?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011">Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011</a> gave the Welsh language official status in Wales.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Welsh and English are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/De_jure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="De jure">de jure</a> official languages of the Welsh Parliament, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Senedd?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Senedd">Senedd</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[14]</a> with Welsh being the only de jure official language in any part of the United Kingdom, with English being merely <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/De_facto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="De facto">de facto</a> official.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[15]</a> According to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021 census</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh-speaking_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh-speaking population">Welsh-speaking population</a> of Wales aged three or older was 538,300 (17.8%) and nearly three quarters of the population in Wales said they had no Welsh language skills.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Other estimates suggest that 862,700 people (28.0%) aged three or older in Wales could speak Welsh in March 2024.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-17">[17]</a> Almost half of all Welsh speakers consider themselves fluent, while 20 per cent are able to speak a fair amount.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:3-18">[18]</a> 56 per cent of Welsh speakers speak the language daily, and 19 per cent speak the language weekly.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:3-18">[18]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_Government?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a> plans to increase the number of Welsh-language speakers to one million by 2050. Since 1980, the number of children attending <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh-medium_education?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh-medium education">Welsh-medium schools</a> has increased, while the number going to Welsh bilingual and dual-medium schools has decreased.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Welsh is considered the least endangered Celtic language by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UNESCO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Origins">1.1 Origins</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Primitive_Welsh">1.2 Primitive Welsh</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Old_Welsh">1.3 Old Welsh</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Middle_Welsh">1.4 Middle Welsh</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Modern_Welsh">1.5 Modern Welsh</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Geographic_distribution">2 Geographic distribution</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Wales">2.1 Wales</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Outside_Wales">2.2 Outside Wales</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#The_rest_of_the_UK">2.2.1 The rest of the UK</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Argentina">2.2.2 Argentina</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Australia">2.2.3 Australia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Canada">2.2.4 Canada</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#New_Zealand">2.2.5 New Zealand</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_States">2.2.6 United States</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Status">3 Status</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Number_of_speakers">3.1 Number of speakers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Legal_status">3.2 Legal status</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#In_education">3.3 In education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Use_in_professional_engineering">3.4 Use in professional engineering</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#In_information_technology">3.5 In information technology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mobile_phone_technology">3.6 Mobile phone technology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#In_warfare">3.7 In warfare</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Use_within_the_British_parliament">3.8 Use within the British parliament</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Use_at_the_European_Union">3.9 Use at the European Union</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Use_by_the_Voyager_programme">3.10 Use by the Voyager programme</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Vocabulary">4 Vocabulary</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Phonology">5 Phonology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Orthography">6 Orthography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Morphology">7 Morphology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Syntax">8 Syntax</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Possessives_as_direct_objects_of_verbnouns">8.1 Possessives as direct objects of verbnouns</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pronoun_doubling">8.2 Pronoun doubling</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Grammar">9 Grammar</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Counting_system">10 Counting system</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Dialects">11 Dialects</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#The_four_traditional_dialects">11.1 The four traditional dialects</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Registers">12 Registers</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Examples_of_sentences_in_literary_and_colloquial_Welsh">12.1 Examples of sentences in literary and colloquial Welsh</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Example_text">13 Example text</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">14 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes">15 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">16 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading">17 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">18 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of the Welsh language">History of the Welsh language</a> </div> The language of the Welsh developed from the language of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_Britons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The emergence of Welsh was not instantaneous and clearly identifiable. Instead, the shift occurred over a long period, with some historians claiming that it had happened by as late as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/9th_century?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="9th century">9th century</a>, with a watershed moment being that proposed by linguist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kenneth_H._Jackson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kenneth H. Jackson">Kenneth H. Jackson</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Deorham?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Deorham">Battle of Dyrham</a>, a military battle between the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wessex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wessex">West Saxons</a> and the Britons in 577 AD,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-koch-22">[22]</a> which split the South Western British from direct overland contact with the Welsh. Four periods are identified in the history of Welsh, with rather indistinct boundaries: Primitive Welsh, Old Welsh, Middle Welsh, and Modern Welsh. The period immediately following the language's emergence is sometimes referred to as Primitive Welsh,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-koch-22">[22]</a> followed by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Welsh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a> period – which is generally considered to stretch from the beginning of the 9th century to sometime during the 12th century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-koch-22">[22]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Welsh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle Welsh">Middle Welsh</a> period is considered to have lasted from then until the 14th century, when the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of the Welsh language">Modern Welsh</a> period began, which in turn is divided into Early and Late Modern Welsh. The word Welsh is a descendant, via Old English wealh, wielisc, of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> word *<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walhaz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Walhaz">Walhaz</a>, which was derived from the name of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celts">Celtic people</a> known to the Romans as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volcae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Volcae">Volcae</a> and which came to refer to speakers of Celtic languages, and then indiscriminately to the people of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>. In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old English">Old English</a> the term went through <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Semantic_change?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Semantic change">semantic narrowing</a>, coming to refer to either Britons in particular or, in some contexts, slaves.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The plural form Wēalas evolved into the name for their territory, Wales.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Wales_Hist_71-24">[24]</a> The modern names for various <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romance_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romance languages">Romance-speaking</a> people in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Continental_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a> (e.g. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walloons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walloons">Walloons</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valaisan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Valaisan">Valaisans</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vlachs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vlachs">Vlachs</a>/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wallachia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wallachia">Wallachians</a>, and Włosi, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish language">Polish</a> name for Italians) have a similar etymology.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The Welsh term for the language, Cymraeg, descends from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Common_Brittonic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Common Brittonic">Brythonic</a> word combrogi, meaning 'compatriots' or 'fellow countrymen'.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Origins" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Classification" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages § Classification</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:1588_First_Welsh_Bible.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/1588_First_Welsh_Bible.jpg/170px-1588_First_Welsh_Bible.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="271" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="1169"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 271px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/1588_First_Welsh_Bible.jpg/170px-1588_First_Welsh_Bible.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="271" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/1588_First_Welsh_Bible.jpg/255px-1588_First_Welsh_Bible.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/1588_First_Welsh_Bible.jpg/340px-1588_First_Welsh_Bible.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The 1588 Welsh Bible </figcaption> </figure> Welsh evolved from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Common_Brittonic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a>, the Celtic language spoken by the ancient <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_Britons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtic Britons">Celtic Britons</a>. Classified as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a>, the British language probably arrived in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Britain">Britain</a> during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bronze_Age?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Iron_Age?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age</a> and was probably spoken throughout the island south of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Firth_of_Forth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-KochBritons-27">[27]</a> During the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a> the British language began to fragment due to increased dialect differentiation, thus evolving into Welsh and the other Brittonic languages. It is not clear when Welsh became distinct.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-koch-22">[22]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-28">[28]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-29">[29]</a> Linguist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kenneth_H._Jackson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kenneth H. Jackson">Kenneth H. Jackson</a> has suggested that the evolution in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syllable?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syllable">syllabic</a> structure and sound pattern was complete by around AD 550, and labelled the period between then and about AD 800 "Primitive Welsh".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Koch1757-30">[30]</a> This Primitive Welsh may have been spoken in both Wales and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hen_Ogledd?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a> ('Old North') – the Brittonic-speaking areas of what are now northern England and southern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scotland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> – and therefore may have been the ancestor of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cumbric?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a> as well as Welsh. Jackson, however, believed that the two varieties were already distinct by that time.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-koch-22">[22]</a> The earliest Welsh poetry – that attributed to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cynfeirdd?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynfeirdd">Cynfeirdd</a> or "Early Poets" – is generally considered to date to the Primitive Welsh period. However, much of this poetry was supposedly composed in the Hen Ogledd, raising further questions about the dating of the material and language in which it was originally composed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-koch-22">[22]</a> This discretion stems from the fact that Cumbric was widely believed to have been the language used in Hen Ogledd. An 8th-century inscription in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tywyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tywyn">Tywyn</a> shows the language already dropping <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inflection?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inflection">inflections</a> in the declension of nouns.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jenkins-31">[31]</a> Janet Davies proposed that the origins of the Welsh language were much less definite; in The Welsh Language: A History, she proposes that Welsh may have been around even earlier than 600 AD. This is evidenced by the dropping of final syllables from Brittonic: *bardos 'poet' became bardd, and *abona 'river' became afon.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-28">[28]</a> Though both Davies and Jackson cite minor changes in syllable structure and sounds as evidence for the creation of Old Welsh, Davies suggests it may be more appropriate to refer to this derivative language as Lingua Britannica rather than characterising it as a new language altogether. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Primitive_Welsh">Primitive Welsh</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Primitive Welsh" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The argued dates for the period of "Primitive Welsh" are widely debated, with some historians' suggestions differing by hundreds of years. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Old_Welsh">Old Welsh</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Old Welsh" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Welsh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a> </div> The next main period is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Welsh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a> (Hen Gymraeg, 9th to 11th centuries); <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poetry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poetry">poetry</a> from both Wales and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scotland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> has been preserved in this form of the language. As <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Germanic</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaels">Gaelic</a> colonisation of Britain proceeded, the Brittonic speakers in Wales were split off from those in northern England, speaking Cumbric, and those in the southwest, speaking what would become <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>, so the languages diverged. Both the works of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aneirin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aneirin">Aneirin</a> (Canu Aneirin, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 600) and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Book_of_Taliesin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Book of Taliesin">Book of Taliesin</a> (Canu Taliesin) were written during this era. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Middle_Welsh">Middle Welsh</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Middle Welsh" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Welsh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle Welsh">Middle Welsh</a> </div> Middle Welsh (Cymraeg Canol) is the label attached to the Welsh of the 12th to 14th centuries, of which much more remains than for any earlier period. This is the language of nearly all surviving early manuscripts of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mabinogion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mabinogion">Mabinogion</a>, although the tales themselves are certainly much older. It is also the language of the existing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh law">Welsh law</a> manuscripts. Middle Welsh is reasonably intelligible to a modern-day Welsh speaker. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Languages of Wales 1750–1900</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 131.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 129.33333333333px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_(A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales)_-_1750.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="1750"> <noscript> <img alt="1750" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1750.svg/194px-Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1750.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="707"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 130px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1750.svg/194px-Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1750.svg.png" data-alt="1750" data-width="130" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1750.svg/292px-Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1750.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1750.svg/389px-Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1750.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> 1750 </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 131.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 129.33333333333px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_(A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales)_-_1800.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="1800"> <noscript> <img alt="1800" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1800.svg/194px-Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1800.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="707"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 130px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1800.svg/194px-Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1800.svg.png" data-alt="1800" data-width="130" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1800.svg/292px-Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1800.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1800.svg/389px-Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1800.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> 1800 </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 131.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 129.33333333333px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_(A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales)_-_1850.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="1850"> <noscript> <img alt="1850" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1850.svg/194px-Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1850.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="707"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 130px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1850.svg/194px-Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1850.svg.png" data-alt="1850" data-width="130" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1850.svg/292px-Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1850.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1850.svg/389px-Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1850.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> 1850 </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 131.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 129.33333333333px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_(A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales)_-_1900.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="1900"> <noscript> <img alt="1900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1900.svg/194px-Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1900.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="707"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 130px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1900.svg/194px-Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1900.svg.png" data-alt="1900" data-width="130" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1900.svg/292px-Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1900.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1900.svg/389px-Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1900.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> 1900 </div></li> </ul> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> Key: • Welsh <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  • Bilingual <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  • English <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Modern_Welsh">Modern Welsh</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Modern Welsh" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style> <table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This section needs additional citations for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/Welsh language">improve this article</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>) </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Still_surviving..._-_geograph.org.uk_-_406078.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Still_surviving..._-_geograph.org.uk_-_406078.jpg/220px-Still_surviving..._-_geograph.org.uk_-_406078.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Still_surviving..._-_geograph.org.uk_-_406078.jpg/220px-Still_surviving..._-_geograph.org.uk_-_406078.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Still_surviving..._-_geograph.org.uk_-_406078.jpg/330px-Still_surviving..._-_geograph.org.uk_-_406078.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Still_surviving..._-_geograph.org.uk_-_406078.jpg/440px-Still_surviving..._-_geograph.org.uk_-_406078.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Welsh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bible translations into Welsh">Welsh Bible</a> of 1620, in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Llanwnda,_Pembrokeshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Llanwnda, Pembrokeshire">Llanwnda</a> church, rescued from the hands of French invaders in 1797<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[32]</a> </figcaption> </figure> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Welsh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bible translations into Welsh">Bible translations into Welsh</a> helped maintain the use of Welsh in daily life, and standardised spelling. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Testament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> was translated by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Salesbury?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Salesbury">William Salesbury</a> in 1567,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[33]</a> and the complete Bible by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Morgan_(Bible_translator)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Morgan (Bible translator)">William Morgan</a> in 1588.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Modern Welsh is subdivided into Early Modern Welsh and Late Modern Welsh.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Early Modern Welsh ran from the 15th century through to the end of the 16th century,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[36]</a> and the Late Modern Welsh period roughly dates from the 16th century onwards. Contemporary Welsh differs greatly from the Welsh of the 16th century, but they are similar enough for a fluent Welsh speaker to have little trouble understanding it. During the Modern Welsh period, there has been a decline in the popularity of the Welsh language: the number of Welsh speakers declined to the point at which there was concern that the language would become extinct. During industrialisation in the late 19th century, immigrants from England led to the decline in Welsh speakers particularly in the South Wales Valleys.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Welsh government processes and legislation have worked to increase the proliferation of the Welsh language, for example through education.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[38]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Wales">Wales</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Wales" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> For Welsh speaking population figures, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Status">§ Status</a>. </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Welsh_speakers_in_the_2011_census.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Welsh_speakers_in_the_2011_census.png/220px-Welsh_speakers_in_the_2011_census.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="13342" data-file-height="14791"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 244px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Welsh_speakers_in_the_2011_census.png/220px-Welsh_speakers_in_the_2011_census.png" data-width="220" data-height="244" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Welsh_speakers_in_the_2011_census.png/330px-Welsh_speakers_in_the_2011_census.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Welsh_speakers_in_the_2011_census.png/440px-Welsh_speakers_in_the_2011_census.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The proportion of respondents in the 2011 census who said they could speak Welsh </figcaption> </figure> Welsh has been spoken continuously in Wales throughout history; however, by 1911, it had become a minority language, spoken by 43.5 per cent of the population.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[39]</a> While this decline continued over the following decades, the language did not die out. The smallest number of speakers was recorded in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1921_United_Kingdom_census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1921 United Kingdom census">1981</a> with 503,000 although the lowest percentage was recorded in the most recent census in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021</a> at 17.8 per cent.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-auto-40">[40]</a> By the start of the 21st century, numbers began to increase once more, at least partly as a result of the increase in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh-medium_education?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh-medium education">Welsh-medium education</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The 2004 Welsh Language Use Survey showed that 21.7 per cent of the population of Wales spoke Welsh,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2004Survey-43">[43]</a> compared with 20.8 per cent in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2001?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2001">2001 census</a>, and 18.5 per cent in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1991_census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 census">1991 census</a>. Since 2001, however, the number of Welsh speakers has declined in both the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2011 United Kingdom census">2011</a> and 2021 censuses to about 538,300 or 17.8 per cent in 2021, lower than 1991, although it is still higher in absolute terms.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-auto-40">[40]</a> The 2011 census also showed a "big drop" in the number of speakers in the Welsh-speaking heartlands, with the number dropping to under 50 per cent in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ceredigion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ceredigion">Ceredigion</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carmarthenshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carmarthenshire">Carmarthenshire</a> for the first time.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[45]</a> However, according to the Welsh Language Use Survey in 2019–20, 22 per cent of people aged three and over were able to speak Welsh.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Annual_Population_Survey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Annual Population Survey">Annual Population Survey</a> (APS) by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a> (ONS) estimated that as of March 2024, approximately 862,700, or 28.0 per cent of the population of Wales aged 3 and over, were able to speak the language.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-17">[17]</a> Children and young people aged three to 15 years old were more likely to report that they could speak Welsh than any other age group (48.4 per cent, 241,300). Around 1,001,500 people, or 32.5 per cent, reported that they could understand spoken Welsh. 24.7 per cent (759,200) could read and 22.2 per cent (684,500) could write in Welsh. The APS estimates of Welsh language ability are historically higher than those produced by the census.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In terms of usage, ONS also reported that 14.4 per cent (443,800) of people aged three or older in Wales reported that they spoke Welsh daily in March 2024, with 5.4 per cent (165,500) speaking it weekly and 6.5 per cent (201,200) less often. Approximately 1.7 per cent (51,700) reported that they never spoke Welsh despite being able to speak the language, with the remaining 72.0 per cent of the population not being able to speak it.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-17">[17]</a> The National Survey for Wales, conducted by Welsh Government, has also tended to report a higher percentage of Welsh speakers than the census, with the most recent results for 2022–2023 suggesting that 18 per cent of the population aged 3 and over were able to speak Welsh, with an additional 16 per cent noting that they had some Welsh-speaking ability.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Historically, large numbers of Welsh people spoke only Welsh.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Over the course of the 20th century this monolingual population all but disappeared, but a small percentage remained at the time of the 1981 census.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Most Welsh-speaking people in Wales also speak English. However, many[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">quantify</a>] Welsh-speaking people are more comfortable expressing themselves in Welsh than in English. A speaker's choice of language can vary according to the subject domain and the social context, even within a single <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Discourse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Discourse">discourse</a> (known in linguistics as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Code-switching?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Code-switching">code-switching</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Welsh speakers are largely concentrated in the north and west of Wales, principally <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gwynedd?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conwy_(county_borough)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Conwy (county borough)">Conwy County Borough</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Denbighshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Denbighshire">Denbighshire</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglesey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carmarthenshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carmarthenshire">Carmarthenshire</a>, north <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pembrokeshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pembrokeshire">Pembrokeshire</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ceredigion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ceredigion">Ceredigion</a>, parts of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glamorgan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glamorgan">Glamorgan</a>, and north-west and extreme south-west <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Powys?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Powys">Powys</a>. However, first-language and other fluent speakers can be found throughout Wales.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Outside_Wales">Outside Wales</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Outside Wales" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="The_rest_of_the_UK">The rest of the UK</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: The rest of the UK" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Welsh-speaking communities persisted well into the modern period across the border in England. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Archenfield?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Archenfield">Archenfield</a> was still Welsh enough in the time of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a> for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bishop_of_Hereford?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bishop of Hereford">Bishop of Hereford</a> to be made responsible, together with the four Welsh bishops, for the translation of the Bible and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a> into Welsh. Welsh was still commonly spoken there in the first half of the 19th century, and churchwardens' notices were put up in both Welsh and English until about 1860.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_John_Ellis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexander John Ellis">Alexander John Ellis</a> in the 1880s identified a small part of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shropshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a> as still then speaking Welsh, with the "Celtic Border" passing from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Llanymynech?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Llanymynech">Llanymynech</a> through <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oswestry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oswestry">Oswestry</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chirk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chirk">Chirk</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The number of Welsh-speaking people in the rest of Britain has not yet been counted for statistical purposes. In 1993, the Welsh-language television channel <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S4C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="S4C">S4C</a> published the results of a survey into the numbers of people who spoke or understood Welsh, which estimated that there were around 133,000 Welsh-speaking people living in England, about 50,000 of them in the Greater London area.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_Language_Board?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh Language Board">Welsh Language Board</a>, on the basis of an analysis of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a> Longitudinal Study, estimated there were 110,000 Welsh-speaking people in England, and another thousand in Scotland and Northern Ireland.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2011">2011 census</a>, 8,248 people in England gave Welsh in answer to the question "What is your main language?"<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nomisweb1-57">[57]</a> The Office for National Statistics subsequently published a census glossary of terms to support the release of results from the census, including their definition of "main language" as referring to "first or preferred language" (though that wording was not in the census questionnaire itself).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The wards in England with the most people giving Welsh as their main language were the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> wards of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_(Liverpool_ward)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central (Liverpool ward)">Central</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greenbank_(ward)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greenbank (ward)">Greenbank</a>; and Oswestry South in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shropshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nomisweb1-57">[57]</a> The wards of Oswestry South (1.15%), Oswestry East (0.86%) and St Oswald (0.71%) had the highest percentage of residents giving Welsh as their main language. The census also revealed that 3,528 wards in England, or 46% of the total number, contained at least one resident whose main language is Welsh. In terms of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regions_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regions of England">regions of England</a>, North West England (1,945), London (1,310) and the West Midlands (1,265) had the highest number of people noting Welsh as their main language.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60">[60]</a> According to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021 census</a>, 7,349 people in England recorded Welsh to be their "main language".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In the 2011 census, 1,189 people aged three and over in Scotland noted that Welsh was a language (other than English) that they used at home.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Argentina">Argentina</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Argentina" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> It is believed that there are as many as 5,000 speakers of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patagonian_Welsh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patagonian Welsh">Patagonian Welsh</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Australia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In response to the question 'Does the person speak a language other than English at home?' in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2016_Australian_census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2016 Australian census">2016 Australian census</a>, 1,688 people noted that they spoke Welsh.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Canada" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2011_Canadian_Census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Canadian Census">2011 Canadian census</a>, 3,885 people reported Welsh as their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First language">first language</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65">[65]</a> According to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2021_Canadian_census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Canadian census</a>, 1,130 people noted that Welsh was their mother tongue.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: New Zealand" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2018_New_Zealand_census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2018 New Zealand census">2018 New Zealand census</a> noted that 1,083 people in New Zealand spoke Welsh.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="United_States">United States</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Community_Survey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a> 2009–2013 noted that 2,235 people aged five years and over in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States">United States</a> spoke Welsh at home. The highest number of those (255) lived in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florida?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Florida">Florida</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69">[69]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Status">Status</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Status" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Estaci%C3%B3n_Gaiman_(2).JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Estaci%C3%B3n_Gaiman_%282%29.JPG/220px-Estaci%C3%B3n_Gaiman_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Estaci%C3%B3n_Gaiman_%282%29.JPG/220px-Estaci%C3%B3n_Gaiman_%282%29.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Estaci%C3%B3n_Gaiman_%282%29.JPG/330px-Estaci%C3%B3n_Gaiman_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Estaci%C3%B3n_Gaiman_%282%29.JPG/440px-Estaci%C3%B3n_Gaiman_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Trilingual (Spanish, Welsh and English) sign in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaiman,_Chubut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaiman, Chubut">Gaiman, Chubut Province,</a> Argentina </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Wales.cardiff.slow.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Wales.cardiff.slow.jpg/220px-Wales.cardiff.slow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="670"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 197px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Wales.cardiff.slow.jpg/220px-Wales.cardiff.slow.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="197" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Wales.cardiff.slow.jpg/330px-Wales.cardiff.slow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Wales.cardiff.slow.jpg/440px-Wales.cardiff.slow.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Road_signs_in_Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Road signs in Wales">Bilingual road markings</a> near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cardiff_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cardiff Airport">Cardiff Airport</a> </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Number_of_speakers">Number of speakers</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Number of speakers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Taken from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Census_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Census in the United Kingdom">Census</a> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Welsh population over the age of 3</th> <th colspan="2">Welsh speakers</th> </tr> <tr> <td>1891</td> <td>1,685,614</td> <td>910,289</td> <td>54.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1901</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  1,864,696</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  930,224</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  49.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1911</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  2,279,056</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  967,266</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  42.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1921</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  2,492,995</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  922,092</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  37.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1931</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  2,472,378</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  909,261</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  36.8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1951</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  2,472,429</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  714,689</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  28.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1961</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  2,518,711</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  656,000</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  26.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1971</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  2,609,610</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  542,420</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  20.8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1981</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  2,645,094</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  503,532</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  19.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1991</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  2,685,947</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  508,344</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  18.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  2,805,701</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  582,368</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  20.8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  2,955,841</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  562,016</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  19.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2021</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  3,018,169</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  538,298</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  17.8%</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Sources: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Legal status" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Calls for the Welsh language to be granted official status grew with the establishment of the nationalist political party <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plaid_Cymru?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a> in 1925, the establishment of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_Language_Society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh Language Society">Welsh Language Society</a> in 1962 and the rise of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_nationalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh nationalism</a> in the later 20th century. Of the six living Celtic languages (including two revived), Welsh has the highest number of native speakers who use the language on a daily basis, and it is the Celtic language which is considered the least endangered by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UNESCO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_Language_Act_1993?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh Language Act 1993">Welsh Language Act 1993</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_of_Wales_Act_1998?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Government of Wales Act 1998">Government of Wales Act 1998</a> provide that the Welsh and English languages be treated equally in the public sector, as far as is reasonable and practicable. Each public body is required to prepare for approval a Welsh Language Scheme, which indicates its commitment to the equality of treatment principle. This is sent out in draft form for public consultation for a three-month period, whereupon comments on it may be incorporated into a final version. It requires the final approval of the now defunct <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_Language_Board?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh Language Board">Welsh Language Board</a> (Bwrdd yr Iaith Gymraeg). Thereafter, the public body is charged with implementing and fulfilling its obligations under the Welsh Language Scheme. The list of other public bodies which have to prepare Schemes could be added to by initially the Secretary of State for Wales, from 1993 to 1997, by way of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Statutory_Instrument_(UK)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory Instrument (UK)">statutory instrument</a>. Subsequent to the forming of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Assembly_for_Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly for Wales">National Assembly for Wales</a> in 1997, the Government Minister responsible for the Welsh language can and has passed statutory instruments naming public bodies who have to prepare Schemes. Neither the 1993 Act nor secondary legislation made under it covers the private sector, although some organisations, notably banks and some railway companies, provide some of their information in Welsh.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73">[73]</a> On 7 December 2010, the Welsh Assembly unanimously approved a set of measures to develop the use of the Welsh language within Wales.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bbcnews2010-75">[75]</a> On 9 February 2011 this measure, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_Language_(Wales)_Measure_2011?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011">Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011</a>, was passed and received Royal Assent, thus making the Welsh language an officially recognised language within Wales. The measure: <ul> <li>confirmed the official status of the Welsh language</li> <li>created a new system of placing duties on bodies to provide services through the medium of Welsh</li> <li>created a Welsh Language Commissioner with strong enforcement powers to protect the rights of Welsh-speaking people to access services through the medium of Welsh</li> <li>established a Welsh Language Tribunal</li> <li>gave individuals and bodies the right to appeal decisions made in relation to the provision of services through the medium of Welsh</li> <li>created a Welsh Language Partnership Council to advise Government on its strategy in relation to the Welsh language</li> <li>allowed for an official investigation by the Welsh Language Commissioner of instances where there is an attempt to interfere with the freedom of Welsh-speaking people to use the language with one another<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wales.gov.uk-76">[76]</a></li> </ul> The measure required public bodies and some private companies to provide services in Welsh. The Welsh government's Minister for Heritage at the time, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alun_Ffred_Jones?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alun Ffred Jones">Alun Ffred Jones</a>, said, "The Welsh language is a source of great pride for the people of Wales, whether they speak it or not, and I am delighted that this measure has now become law. I am very proud to have steered legislation through the Assembly which confirms the official status of the Welsh language; which creates a strong advocate for Welsh speakers and will improve the quality and quantity of services available through the medium of Welsh. I believe that everyone who wants to access services in the Welsh language should be able to do so, and that is what this government has worked towards. This legislation is an important and historic step forward for the language, its speakers and for the nation."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wales.gov.uk-76">[76]</a> The measure was not welcomed warmly by all supporters: Bethan Williams, chairman of the Welsh Language Society, gave a mixed response to the move, saying, "Through this measure we have won official status for the language and that has been warmly welcomed. But there was a core principle missing in the law passed by the Assembly before Christmas. It doesn't give language rights to the people of Wales in every aspect of their lives. Despite that, an amendment to that effect was supported by 18 Assembly Members from three different parties, and that was a significant step forward."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-77">[77]</a> On 5 October 2011, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Meri_Huws?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Meri Huws">Meri Huws</a>, Chair of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_Language_Board?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh Language Board">Welsh Language Board</a>, was appointed the new Welsh Language Commissioner.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-78">[78]</a> She released a statement that she was "delighted" to have been appointed to the "hugely important role", adding, "I look forward to working with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_Government?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a> and organisations in Wales in developing the new system of standards. I will look to build on the good work that has been done by the Welsh Language Board and others to strengthen the Welsh language and ensure that it continues to thrive." First Minister <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carwyn_Jones?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carwyn Jones">Carwyn Jones</a> said that Huws would act as a champion for the Welsh language, though some had concerns over her appointment: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plaid_Cymru?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a> spokeswoman Bethan Jenkins said, "I have concerns about the transition from Meri Huws's role from the Welsh Language Board to the language commissioner, and I will be asking the Welsh government how this will be successfully managed. We must be sure that there is no conflict of interest, and that the Welsh Language Commissioner can demonstrate how she will offer the required fresh approach to this new role." Huws started her role as the Welsh Language Commissioner on 1 April 2012. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Local_government_in_Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Local government in Wales">Local councils</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Senedd?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Senedd">Senedd</a> use Welsh, issuing Welsh versions of their literature, to varying degrees. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:A5-llwybrhanesyddol.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/A5-llwybrhanesyddol.JPG/220px-A5-llwybrhanesyddol.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/A5-llwybrhanesyddol.JPG/220px-A5-llwybrhanesyddol.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/A5-llwybrhanesyddol.JPG/330px-A5-llwybrhanesyddol.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/A5-llwybrhanesyddol.JPG/440px-A5-llwybrhanesyddol.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A bilingual road sign on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A5_road_(Great_Britain)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A5 road (Great Britain)">A5</a> near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Menai_Bridge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Menai Bridge">Menai Bridge</a> </figcaption> </figure> Road signs in Wales are in Welsh and English.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Prior to 2016, the choice of which language to display first was the responsibility of the local council. Since then, as part of the Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011, all new signs have Welsh displayed first.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-80">[80]</a> There have been incidents of one of the languages being vandalised, which may be considered a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hate_crime?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hate crime">hate crime</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Since 2000, the teaching of Welsh has been compulsory in all schools in Wales up to age 16; this has had an effect in stabilising and reversing the decline in the language.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Text on UK coins tends to be in English and Latin. However, a Welsh-language edge inscription was used on pound coins dated 1985, 1990 and 1995, which circulated in all parts of the UK prior to their 2017 withdrawal. The wording is Pleidiol wyf i'm gwlad (Welsh for 'True am I to my country'), and derives from the national anthem of Wales, "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hen_Wlad_Fy_Nhadau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau">Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau</a>". UK banknotes are in English only. Some shops employ bilingual signage. Welsh sometimes appears on product packaging or instructions. The UK government has ratified the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a> in respect of Welsh.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Welsh_sign_in_Wrexham_1.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Welsh_sign_in_Wrexham_1.png/220px-Welsh_sign_in_Wrexham_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1718" data-file-height="1174"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Welsh_sign_in_Wrexham_1.png/220px-Welsh_sign_in_Wrexham_1.png" data-width="220" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Welsh_sign_in_Wrexham_1.png/330px-Welsh_sign_in_Wrexham_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Welsh_sign_in_Wrexham_1.png/440px-Welsh_sign_in_Wrexham_1.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Bilingual road sign near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wrexham_Central_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wrexham Central railway station">Wrexham Central station</a> </figcaption> </figure> The language has greatly increased its prominence since the creation of the television channel <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S4C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="S4C">S4C</a> in November 1982, which until <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_television_transition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital television transition">digital switchover</a> in 2010 broadcast 70 per cent of Channel 4's programming along with a majority of Welsh language shows<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-85">[85]</a> during peak viewing hours. The all-Welsh-language digital station S4C Digidol is available throughout Europe on satellite and online throughout the UK. Since the digital switchover was completed in South Wales on 31 March 2010, S4C Digidol became the main broadcasting channel and fully in Welsh. The main evening television news provided by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC">BBC</a> in Welsh is available for download.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-86">[86]</a> There is also a Welsh-language radio station, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_Radio_Cymru?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC Radio Cymru">BBC Radio Cymru</a>, which was launched in 1977.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The only Welsh-language national newspaper <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Y_Cymro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Y Cymro">Y Cymro</a> (The Welshman) was published weekly until 2017, and monthly thereafter, following a change in ownership. There is no daily newspaper in Welsh. A daily newspaper called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Y_Byd?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Y Byd">Y Byd</a> (The World) was scheduled to be launched on 3 March 2008, but was scrapped, owing to insufficient sales of subscriptions and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_Government?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a> offering only one third of the £600,000 public funding it needed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-88">[88]</a> There is a Welsh-language online news service which publishes news stories in Welsh called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Golwg360?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Golwg360">Golwg360</a> ('360 [degree] view'). As of March 2021, there were 58 local Welsh language community newspapers, known as Papurau Bro, in circulation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="In_education">In education</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: In education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_medium_education?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh medium education">Welsh medium education</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Welshclass.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Welshclass.jpg/220px-Welshclass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Welshclass.jpg/220px-Welshclass.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Welshclass.jpg/330px-Welshclass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Welshclass.jpg/440px-Welshclass.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Welsh language as the medium of instruction </figcaption> </figure> The decade around 1840 was a period of great social upheaval in Wales, manifested in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chartism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chartism">Chartist</a> movement. In 1839, 20,000 people marched on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newport,_Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a>, resulting in a riot when 20 people were killed by soldiers defending the Westgate Hotel, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rebecca_Riots?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rebecca Riots">Rebecca Riots</a> where <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toll_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toll road">tollbooths</a> on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toll_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toll road">turnpikes</a> were systematically destroyed. This unrest brought the state of education in Wales to the attention of the British government since social reformers of the time considered education as a means of dealing with social ills. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Times?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Times">The Times</a> newspaper was prominent among those who considered that the lack of education of the Welsh people was the root cause of most of the problems. In July 1846, three commissioners, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ralph_Lingen,_1st_Baron_Lingen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ralph Lingen, 1st Baron Lingen">R.R.W. Lingen</a>, Jellynger C. Symons and H.R. Vaughan Johnson, were appointed to inquire into the state of education in Wales; the Commissioners were all <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglicanism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglicanism">Anglicans</a> and thus presumed unsympathetic to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">nonconformist</a> majority in Wales. The Commissioners presented <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reports_of_the_Commissioners_of_Inquiry_into_the_State_of_Education_in_Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Reports of the Commissioners of Inquiry into the State of Education in Wales">their report</a> to the Government on 1 July 1847 in three large blue-bound volumes. This report quickly became known in Wales as the Brad y Llyfrau Gleision (Treason of the Blue Books) since,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-90">[90]</a> apart from documenting the state of education in Wales, the Commissioners were also free with their comments disparaging the language, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nonconformity_in_Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nonconformity in Wales">nonconformity</a>, and the morals of the Welsh people in general. An immediate effect of the report was that ordinary Welsh people began to believe that the only way to get on in the world was through the medium of English, and an inferiority complex developed about the Welsh language whose effects have not yet been completely eradicated. The historian Professor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kenneth_O._Morgan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kenneth O. Morgan">Kenneth O. Morgan</a> referred to the significance of the report and its consequences as "the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massacre_of_Glencoe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Massacre of Glencoe">Glencoe</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Amritsar</a> of Welsh history".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In the later 19th century, the teaching of English in Welsh schools was generally supported by the Welsh public and parents who saw it as the language of economic advancement.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-jones_social_15-92">[92]</a>: 453, 457 Virtually all teaching in the schools of Wales was in English, even in areas where the pupils barely understood English. Some schools used the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_Not?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh Not">Welsh Not</a>, a piece of wood, often bearing the letters "WN", which was hung around the neck of any pupil caught speaking Welsh. The pupil could pass it on to any schoolmate heard speaking Welsh, with the pupil wearing it at the end of the day being punished. One of the most famous Welsh-born pioneers of higher education in Wales was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hugh_Owen_(educator)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hugh Owen (educator)">Sir Hugh Owen</a>. He made great progress in the cause of education, and more especially the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aberystwyth_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aberystwyth University">University College of Wales</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aberystwyth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aberystwyth">Aberystwyth</a>, of which he was chief founder. He has been credited [<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_Intermediate_Education_Act_1889?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh Intermediate Education Act 1889">Welsh Intermediate Education Act 1889</a> (52 & 53 Vict c 40), following which several new Welsh schools were built. The first was completed in 1894 and named <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ysgol_Syr_Hugh_Owen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ysgol Syr Hugh Owen">Ysgol Syr Hugh Owen</a>. Towards the beginning of the 20th century this policy slowly began to change, partly owing to the efforts of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Owen_Morgan_Edwards?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Owen Morgan Edwards">O.M. Edwards</a> when he became chief inspector of schools for Wales in 1907. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm/220px--Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="186" data-mwtitle="Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm"> <source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=az&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="az" label="azərbaycanca ‪(az)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=bn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bn" label="বাংলা ‪(bn)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=fa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fa" label="فارسی ‪(fa)‬" data-dir="rtl"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=gl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="gl" label="galego ‪(gl)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=he&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="he" label="עברית ‪(he)‬" data-dir="rtl"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=hi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hi" label="हिन्दी ‪(hi)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=hr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hr" label="hrvatski ‪(hr)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=mt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="mt" label="Malti ‪(mt)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr"> </video> <figcaption> A Welsh Government video of an English medium school in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wales">Wales</a>, where introducing the Welsh language has boosted the exam results </figcaption> </figure> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ysgol_Gymraeg_Aberystwyth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ysgol Gymraeg Aberystwyth">Ysgol Gymraeg Aberystwyth</a> ('Aberystwyth Welsh School') was founded in 1939 by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ifan_ab_Owen_Edwards?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ifan ab Owen Edwards">Sir Ifan ap Owen Edwards</a>, the son of O.M. Edwards, as the first Welsh Primary School.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The headteacher was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norah_Isaac?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norah Isaac">Norah Isaac</a>. Ysgol Gymraeg Aberystwyth is still a very successful school, and now there are Welsh-language primary schools all over the country. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ysgol_Glan_Clwyd?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ysgol Glan Clwyd">Ysgol Glan Clwyd</a> was established in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhyl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhyl">Rhyl</a> in 1956 as the first Welsh-medium secondary school.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Defnyddiwch_eich_Cymraeg_-_Use_your_Welsh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_488577.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Defnyddiwch_eich_Cymraeg_-_Use_your_Welsh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_488577.jpg/220px-Defnyddiwch_eich_Cymraeg_-_Use_your_Welsh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_488577.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="428"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Defnyddiwch_eich_Cymraeg_-_Use_your_Welsh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_488577.jpg/220px-Defnyddiwch_eich_Cymraeg_-_Use_your_Welsh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_488577.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Defnyddiwch_eich_Cymraeg_-_Use_your_Welsh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_488577.jpg/330px-Defnyddiwch_eich_Cymraeg_-_Use_your_Welsh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_488577.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Defnyddiwch_eich_Cymraeg_-_Use_your_Welsh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_488577.jpg/440px-Defnyddiwch_eich_Cymraeg_-_Use_your_Welsh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_488577.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Sign promoting the learning of Welsh </figcaption> </figure> Welsh is now widely used in education, with 101,345 children and young people in Wales receiving their education in Welsh medium schools in 2014/15, 65,460 in primary and 35,885 in secondary.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-95">[95]</a> 26 per cent of all schools in Wales are defined as Welsh medium schools, with a further 7.3 per cent offering some Welsh-medium instruction to pupils.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-96">[96]</a> 22 per cent of pupils are in schools in which Welsh is the primary language of instruction. Under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Curriculum_for_Wales_(2022_to_present)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Curriculum for Wales (2022 to present)">National Curriculum</a>, it is compulsory that all students study Welsh up to the age of 16 as either a first or a second language.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Some students choose to continue with their studies through the medium of Welsh for the completion of their A-levels as well as during their college years. All <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Local_education_authority?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Local education authority">local education authorities</a> in Wales have schools providing bilingual or Welsh-<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medium_of_instruction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medium of instruction">medium</a> education.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The remainder study Welsh as a second language in English-medium schools. Specialist teachers of Welsh called Athrawon Bro support the teaching of Welsh in the National Curriculum. Welsh is also taught in adult education classes. The Welsh Government has recently set up six centres of excellence in the teaching of Welsh for Adults, with centres in North Wales,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Mid Wales, South West, Glamorgan, Gwent, and Cardiff. The ability to speak Welsh or to have Welsh as a qualification is desirable for certain career choices in Wales, such as teaching or customer service.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-100">[100]</a> All universities in Wales teach courses in the language, with many undergraduate and post-graduate degree programmes offered in the medium of Welsh, ranging from law, modern languages, social sciences, and also other sciences such as biological sciences. Aberystwyth, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cardiff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, Bangor, and Swansea have all had chairs in Welsh since their virtual establishment, and all their schools of Welsh are successful centres for the study of the Welsh language and its literature, offering a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a> in Welsh as well as post-graduate courses. At all Welsh universities and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Open_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Open University">Open University</a>, students have the right to submit assessed work and sit exams in Welsh even if the course was taught in English (usually the only exception is where the course requires demonstrating proficiency in another language). Following a commitment made in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/One_Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="One Wales">One Wales</a> coalition government between Labour and Plaid Cymru, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coleg_Cymraeg_Cenedlaethol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coleg Cymraeg Cenedlaethol">Coleg Cymraeg Cenedlaethol</a> (Welsh Language National College) was established. The purpose of the federal structured college, spread out between all the universities of Wales, is to provide and also advance Welsh medium courses and Welsh medium scholarship and research in Welsh universities. There is also a Welsh-medium academic journal called Gwerddon ('Oasis'),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-101">[101]</a> which is a platform for academic research in Welsh and is published quarterly. There have been calls for more teaching of Welsh in English-medium schools. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Use_in_professional_engineering">Use in professional engineering</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Use in professional engineering" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> When conducting applicants' professional reviews for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chartered_Engineer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chartered Engineer">Chartered Engineer</a> status, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Institution_of_Engineering_and_Technology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Institution of Engineering and Technology">Institution of Engineering and Technology</a> accepts applications in Welsh and will conduct face-to-face interviews in Welsh if requested to do so. One of the requirements for Chartered Engineer is also to be able to communicate effectively in English. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="In_information_technology">In information technology</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: In information technology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Celtic-language_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Celtic-language media">List of Celtic-language media</a> </div> Like many of the world's languages, the Welsh language has seen an increased use and presence on the internet, ranging from formal lists of terminology in a variety of fields<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-102">[102]</a> to Welsh language interfaces for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_XP?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Windows XP">Microsoft Windows XP</a> and up, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Microsoft_Office?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Microsoft Office">Microsoft Office</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/LibreOffice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OpenOffice.org?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="OpenOffice.org">OpenOffice.org</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla Firefox">Mozilla Firefox</a> and a variety of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linux_distribution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linux distribution">Linux distributions</a>, and on-line services to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blog">blogs</a> kept in Welsh.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Wikipedia has had a Welsh version since July 2003 and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Facebook?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> since 2009. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Mobile_phone_technology">Mobile phone technology</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Mobile phone technology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2006 the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_Language_Board?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh Language Board">Welsh Language Board</a> launched a free software pack which enabled the use of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SMS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="SMS">SMS</a> predictive text in Welsh.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-104">[104]</a> At the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Eisteddfod_of_Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Eisteddfod of Wales">National Eisteddfod of Wales</a> 2009, a further announcement was made by the Welsh Language Board that the mobile phone company <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samsung?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> was to work with the network provider <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orange_(UK)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange (UK)">Orange</a> to provide the first mobile phone in the Welsh language,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-105">[105]</a> with the interface and the T9 dictionary on the Samsung S5600 available in the Welsh language. The model, available with the Welsh language interface, has been available since 1 September 2009, with plans to introduce it on other networks.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-106">[106]</a> On <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Android_(operating_system)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> devices, both the built-in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Keyboard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Keyboard">Google Keyboard</a> and user-created keyboards can be used.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IOS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IOS">iOS</a> devices have fully supported the Welsh language since the release of iOS 8 in September 2014. Users can switch their device to Welsh to access apps that are available in Welsh. Date and time on iOS is also localised, as shown by the built-in Calendar application, as well as certain third-party apps that have been localised.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="In_warfare">In warfare</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: In warfare" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Secure communications are often difficult to achieve in wartime. Just as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Navajo_code_talker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo code talker">Navajo code talkers</a> were used by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Military_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the United States">United States military</a> during <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Welch_Fusiliers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Welch Fusiliers">Royal Welch Fusiliers</a>, a Welsh regiment serving in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a>, used Welsh for emergency communications that needed to be secure.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Use_within_the_British_parliament">Use within the British parliament</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Use within the British parliament" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2017, parliamentary rules were amended to allow the use of Welsh when the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_Grand_Committee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh Grand Committee">Welsh Grand Committee</a> meets at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_parliament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="British parliament">Westminster</a>. The change did not alter the rules about debates within the House of Commons, where only English can be used.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-111">[111]</a> In February 2018, Welsh was first used when the Welsh Secretary, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alun_Cairns?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alun Cairns">Alun Cairns</a>, delivered his welcoming speech at a sitting of the committee. He said, "I am proud to be using the language I grew up speaking, which is not only important to me, my family and the communities Welsh MPs represent, but is also an integral part of Welsh history and culture".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Use_at_the_European_Union">Use at the European Union</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Use at the European Union" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In November 2008, the Welsh language was used at a meeting of the European Union's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Council of the European Union">Council of Ministers</a> for the first time. The Heritage Minister <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alun_Ffred_Jones?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alun Ffred Jones">Alun Ffred Jones</a> addressed his audience in Welsh and his words were interpreted into the EU's 23 official languages. The official use of the language followed years of campaigning. Jones said "In the UK we have one of the world's major languages, English, as the mother tongue of many. But there is a diversity of languages within our islands. I am proud to be speaking to you in one of the oldest of these, Welsh, the language of Wales." He described the breakthrough as "more than [merely] symbolic" saying "Welsh might be one of the oldest languages to be used in the UK, but it remains one of the most vibrant. Our literature, our arts, our festivals, our great tradition of song all find expression through our language. And this is a powerful demonstration of how our culture, the very essence of who we are, is expressed through language."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jill_Evans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jill Evans">Jill Evans</a> MEP used Welsh in a number of speeches in the European Parliament. In 2004, her using Welsh was the first use of the language in the European Parliament.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The last time Welsh was spoken in the European Parliament was during Evans' last speech shortly before <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brexit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Use_by_the_Voyager_programme">Use by the Voyager programme</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Use by the Voyager programme" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A greeting in Welsh is one of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Contents_of_the_Voyager_Golden_Record?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Greetings" title="Contents of the Voyager Golden Record">55 languages</a> included on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a> chosen to be representative of Earth in NASA's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voyager_program?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voyager program">Voyager programme</a> launched in 1977.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The greetings are unique to each language, with the Welsh greeting being Iechyd da i chwi yn awr ac yn oesoedd, which translates into English as "Good health to you now and forever".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-120">[120]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Vocabulary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Welsh supplements its core Brittonic vocabulary (words such as wy "egg", carreg "stone") with hundreds of word <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lemma_(morphology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lemma (morphology)">lemmas</a> borrowed <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Welsh_terms_borrowed_from_Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:Welsh terms borrowed from Latin">from Latin</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-121">[121]</a> such as (ffenestr 'window' < Latin fenestra, gwin 'wine' < Latin vinum). It also borrows words from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English language">English</a>, such as (silff 'shelf', giât 'gate'). </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Phonology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_phonology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh phonology">Welsh phonology</a> </div> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phonology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phonology">phonology</a> of Welsh includes a number of sounds that do not occur in English and are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linguistic_typology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linguistic typology">typologically</a> rare in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Languages_of_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Languages of Europe">European languages</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiceless_dental_and_alveolar_lateral_fricatives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives">voiceless alveolar lateral fricative</a> [ɬ], the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiceless_nasal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless nasal">voiceless nasals</a> [m̥], [n̥] and [ŋ̊], and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voiceless alveolar trill">voiceless alveolar trill</a> [r̥] are distinctive features of the Welsh language. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stress (linguistics)">Stress</a> usually falls on the penultimate syllable in polysyllabic words, and the word-final unstressed syllable receives a higher <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pitch_(music)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a> than the stressed syllable. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption> Consonant phonemes </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Labial_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Interdental_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Interdental consonant">Dental</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alveolar_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lateral_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post- alveolar</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palatal_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Velar_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uvular_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glottal_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nasal_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a></th> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_nasal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voiceless bilabial nasal">m̥</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_nasal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voiceless alveolar nasal">n̥</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiceless_velar_nasal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voiceless velar nasal">ŋ̊</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stop_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a></th> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td style="border-right: 0;">(<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>)</td> <td style="border-left: 0;">(<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>)</td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fricative_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a></th> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a></td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;">(<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>)</td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"></td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"></td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trill_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a></th> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voiceless alveolar trill">r̥</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Approximant_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a></th> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"></td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></td> <td style="border-right: 0;">(<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_fricative?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voiceless labial–velar fricative">ʍ</a>)</td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Symbols in parentheses are either <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allophone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allophone">allophones</a>, or found only in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Loanword?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption> Vowel phonemes </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th rowspan="2"></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Front_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Front vowel">Front</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central vowel">Central</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Back_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Back vowel">Back</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th>short</th> <th>long</th> <th>short</th> <th>long</th> <th>short</th> <th>long</th> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Close_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Close vowel">Close</a></th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Near-close_central_unrounded_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-close central unrounded vowel">ɨ̞</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨː</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mid_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a></th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mid_central_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Open_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Open vowel">Open</a></th> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> The vowels /ɨ̞/ and /ɨ/ are only found in Northern varieties of Welsh. In the South these have merged with /ɪ/ and /i/ in all cases. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=29&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Orthography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_orthography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh orthography">Welsh orthography</a> </div> Welsh is written in a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_script?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin script">Latin alphabet</a> of 29 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Letter (alphabet)">letters</a>, of which eight are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> treated as single letters for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Collation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Collation">collation</a>, for example fy comes before ffrwyth in the dictionary: <dl> <dd> a, b, c, ch, d, dd, e, f, ff, g, ng, h, i, j, l, ll, m, n, o, p, ph, r, rh, s, t, th, u, w, y </dd> </dl> In contrast to English practice, ⟨w⟩ and ⟨y⟩ are considered vowel letters in Welsh along with ⟨a, e, i, o, u⟩. ⟨j⟩ was not used traditionally, but is now used in many everyday words borrowed from English, like jam ('jam'), jôc ('joke') and garej ('garage'). ⟨k, q, v, x, z⟩ are used in some technical terms, like kilogram, volt and zero, but in all cases can be, and often are, replaced by Welsh letters (same pronunciation): cilogram, folt and sero.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-122">[122]</a> ⟨k⟩ was in common use until the 16th century, but was dropped at the time of the publication of the New Testament in Welsh, as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Salesbury?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Salesbury">William Salesbury</a> explained: "⟨c⟩ for ⟨k⟩, because the printers have not so many as the Welsh requireth". This change was not popular at the time.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-123">[123]</a> The most common <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diacritic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Circumflex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a> (called to bach in Welsh, lit. 'little roof'),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-124">[124]</a> which usually disambiguates <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vowel_length?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vowel length">long vowels</a>, most often in the case of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Homograph?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Homograph">homographs</a>, where the vowel is short in one word and long in the other: e.g. man ('place') vs mân ('fine, small'). </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=30&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Morphology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colloquial_Welsh_morphology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colloquial Welsh morphology">Colloquial Welsh morphology</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Literary_Welsh_morphology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Literary Welsh morphology">Literary Welsh morphology</a> </div> Welsh <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> has much in common with that of the other modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic languages</a>, such as the use of initial <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consonant_mutation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consonant mutation">consonant mutations</a> and of so-called "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inflected_preposition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inflected preposition">conjugated prepositions</a>" (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Preposition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">prepositions</a> that fuse with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Personal_pronoun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Personal pronoun">personal pronouns</a> that are their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Object_(grammar)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Object (grammar)">object</a>). Welsh nouns belong to one of two <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grammatical_gender?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical genders</a>, masculine and feminine, but they are not inflected for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grammatical_case?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grammatical case">case</a>. Welsh has a variety of different endings and other methods to indicate the plural, and two endings to indicate the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grammatical_number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grammatical number">singular</a> (technically the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Singulative_number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Singulative number">singulative</a>) of some nouns. In spoken Welsh, verbal features are indicated primarily by the use of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auxiliary_verb?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verbs</a> rather than by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grammatical conjugation">inflection of the main verb</a>. In literary Welsh, on the other hand, inflection of the main verb is usual. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=31&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Syntax" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_syntax?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh syntax">Welsh syntax</a> </div> The canonical word order in Welsh is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93object?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb–subject–object">verb–subject–object</a> (VSO). Colloquial Welsh inclines very strongly towards the use of auxiliaries with its verbs, as in English. The present tense is constructed with bod ('to be') as an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auxiliary_verb?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verb</a>, with the main verb appearing as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Verbnoun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Verbnoun">verbnoun</a> (used in a way loosely equivalent to an infinitive) after the particle yn: <dl> <dd> Mae Siân yn mynd i Lanelli </dd> <dd> Siân is going to Llanelli. </dd> </dl> There, mae is a third-person singular present indicative form of bod, and mynd is the verb-noun meaning "to go". The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperfect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imperfect">imperfect</a> is constructed in a similar manner, as are the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Periphrastic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Periphrastic">periphrastic</a> forms of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Future_tense?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Future tense">future</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conditional_mood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conditional mood">conditional</a> tenses. In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Preterite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Preterite">preterite</a>, future and conditional mood tenses, there are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inflected_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflected language">inflected</a> forms of all verbs, which are used in the written language. However, speech now more commonly uses the verbnoun together with an inflected form of gwneud ('do'), so "I went" can be Mi es i or Mi wnes i fynd ('I did go'). Mi is an example of a preverbal particle; such particles are common in Welsh, though less so in the spoken language. Welsh lacks separate pronouns for constructing subordinate clauses; instead, special verb forms or relative pronouns that appear identical to some preverbal particles are used. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Possessives_as_direct_objects_of_verbnouns">Possessives as direct objects of verbnouns</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=32&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Possessives as direct objects of verbnouns" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Welsh for "I like Rhodri" is Dw i'n hoffi Rhodri (word for word, "am I [the] liking [of] Rhodri"), with Rhodri in a possessive relationship with hoffi. With personal pronouns, the possessive form of the personal pronoun is used, as in "I like him": [Dw i'n ei hoffi], literally, "am I his liking" – "I like you" is [Dw i'n dy hoffi] ('am I your liking'). Very informally, the pronouns are often heard in their normal subject/object form and aping English word order: Dw i'n hoffi ti ('Am I liking you'). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Pronoun_doubling">Pronoun doubling</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=33&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Pronoun doubling" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In colloquial Welsh, possessive pronouns, whether they are used to mean "my", "your", etc. or to indicate the direct object of a verbnoun, are commonly reinforced by the use of the corresponding personal pronoun after the noun or verbnoun: ei dŷ e "his house" (literally "his house of him"), Dw i'n dy hoffi di "I like you" ('I am [engaged in the action of] your liking of you'), etc. The "reinforcement" (or, simply, "redoubling") adds no emphasis in the colloquial register. While the possessive pronoun alone may be used, especially in more formal registers, as shown above, it is considered incorrect to use only the personal pronoun. Such usage is nevertheless sometimes heard in very colloquial speech, mainly among young speakers: Ble 'dyn ni'n mynd? Tŷ ti neu dŷ fi? ('Where are we going? Your house or my house?'). </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=34&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Grammar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_grammar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh grammar">Welsh grammar</a> </div> Welsh is a moderately inflecting language. Verbs inflect at least for person, number and mood, while nouns inflect for number and there is a masculine-feminine distinction, of which the latter is marked via consonant mutation. Colloquial and literary grammar show more differences than in English. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="Counting_system">Counting system</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=35&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Counting system" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_numerals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh numerals">Welsh numerals</a> </div> The traditional counting system used in the Welsh language is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vigesimal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vigesimal">vigesimal</a>, i.e. it is based on twenties. Welsh numbers from 11 to 14 are "x on ten" (e.g. un ar ddeg: 11), 16 to 19 are "x on fifteen" (e.g. un ar bymtheg: 16), though 18 is deunaw, "two nines"; numbers from 21 to 39 are "1–19 on twenty"(e.g. deg ar hugain: 30), 40 is deugain "two twenties", 60 is trigain "three twenties", etc. This form continues to be used, especially by older people, and it is obligatory in certain circumstances (such as telling the time, and in ordinal numbers).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-125">[125]</a> There is also a decimal counting system, which has become relatively widely used, though less so in giving the time, ages, and dates (it features no ordinal numbers). This system originated in Patagonian Welsh and was subsequently introduced to Wales in the 1940s.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Whereas 39 in the vigesimal system is pedwar ar bymtheg ar hugain ('four on fifteen on twenty') or even deugain namyn un ('two twenty minus one'), in the decimal system it is tri deg naw ('three tens nine'). Although there is only one word for "one" (un), it triggers the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_morphology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh morphology">soft mutation</a> (treiglad meddal) of feminine nouns, where possible, other than those beginning with "ll" or "rh". There are separate masculine and feminine forms of the numbers 'two' (dau and dwy), 'three' (tri and tair) and 'four' (pedwar and pedair), which must <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agree</a> with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grammatical_gender?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a> of the objects being counted. The objects being counted appear in the singular, not plural form. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=36&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Dialects" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> The differences between the dialects of modern colloquial Welsh are insignificant in comparison with the difference between the spoken and standard language. The latter is much more formal and is, among other things, the language of the Welsh translations of the Bible (but the Beibl Cymraeg Newydd – "New Welsh Bible" – is much less formal in language than the traditional 1588 Bible). Among the characteristics of the literary language, in comparison with the spoken language, are more frequent use of conjugated verb forms, a change in the use of certain tenses (for example, the literary imperfect in modern language has the meaning of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Subjunctive_mood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive mood</a>), a reduction in the frequency of the use of pronouns (since the information they convey is usually conveyed by forms of inflected verbs and prepositions) and a more pronounced tendency to replace English borrowings with native Welsh words.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-127">[127]</a> For example: consider the question "Do you want a cuppa [a cup of tea]?" In Gwynedd this would typically be Dach chi isio paned? while in the south of Dyfed one would be more likely to hear Ych chi'n moyn dishgled? (though in other parts of the South one would not be surprised to hear Ych chi isie paned? as well, among other possibilities). An example of a pronunciation difference is the tendency in some southern dialects to palatalise the letter "s", e.g. mis (Welsh for 'month'), usually pronounced <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[miːs]</a>, but as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[miːʃ]</a> in parts of the south. This normally occurs next to a high front <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vowel">vowel</a> like /i/, although exceptions include the pronunciation of sut "how" as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[ʃʊd]</a> in the southern dialects (compared with northern <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[sɨt]</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="The_four_traditional_dialects">The four traditional dialects</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=37&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: The four traditional dialects" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Although modern understanding often splits Welsh into northern (Gogledd) and southern (De) 'dialects', the traditional classification of four Welsh dialects remains the most academically useful: <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gwyndodeg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gwyndodeg">Gwyndodeg</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a> dialect</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Powyseg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Powyseg">Powyseg</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Powys?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Powys">Powys</a> dialect</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dyfedeg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dyfedeg">Dyfedeg</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dyfed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Dyfed">Dyfed</a> dialect</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gwenhwyseg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gwenhwyseg">Gwenhwyseg</a>, the dialect of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Gwent">Gwent</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Morgannwg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Morgannwg">Morgannwg</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-128">[128]</a></li> </ul> A fifth dialect is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patagonian_Welsh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patagonian Welsh">Patagonian Welsh</a>, which has developed since the start of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Y_Wladfa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a> (the Welsh settlement in Argentina) in 1865; it includes Spanish <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Loanword?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> and terms for local features, but a survey in the 1970s showed that the language in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patagonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a> is consistent throughout the lower <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chubut_Valley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chubut Valley">Chubut Valley</a> and in the Andes. Subdialects exist within the main dialects (such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cofi_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cofi dialect">Cofi dialect</a>). The 1989 book Cymraeg, Cymrâg, Cymrêg: Cyflwyno'r Tafodieithoedd (Welsh for 'Welsh, Welsh, Welsh: Introducing the Dialects')<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-129">[129]</a> was accompanied by a cassette containing recordings of 14 different speakers demonstrating aspects of different regional dialects. The book also refers to the earlier Linguistic Geography of Wales (1973)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-130">[130]</a> as describing six different regions which could be identified as having words specific to those regions. In the 1970s, there was an attempt to standardise the Welsh language by teaching Cymraeg Byw ('Living Welsh') – a colloquially-based generic form of Welsh,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-131">[131]</a> but the attempt largely failed because it did not encompass the regional differences used by Welsh-speakers. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <h2 id="Registers">Registers</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=38&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Registers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> Modern Welsh can be considered to fall broadly into two main <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">registers</a>—Colloquial Welsh (Cymraeg llafar) and Literary Welsh (Cymraeg llenyddol). Colloquial Welsh is used in most speech and informal writing. Literary Welsh is closer to the form of Welsh standardised by the 1588 translation of the Bible and is found in official documents and other formal registers, including much literature. As a standardised form, literary Welsh shows little if any of the dialectal variation found in colloquial Welsh. Some differences include: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Literary Welsh</th> <th>Colloquial Welsh</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Can omit subject pronouns (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pro-drop_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pro-drop language">pro-drop</a>)</td> <td>Subject pronouns rarely omitted</td> </tr> <tr> <td>More extensive use of simple verb forms</td> <td>More extensive use of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Periphrastic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Periphrastic">periphrastic</a> verb forms</td> </tr> <tr> <td>No distinction between simple present and future (e.g. af 'I go' and 'I shall go')</td> <td>Simple form most often expresses only future (e.g. af i 'I'll go')</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Subjunctive verb forms</td> <td>Subjunctive in fixed idioms only</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3rd.pl ending and pronoun -nt hwy</td> <td>3rd.pl ending and pronoun -n nhw</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Amongst the characteristics of the literary, as against the spoken language are a higher dependence on inflected verb forms, different usage of some of the tenses, less frequent use of pronouns (since the information is usually conveyed in the verb/preposition inflections) and a much lesser tendency to substitute English loanwords for native Welsh words. In addition, more archaic pronouns and forms of mutation may be observed in Literary Welsh. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Examples_of_sentences_in_literary_and_colloquial_Welsh">Examples of sentences in literary and colloquial Welsh</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=39&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Examples of sentences in literary and colloquial Welsh" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>English</th> <th>Literary Welsh</th> <th>Colloquial Welsh</th> </tr> <tr> <td>I get up early every day.</td> <td>Codaf yn gynnar bob dydd.</td> <td>Dw i'n codi'n gynnar bob dydd. (North) Rwy'n codi'n gynnar bob dydd. (South)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>I'll get up early tomorrow.</td> <td>Codaf yn gynnar yfory.</td> <td>Mi goda i'n gynnar fory. (North) Wna i godi'n gynnar fory. (South)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>He had not stood there long.</td> <td>Ni safasai yno yn hir.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-132">[132]</a></td> <td>Doedd o ddim wedi sefyll yno'n hir. (North) (D)ôdd e ddim wedi sefyll yna'n hir. (South)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>They'll sleep only when there's a need.</td> <td>Ni chysgant ond pan fo angen.</td> <td>Fyddan nhw'n cysgu ddim ond pan fydd angen.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> The differences between dialects of modern spoken Welsh pale into insignificance compared to the difference between some forms of the spoken language and the most formal constructions of the literary language. The latter is considerably more conservative and is the language used in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_Bible?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Bible">Welsh translations</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bible?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bible">Bible</a>, amongst other things – although the 2004 Beibl Cymraeg Newydd (Welsh for 'New Welsh Bible') is significantly less formal than the traditional 1588 Bible. Gareth King, author of a popular Welsh grammar, observes, "The difference between these two is much greater than between the virtually identical colloquial and literary forms of English."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-133">[133]</a> A grammar of Literary Welsh can be found in A Grammar of Welsh by Stephen J. Williams<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-134">[134]</a> or more completely in Gramadeg y Gymraeg by Peter Wynn Thomas.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-135">[135]</a> (No comprehensive grammar of formal literary Welsh exists in English.) An English-language guide to colloquial Welsh forms and register and dialect differences is Dweud Eich Dweud by Ceri Jones.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-136">[136]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"> <h2 id="Example_text">Example text</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=40&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Example text" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> Article 1 of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td> <div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="cy" class="poem"> Genir pawb yn rhydd ac yn gydradd â'i gilydd mewn urddas a hawliau. Fe'u cynysgaeddir â rheswm a chydwybod, a dylai pawb ymddwyn y naill at y llall mewn ysbryd cymodlon.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-137">[137]</a> </div></td> <td class="translated"> <div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-138">[138]</a> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=41&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>) </div> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Association_of_Welsh_Translators_and_Interpreters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Association of Welsh Translators and Interpreters">Association of Welsh Translators and Interpreters</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_and_Welsh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English and Welsh">English and Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Honourable_Society_of_Cymmrodorion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion">Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Languages_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages in the United Kingdom">Languages in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Welsh-language_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Welsh-language media">List of Welsh-language media</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Welsh_films?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Welsh films">List of Welsh films</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Welsh-language_authors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Welsh-language authors">List of Welsh-language authors</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Welsh-language_poets_(6th_century_to_c._1600)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Welsh-language poets (6th century to c. 1600)">List of Welsh-language poets (6th century to c. 1600)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Welsh_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Welsh people">List of Welsh people</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Welsh_areas_by_percentage_of_Welsh-speakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Welsh areas by percentage of Welsh-speakers">List of Welsh areas by percentage of Welsh-speakers</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Literature_of_Wales_(Welsh_language)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Wales (Welsh language)">Welsh literature</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dal_Ati?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dal Ati">Dal Ati</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Benet%27s,_Paul%27s_Wharf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="St Benet's, Paul's Wharf">St Benet's, Paul's Wharf</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_Language_Board?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh Language Board">Welsh Language Board</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_placenames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh placenames">Welsh placenames</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_Tract?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh Tract">Welsh Tract</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sindarin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sindarin">Sindarin</a> (A language invented by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> for his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tolkien's legendarium">legendarium</a> – a body of literary works, mostly set in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle-earth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a>. The language was strongly influenced by Welsh.)</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"> <h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=42&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHywel_Jones" class="citation web cs1">Hywel Jones. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://calls.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/4844.pdf">"Estimation of the number of Welsh speakers in England"</a> (PDF). calls.ac.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=calls.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Estimation+of+the+number+of+Welsh+speakers+in+England&rft.au=Hywel+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcalls.ac.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F4844.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevine2013" class="citation web cs1">Devine, Darren (30 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/patagonias-welsh-settlement-cultural-colonialism-2514111">"Patagonia's Welsh settlement was 'cultural colonialism' says academic"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wales_Online?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales Online">Wales Online</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cardiff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trinity_Mirror?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity Mirror">Trinity Mirror</a>. Retrieved 6 May 2017. <q>Now, though 50,000 Patagonians are thought to be of Welsh descent, the number of Welsh speakers is believed to be between only 1,500 and 5,000.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wales+Online&rft.atitle=Patagonia%27s+Welsh+settlement+was+%27cultural+colonialism%27+says+academic&rft.date=2013-03-30&rft.aulast=Devine&rft.aufirst=Darren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.walesonline.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwales-news%2Fpatagonias-welsh-settlement-cultural-colonialism-2514111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-WAG-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-WAG_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405231745/https://www.wales.com/Patagonia">"Wales and Patagonia"</a>. Wales.com – The official gateway to Wales. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_Government?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.wales.com/Patagonia">the original</a> on 5 April 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2016. <q>Today the province of Chubut, where most Welsh immigrants settled, has a population of 550,000 people. Of these, some 50,000 can claim Welsh ancestry and 5,000 speak the Welsh language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wales.com+%E2%80%93+The+official+gateway+to+Wales&rft.atitle=Wales+and+Patagonia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wales.com%2FPatagonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrior2015" class="citation news cs1">Prior, Neil (30 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-32919137">"Patagonia 150 years on: A 'little Wales beyond Wales'"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 30 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Patagonia+150+years+on%3A+A+%27little+Wales+beyond+Wales%27&rft.date=2015-05-30&rft.aulast=Prior&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-32919137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/as-sa/98-314-x/2011003/tbl/tbl3_2-1-eng.cfm">"Population of immigrant mother tongue families, showing main languages comprising each family, Canada, 2011"</a>. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 21 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Canada&rft.atitle=Population+of+immigrant+mother+tongue+families%2C+showing+main+languages+comprising+each+family%2C+Canada%2C+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2011%2Fas-sa%2F98-314-x%2F2011003%2Ftbl%2Ftbl3_2-1-eng.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/2021">"Cultural diversity: Census 2021"</a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 12 January 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=Cultural+diversity%3A+Census+2021&rft.date=2022-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fstatistics%2Fpeople%2Fpeople-and-communities%2Fcultural-diversity-census%2F2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000187026">"Atlas of the world's languages in danger"</a>. UNESCO Digital Library. p. 183. Retrieved 2 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Atlas+of+the+world%27s+languages+in+danger&rft.pages=183&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000187026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards" class="citation web cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Huw_Edwards_(journalist)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Huw Edwards (journalist)">Edwards, Huw</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709082910/http://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/z9kr9j6">"Why do they speak Welsh in South America?"</a>. BBC iWonder. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/z9kr9j6">the original</a> on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+iWonder&rft.atitle=Why+do+they+speak+Welsh+in+South+America%3F&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Huw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fguides%2Fz9kr9j6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a> E.g. in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1662?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Act of Uniformity 1662">Act of Uniformity 1662</a> (13–14 Chas. II, c. 55) §27: "That the Book [of Common Prayer] hereunto annexed be truly and exactly translated into the British or Welsh tongue."</li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolan1859" class="citation book cs1">Nolan, Edward Henry (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D78gHAAAAQAAJ%26q%3D%2522Great%2520Britain%2520As%2520It%2520Is%2522%26pg%3DPA47">Great Britain As It Is</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/London?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="London">London</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Lane_(publisher)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Lane (publisher)">John Lane & Co</a>. p. 47. Retrieved 10 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Britain+As+It+Is&rft.place=London&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=John+Lane+%26+Co&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Nolan&rft.aufirst=Edward+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D78gHAAAAQAAJ%26q%3D%2522Great%2520Britain%2520As%2520It%2520Is%2522%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1752" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, John (1752). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D_VvlAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Chronological%2520Antiquities%2522%2520cambric%26pg%3DPA143">Chronological Antiquities</a>. 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Koch">Koch, John T.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/celticculturehis0001unse">Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ABC-CLIO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 1757. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851094400?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781851094400"><bdi>9781851094400</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/266510465">266510465</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Culture%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pages=1757&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F266510465&rft.isbn=9781851094400&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcelticculturehis0001unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2014" class="citation thesis cs1">Miller, Katherine L. 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Retrieved 8 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Semantic+Field+of+Slavery+in+Old+English%3A+Wealh%2C+Esne%2C+%C3%9Er%C3%A6l&rft.inst=University+of+Leeds&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Katherine+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetheses.whiterose.ac.uk%2F8031%2F1%2FKatherine%2520Miller%2520Semantic%2520Field%2520of%2520Slavery%2520in%2520Old%2520English%2520v%25203.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Wales_Hist_71-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Wales_Hist_71_24-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Davies_(historian)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Davies (historian)">Davies, John</a> (1994) <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/historyofwales0000davi_g1b0" class="extiw" title="iarchive:historyofwales0000davi g1b0">A History of Wales</a>. Penguin: p.71; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-014581-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-014581-8">0-14-014581-8</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.etymonline.com/word/welsh">"Welsh (adj.)"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 18 November 2019. <q>As a noun, "the Britons," also "the Welsh language," both from Old English. The word survives in Wales, Cornwall, Walloon, walnut, and in surnames Walsh and Wallace.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Welsh+%28adj.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fwelsh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://unric.org/en/welsh-the-only-celtic-language-not-classified-as-endangered-by-unesco/">"Welsh: the only Celtic language not classified as "endangered" by UNESCO"</a>. UN Regional Information Centre for Western Europe. The United Nations. 5 February 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN+Regional+Information+Centre+for+Western+Europe&rft.atitle=Welsh%3A+the+only+Celtic+language+not+classified+as+%22endangered%22+by+UNESCO&rft.date=2015-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funric.org%2Fen%2Fwelsh-the-only-celtic-language-not-classified-as-endangered-by-unesco%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988">[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li id="cite_note-KochBritons-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-KochBritons_27-0">^</a> Koch, pp. 291–292.</li> <li id="cite_note-:1-28">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_28-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanet2014" class="citation book cs1">Janet, Davies (15 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D32WuBwAAQBAJ">The Welsh Language: A History</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cardiff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Wales_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Wales Press">University of Wales Press</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78316-019-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78316-019-8"><bdi>978-1-78316-019-8</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/878137213">878137213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Welsh+Language%3A+A+History&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2014-01-15&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F878137213&rft.isbn=978-1-78316-019-8&rft.aulast=Janet&rft.aufirst=Davies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D32WuBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:0-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigham2014" class="citation journal cs1">Higham, Nicholas (1 April 2014). "T. M. Charles-Edwards. Wales and the Britons, 350–1064". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_American_Historical_Review?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The American Historical Review">The American Historical Review</a>. 119 (2): 578–579. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1093%252Fahr%252F119.2.578">10.1093/ahr/119.2.578</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8762">0002-8762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=T.+M.+Charles-Edwards.+Wales+and+the+Britons%2C+350%E2%80%931064&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=578-579&rft.date=2014-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fahr%2F119.2.578&rft.issn=0002-8762&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Koch1757-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Koch1757_30-0">^</a> Koch, p. 1757.</li> <li id="cite_note-Jenkins-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Jenkins_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simon_Jenkins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simon Jenkins">Jenkins, Simon</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DNFk3AQAAIAAJ">Wales: Churches, Houses, Castles</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allen_Lane_(imprint)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Allen Lane (imprint)">Allen Lane</a>. p. 244. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141024127?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780141024127"><bdi>9780141024127</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/751732135">751732135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wales%3A+Churches%2C+Houses%2C+Castles&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F751732135&rft.isbn=9780141024127&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNFk3AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-west-wales-42548146">"Llanwnda Bible damaged in last invasion of Britain on display"</a>. 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Retrieved 10 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HSBC+Bank&rft.atitle=Croeso+i+HSBC+yng+Nghymru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsbc.co.uk%2Fhelp%2Fhsbc-in-wales%2Fcymru%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111033246/https://www.arrivatrainswales.co.uk/Homepage.aspx?langtype%3D1106">"Eich cysylltu â'r hyn sy'n bwysig"</a> [Connecting you to what's important]. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arriva_Trains_Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arriva Trains Wales">Arriva Trains Wales</a> (in Welsh). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.arrivatrainswales.co.uk/Homepage.aspx?langtype%3D1106">the original</a> on 11 November 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arriva+Trains+Wales&rft.atitle=Eich+cysylltu+%C3%A2%27r+hyn+sy%27n+bwysig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arrivatrainswales.co.uk%2FHomepage.aspx%3Flangtype%3D1106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.assembly.wales/NAfW%2520Documents/welsh_language_measure_as_passed-e.pdf%2520-%252014122010/welsh_language_measure_as_passed-e-English.pdf">"Proposed Welsh Language (Wales) Measure [As Passed]"</a> (PDF). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_Assembly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Assembly">Welsh Assembly</a>. Retrieved 12 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Welsh+Assembly&rft.atitle=Proposed+Welsh+Language+%28Wales%29+Measure+%26%2391%3BAs+Passed%26%2393%3B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assembly.wales%2FNAfW%2520Documents%2Fwelsh_language_measure_as_passed-e.pdf%2520-%252014122010%2Fwelsh_language_measure_as_passed-e-English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-bbcnews2010-75"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-bbcnews2010_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-11934239">"'Historic' vote for language law"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 7 December 2010. Retrieved 10 September 2018. <q>A new law to promote the Welsh language has been unanimously passed by the Welsh Assembly. The measure makes Welsh an official language in Wales, and obliges public bodies and some private companies to provide services in it. A language commissioner will be appointed to enforce the measure and to protect the Welsh speakers' rights. Ministers hailed the vote as a "historic step forward for the Welsh language."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Historic%27+vote+for+language+law&rft.date=2010-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-11934239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-wales.gov.uk-76">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wales.gov.uk_76-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wales.gov.uk_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922140142/http://wales.gov.uk/newsroom/welshlanguage/2011/110211welshlang/?lang%3Den">"Welsh Measure received Royal Assent"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_Assembly_Government?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Assembly Government">Welsh Assembly Government</a>. 11 February 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://wales.gov.uk/newsroom/welshlanguage/2011/110211welshlang/?lang%3Den">the original</a> on 22 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welsh+Measure+received+Royal+Assent&rft.pub=Welsh+Assembly+Government&rft.date=2011-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwales.gov.uk%2Fnewsroom%2Fwelshlanguage%2F2011%2F110211welshlang%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/royal-assent-official-status-welsh-1852353">"Royal Assent for official status of Welsh language"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wales_Online?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales Online">Wales Online</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cardiff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trinity_Mirror?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity Mirror">Trinity Mirror</a>. 12 February 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2018. <q>Powers confirming the official status of Welsh received Royal Assent yesterday. The Welsh Language Measure will create the post of language commissioner and ensure services can be provided in Welsh.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wales+Online&rft.atitle=Royal+Assent+for+official+status+of+Welsh+language&rft.date=2011-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.walesonline.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwales-news%2Froyal-assent-official-status-welsh-1852353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-politics-15186747">"Language board chief Meri Huws is Welsh commissioner"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 5 October 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2018. <q>The chairwoman of the Welsh Language Board has been appointed the first Welsh language commissioner. Meri Huws will act as a champion for the Welsh language, says First Minister Carwyn Jones.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Language+board+chief+Meri+Huws+is+Welsh+commissioner&rft.date=2011-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-politics-15186747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/livinginwales/sites/howdoisay/roadsigns/">"Living in Wales – Pronouncing road signs"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC Wales">BBC Wales</a>. Retrieved 11 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Living+in+Wales+%E2%80%93+Pronouncing+road+signs&rft.pub=BBC+Wales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fwales%2Flivinginwales%2Fsites%2Fhowdoisay%2Froadsigns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://roadsafetygb.org.uk/news/n-a-4985/">"'Welsh first' for new traffic signs"</a>. Road Safety GB. 31 March 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Road+Safety+GB&rft.atitle=%27Welsh+first%27+for+new+traffic+signs&rft.date=2016-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froadsafetygb.org.uk%2Fnews%2Fn-a-4985%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/canton-welsh-sign-graffiti-news-21911145">"'Idiots' who vandalised Welsh language street sign in Cardiff 'won't stop policy of bilingual names'"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wales_Online?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales Online">Wales Online</a>. 20 October 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wales+Online&rft.atitle=%27Idiots%27+who+vandalised+Welsh+language+street+sign+in+Cardiff+%27won%27t+stop+policy+of+bilingual+names%27&rft.date=2021-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.walesonline.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwales-news%2Fcanton-welsh-sign-graffiti-news-21911145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.leaderlive.co.uk/news/18883481.english-version-north-wales-place-names-road-signs-daubed-graffiti/">"English version of North Wales place names on road signs daubed with graffiti"</a>. The Leader. 19 November 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Leader&rft.atitle=English+version+of+North+Wales+place+names+on+road+signs+daubed+with+graffiti&rft.date=2020-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leaderlive.co.uk%2Fnews%2F18883481.english-version-north-wales-place-names-road-signs-daubed-graffiti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225161900/https://beta.gov.wales/current-school-curriculum">"Current school curriculum"</a>. Welsh Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://beta.gov.wales/current-school-curriculum">the original</a> on 25 February 2019. Retrieved 25 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Welsh+Government&rft.atitle=Current+school+curriculum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeta.gov.wales%2Fcurrent-school-curriculum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918164438/http://www.conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT%3D148%26CM%3D1%26DF%3D%26CL%3DENG%26VL%3D1">"List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148"</a>. Conventions.coe.int. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT%3D148%26CM%3D1%26DF%3D%26CL%3DENG%26VL%3D1">the original</a> on 18 September 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+declarations+made+with+respect+to+treaty+No.+148&rft.pub=Conventions.coe.int&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconventions.coe.int%2Ftreaty%2FCommun%2FListeDeclarations.asp%3FNT%3D148%26CM%3D1%26DF%3D%26CL%3DENG%26VL%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.s4c.co.uk/abouts4c/corporate/e_index.shtml">Welsh language provision</a> at S4C Analogue</li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/cymru/live/newyddion.ram">BBC website</a> (Real Media).</li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConboy2010" class="citation book cs1">Conboy, Martin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DefTqgnFP9hAC%26q%3DBBC%2BRadio%2BCymru%2B1977%26pg%3DPA188">Journalism in Britain: A Historical Introduction</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SAGE_Publications?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. p. 188. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4462-0972-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4462-0972-1"><bdi>978-1-4462-0972-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journalism+in+Britain%3A+A+Historical+Introduction&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4462-0972-1&rft.aulast=Conboy&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DefTqgnFP9hAC%26q%3DBBC%2BRadio%2BCymru%2B1977%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/mid/7245774.stm">"Daily Welsh newspaper abandoned"</a>. BBC News. 15 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Daily+Welsh+newspaper+abandoned&rft.date=2008-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fwales%2Fmid%2F7245774.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowe2021" class="citation web cs1">Rowe, Katrina (23 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.westwaleschronicle.co.uk/blog/2021/03/23/a-website-for-all-local-welsh-language-papers-the-papurau-bro/">"A website for all local Welsh language papers — The Papurau Bro"</a>. West Wales Chronicle. Retrieved 18 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=West+Wales+Chronicle&rft.atitle=A+website+for+all+local+Welsh+language+papers+%E2%80%94+The+Papurau+Bro&rft.date=2021-03-23&rft.aulast=Rowe&rft.aufirst=Katrina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.westwaleschronicle.co.uk%2Fblog%2F2021%2F03%2F23%2Fa-website-for-all-local-welsh-language-papers-the-papurau-bro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/mid/4555702.stm">"'Treacherous' Blue Books online"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 23 December 2005. Retrieved 21 January 2017. <q>A 19th Century report that became controversial for condemning the Welsh language has been published online by the National Library of Wales. The government report about Welsh education in 1847 was dubbed the Treachery of the Blue Books (Brad y Llyfrau Gleision).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Treacherous%27+Blue+Books+online&rft.date=2005-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fwales%2Fmid%2F4555702.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1993" class="citation book cs1">Davies, John (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D19ThaoZRcqEC">A History of Wales</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/London?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="London">London</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penguin_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014581-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014581-6"><bdi>978-0-14-014581-6</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/925144917">925144917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Wales&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F925144917&rft.isbn=978-0-14-014581-6&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D19ThaoZRcqEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-jones_social_15-92"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-jones_social_15_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2000" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Gareth Elwyn (2000). "15 The Welsh Language and the Blue Books of 1847". In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geraint_H._Jenkins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geraint H. Jenkins">Jenkins, Geraint H.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DqS54AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DThe%2520Welsh%2520Language%2520and%2520it%2527s%2520Social%2520Domains">The Welsh Language and Its Social Domains</a>. University of Wales Press. pp. 431–457. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0708316047?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0708316047"><bdi>978-0708316047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=15+The+Welsh+Language+and+the+Blue+Books+of+1847&rft.btitle=The+Welsh+Language+and+Its+Social+Domains&rft.pages=431-457&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0708316047&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Gareth+Elwyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqS54AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DThe%2520Welsh%2520Language%2520and%2520it%2527s%2520Social%2520Domains&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-mid-wales-29360528">"Ysgol Gymraeg Aberystwyth celebrates 75th anniversary"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 25 September 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2016. <q>Former pupils and teachers of Wales' first Welsh-medium school will gather to celebrate its 75th anniversary. Ysgol Gymraeg Aberystwyth was opened in September 1939 by Sir Ifan ab Owen Edwards, who feared children's spoken Welsh was being tarnished by the English language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ysgol+Gymraeg+Aberystwyth+celebrates+75th+anniversary&rft.date=2014-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-mid-wales-29360528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005105133/http://www.ysgolglanclwyd.co.uk/welcome">"Welcome"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ysgol_Glan_Clwyd?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ysgol Glan Clwyd">Ysgol Glan Clwyd</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ysgolglanclwyd.co.uk/welcome">the original</a> on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016. <q>The school was established in 1956 and was the first Welsh-medium secondary school in Wales. It was originally located in Rhyl.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ysgol+Glan+Clwyd&rft.atitle=Welcome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ysgolglanclwyd.co.uk%2Fwelcome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923050052/https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Education-and-Skills/Schools-and-Teachers/Schools-Census/Pupil-Level-Annual-School-Census/Schools/schools-by-localauthorityregion-welshmediumtype">"Schools by local authority, region and Welsh medium type"</a>. Stats Wales. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Education-and-Skills/Schools-and-Teachers/Schools-Census/Pupil-Level-Annual-School-Census/Schools/schools-by-localauthorityregion-welshmediumtype">the original</a> on 23 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Schools+by+local+authority%2C+region+and+Welsh+medium+type&rft.pub=Stats+Wales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatswales.gov.wales%2FCatalogue%2FEducation-and-Skills%2FSchools-and-Teachers%2FSchools-Census%2FPupil-Level-Annual-School-Census%2FSchools%2Fschools-by-localauthorityregion-welshmediumtype&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923092846/http://www.comisiynyddygymraeg.cymru/English/Commissioner/Pages/5-year%2520Report.aspx">"5-year Report"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_Language_Commissioner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh Language Commissioner">Welsh Language Commissioner</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.comisiynyddygymraeg.cymru/English/Commissioner/Pages/5-year%2520Report.aspx">the original</a> on 23 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=5-year+Report&rft.pub=Welsh+Language+Commissioner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comisiynyddygymraeg.cymru%2FEnglish%2FCommissioner%2FPages%2F5-year%2520Report.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.today/20120718080132/http://www.adviceguide.org.uk/index/your_world/communications_index_ew/the_welsh_language.htm">"The Welsh language"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Citizens_Advice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Citizens Advice">Citizens Advice</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.adviceguide.org.uk/index/your_world/communications_index_ew/the_welsh_language.htm">the original</a> on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2014. <q>Welsh is a subject in the national curriculum and is compulsory at all state schools in Wales, for pupils up to the age of 16. In English-medium schools, it is taught as a second language, and in Welsh-medium schools, as the first language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Citizens+Advice&rft.atitle=The+Welsh+language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adviceguide.org.uk%2Findex%2Fyour_world%2Fcommunications_index_ew%2Fthe_welsh_language.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071004225315/http://www.bwrdd-yr-iaith.org.uk/cynnwys.php?pID%3D217%26langID%3D2">"Welsh medium or bilingual provision"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_Language_Board?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh Language Board">Welsh Language Board</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.bwrdd-yr-iaith.org.uk/cynnwys.php?langID%3D2%26pID%3D217">the original</a> on 4 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welsh+medium+or+bilingual+provision&rft.pub=Welsh+Language+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bwrdd-yr-iaith.org.uk%2Fcynnwys.php%3FlangID%3D2%26pID%3D217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-99">^</a> learncymraeg.org</li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-100">^</a> More information can be found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.welshforadults.org">Welsh for Adults.org</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://gwerddon.cymru">"Gwerddon.Cymru"</a>. Retrieved 21 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gwerddon.Cymru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgwerddon.cymru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-102">^</a> The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.e-gymraeg.org/bwrdd-yr-iaith/termau/default.aspx?lang%3Den">Welsh National Database of Standardised Terminology</a> was <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.bwrdd-yr-iaith.org.uk/cynnwys.php?pID%3D241%26langID%3D2%26nID%3D640">released in March 2006</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925054244/http://www.bwrdd-yr-iaith.org.uk/cynnwys.php?pID%3D241%26langID%3D2%26nID%3D640">Archived</a> 25 September 2006 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-103">^</a> Selections of Welsh-language blogs are listed on the sites <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://hedyn.net/wici/Categori:Blog_Cymraeg">Hedyn</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://blogiadur.com">Blogiadur</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107031440/http://blogiadur.com/">Archived</a> 7 January 2009 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cellular-news.com/story/18781.php">"Cellular News webpage"</a>. Cellular-news.com. 11 August 2006. Retrieved 27 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cellular+News+webpage&rft.pub=Cellular-news.com&rft.date=2006-08-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cellular-news.com%2Fstory%2F18781.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20120330043635/http://www.byig-wlb.org.uk/Cymraeg/newyddion/Pages/Lansio'rff%25C3%25B4nsymudolCymraegcyntafybyd.aspx">World's first Welsh language mobile phone launched</a> (publish date: 25 August 2009)</li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/mid/8183247.stm">"Mobile phone for Welsh-speakers"</a>. BBC News. 4 August 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Mobile+phone+for+Welsh-speakers&rft.date=2009-08-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fwales%2Fmid%2F8183247.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223112635/http://troi.org/en/literatim.html">"LiterIM external keyboard for Android"</a>. Troi.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://troi.org/en/literatim.html">the original</a> on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LiterIM+external+keyboard+for+Android&rft.pub=Troi.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftroi.org%2Fen%2Fliteratim.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521133222/https://applingua.com/free-welsh-localization-for-ios-developers/">"Free Welsh Localization for iOS Developers"</a>. Applingua. 6 March 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://applingua.com/free-welsh-localization-for-ios-developers/">the original</a> on 21 May 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Free+Welsh+Localization+for+iOS+Developers&rft.date=2015-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapplingua.com%2Ffree-welsh-localization-for-ios-developers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.appsinwelsh.com/">"Apps in Welsh Directory"</a>. Apps in Welsh. 29 October 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Apps+in+Welsh+Directory&rft.date=2015-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.appsinwelsh.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeath1996" class="citation news cs1">Heath, Tony (26 August 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/welsh-speak-up-for-their-ancient-tongue-1311562.html">"Welsh speak up for their ancient tongue"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Independent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Welsh+speak+up+for+their+ancient+tongue&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1996-08-26&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwelsh-speak-up-for-their-ancient-tongue-1311562.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-politics-39043308">"Welsh language to be allowed in MPs' Welsh Grand Committee"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_News_Online?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a>. 22 February 2017. 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University of Wales Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78316-798-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78316-798-2"><bdi>978-1-78316-798-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Count+Us+In%3A+How+to+Make+Maths+Real+for+All+of+Us&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2016-02-15&rft.isbn=978-1-78316-798-2&rft.aulast=Robert%27s&rft.aufirst=Gareth+Ffowc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DackmDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.101languages.net/welsh/registers.html">"Registers"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Index+to+Welsh+dialects&rft.pub=Kimkat.org&rft.date=2006-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkimkat.org%2Famryw%2F1_cymraeg%2Fcymraeg_tafodieitheg_gymraeg_mynegai_1385e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasThomas1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thomas, Beth; Thomas, Peter Wynn (1989). Cymraeg, Cymrâg, Cymrêg: Cyflwyno'r Tafodieithoedd [Welsh, Welch, Walsh: Introducing the Dialects] (in Welsh). Gwasg Taf. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-948469-14-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-948469-14-5"><bdi>978-0-948469-14-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cymraeg%2C+Cymr%C3%A2g%2C+Cymr%C3%AAg%3A+Cyflwyno%27r+Tafodieithoedd&rft.pub=Gwasg+Taf&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-948469-14-5&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Beth&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Peter+Wynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1973" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Alan R (1973). 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Cymdeithas Madog. 15 March 2000. Retrieved 25 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Teach+Yourself+Welsh&rft.pub=Cymdeithas+Madog&rft.date=2000-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madog.org%2Fdysgwyr%2Fadolygiadau%2Fadolygu1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlingebiel1994" class="citation book cs1">Klingebiel, Kathryn (1994). 234 Welsh Verbs: Standard Literary Forms. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belmont,_Massachusetts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belmont, Massachusetts">Belmont</a>, Massachusetts: Ford & Bailie. p. 223. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-926689-04-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-926689-04-6"><bdi>978-0-926689-04-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=234+Welsh+Verbs%3A+Standard+Literary+Forms&rft.place=Belmont%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Ford+%26+Bailie&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-926689-04-6&rft.aulast=Klingebiel&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2016" class="citation book cs1">King, Gareth (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D0DY-CgAAQBAJ%26q%3DModern%2520Welsh%253A%2520A%2520Comprehensive%2520Grammar%26pg%3DPR3">Modern Welsh: A Comprehensive Grammar</a> (3rd ed.). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abingdon-on-Thames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abingdon-on-Thames">Abingdon</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Routledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 3. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-82629-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-82629-8"><bdi>978-1-138-82629-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Welsh%3A+A+Comprehensive+Grammar&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-138-82629-8&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0DY-CgAAQBAJ%26q%3DModern%2520Welsh%253A%2520A%2520Comprehensive%2520Grammar%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1980" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Stephen J (1980). A Welsh Grammar. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cardiff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Wales_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Wales Press">University of Wales Press</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-0735-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-0735-9"><bdi>978-0-7083-0735-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Welsh+Grammar&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-7083-0735-9&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1996" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Peter Wynn (1996). Gramadeg y Gymraeg. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cardiff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Wales_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Wales Press">University of Wales Press</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1345-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1345-9"><bdi>978-0-7083-1345-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gramadeg+y+Gymraeg&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7083-1345-9&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Peter+Wynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2013" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Ceri (2013). Dweud Eich Dweud: A Guide to Colloquial and Idiomatic Welsh. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Llandysul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Llandysul">Llandysul</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gomer_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gomer Press">Gomer Press</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84851-748-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84851-748-6"><bdi>978-1-84851-748-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dweud+Eich+Dweud%3A+A+Guide+to+Colloquial+and+Idiomatic+Welsh&rft.place=Llandysul&rft.pub=Gomer+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84851-748-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Ceri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/welsh-cymraeg">"OHCHR | Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Welsh (Cymraeg)"</a>. OHCHR. Retrieved 14 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OHCHR&rft.atitle=OHCHR+%7C+Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights+%E2%80%93+Welsh+%28Cymraeg%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fen%2Fhuman-rights%2Funiversal-declaration%2Ftranslations%2Fwelsh-cymraeg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Nations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Funiversal-declaration-of-human-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=43&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <ul> <li>J.W. Aitchison; H. Carter (2000). Language, Economy and Society. The changing fortunes of the Welsh Language in the Twentieth Century. Cardiff. University of Wales Press.</li> <li>J.W. Aitchison; H. Carter (2004). Spreading the Word. The Welsh Language 2001. Y Lolfa.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=44&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style> <div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell,_EliseArchangeli,_Diana_B.Anderson,_Skye_J.Hammond,_Michael2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, Elise; Archangeli, Diana B.; Anderson, Skye J.; Hammond, Michael; Webb-Davies, Peredur; Brooks, Heddwen (2021). "Northern Welsh". Illustrations of the IPA. Journal of the International Phonetic Association: 1–24. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1017%252FS0025100321000165">10.1017/S0025100321000165</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Northern+Welsh&rft.pages=1-24&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100321000165&rft.au=Bell%2C+Elise&rft.au=Archangeli%2C+Diana+B.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Skye+J.&rft.au=Hammond%2C+Michael&rft.au=Webb-Davies%2C+Peredur&rft.au=Brooks%2C+Heddwen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988">, with supplementary sound recordings.</li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(18)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=45&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-18 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-18"> <ul> <li>Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011: available in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/mwa/2011/1/contents/enacted/welsh">Welsh</a> and **<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/mwa/2011/1/contents/enacted">English</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.today/20130416045207/http://www.welshlanguagecommissioner.org/">Welsh Language Commissioner</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228200916/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/welsh.htm">Welsh language at Omniglot</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716194934/http://www.byig-wlb.org.uk/English/publications/Publications/The%2520Vitality%2520of%2520Welsh%2520A%2520Statistical%2520Balance%2520Sheet%2520August%25202010.pdf">Welsh Language Board: The Vitality of Welsh: A Statistical Balance Sheet, August 2010</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813122001/http://new.wales.gov.uk/topics/statistics/theme/welsh-language/?lang%3Den">Link for Welsh language statistics</a> from the Welsh Assembly Government (accessed 10 January 2009)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191405/http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a%3D3%26c%3DNP20%26e%3D15%26g%3D421314%26i%3D1001x1012x1013x1003x1004%26j%3D324960%26m%3D1%26p%3D-1%26q%3D1%26r%3D0%26s%3D1210299776914%26enc%3D1%26dsFamilyId%3D888">Example knowledge of Welsh (KS25) data</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newport,_Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a>) from the Office for National Statistics</li> </ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style> <div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"> <div class="sister-bar-header"> Welsh at Wikipedia's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>: </div> <ul class="sister-bar-content"> <li class="sister-bar-item"> <noscript> <img alt="" 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DWelsh_language%26oldid%3D1259851169">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&oldid=1259851169</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 27 November 2024, at 12:14 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallies" title="Wallies – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wallies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walisisch" title="Walisisch – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Walisisch" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258B%258C%25E1%2588%258D%25E1%2588%25B5%25E1%258A%259B" title="ዌልስኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዌልስኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B6_%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="वेल्श भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="वेल्श भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilisc_spr%25C7%25A3c" title="Wilisc sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Wilisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D8%25BA%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D9%258A%25D9%2584%25D8%25B2%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9" title="اللغة الويلزية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الويلزية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_gal%25C3%25A9s" title="Idioma galés – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma galés" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galou%25C3%25A8s" title="Galouès – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Galouès" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_gal%25C3%25A9s" title="Idioma galés – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma galés" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vall_dili" title="Vall dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vall dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%2593%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BC%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A7%2580%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BC_%25E0%25A6%25AD%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B7%25E0%25A6%25BE" title="ওয়েলসীয় ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওয়েলসীয় ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ui-le%25CC%258Dk-s%25C5%25AB-g%25C3%25AD" title="Ui-le̍k-sū-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ui-le̍k-sū-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D1%2596%25D0%25B9%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Валійская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Валійская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D1%2596%25D0%25B9%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Валійская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Валійская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A3%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA" title="Уелски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уелски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kymrisch" title="Kymrisch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kymrisch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vel%25C5%25A1ki_jezik" title="Velški jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Velški jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kembraeg" title="Kembraeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kembraeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A3%25D1%258D%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2581_%25D1%2585%25D1%258D%25D0%25BB%25D1%258D%25D0%25BD" title="Уэльс хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Уэльс хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%25C2%25B7l%25C3%25A8s" title="Gal·lès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gal·lès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8_%25D1%2587%25C4%2595%25D0%25BB%25D1%2585%25D0%25B8" title="Валли чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Валли чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vel%25C5%25A1tina" title="Velština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Velština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymraeg" title="Cymraeg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cymraeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walisisk" title="Walisisk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Walisisk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kymragiella" title="Kymragiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Kymragiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walisische_Sprache" title="Walisische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Walisische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walizi%25C5%25A1%25C4%2587ina" title="Walizišćina – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Walizišćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25C3%25B5mri_keel" title="Kõmri keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kõmri keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%259F%25CF%2585%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CE%25AE_%25CE%25B3%25CE%25BB%25CF%258E%25CF%2583%25CF%2583%25CE%25B1" title="Ουαλική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουαλική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_gal%25C3%25A9s" title="Idioma galés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma galés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimra_lingvo" title="Kimra lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kimra lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gales_(hizkuntza)" title="Gales (hizkuntza) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gales (hizkuntza)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B2%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586_%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D8%25B2%25DB%258C" title="زبان ولزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان ولزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_bhasa" title="Welsh bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Welsh bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walisiskt_m%25C3%25A1l" title="Walisiskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Walisiskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallois" title="Gallois – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gallois" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsk" title="Welsk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Welsk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Bhreatnais" title="An Bhreatnais – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Bhreatnais" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretnish" title="Bretnish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Bretnish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuimris" title="Cuimris – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cuimris" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_galesa" title="Lingua galesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua galesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25F0%2590%258D%2585%25F0%2590%258C%25B0%25F0%2590%258C%25BB%25F0%2590%258C%25B7%25F0%2590%258C%25B0%25F0%2590%258D%2582%25F0%2590%258C%25B0%25F0%2590%258C%25B6%25F0%2590%258C%25B3%25F0%2590%258C%25B0" title="𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales-ng%25C3%25AE" title="Wales-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Wales-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%259B%25A8%25EC%259D%25BC%25EC%258A%25A4%25EC%2596%25B4" title="웨일스어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="웨일스어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%258E%25D5%25A1%25D5%25AC%25D5%25AC%25D5%25AB%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580%25D5%25A5%25D5%25B6" title="Վալլիերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վալլիերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B6_%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="वेल्श भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वेल्श भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walizi%25C5%25A1%25C4%2587ina" title="Walizišćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Walizišćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vel%25C5%25A1ki_jezik" title="Velški jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Velški jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walsana_linguo" title="Walsana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Walsana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Gales" title="Pagsasao a Gales – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Gales" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Wales" title="Bahasa Wales – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Wales" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_gallese" title="Lingua gallese – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua gallese" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B3_%25C3%25A6%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B3" title="Валлийаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Валлийаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velska" title="Velska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Velska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_gallese" title="Lingua gallese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua gallese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2595%25D7%259C%25D7%25A9%25D7%2599%25D7%25AA" title="ולשית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ולשית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598_%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2590" title="უელსური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უელსური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D1%2582%25D1%2596%25D0%25BB%25D1%2596" title="Валлий тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Валлий тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kembrek" title="Kembrek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kembrek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwelisi" title="Kiwelisi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiwelisi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D3%25A7%25D0%25BC%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8_%25D0%25BA%25D1%258B%25D0%25B2" title="Кӧмри кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Кӧмри кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%25C3%25AA_wales%25C3%25AE" title="Zimanê walesî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê walesî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BA%259E%25E0%25BA%25B2%25E0%25BA%25AA%25E0%25BA%25B2%25E0%25BA%2581%25E0%25BA%25B2%25E0%25BA%2599" title="ພາສາການ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາການ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Cambrica" title="Lingua Cambrica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Cambrica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velsie%25C5%25A1u_valoda" title="Velsiešu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Velsiešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walisesch" title="Walisesch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Walisesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8_%25D1%2587%25D3%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB" title="Валли чӀал – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Валли чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%25C5%25B3_kalba" title="Valų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Valų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_galleise" title="Lengua galleise – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua galleise" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh" title="Welsh – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Welsh" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimrica_(lingua)" title="Cimrica (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cimrica (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kymrin_kieli" title="Kymrin kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kymrin kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_galesa" title="Lengua galesa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua galesa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walesi_nyelv" title="Walesi nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Walesi nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D1%2588%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA" title="Велшки јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Велшки јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_W%25C4%2593ra" title="Reo Wēra – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Wēra" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B6_%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="वेल्श भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वेल्श भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598_%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2590" title="უელსური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უელსური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2584%25D8%25BA%25D9%2587_%25D9%2588%25D9%258A%25D9%2584%25D8%25B2%25D9%2589" title="لغه ويلزى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه ويلزى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2588%25DB%258C%25D9%2584%25D8%25B2%25DB%258C" title="ویلزی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ویلزی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Wales" title="Bahasa Wales – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Wales" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25AF%258B%25EA%25AF%25A6%25EA%25AF%259C%25EA%25AF%2581_%25EA%25AF%2582%25EA%25AF%25A3%25EA%25AF%259F" title="ꯋꯦꯜꯁ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯋꯦꯜꯁ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%25ACi-%25C4%25AB-s%25C3%25AA%25CC%25A4%25E1%25B9%25B3-ng%25E1%25B9%25B3%25CC%2584" title="Ŭi-ī-sê̤ṳ-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ŭi-ī-sê̤ṳ-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A3%25D1%258D%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2581_%25D1%2585%25D1%258D%25D0%25BB" title="Уэльс хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Уэльс хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%259D%25E1%2580%25B1%25E1%2580%259C%25E1%2580%2598%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%259E%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%2585%25E1%2580%2580%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%25B8" title="ဝေလဘာသာစကား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝေလဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_(taal)" title="Welsh (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Welsh (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumries" title="Kumries – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kumries" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2582%25A6%25E3%2582%25A7%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25AB%25E3%2582%25BA%25E8%25AA%259E" title="ウェールズ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウェールズ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waliisisch" title="Waliisisch – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Waliisisch" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walisisk" title="Walisisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Walisisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walisisk" title="Walisisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Walisisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallouais" title="Gallouais – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Gallouais" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%25C3%25A9s" title="Galés – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Galés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valliy_tili" title="Valliy tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Valliy tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25B5%25E0%25A9%2588%25E0%25A8%25B2%25E0%25A8%25B8%25E0%25A8%25BC_%25E0%25A8%25AD%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%25B8%25E0%25A8%25BC%25E0%25A8%25BE" title="ਵੈਲਸ਼ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵੈਲਸ਼ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2588%25DB%258C%25D9%2584%25D8%25B2%25DB%258C" title="ویلزی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ویلزی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2588%25DB%2590%25D9%2584%25D8%25B2%25D9%258A_%25DA%2598%25D8%25A8%25D9%2587" title="وېلزي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="وېلزي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25C3%25B6%25D0%25BC%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8_%25D0%25BA%25D1%258B%25D0%25B2" title="Кöмри кыв – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Кöмри кыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galo%25C3%25A9s" title="Galoés – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Galoés" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_gal%25C3%25A8isa" title="Lenga galèisa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga galèisa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walisische_Spraak" title="Walisische Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Walisische Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%25C4%2599zyk_walijski" title="Język walijski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język walijski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%25C3%25ADngua_galesa" title="Língua galesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua galesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_galez%25C4%2583" title="Limba galeză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba galeză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_valisica" title="Lingua valisica – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Lingua valisica" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamri_simi" title="Kamri simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kamri simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D1%258F%25D0%25B7%25D1%258B%25D0%25BA" title="Валлийский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Валлийский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A3%25D1%258D%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2581_%25D1%2582%25D1%258B%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0" title="Уэльс тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Уэльс тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25B1%25B3%25E1%25B1%25AD%25E1%25B1%25AE%25E1%25B1%259E%25E1%25B1%25A5_%25E1%25B1%25AF%25E1%25B1%259F%25E1%25B1%25B9%25E1%25B1%25A8%25E1%25B1%25A5%25E1%25B1%25A4" title="ᱳᱭᱮᱞᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱳᱭᱮᱞᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_gallesa" title="Limba gallesa – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba gallesa" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_leid" title="Welsh leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Welsh leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walisisk" title="Walisisk – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Walisisk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_e_Uellsit" title="Gjuha e Uellsit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha e Uellsit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_gallisa" title="Lingua gallisa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua gallisa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B7%2580%25E0%25B7%259A%25E0%25B6%25BD%25E0%25B7%258A%25E0%25B7%2583%25E0%25B7%258A_%25E0%25B6%25B7%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B7%2582%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B7%2580" title="වේල්ස් භාෂාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වේල්ස් භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Welsh language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wale%25C5%25A1tina" title="Waleština – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Waleština" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vali%25C5%25BEan%25C5%25A1%25C4%258Dina" title="Valižanščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Valižanščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walijsk%25C5%258F_g%25C5%258Fdka" title="Walijskŏ gŏdka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Walijskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B2%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C_%25D9%2588%25DB%258E%25DA%25B5%25D8%25B2%25DB%258C" title="زمانی وێڵزی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی وێڵزی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D1%2588%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_%25D1%2598%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA" title="Велшки језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Велшки језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vel%25C5%25A1ki_jezik" title="Velški jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Velški jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kymri" title="Kymri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kymri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kymriska" title="Kymriska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kymriska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Gales" title="Wikang Gales – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Gales" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AF%2587%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AF%2581_%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%258A%25E0%25AE%25B4%25E0%25AE%25BF" title="வேல்சு மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வேல்சு மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D1%2581_%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5" title="Велс теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Велс теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25A0%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A9%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B9%258C" title="ภาษาเวลส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาเวลส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2597%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8_%25D1%2583%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D1%2581%25D3%25A3" title="Забони уелсӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони уелсӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li> 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BB%25D1%2596%25D0%25B9%25D1%2581%25D1%258C%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Валлійська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Валлійська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25D9%2585%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C_%25D8%25B2%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="کمری زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کمری زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DB%258B%25DB%2590%25D9%2584%25D8%25B4_%25D8%25AA%25D9%2589%25D9%2584%25D9%2589" title="ۋېلش تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ۋېلش تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uel%2527san_kel%2527" title="Uel'san kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Uel'san kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%25E1%25BA%25BFng_Wales" title="Tiếng Wales – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Wales" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25C3%25B5mri_kiil" title="Kõmri kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kõmri kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wal%25C3%25A8s" title="Walès – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Walès" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh" title="Welsh – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Welsh" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25A8%2581%25E7%2588%25BE%25E5%25A3%25AB%25E8%25AA%259E" title="威爾士語 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="威爾士語" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25A8%2581%25E7%2588%25BE%25E6%2596%25AF%25E6%2596%2587" title="威爾斯文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="威爾斯文" 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