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robots</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: mobile robots"> <meta name="keywords" content="mobile robots"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="mobile robots"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 1891</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: mobile robots</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1891</span> Deadline Missing Prediction for Mobile Robots through the Use of Historical Data</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Edwaldo%20R.%20B.%20Monteiro">Edwaldo R. B. Monteiro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Patricia%20D.%20M.%20Plentz"> Patricia D. M. Plentz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Edson%20R.%20De%20Pieri"> Edson R. De Pieri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Mobile robotics is gaining an increasingly important role in modern society. Several potentially dangerous or laborious tasks for human are assigned to mobile robots, which are increasingly capable. Many of these tasks need to be performed within a specified period, i.e., meet a deadline. Missing the deadline can result in financial and/or material losses. Mechanisms for predicting the missing of deadlines are fundamental because corrective actions can be taken to avoid or minimize the losses resulting from missing the deadline. In this work we propose a simple but reliable deadline missing prediction mechanism for mobile robots through the use of historical data and we use the Pioneer 3-DX robot for experiments and simulations, one of the most popular robots in academia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deadline%20missing" title="deadline missing">deadline missing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=historical%20data" title=" historical data"> historical data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobile%20robots" title=" mobile robots"> mobile robots</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prediction%20mechanism" title=" prediction mechanism"> prediction mechanism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8352/deadline-missing-prediction-for-mobile-robots-through-the-use-of-historical-data" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8352.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">401</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1890</span> Localization of Mobile Robots with Omnidirectional Cameras</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tatsuya%20Kato">Tatsuya Kato</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masanobu%20Nagata"> Masanobu Nagata</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hidetoshi%20Nakashima"> Hidetoshi Nakashima</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kazunori%20Matsuo"> Kazunori Matsuo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Localization of mobile robots are important tasks for developing autonomous mobile robots. This paper proposes a method to estimate positions of a mobile robot using an omnidirectional camera on the robot. Landmarks for points of references are set up on a field where the robot works. The omnidirectional camera which can obtain 360 [deg] around images takes photographs of these landmarks. The positions of the robots are estimated from directions of these landmarks that are extracted from the images by image processing. This method can obtain the robot positions without accumulative position errors. Accuracy of the estimated robot positions by the proposed method are evaluated through some experiments. The results show that it can obtain the positions with small standard deviations. Therefore the method has possibilities of more accurate localization by tuning of appropriate offset parameters. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobile%20robots" title="mobile robots">mobile robots</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=localization" title=" localization"> localization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=omnidirectional%20camera" title=" omnidirectional camera"> omnidirectional camera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=estimating%20positions" title=" estimating positions"> estimating positions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11803/localization-of-mobile-robots-with-omnidirectional-cameras" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11803.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">442</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1889</span> Energy Management Techniques in Mobile Robots</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Gurguze">G. Gurguze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Turkoglu"> I. Turkoglu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Today, the developing features of technological tools with limited energy resources have made it necessary to use energy efficiently. Energy management techniques have emerged for this purpose. As with every field, energy management is vital for robots that are being used in many areas from industry to daily life and that are thought to take up more spaces in the future. Particularly, effective power management in autonomous and multi robots, which are getting more complicated and increasing day by day, will improve the performance and success. In this study, robot management algorithms, usage of renewable and hybrid energy sources, robot motion patterns, robot designs, sharing strategies of workloads in multiple robots, road and mission planning algorithms are discussed for efficient use of energy resources by mobile robots. These techniques have been evaluated in terms of efficient use of existing energy resources and energy management in robots. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20management" title="energy management">energy management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobile%20robot" title=" mobile robot"> mobile robot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robot%20administration" title=" robot administration"> robot administration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robot%20management" title=" robot management"> robot management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robot%20planning" title=" robot planning"> robot planning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75907/energy-management-techniques-in-mobile-robots" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75907.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">266</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1888</span> Collective Movement between Two Lego EV3 Mobile Robots</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luis%20Fernando%20Pinedo-Lomeli">Luis Fernando Pinedo-Lomeli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rosa%20Martha%20Lopez-Gutierrez"> Rosa Martha Lopez-Gutierrez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jose%20Antonio%20Michel-Macarty"> Jose Antonio Michel-Macarty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cesar%20Cruz-Hernandez"> Cesar Cruz-Hernandez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liliana%20Cardoza-Avenda%C3%B1o"> Liliana Cardoza-Avendaño</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Humberto%20Cruz-Hernandez"> Humberto Cruz-Hernandez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Robots are working in industry and services performing repetitive or dangerous tasks, however, when flexible movement capabilities and complex tasks are required, the use of many robots is needed. Also, productivity can be improved by reducing times to perform tasks. In the last years, a lot of effort has been invested in research and development of collective control of mobile robots. This interest is justified as there are many advantages when two or more robots are collaborating in a particular task. Some examples are: cleaning toxic waste, transportation and manipulation of objects, exploration, and surveillance, search and rescue. In this work a study of collective movements of mobile robots is presented. A solution of collisions avoidance is developed. This solution is levered on a communication implementation that allows coordinate movements in different paths were avoiding obstacles. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=synchronization" title="synchronization">synchronization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=communication" title=" communication"> communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robots" title=" robots"> robots</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legos" title=" legos"> legos</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64452/collective-movement-between-two-lego-ev3-mobile-robots" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64452.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">432</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1887</span> Mobile Wireless Investigation Platform</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dimitar%20Karastoyanov">Dimitar Karastoyanov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Todor%20Penchev"> Todor Penchev</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper presents the research of a kind of autonomous mobile robots, intended for work and adaptive perception in unknown and unstructured environment. The objective are robots, dedicated for multi-sensory environment perception and exploration, like measurements and samples taking, discovering and putting a mark on the objects as well as environment interactions–transportation, carrying in and out of equipment and objects. At that ground classification of the different types mobile robots in accordance with the way of locomotion (wheel- or chain-driven, walking, etc.), used drive mechanisms, kind of sensors, end effectors, area of application, etc. is made. Modular system for the mechanical construction of the mobile robots is proposed. Special PLC on the base of AtMega128 processor for robot control is developed. Electronic modules for the wireless communication on the base of Jennic processor as well as the specific software are developed. The methods, means and algorithms for adaptive environment behaviour and tasks realization are examined. The methods of group control of mobile robots and for suspicious objects detecting and handling are discussed too. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobile%20robots" title="mobile robots">mobile robots</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wireless%20communications" title=" wireless communications"> wireless communications</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environment%20investigations" title=" environment investigations"> environment investigations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=group%20control" title=" group control"> group control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=suspicious%20objects" title=" suspicious objects"> suspicious objects</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3644/mobile-wireless-investigation-platform" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3644.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">356</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1886</span> Integration of Internet-Accessible Resources in the Field of Mobile Robots</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Madhevan">B. Madhevan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Sakkaravarthi"> R. Sakkaravarthi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Diya"> R. Diya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The number and variety of mobile robot applications are increasing day by day, both in an industry and in our daily lives. First developed as a tool, nowadays mobile robots can be integrated as an entity in Internet-accessible resources. The present work is organized around four potential resources such as cloud computing, Internet of things, Big data analysis and Co-simulation. Further, the focus relies on integrating, analyzing and discussing the need for integrating Internet-accessible resources and the challenges deriving from such integration, and how these issues have been tackled. Hence, the research work investigates the concepts of the Internet-accessible resources from the aspect of the autonomous mobile robots with an overview of the performances of the currently available database systems. IaR is a world-wide network of interconnected objects, can be considered an evolutionary process in mobile robots. IaR constitutes an integral part of future Internet with data analysis, consisting of both physical and virtual things. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=internet-accessible%20resources" title="internet-accessible resources">internet-accessible resources</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cloud%20computing" title=" cloud computing"> cloud computing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=big%20data%20analysis" title=" big data analysis"> big data analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=internet%20of%20things" title=" internet of things"> internet of things</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobile%20robot" title=" mobile robot"> mobile robot</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50385/integration-of-internet-accessible-resources-in-the-field-of-mobile-robots" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50385.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">388</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1885</span> Limit-Cycles Method for the Navigation and Avoidance of Any Form of Obstacles for Mobile Robots in Cluttered Environment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Boufera">F. Boufera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Debbat"> F. Debbat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper deals with an approach based on limit-cycles method for the problem of obstacle avoidance of mobile robots in unknown environments for any form of obstacles. The purpose of this approach is the improvement of limit-cycles method in order to obtain safe and ﬂexible navigation. The proposed algorithm has been successfully tested in diﬀerent conﬁguration on simulation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobile%20robot" title="mobile robot">mobile robot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=navigation" title=" navigation"> navigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=avoidance%20of%20obstacles" title=" avoidance of obstacles"> avoidance of obstacles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=limit-cycles%20method" title=" limit-cycles method"> limit-cycles method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21940/limit-cycles-method-for-the-navigation-and-avoidance-of-any-form-of-obstacles-for-mobile-robots-in-cluttered-environment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21940.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">429</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1884</span> Discrete Tracking Control of Nonholonomic Mobile Robots: Backstepping Design Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexander%20S.%20Andreev">Alexander S. Andreev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olga%20A.%20Peregudova"> Olga A. Peregudova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we propose a discrete tracking control of nonholonomic mobile robots with two degrees of freedom. The electro-mechanical model of a mobile robot moving on a horizontal surface without slipping, with two rear wheels controlled by two independent DC electric, and one front roal wheel is considered. We present back-stepping design based on the Euler approximate discrete-time model of a continuous-time plant. Theoretical considerations are verified by numerical simulation. The work was supported by RFFI (15-01-08482). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=actuator%20dynamics" title="actuator dynamics">actuator dynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=back%20stepping" title=" back stepping"> back stepping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrete-time%20controller" title=" discrete-time controller"> discrete-time controller</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lyapunov%20function" title=" Lyapunov function"> Lyapunov function</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wheeled%20mobile%20robot" title=" wheeled mobile robot "> wheeled mobile robot </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15632/discrete-tracking-control-of-nonholonomic-mobile-robots-backstepping-design-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15632.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">415</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1883</span> Design of a Chaotic Trajectory Generator Algorithm for Mobile Robots</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20J.%20Cetina-Denis">J. J. Cetina-Denis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20M.%20L%C3%B3pez-Guti%C3%A9rrez"> R. M. López-Gutiérrez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Ram%C3%ADrez-Ram%C3%ADrez"> R. Ramírez-Ramírez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Cruz-Hern%C3%A1ndez"> C. Cruz-Hernández</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work addresses the problem of designing an algorithm capable of generating chaotic trajectories for mobile robots. Particularly, the chaotic behavior is induced in the linear and angular velocities of a Khepera III differential mobile robot by infusing them with the states of the H´enon chaotic map. A possible application, using the properties of chaotic systems, is patrolling a work area. In this work, numerical and experimental results are reported and analyzed. In addition, two quantitative numerical tests are applied in order to measure how chaotic the generated trajectories really are. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chaos" title="chaos">chaos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chaotic%20trajectories" title=" chaotic trajectories"> chaotic trajectories</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=differential%20mobile%20robot" title=" differential mobile robot"> differential mobile robot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Henon%20map" title=" Henon map"> Henon map</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khepera%20III%20robot" title=" Khepera III robot"> Khepera III robot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=patrolling%20applications" title=" patrolling applications"> patrolling applications</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99264/design-of-a-chaotic-trajectory-generator-algorithm-for-mobile-robots" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99264.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">309</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1882</span> The Follower Robots Tested in Different Lighting Condition and Improved Capabilities</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sultan%20Muhammed%20Fatih%20Apaydin">Sultan Muhammed Fatih Apaydin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, two types of robot were examined as being pioneer robot and follower robot for improving of the capabilities of tracking robots. Robots continue to tracking each other and measurement of the follow-up distance between them is very important for improvements to be applied. It was achieved that the follower robot follows the pioneer robot in line with intended goals. The tests were applied to the robots in various grounds and environments in point of performance and necessary improvements were implemented by measuring the results of these tests. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobile%20robot" title="mobile robot">mobile robot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=remote%20and%20autonomous%20control" title=" remote and autonomous control"> remote and autonomous control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infra-red%20sensors" title=" infra-red sensors"> infra-red sensors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=arduino" title=" arduino"> arduino</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34758/the-follower-robots-tested-in-different-lighting-condition-and-improved-capabilities" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34758.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">565</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1881</span> Synchronization of Two Mobile Robots</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20M.%20L%C3%B3pez-Guti%C3%A9rrez">R. M. López-Gutiérrez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20A.%20Michel-Macarty"> J. A. Michel-Macarty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Cervantes-De%20Avila"> H. Cervantes-De Avila</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20I.%20Nieto-Hip%C3%B3lito"> J. I. Nieto-Hipólito</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Cruz-Hern%C3%A1ndez"> C. Cruz-Hernández</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Cardoza-Avenda%C3%B1o"> L. Cardoza-Avendaño</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Cortiant-Velez"> S. Cortiant-Velez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is well know that mankind benefits from the application of robot control by virtual handlers in industrial environments. In recent years, great interest has emerged in the control of multiple robots in order to carry out collective tasks. One main trend is to copy the natural organization that some organisms have, such as, ants, bees, school of fish, birds’ migration, etc. Surely, this collaborative work, results in better outcomes than those obtain in an isolated or individual effort. This topic has a great drive because collaboration between several robots has the potential capability of carrying out more complicated tasks, doing so, with better efficiency, resiliency and fault tolerance, in cases such as: coordinate navigation towards a target, terrain exploration, and search-rescue operations. In this work, synchronization of multiple autonomous robots is shown over a variety of coupling topologies: star, ring, chain, and global. In all cases, collective synchronous behavior is achieved, in the complex networks formed with mobile robots. Nodes of these networks are modeled by a mass using Matlab to simulate them. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robots" title="robots">robots</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=synchronization" title=" synchronization"> synchronization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bidirectional" title=" bidirectional"> bidirectional</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coordinate%20navigation" title=" coordinate navigation"> coordinate navigation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1513/synchronization-of-two-mobile-robots" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1513.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">356</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1880</span> Two Wheels Differential Type Odometry for Robot</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abhishek%20Jha">Abhishek Jha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manoj%20Kumar"> Manoj Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper proposes a new type of two wheels differential type odometry to estimate the next position and orientation of mobile robots. The proposed odometry is composed for two independent wheels with respective encoders. The two wheels rotate independently, and the change is determined by the difference in the velocity of the two wheels. Angular velocities of the two wheels are measured by rotary encoders. A mathematical model is proposed for the mobile robots to precisely move towards the goal. Using measured values of the two encoders, the current displacement vector of a mobile robot is calculated by kinematics of the mathematical model. Using the displacement vector, the next position and orientation of the mobile robot are estimated by proposed odometry. Result of simulator experiment by the developed odometry is shown. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobile%20robot" title="mobile robot">mobile robot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=odometry" title=" odometry"> odometry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unicycle" title=" unicycle"> unicycle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=differential%20type" title=" differential type"> differential type</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=encoders" title=" encoders"> encoders</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrared%20range%20sensors" title=" infrared range sensors"> infrared range sensors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kinematic%20model" title=" kinematic model"> kinematic model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12157/two-wheels-differential-type-odometry-for-robot" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12157.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">451</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1879</span> Hybrid Gravity Gradient Inversion-Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm for Motion Planning of Mobile Robots</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meng%20Wu">Meng Wu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Motion planning is a common task required to be fulfilled by robots. A strategy combining Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and gravity gradient inversion algorithm is proposed for motion planning of mobile robots. In this paper, in order to realize optimal motion planning strategy, the cost function in ACO is designed based on gravity gradient inversion algorithm. The obstacles around mobile robot can cause gravity gradient anomalies; the gradiometer is installed on the mobile robot to detect the gravity gradient anomalies. After obtaining the anomalies, gravity gradient inversion algorithm is employed to calculate relative distance and orientation between mobile robot and obstacles. The relative distance and orientation deduced from gravity gradient inversion algorithm is employed as cost function in ACO algorithm to realize motion planning. The proposed strategy is validated by the simulation and experiment results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=motion%20planning" title="motion planning">motion planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gravity%20gradient%20inversion%20algorithm" title=" gravity gradient inversion algorithm"> gravity gradient inversion algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ant%20colony%20optimization" title=" ant colony optimization"> ant colony optimization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110462/hybrid-gravity-gradient-inversion-ant-colony-optimization-algorithm-for-motion-planning-of-mobile-robots" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110462.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">137</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1878</span> Autonomic Management for Mobile Robot Battery Degradation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Martin%20Doran">Martin Doran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roy%20Sterritt"> Roy Sterritt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=George%20Wilkie"> George Wilkie</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The majority of today’s mobile robots are very dependent on battery power. Mobile robots can operate untethered for a number of hours but eventually they will need to recharge their batteries in-order to continue to function. While computer processing and sensors have become cheaper and more powerful each year, battery development has progress very little. They are slow to re-charge, inefficient and lagging behind in the general progression of robotic development we see today. However, batteries are relatively cheap and when fully charged, can supply high power output necessary for operating heavy mobile robots. As there are no cheap alternatives to batteries, we need to find efficient ways to manage the power that batteries provide during their operational lifetime. This paper proposes the use of autonomic principles of self-adaption to address the behavioral changes a battery experiences as it gets older. In life, as we get older, we cannot perform tasks in the same way as we did in our youth; these tasks generally take longer to perform and require more of our energy to complete. Batteries also suffer from a form of degradation. As a battery gets older, it loses the ability to retain the same charge capacity it would have when brand new. This paper investigates how we can adapt the current state of a battery charge and cycle count, to the requirements of a mobile robot to perform its tasks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autonomic" title="autonomic">autonomic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-adaptive" title=" self-adaptive"> self-adaptive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-optimising" title=" self-optimising"> self-optimising</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=degradation" title=" degradation"> degradation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77739/autonomic-management-for-mobile-robot-battery-degradation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77739.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">385</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1877</span> Tabu Random Algorithm for Guiding Mobile Robots</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kevin%20Worrall">Kevin Worrall</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Euan%20McGookin"> Euan McGookin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The use of optimization algorithms is common across a large number of diverse fields. This work presents the use of a hybrid optimization algorithm applied to a mobile robot tasked with carrying out a search of an unknown environment. The algorithm is then applied to the multiple robots case, which results in a reduction in the time taken to carry out the search. The hybrid algorithm is a Random Search Algorithm fused with a Tabu mechanism. The work shows that the algorithm locates the desired points in a quicker time than a brute force search. The Tabu Random algorithm is shown to work within a simulated environment using a validated mathematical model. The simulation was run using three different environments with varying numbers of targets. As an algorithm, the Tabu Random is small, clear and can be implemented with minimal resources. The power of the algorithm is the speed at which it locates points of interest and the robustness to the number of robots involved. The number of robots can vary with no changes to the algorithm resulting in a flexible algorithm. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=algorithms" title="algorithms">algorithms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=control" title=" control"> control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-agent" title=" multi-agent"> multi-agent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=search%20and%20rescue" title=" search and rescue"> search and rescue</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92647/tabu-random-algorithm-for-guiding-mobile-robots" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92647.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">239</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1876</span> Streaming Communication Component for Multi-Robots</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=George%20Oliveira">George Oliveira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luana%20D.%20Fronza"> Luana D. Fronza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luiza%20Medeiros"> Luiza Medeiros</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Patricia%20D.%20M.%20Plentz"> Patricia D. M. Plentz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The research presented in this article is part of a wide project that proposes a scheduling system for multi-robots in intelligent warehouses employing multi-robot path-planning (MPP) and multi-robot task allocation (MRTA) to reconcile multiple restrictions (task delivery time, task priorities, charging capacity, and robots battery capacity). We present the software component capable of interconnecting an open streaming processing architecture and robot operating system (ROS), ensuring communication and message exchange between robots and the environment in which they are inserted. Simulation results show the good performance of our proposed technique for connecting ROS and streaming platforms. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=complex%20distributed%20systems" title="complex distributed systems">complex distributed systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobile%20robots" title=" mobile robots"> mobile robots</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20warehouses" title=" smart warehouses"> smart warehouses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=streaming%20platforms" title=" streaming platforms"> streaming platforms</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136693/streaming-communication-component-for-multi-robots" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136693.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">193</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1875</span> Control Law Design of a Wheeled Robot Mobile</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghania%20Zidani">Ghania Zidani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Said%20Drid"> Said Drid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Larbi%20Chrifi-Alaoui"> Larbi Chrifi-Alaoui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdeslam%20Benmakhlouf"> Abdeslam Benmakhlouf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Souad%20Chaouch"> Souad Chaouch</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we focus on the study for path tracking control of unicycle-type Wheeled Mobile Robots (WMR), by applying the Backstepping technic. The latter is a relatively new technic for nonlinear systems. To solve the problem of constraints nonholonomics met in the path tracking of such robots, an adaptive Backstepping based nonlinear controller is developed. The stability of the controller is guaranteed, using the Lyapunov theory. Simulation results show that the proposed controller achieves the objective and ensures good path tracking. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Backstepping%20control" title="Backstepping control">Backstepping control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kinematic%20and%20dynamic%20controllers" title=" kinematic and dynamic controllers"> kinematic and dynamic controllers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lyapunov%20methods" title=" Lyapunov methods"> Lyapunov methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nonlinear%20control%20systems" title=" nonlinear control systems"> nonlinear control systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wheeled%20Mobile%20Robot%20%28WMR%29." title=" Wheeled Mobile Robot (WMR)."> Wheeled Mobile Robot (WMR).</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22322/control-law-design-of-a-wheeled-robot-mobile" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22322.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">439</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1874</span> FESA: Fuzzy-Controlled Energy-Efficient Selective Allocation and Reallocation of Tasks Among Mobile Robots</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anuradha%20Banerjee">Anuradha Banerjee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Energy aware operation is one of the visionary goals in the area of robotics because operability of robots is greatly dependent upon their residual energy. Practically, the tasks allocated to robots carry different priority and often an upper limit of time stamp is imposed within which the task needs to be completed. If a robot is unable to complete one particular task given to it the task is reallocated to some other robot. The collection of robots is controlled by a Central Monitoring Unit (CMU). Selection of the new robot is performed by a fuzzy controller called Task Reallocator (TRAC). It accepts the parameters like residual energy of robots, possibility that the task will be successfully completed by the new robot within stipulated time, distance of the new robot (where the task is reallocated) from distance of the old one (where the task was going on) etc. The proposed methodology increases the probability of completing globally assigned tasks and saves huge amount of energy as far as the collection of robots is concerned. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy-efficiency" title="energy-efficiency">energy-efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy-controller" title=" fuzzy-controller"> fuzzy-controller</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=priority" title=" priority"> priority</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reallocation" title=" reallocation"> reallocation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=task" title=" task"> task</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20335/fesa-fuzzy-controlled-energy-efficient-selective-allocation-and-reallocation-of-tasks-among-mobile-robots" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20335.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">313</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1873</span> A New Center of Motion in Cabling Robots</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alireza%20Abbasi%20Moshaii">Alireza Abbasi Moshaii</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farshid%20Najafi"> Farshid Najafi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper a new model for centre of motion creating is proposed. This new method uses cables. So, it is very useful in robots because it is light and has easy assembling process. In the robots which need to be in touch with some things this method is very good. It will be described in the following. The accuracy of the idea is proved by an experiment. This system could be used in the robots which need a fixed point in the contact with some things and make a circular motion. Such as dancer, physician or repair robots. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=centre%20of%20motion" title="centre of motion">centre of motion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robotic%20cables" title=" robotic cables"> robotic cables</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=permanent%20touching" title=" permanent touching"> permanent touching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechatronics%20engineering" title=" mechatronics engineering"> mechatronics engineering</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24087/a-new-center-of-motion-in-cabling-robots" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24087.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">442</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1872</span> Q-Learning of Bee-Like Robots Through Obstacle Avoidance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jawairia%20Rasheed">Jawairia Rasheed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Modern robots are often used for search and rescue purpose. One of the key areas of interest in such cases is learning complex environments. One of the key methodologies for robots in such cases is reinforcement learning. In reinforcement learning robots learn to move the path to reach the goal while avoiding obstacles. Q-learning, one of the most advancement of reinforcement learning is used for making the robots to learn the path. Robots learn by interacting with the environment to reach the goal. In this paper simulation model of bee-like robots is implemented in NETLOGO. In the start the learning rate was less and it increased with the passage of time. The bees successfully learned to reach the goal while avoiding obstacles through Q-learning technique. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforlearning%20of%20bee%20like%20robots%20for%20reaching%20the%20goalcement%20learning%20for%20randomly%20placed%20obstacles" title="reinforlearning of bee like robots for reaching the goalcement learning for randomly placed obstacles">reinforlearning of bee like robots for reaching the goalcement learning for randomly placed obstacles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=obstacle%20avoidance%20through%20q-learning" title=" obstacle avoidance through q-learning"> obstacle avoidance through q-learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=q-learning%20for%20obstacle%20avoidance" title=" q-learning for obstacle avoidance"> q-learning for obstacle avoidance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=" title=""></a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155154/q-learning-of-bee-like-robots-through-obstacle-avoidance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155154.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">101</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1871</span> Studies on Affecting Factors of Wheel Slip and Odometry Error on Real-Time of Wheeled Mobile Robots: A Review</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Vidhyaprakash">D. Vidhyaprakash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Elango"> A. Elango</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In real-time applications, wheeled mobile robots are increasingly used and operated in extreme and diverse conditions traversing challenging surfaces such as a pitted, uneven terrain, natural flat, smooth terrain, as well as wet and dry surfaces. In order to accomplish such tasks, it is critical that the motion control functions without wheel slip and odometry error during the navigation of the two-wheeled mobile robot (WMR). Wheel slip and odometry error are disrupting factors on overall WMR performance in the form of deviation from desired trajectory, navigation, travel time and budgeted energy consumption. The wheeled mobile robot’s ability to operate at peak performance on various work surfaces without wheel slippage and odometry error is directly connected to four main parameters, which are the range of payload distribution, speed, wheel diameter, and wheel width. This paper analyses the effects of those parameters on overall performance and is concerned with determining the ideal range of parameters for optimum performance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wheeled%20mobile%20robot" title="wheeled mobile robot">wheeled mobile robot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=terrain" title=" terrain"> terrain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wheel%20slippage" title=" wheel slippage"> wheel slippage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=odometryerror" title=" odometryerror"> odometryerror</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trajectory" title=" trajectory"> trajectory</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38028/studies-on-affecting-factors-of-wheel-slip-and-odometry-error-on-real-time-of-wheeled-mobile-robots-a-review" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38028.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">284</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1870</span> Cooperative Robot Application in a Never Explored or an Abandoned Sub-Surface Mine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20K.%20O.%20Ayomoh">Michael K. O. Ayomoh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oyindamola%20A.%20Omotuyi"> Oyindamola A. Omotuyi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Autonomous mobile robots deployed to explore or operate in a never explored or an abandoned sub-surface mine requires extreme effectiveness in coordination and communication. In a bid to transmit information from the depth of the mine to the external surface in real-time and amidst diverse physical, chemical and virtual impediments, the concept of unified cooperative robots is seen to be a proficient approach. This paper presents an effective [human → robot → task] coordination framework for effective exploration of an abandoned underground mine. The problem addressed in this research is basically the development of a globalized optimization model premised on time series differentiation and geometrical configurations for effective positioning of the two classes of robots in the cooperation namely the outermost stationary master (OSM) robots and the innermost dynamic task (IDT) robots for effective bi-directional signal transmission. In addition, the synchronization of a vision system and wireless communication system for both categories of robots, fiber optics system for the OSM robots in cases of highly sloppy or vertical mine channels and an autonomous battery recharging capability for the IDT robots further enhanced the proposed concept. The OSM robots are the master robots which are positioned at strategic locations starting from the mine open surface down to its base using a fiber-optic cable or a wireless communication medium all subject to the identified mine geometrical configuration. The OSM robots are usually stationary and function by coordinating the transmission of signals from the IDT robots at the base of the mine to the surface and in a reverse order based on human decisions at the surface control station. The proposed scheme also presents an optimized number of robots required to form the cooperation in a bid to reduce overall operational cost and system complexity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sub-surface%20mine" title="sub-surface mine">sub-surface mine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wireless%20communication" title=" wireless communication"> wireless communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=outermost%20stationary%20master%20robots" title=" outermost stationary master robots"> outermost stationary master robots</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inner-most%20dynamic%20robots" title=" inner-most dynamic robots"> inner-most dynamic robots</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fiber%20optic" title=" fiber optic"> fiber optic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82955/cooperative-robot-application-in-a-never-explored-or-an-abandoned-sub-surface-mine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82955.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">213</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1869</span> Creation of a Care Robot Impact Assessment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eduard%20Fosch-Villaronga">Eduard Fosch-Villaronga</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper pioneers Care Robot Impact Assessment (CRIA), a methodology used to identify, analyze, mitigate and eliminate the risks posed by the insertion of non-medical personal care robots (PCR) in medical care facilities. Its precedent instruments (Privacy and Surveillance Impact Assessment (PIA and SIA)) fall behind in coping with robots. Indeed, personal care robots change dramatically how care is delivered. The paper presents a specific risk-sector methodology, identifies which robots are under its scope and presents some of the challenges introduced by these robots. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethics" title="ethics">ethics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impact%20assessment" title=" impact assessment"> impact assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=law" title=" law"> law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20care%20robots" title=" personal care robots"> personal care robots</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28994/creation-of-a-care-robot-impact-assessment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28994.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">576</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1868</span> Underneath Vehicle Inspection Using Fuzzy Logic, Subsumption, and Open Cv-Library</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hazim%20Abdulsada">Hazim Abdulsada</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The inspection of underneath vehicle system has been given significant attention by governments after the threat of terrorism become more prevalent. New technologies such as mobile robots and computer vision are led to have more secure environment. This paper proposed that a mobile robot like Aria robot can be used to search and inspect the bombs under parking a lot vehicle. This robot is using fuzzy logic and subsumption algorithms to control the robot that movies underneath the vehicle. An OpenCV library and laser Hokuyo are added to Aria robot to complete the experiment for under vehicle inspection. This experiment was conducted at the indoor environment to demonstrate the efficiency of our methods to search objects and control the robot movements under vehicle. We got excellent results not only by controlling the robot movement but also inspecting object by the robot camera at same time. This success allowed us to know the requirement to construct a new cost effective robot with more functionality. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20logic" title="fuzzy logic">fuzzy logic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobile%20robots" title=" mobile robots"> mobile robots</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Opencv" title=" Opencv"> Opencv</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subsumption" title=" subsumption"> subsumption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=under%20vehicle%20inspection" title=" under vehicle inspection "> under vehicle inspection </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20775/underneath-vehicle-inspection-using-fuzzy-logic-subsumption-and-open-cv-library" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20775.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">472</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1867</span> Automated Testing of Workshop Robot Behavior</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arne%20Hitzmann">Arne Hitzmann</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Philipp%20Wentscher"> Philipp Wentscher</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexander%20Gabel"> Alexander Gabel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reinhard%20Gerndt"> Reinhard Gerndt</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Autonomous mobile robots can be found in a wide field of applications. Their types range from household robots over workshop robots to autonomous cars and many more. All of them undergo a number of testing steps during development, production and maintenance. This paper describes an approach to improve testing of robot behavior. It was inspired by the RoboCup @work competition that itself reflects a robotics benchmark for industrial robotics. There, scaled down versions of mobile industrial robots have to navigate through a workshop-like environment or operation area and have to perform tasks of manipulating and transporting work pieces. This paper will introduce an approach of automated vision-based testing of the behavior of the so called youBot robot, which is the most widely used robot platform in the RoboCup @work competition. The proposed system allows automated testing of multiple tries of the robot to perform a specific missions and it allows for the flexibility of the robot, e.g. selecting different paths between two tasks within a mission. The approach is based on a multi-camera setup using, off the shelf cameras and optical markers. It has been applied for test-driven development (TDD) and maintenance-like verification of the robot behavior and performance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supervisory%20control" title="supervisory control">supervisory control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=testing" title=" testing"> testing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=markers" title=" markers"> markers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mono%20vision" title=" mono vision"> mono vision</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automation" title=" automation"> automation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8364/automated-testing-of-workshop-robot-behavior" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8364.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">377</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1866</span> Robust Stabilization of Rotational Motion of Underwater Robots against Parameter Uncertainties</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Riku%20Hayashida">Riku Hayashida</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tomoaki%20Hashimoto"> Tomoaki Hashimoto</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper provides a robust stabilization method for rotational motion of underwater robots against parameter uncertainties. Underwater robots are expected to be used for various work assignments. The large variety of applications of underwater robots motivates researchers to develop control systems and technologies for underwater robots. Several control methods have been proposed so far for the stabilization of nominal system model of underwater robots with no parameter uncertainty. Parameter uncertainties are considered to be obstacles in implementation of the such nominal control methods for underwater robots. The objective of this study is to establish a robust stabilization method for rotational motion of underwater robots against parameter uncertainties. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by numerical simulations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robust%20control" title="robust control">robust control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stabilization%20method" title=" stabilization method"> stabilization method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underwater%20robot" title=" underwater robot"> underwater robot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parameter%20uncertainty" title=" parameter uncertainty"> parameter uncertainty</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/119269/robust-stabilization-of-rotational-motion-of-underwater-robots-against-parameter-uncertainties" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/119269.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">160</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1865</span> An Exponential Field Path Planning Method for Mobile Robots Integrated with Visual Perception</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Magdy%20Roman">Magdy Roman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mostafa%20Shoeib"> Mostafa Shoeib</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mostafa%20Rostom"> Mostafa Rostom</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Global vision, whether provided by overhead fixed cameras, on-board aerial vehicle cameras, or satellite images can always provide detailed information on the environment around mobile robots. In this paper, an intelligent vision-based method of path planning and obstacle avoidance for mobile robots is presented. The method integrates visual perception with a new proposed field-based path-planning method to overcome common path-planning problems such as local minima, unreachable destination and unnecessary lengthy paths around obstacles. The method proposes an exponential angle deviation field around each obstacle that affects the orientation of a close robot. As the robot directs toward, the goal point obstacles are classified into right and left groups, and a deviation angle is exponentially added or subtracted to the orientation of the robot. Exponential field parameters are chosen based on Lyapunov stability criterion to guarantee robot convergence to the destination. The proposed method uses obstacles' shape and location, extracted from global vision system, through a collision prediction mechanism to decide whether to activate or deactivate obstacles field. In addition, a search mechanism is developed in case of robot or goal point is trapped among obstacles to find suitable exit or entrance. The proposed algorithm is validated both in simulation and through experiments. The algorithm shows effectiveness in obstacles' avoidance and destination convergence, overcoming common path planning problems found in classical methods. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=path%20planning" title="path planning">path planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=collision%20avoidance" title=" collision avoidance"> collision avoidance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=convergence" title=" convergence"> convergence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computer%20vision" title=" computer vision"> computer vision</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobile%20robots" title=" mobile robots"> mobile robots</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84189/an-exponential-field-path-planning-method-for-mobile-robots-integrated-with-visual-perception" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84189.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">194</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1864</span> Optimal Number of Reconfigurable Robots in a Transport System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mari%20Chaikovskaia">Mari Chaikovskaia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jean-Philippe%20Gayon"> Jean-Philippe Gayon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alain%20Quilliot"> Alain Quilliot</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We consider a fleet of elementary robots that can be connected in different ways to transport loads of different types. For instance, a single robot can transport a small load, and the association of two robots can either transport a large load or two small loads. We seek to determine the optimal number of robots to transport a set of loads in a given time interval, with or without reconfiguration. We show that the problem with reconfiguration is strongly NP-hard by a reduction to the bin-packing problem. Then, we study a special case with unit capacities and derive simple formulas for the minimum number of robots, up to 3 types of loads. For this special case, we compare the minimum number of robots with or without reconfiguration and show that the gain is limited in absolute value but may be significant for small fleets. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fleet%20sizing" title="fleet sizing">fleet sizing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reconfigurability" title=" reconfigurability"> reconfigurability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robots" title=" robots"> robots</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transportation" title=" transportation"> transportation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160116/optimal-number-of-reconfigurable-robots-in-a-transport-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160116.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">86</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1863</span> A Review on Comparative Analysis of Path Planning and Collision Avoidance Algorithms</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Divya%20Agarwal">Divya Agarwal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pushpendra%20S.%20Bharti"> Pushpendra S. Bharti</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Autonomous mobile robots (AMR) are expected as smart tools for operations in every automation industry. Path planning and obstacle avoidance is the backbone of AMR as robots have to reach their goal location avoiding obstacles while traversing through optimized path defined according to some criteria such as distance, time or energy. Path planning can be classified into global and local path planning where environmental information is known and unknown/partially known, respectively. A number of sensors are used for data collection. A number of algorithms such as artificial potential field (APF), rapidly exploring random trees (RRT), bidirectional RRT, Fuzzy approach, Purepursuit, A* algorithm, vector field histogram (VFH) and modified local path planning algorithm, etc. have been used in the last three decades for path planning and obstacle avoidance for AMR. This paper makes an attempt to review some of the path planning and obstacle avoidance algorithms used in the field of AMR. The review includes comparative analysis of simulation and mathematical computations of path planning and obstacle avoidance algorithms using MATLAB 2018a. From the review, it could be concluded that different algorithms may complete the same task (i.e. with a different set of instructions) in less or more time, space, effort, etc. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=path%20planning" title="path planning">path planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=obstacle%20avoidance" title=" obstacle avoidance"> obstacle avoidance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autonomous%20mobile%20robots" title=" autonomous mobile robots"> autonomous mobile robots</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=algorithms" title=" algorithms"> algorithms</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93693/a-review-on-comparative-analysis-of-path-planning-and-collision-avoidance-algorithms" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93693.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">232</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1862</span> An Improved Dynamic Window Approach with Environment Awareness for Local Obstacle Avoidance of Mobile Robots</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Baoshan%20Wei">Baoshan Wei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shuai%20Han"> Shuai Han</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xing%20Zhang"> Xing Zhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Local obstacle avoidance is critical for mobile robot navigation. It is a challenging task to ensure path optimality and safety in cluttered environments. We proposed an Environment Aware Dynamic Window Approach in this paper to cope with the issue. The method integrates environment characterization into Dynamic Window Approach (DWA). Two strategies are proposed in order to achieve the integration. The local goal strategy guides the robot to move through openings before approaching the final goal, which solves the local minima problem in DWA. The adaptive control strategy endows the robot to adjust its state according to the environment, which addresses path safety compared with DWA. Besides, the evaluation shows that the path generated from the proposed algorithm is safer and smoother compared with state-of-the-art algorithms. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adaptive%20control" title="adaptive control">adaptive control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20window%20approach" title=" dynamic window approach"> dynamic window approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environment%20aware" title=" environment aware"> environment aware</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=local%20obstacle%20avoidance" title=" local obstacle avoidance"> local obstacle avoidance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobile%20robots" title=" mobile robots"> mobile robots</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102425/an-improved-dynamic-window-approach-with-environment-awareness-for-local-obstacle-avoidance-of-mobile-robots" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102425.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">159</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobile%20robots&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobile%20robots&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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