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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_from_the_Abbey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_from_the_Abbey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Independence from the Abbey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_from_the_Abbey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ally_of_the_Swiss_Confederacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ally_of_the_Swiss_Confederacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ally of the Swiss Confederacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ally_of_the_Swiss_Confederacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasion_of_1490" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion_of_1490"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Invasion of 1490</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasion_of_1490-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Reformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography and climate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography_and_climate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography and climate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Topography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radioactivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radioactivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Radioactivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radioactivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coat_of_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coat_of_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Coat of arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coat_of_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Subdivisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>National elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>National Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Historical population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_sightseeing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_sightseeing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture and sightseeing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_sightseeing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture and sightseeing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_sightseeing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heritage_sites_of_national_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heritage_sites_of_national_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Heritage sites of national significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heritage_sites_of_national_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regular_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regular_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Regular events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regular_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road_transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road_transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Road transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road_transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Air transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Public transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_rail_and_tram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_rail_and_tram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.1</span> <span>By rail and tram</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_rail_and_tram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_bus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_bus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.2</span> <span>By bus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_bus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_-_St._Gallen_2013" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_-_St._Gallen_2013"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.3</span> <span>Expansion - St. Gallen 2013</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_-_St._Gallen_2013-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Early times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">St. Gallen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="St. Gallen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="St. Gallen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86" title="سانت غالن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سانت غالن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sent-G%C3%A2l" title="Sent-Gâl – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Sent-Gâl" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt-Qallen" title="Sankt-Qallen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sankt-Qallen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سن‌گلان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سن‌گلان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="St. Gallen" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Санкт-Гален – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Санкт-Гален" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Санкт-Гален – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Санкт-Гален" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Санкт Гален – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Санкт Гален" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Gallen" title="Sankt Gallen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sankt Gallen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Gallen_(capital)" title="Sankt Gallen (capital) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sankt Gallen (capital)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Санкт-Галлен – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Санкт-Галлен" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Gallen_(kapital_sa_kanton)" title="Sankt Gallen (kapital sa kanton) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sankt Gallen (kapital sa kanton)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="St. Gallen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen_(dinas)" title="St. Gallen (dinas) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="St. Gallen (dinas)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Gallen" title="Sankt Gallen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sankt Gallen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="St. Gallen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Gallen" title="Sankt Gallen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sankt Gallen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BA%CF%84_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BD" title="Σανκτ Γκάλεν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σανκτ Γκάλεν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Galo" title="San Galo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="San Galo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt-Galo" title="Sankt-Galo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sankt-Galo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Gallen_(Suitza)" title="Sankt Gallen (Suitza) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sankt Gallen (Suitza)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86" title="سنت گالن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنت گالن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gall" title="Saint-Gall – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Saint-Gall" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Gallen" title="Sankt Gallen – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sankt Gallen" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="St. Gallen" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Gallen" title="Sankt Gallen – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sankt Gallen" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A5%ED%81%AC%ED%8A%B8%EA%B0%88%EB%A0%8C" title="장크트갈렌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="장크트갈렌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%BF_%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Սանկտ Գալլեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սանկտ Գալլեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="St. Gallen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen_(kota)" title="St. Gallen (kota) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="St. Gallen (kota)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Gallen" title="Sant Gallen – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Sant Gallen" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Санкт-Галлен – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Санкт-Галлен" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="St. Gallen" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Gallo" title="San Gallo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="San Gallo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%92%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9F_(%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8)" title="סנט גאלן (עיר) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סנט גאלן (עיר)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2-%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="სანქტ-გალენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სანქტ-გალენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Санкт-Галлен – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Санкт-Галлен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="St. Gallen" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="St. Gallen" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctogallum_(urbs)" title="Sanctogallum (urbs) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sanctogallum (urbs)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanktgallene" title="Sanktgallene – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sanktgallene" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="St. Gallen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Galenas" title="Sankt Galenas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sankt Galenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Gal_(SG)" title="San Gal (SG) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="San Gal (SG)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Gallen_(Sv%C3%A1jc)" title="Sankt Gallen (Svájc) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sankt Gallen (Svájc)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2-%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="სანქტ-გალენი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სანქტ-გალენი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86" title="سانت جالن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سانت جالن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Gallen_(stad)" title="Sankt Gallen (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sankt Gallen (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B6%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3" title="ザンクト・ガレン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ザンクト・ガレン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Санкт-Галлен – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Санкт-Галлен" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="St. Gallen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Gallen" title="Sankt Gallen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sankt Gallen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="St. Gallen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="St. Gallen" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86" title="سنګالن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سنګالن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Gal" title="San Gal – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="San Gal" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="St. Gallen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Galo_(cidade)" title="São Galo (cidade) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="São Galo (cidade)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="St. Gallen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_Gagl" title="Son Gagl – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Son Gagl" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Gallen" title="Sankt Gallen – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sankt Gallen" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Санкт-Галлен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Санкт-Галлен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="St. Gallen" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Gallu" title="San Gallu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="San Gallu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="St. Gallen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="St. Gallen" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="St. Gallen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="St. Gallen" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Санкт Гален – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Санкт Гален" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="St. Gallen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Gallen" title="Sankt Gallen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sankt Gallen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Gallen" title="Sankt Gallen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sankt Gallen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Санкт-Галлен – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Санкт-Галлен" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ซังคท์กัลเลิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซังคท์กัลเลิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Gallen" title="Sankt Gallen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sankt Gallen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Санкт-Галлен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Санкт-Галлен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%AA_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86" title="سانکت گالن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سانکت گالن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Ga%C5%82o" title="San Gało – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="San Gało" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="St. Gallen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="St. Gallen" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="St. Gallen" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%8A%A0%E4%BB%91" title="圣加仑 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="圣加仑" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St._Gallen&params=47_25_27_N_9_22_15_E_region:CH-SG_type:city(76213)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">47°25′27″N</span> <span class="longitude">9°22′15″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">47.42417°N 9.37083°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">47.42417; 9.37083</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Switzerland</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city. For the saint, see <a href="/wiki/Saint_Gall" title="Saint Gall">Saint Gall</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sankt_Gallen_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sankt Gallen (disambiguation)">Sankt Gallen</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Municipality in Switzerland</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">St. Gallen</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Switzerland" title="Municipalities of Switzerland">Municipality</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:178px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St.Gallen_vonDreiweieren_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/St.Gallen_vonDreiweieren_09.jpg/268px-St.Gallen_vonDreiweieren_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/St.Gallen_vonDreiweieren_09.jpg/402px-St.Gallen_vonDreiweieren_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/St.Gallen_vonDreiweieren_09.jpg/536px-St.Gallen_vonDreiweieren_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div><div>View of St. Gallen</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:178px;max-width:178px"><div style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StGallen_asv2022-10_F%C3%BCrstabtei_img1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/StGallen_asv2022-10_F%C3%BCrstabtei_img1.jpg/250px-StGallen_asv2022-10_F%C3%BCrstabtei_img1.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/StGallen_asv2022-10_F%C3%BCrstabtei_img1.jpg/330px-StGallen_asv2022-10_F%C3%BCrstabtei_img1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/StGallen_asv2022-10_F%C3%BCrstabtei_img1.jpg/500px-StGallen_asv2022-10_F%C3%BCrstabtei_img1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7780" data-file-height="5187" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Gall" title="Abbey of Saint Gall">Abbey of Saint Gall</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:90px;max-width:90px"><div style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StiftskircheSt.Gallen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/StiftskircheSt.Gallen.jpg/88px-StiftskircheSt.Gallen.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/StiftskircheSt.Gallen.jpg/132px-StiftskircheSt.Gallen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/StiftskircheSt.Gallen.jpg/176px-StiftskircheSt.Gallen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/St._Gallen_Cathedral" title="St. Gallen Cathedral">St. Gallen Cathedral</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:118px;max-width:118px"><div style="height:92px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StGallen_asv2022-10_Tonhalle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/StGallen_asv2022-10_Tonhalle.jpg/116px-StGallen_asv2022-10_Tonhalle.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/StGallen_asv2022-10_Tonhalle.jpg/174px-StGallen_asv2022-10_Tonhalle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/StGallen_asv2022-10_Tonhalle.jpg/232px-StGallen_asv2022-10_Tonhalle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5183" data-file-height="4146" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Tonhalle_St._Gallen" title="Tonhalle St. Gallen">Tonhalle St. Gallen</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div style="height:92px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StGallen_asv2022-10_Blick_von_StLaurenzen_img5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/StGallen_asv2022-10_Blick_von_StLaurenzen_img5.jpg/148px-StGallen_asv2022-10_Blick_von_StLaurenzen_img5.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/StGallen_asv2022-10_Blick_von_StLaurenzen_img5.jpg/222px-StGallen_asv2022-10_Blick_von_StLaurenzen_img5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/StGallen_asv2022-10_Blick_von_StLaurenzen_img5.jpg/296px-StGallen_asv2022-10_Blick_von_StLaurenzen_img5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7173" data-file-height="4483" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Theater_St._Gallen" title="Theater St. Gallen">Theater St. Gallen</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CHE_St._Gallen_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of St. Gallen"><img alt="Flag of St. Gallen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CHE_St._Gallen_Flag.svg/60px-CHE_St._Gallen_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CHE_St._Gallen_Flag.svg/120px-CHE_St._Gallen_Flag.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CHE_St._Gallen_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of St. Gallen"><img alt="Coat of arms of St. Gallen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/CHE_St._Gallen_COA.svg/60px-CHE_St._Gallen_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/CHE_St._Gallen_COA.svg/90px-CHE_St._Gallen_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/CHE_St._Gallen_COA.svg/120px-CHE_St._Gallen_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="1193" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; height:5px;">Location of St. Gallen</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <div class="center" style="margin-top:1em"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="11" data-overlays="["_0cd8f50c74f3a4ce8bf24483867f63c7b10b33f9"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,11,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=St._Gallen&revid=1280437471&groups=_0cd8f50c74f3a4ce8bf24483867f63c7b10b33f9" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,11,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=St._Gallen&revid=1280437471&groups=_0cd8f50c74f3a4ce8bf24483867f63c7b10b33f9 2x" alt="Map" /></a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Switzerland_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Gallen is located in Switzerland"><img alt="St. Gallen is located in Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Switzerland_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Switzerland_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Switzerland_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Switzerland_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Switzerland_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Switzerland_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1347" data-file-height="864" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:22.132%;left:72.874%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="St. Gallen"><img alt="St. Gallen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>St. Gallen</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Switzerland</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reliefkarte_St._Gallen_blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Gallen is located in Canton of St. Gallen"><img alt="St. Gallen is located in Canton of St. Gallen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Reliefkarte_St._Gallen_blank.png/250px-Reliefkarte_St._Gallen_blank.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Reliefkarte_St._Gallen_blank.png/375px-Reliefkarte_St._Gallen_blank.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Reliefkarte_St._Gallen_blank.png/500px-Reliefkarte_St._Gallen_blank.png 2x" data-file-width="2428" data-file-height="2536" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:25.508%;left:55.387%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="St. Gallen"><img alt="St. Gallen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>St. Gallen</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Canton of St. Gallen</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St._Gallen&params=47_25_27_N_9_22_15_E_region:CH-SG_type:city(76213)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">47°25′27″N</span> <span class="longitude">9°22′15″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">47.42417°N 9.37083°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">47.42417; 9.37083</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Switzerland</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Canton</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_St._Gallen" title="Canton of St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Switzerland#Canton_of_St._Gallen" title="Districts of Switzerland">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St._Gallen_(Wahlkreis)" title="St. Gallen (Wahlkreis)">St. Gallen</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="#Government">Stadtrat</a></i> <br />with 5 members</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_(Switzerland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor (Switzerland)">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Stadtpräsidentin</i><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_St._Gallen" title="List of mayors of St. Gallen"> (list)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pappa" title="Maria Pappa">Maria Pappa</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Social Democratic Party of Switzerland">SPS/PSS</a><br /><span class="nowrap">(as of January 2021)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">Parliament</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="#Parliament">Stadtparlament</a></i> <br />with 63 members</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-34465df301612b4c187d3751abe3e95527f60501-v18_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-34465df301612b4c187d3751abe3e95527f60501-v18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">39.41 km<sup>2</sup> (15.22 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (Bahnhofsplatz)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">669 m (2,195 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (Birt)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,074 m (3,524 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (Goldachtobel)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">496 m (1,627 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(31 December 2018)<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-6991017500238104b5b1a0b58b70d822a160c527-v18_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-6991017500238104b5b1a0b58b70d822a160c527-v18-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">75,833</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,900/km<sup>2</sup> (5,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Sankt-Galler(in)</i></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Switzerland" title="Time in Switzerland">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">Central European Time</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">Central European Summer Time</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Switzerland_and_Liechtenstein" title="Postal codes in Switzerland and Liechtenstein">Postal code(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">9000, 9008, 9010-9012, 9014-9016 St. Gallen (partly: 9037 Speicherschwendi, 9042 Speicher)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Community_Identification_Number#Switzerland" title="Community Identification Number">SFOS number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3203</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">CH-SG</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Localities</th><td class="infobox-data">Wolfganghof, Winkeln, Bruggen, Lachen, Rosenberg, Riethüsli, St. Georgen, Innenstadt, St. Jakob, Linsenbühl-Dreilinden, Rotmonten, Langgass-Heiligkreuz, St. Fiden, Notkersegg, Neudorf, Achslen, Guggeien</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surrounded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eggersriet" title="Eggersriet">Eggersriet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaiserwald" title="Gaiserwald">Gaiserwald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gossau,_St._Gallen" title="Gossau, St. Gallen">Gossau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herisau" title="Herisau">Herisau</a> (AR), <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6rschwil" title="Mörschwil">Mörschwil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speicher,_Switzerland" title="Speicher, Switzerland">Speicher</a> (AR), <a href="/wiki/Stein,_Appenzell" title="Stein, Appenzell">Stein</a> (AR), <a href="/wiki/Teufen_AR" class="mw-redirect" title="Teufen AR">Teufen</a> (AR), <a href="/wiki/Untereggen" title="Untereggen">Untereggen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wittenbach" title="Wittenbach">Wittenbach</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Switzerland" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Switzerland">Twin towns</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec">Liberec</a> (Czech Republic)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stadt.sg.ch">www<wbr />.stadt<wbr />.sg<wbr />.ch</a></span> <br /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.media-stat.admin.ch/maps/profile/profile.html?226.3203.en.geoRefStandard">SFSO statistics</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>St. Gallen</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Switzerland" title="List of cities in Switzerland">city</a> and the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">canton</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_St._Gallen" title="Canton of St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a>. It evolved from the <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermitage</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Gall" title="Saint Gall">Saint Gall</a>, founded in the 7th century.<sup id="cite_ref-HDSC_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDSC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, it is a large <a href="/wiki/Urban_agglomeration" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban agglomeration">urban agglomeration</a> (with around 167,000 inhabitants in 2019)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and represents the center of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Switzerland" title="Eastern Switzerland">eastern Switzerland</a>. Its economy consists mainly of the <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">service sector</a>. The city is home to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St._Gallen" title="University of St. Gallen">University of St. Gallen</a>, one of the best business schools in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main tourist attraction is the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Gall" title="Abbey of Saint Gall">Abbey of Saint Gall</a>, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. The Abbey's renowned library contains books from the 9th century. The official language of St. Gallen is (the Swiss variety of Standard) <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">German</a>, but the main spoken language is the local variant of <a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> <a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a>. The city has good transport links to the rest of the country and to neighbouring Germany and Austria. It also functions as the gate to the <a href="/wiki/Appenzellerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Appenzellerland">Appenzellerland</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/St._Gallen" title="Special:EditPage/St. Gallen">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22St.+Gallen%22">"St. Gallen"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22St.+Gallen%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22St.+Gallen%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22St.+Gallen%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22St.+Gallen%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22St.+Gallen%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stiftskirche_St._Gallen_(April_2017).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Stiftskirche_St._Gallen_%28April_2017%29.jpg/240px-Stiftskirche_St._Gallen_%28April_2017%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Stiftskirche_St._Gallen_%28April_2017%29.jpg/360px-Stiftskirche_St._Gallen_%28April_2017%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Stiftskirche_St._Gallen_%28April_2017%29.jpg/480px-Stiftskirche_St._Gallen_%28April_2017%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Gallen_Cathedral" title="St. Gallen Cathedral">The Abbey Cathedral of Saint Gall</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_St_Gall" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of St Gall">Abbey of St Gall</a></div> <p>The town of St. Gallen grew around the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_St_Gall" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of St Gall">Abbey of St Gall</a>, founded in the 8th century.<sup id="cite_ref-HDSPA_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDSPA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abbey is said to have been built at the site of the hermitage of <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Scottish_mission" title="Hiberno-Scottish mission">Irish missionary</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Gall" title="Saint Gall">Gallus</a>, who according to legend had established himself by the river <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steinach_(Lake_of_Constance)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steinach (Lake of Constance) (page does not exist)">Steinach</a> in AD 612.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monastery itself was founded by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Othmar" title="Saint Othmar">Saint Othmar</a> in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 720</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-HDSPA_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDSPA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abbey prospered in the 9th century and became a site of pilgrimage and a center of trade, with associated guest houses, stables and other facilities, a hospital, one of the first monastery schools north of the Alps. By the tenth century, a settlement had grown up around the abbey.<sup id="cite_ref-HDSPA_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDSPA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 926 <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe" title="Hungarian invasions of Europe">Magyar raiders</a> attacked the abbey and surrounding town. Saint <a href="/wiki/Wiborada" title="Wiborada">Wiborada</a>, the first woman formally <a href="/wiki/Canonized" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonized">canonized</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reportedly saw a vision of the impending attack and warned the monks and citizens to flee. While the monks and the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_treasure" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey treasure">abbey treasure</a> escaped, Wiborada chose to stay behind and was killed by the raiders.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 924 and 933 the Magyars again threatened the abbey, and its books were removed for safekeeping to Reichenau. Not all the books were returned.<sup id="cite_ref-Zeittafel_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeittafel-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 April 937 a fire consumed much of the abbey, spreading to the adjoining settlement. However, the library was spared.<sup id="cite_ref-Zeittafel_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeittafel-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslim slave-raiders attacked the abbey in 939.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 954 a protective wall was raised around the abbey. By 975, Abbot Notker finished the wall, and the adjoining settlement began growing into the town of St. Gall.<sup id="cite_ref-Zeittafel_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeittafel-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HDSPA_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDSPA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_from_the_Abbey">Independence from the Abbey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Independence from the Abbey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the later 12th century, the town of St. Gall increasingly pushed for independence from the abbey. In 1180, an <a href="/wiki/Advocatus" title="Advocatus">imperial reeve</a>, who was not answerable to the abbot, was installed in the town.<sup id="cite_ref-HDSC_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDSC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1207, Abbot <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_von_Sax" title="Ulrich von Sax">Ulrich von Sax</a> was granted the rank of Imperial Prince (<i>Reichsfürst</i>) by <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Swabia" title="Philip of Swabia">Philip of Swabia</a>, King of the Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-HDSPA_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDSPA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an ecclesiastical principality, the Abbey of St. Gallen was to constitute an important <a href="/wiki/Territorial_state" title="Territorial state">territorial state</a> and a major regional power in northern Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-HDSPA_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDSPA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city of St. Gallen proper progressively separated itself from the rule of the abbot. Abbot <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Montfort" title="Wilhelm von Montfort">Wilhelm von Montfort</a> in 1291 granted special privileges to the citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-HDSC_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDSC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By about 1353 the <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a>, headed by the cloth-weavers guild, had gained control of the civic government.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1415 the city bought its liberty from the <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">German king</a> <a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ally_of_the_Swiss_Confederacy">Ally of the Swiss Confederacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ally of the Swiss Confederacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1405, the <a href="/wiki/Appenzell" title="Appenzell">Appenzell</a> estates of the abbot successfully <a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Wars" title="Appenzell Wars">rebelled</a> and in 1411 they became allies of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Swiss Confederation">Old Swiss Confederation</a>. A few months later, the town of St. Gallen also became an ally. They joined the "everlasting alliance" as full members of the Confederation in 1454 and in 1457 became completely free from the abbot.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in 1451 the abbey became an ally of <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Glarus" title="Glarus">Glarus</a> who were all members of the Confederation. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Varnb%C3%BCler" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulrich Varnbüler">Ulrich Varnbüler</a> was an early <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_St._Gallen" title="List of mayors of St. Gallen">mayor of St. Gallen</a>. Hans, the father of Ulrich, was prominent in city affairs in St. Gallen in the early 15th century. Ulrich entered public affairs in the early 1460s and attained the various offices and honours that are available to a talented and ambitious man. He demonstrated fine qualities as field commander of the St. Gallen troops in the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Wars" title="Burgundian Wars">Burgundian Wars</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grandson" title="Battle of Grandson">Battle of Grandson</a> (1476) his troops were part of the advance units of the Confederation and took part in their famous attack. A large painting of Ulrich returning triumphantly to a hero's welcome in St. Gallen is still displayed in St. Gallen. </p><p>After the war, Varnbüler often represented St. Gallen at the various parliaments of the Confederation. In December 1480, Varnbüler was offered the position of mayor for the first time. From that time on, he served in several leadership positions and was considered the city's intellectual and political leader. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Vadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vadian">Vadian</a>, who understood his contemporaries well, "Ulrich was a very intelligent, observant, and eloquent man who enjoyed the trust of the citizenry to a high degree." </p><p>His reputation among the Confederates was also substantial. However, in the late 1480s, he became involved in a conflict that was to have serious negative consequences for him and for the city. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sankt_Gallen_Stumpf_1548.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sankt_Gallen_Stumpf_1548.jpg/250px-Sankt_Gallen_Stumpf_1548.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sankt_Gallen_Stumpf_1548.jpg/500px-Sankt_Gallen_Stumpf_1548.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1834" data-file-height="1902" /></a><figcaption>St. Gallen in 1548</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadtplan_St_Gallen_1642.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Stadtplan_St_Gallen_1642.png/230px-Stadtplan_St_Gallen_1642.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Stadtplan_St_Gallen_1642.png/345px-Stadtplan_St_Gallen_1642.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Stadtplan_St_Gallen_1642.png/460px-Stadtplan_St_Gallen_1642.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption>St. Gallen in 1642</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1463, <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_R%C3%B6sch" title="Ulrich Rösch">Ulrich Rösch</a> had assumed the management of the abbey of Saint Gall. He was an ambitious prelate, whose goal was to return the abbey to prominence by every possible means, following the losses of the <a href="/wiki/Appenzell_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Appenzell War">Appenzell War</a>. </p><p>His restless ambition offended the political and material interests of his neighbours. When he arranged for the help of the Pope and the Emperor to carry out a plan to move the abbey to <a href="/wiki/Rorschach,_St._Gallen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rorschach, St. Gallen">Rorschach</a> on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Constance" title="Lake Constance">Lake Constance</a>, he encountered stiff resistance from the St. Gallen citizenry, other clerics, and the Appenzell nobility in the Rhine Valley, who were concerned for their holdings. </p><p>At this point, Varnbüler entered the conflict against the prelate. He wanted to restrain the increase of the abbey's power and at the same time increase the power of the town that had been restricted in its development. For this purpose he established contact with farmers and Appenzell residents (led by the fanatical <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Schwendiner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Schwendiner (page does not exist)">Hermann Schwendiner</a>) who were seeking an opportunity to weaken the abbot. </p><p>Initially, he protested to the abbot and the representatives of the four sponsoring Confederate cantons (Zürich, Lucerne, Schwyz, and Glarus) against the construction of the new abbey in Rorschach. Then on 28 July 1489 he had armed troops from St. Gallen and Appenzell destroy the buildings already under construction, an attack known as the <a href="/wiki/Rorschacher_Klosterbruch" title="Rorschacher Klosterbruch">Rorschacher Klosterbruch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the Abbot complained to the Confederates about the damage and demanded full compensation, Ulrich responded with a countersuit, and in cooperation with Schwendiner rejected the arbitration efforts of the non-partisan Confederates. He motivated the clerics from <a href="/wiki/Wil" title="Wil">Wil</a> to Rorschach to abandon their loyalty to the abbey and spoke against the abbey at a meeting of the townspeople at Waldkirch, where the popular league was formed. He was confident that the four sponsoring cantons would not intervene with force, due to the prevailing tensions between the Confederation and the <a href="/wiki/Swabian_League" title="Swabian League">Swabian League</a>. He was strengthened in his resolve when the people of St. Gallen re-elected him as their highest magistrate in 1490. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasion_of_1490">Invasion of 1490</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Invasion of 1490"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ulrich Varnbüler had made a serious miscalculation. In early 1490, the four cantons decided to carry out their duty to the abbey and to invade the St. Gallen canton with an armed force. The people of Appenzell and the local clerics submitted to this force without significant resistance, while the city of St. Gallen braced itself for a fight to the finish. However, when they learned that their compatriots had given up the fight, they lost confidence, and they agreed to a settlement that greatly restricted the city's power and burdened the city with serious penalties and reparation payments. </p><p>Ulrich, overwhelmed by the responsibility for his political decisions, panicked in the face of the approaching enemy who wanted him apprehended. His life was in great danger, and he was forced to escape from the city disguised as a messenger. He made his way to <a href="/wiki/Lindau" title="Lindau">Lindau</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a> and the court of <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">King Maximilian</a>. The victors confiscated those of his properties that lay outside of the city of St. Gallen and banned him from the Confederation. Ulrich then appealed to the imperial court (as did Schwendiner, who had fled with him) for the return of his property. </p><p>The suit had the support of Friedrich II and Maximilian and the trial threatened to drag on for years: it was continued by Ulrich's sons Hans and Ulrich after his death in 1496, and eventually the Varnbülers regained their properties. However, other political ramifications resulted from the court action, because the Confederation gained ownership of the city of St. Gallen and rejected the inroads of the empire. Thus, the conflict strengthened the relationship between the Confederation and the city of St. Gallen. On the other hand, the matter deepened the alienation between Switzerland and the German <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, which eventually led to a total separation after the <a href="/wiki/Swabian_War" title="Swabian War">Swabian War</a>. </p><p>Despite the unpropitious end of his career, Ulrich Varnbüler is immortalized in a famous woodcut by <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>, which is now part of the Smithsonian Institution's woodcut collection in the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. </p><p>Among Varnbüler's sons, the eldest (Hans/Johann) became the mayor of <a href="/wiki/Lindau" title="Lindau">Lindau</a>. He is the patriarch of the <a href="/wiki/Baden" title="Baden">Baden</a> and <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Württemberg">Württemberg</a> Varnbülers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformation">Reformation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starting in 1526 then-<a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">mayor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanist</a> <a href="/wiki/Vadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vadian">Joachim von Watt (Vadian)</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> into St. Gallen. The town converted to the new religion while the abbey remained <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>. While <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclastic</a> riots forced the monks to flee the city and remove images from the city's churches, the fortified abbey remained untouched.<sup id="cite_ref-is_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-is-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abbey would remain a Catholic stronghold in the Protestant city until 1803. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1798 the <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Switzerland" title="French invasion of Switzerland">French invaded Switzerland</a>, destroying the <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Switzerland">Ancien Régime</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Helvetic_Republic" title="Helvetic Republic">Helvetic Republic</a> both the abbey and the city lost their power and were combined with Appenzell into the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_S%C3%A4ntis" title="Canton of Säntis">Canton of Säntis</a>. The Helvetic Republic was widely unpopular in Switzerland and was overthrown in 1803. Following the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Mediation" title="Act of Mediation">Act of Mediation</a> the city of St. Gallen became the capital of the Protestant Canton of St. Gallen. </p><p>One of the first acts of the new canton was to suppress the abbey.<sup id="cite_ref-is_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-is-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monks were driven from the abbey; the last abbot died in <a href="/wiki/Muri,_Aargau" title="Muri, Aargau">Muri</a> in 1829.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1846 a rearrangement in the local <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">dioceses</a> made St. Gall a separate <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Sankt_Gallen" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Sankt Gallen">diocese</a>, with the abbey church as its <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedral</a> and a portion of the monastic buildings designated the bishop's residence. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden">Gustav Adolf IV</a>, former king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Sweden">Sweden</a>, spent the last years of his life in St. Gallen, and died there in 1837. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CH-NB_Photoglob-Wehrli_EAD-WEHR-32028-A.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/CH-NB_Photoglob-Wehrli_EAD-WEHR-32028-A.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-CH-NB_Photoglob-Wehrli_EAD-WEHR-32028-A.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/CH-NB_Photoglob-Wehrli_EAD-WEHR-32028-A.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-CH-NB_Photoglob-Wehrli_EAD-WEHR-32028-A.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/CH-NB_Photoglob-Wehrli_EAD-WEHR-32028-A.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-CH-NB_Photoglob-Wehrli_EAD-WEHR-32028-A.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4679" data-file-height="3418" /></a><figcaption>A view of St. Gallen ca. 1900 by <a href="/wiki/Spelterini" title="Spelterini">Spelterini</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ETH-BIB-St._Gallen,_Altstadt,_Bahnhof-Inlandfl%C3%BCge-LBS_MH01-000602.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/ETH-BIB-St._Gallen%2C_Altstadt%2C_Bahnhof-Inlandfl%C3%BCge-LBS_MH01-000602.tif/lossy-page1-220px-ETH-BIB-St._Gallen%2C_Altstadt%2C_Bahnhof-Inlandfl%C3%BCge-LBS_MH01-000602.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/ETH-BIB-St._Gallen%2C_Altstadt%2C_Bahnhof-Inlandfl%C3%BCge-LBS_MH01-000602.tif/lossy-page1-330px-ETH-BIB-St._Gallen%2C_Altstadt%2C_Bahnhof-Inlandfl%C3%BCge-LBS_MH01-000602.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/ETH-BIB-St._Gallen%2C_Altstadt%2C_Bahnhof-Inlandfl%C3%BCge-LBS_MH01-000602.tif/lossy-page1-440px-ETH-BIB-St._Gallen%2C_Altstadt%2C_Bahnhof-Inlandfl%C3%BCge-LBS_MH01-000602.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6421" data-file-height="4376" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mittelholzer" title="Walter Mittelholzer">Walter Mittelholzer</a> (1919)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 15th century, St. Gallen became known for producing quality textiles. In 1714, the zenith was reached with a yearly production of 38,000 pieces of cloth. The first depression occurred in the middle of the 18th century, caused by strong foreign competition and reforms in methods of cotton production. But St. Gallen recovered and an even more prosperous era arrived. </p><p>At the beginning of the 19th century, the first embroidery machines were developed in St. Gallen. In 1910 the embroidery production constituted the largest export branch (18% of the total export value) in Switzerland and more than half of the worldwide production of embroidery originated in St. Gallen. One fifth of the population of the eastern part of Switzerland was involved with the <a href="/wiki/Textile_industry" title="Textile industry">textile industry</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> caused another severe crisis for <a href="/wiki/St._Gallen_embroidery" title="St. Gallen embroidery">St. Gallen embroidery</a>. Only in the 1950s did the textile industry recover somewhat. Nowadays, because of competition and the prevalence of computer-operated embroidery machines, only a reduced textile industry has survived in St. Gallen; but its embroidered textiles are still popular with Parisian <a href="/wiki/Haute_couture" title="Haute couture">haute couture</a> designers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_climate">Geography and climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geography and climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Topography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>St. Gallen is situated in the northeastern part of Switzerland in a valley about 700 meters (2,300 ft) above sea level. It is one of the highest cities in Switzerland and thus receives abundant winter snow. The city lies between <a href="/wiki/Lake_Constance" title="Lake Constance">Lake Constance</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">mountains</a> of the Appenzell Alps (with the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4ntis" title="Säntis">Säntis</a> as the highest peak at 2,502 meters (8,209 ft)). It therefore offers excellent recreation areas nearby. </p><p>As the city center is built on an unstable turf ground (its founder Gallus was looking for a site for a hermitage, not for a city), all buildings on the valley floor must be built on <a href="/wiki/Deep_foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep foundation">piles</a>. For example, the entire foundation of the train station and its plaza are based on hundreds of piles. </p><p>St. Gallen has an area, as of 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, of 39.38 km<sup>2</sup> (15.20 sq mi). Of this area, 27.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while 28.2% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 42.1% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (1.9%) is non-productive (rivers or lakes).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>St. Gallen has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Dfb</a>) with short, warm summers and long, moderately cold winters. Precipitation is very high year round. St. Gallen has a very cloudy climate. </p><p>Between 1981 and 2010 St. Gallen had an average of 141 days of rain or snow per year and on average received 1,248 mm (49.1 in) of <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a>. The wettest month was July during which time St. Gallen received an average of 172 mm (6.8 in) of rain. During this month there was precipitation for an average of 13.8 days. The months with the most days of precipitation were May, June and July. The driest month of the year was February with an average of 57 mm (2.2 in) of precipitation over 9.1 days.<sup id="cite_ref-ClimatSTG_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClimatSTG-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for St. Gallen, elevation 776 m (2,546 ft), (1991–2020) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9<br />(37.2) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8<br />(38.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9<br />(46.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2<br />(54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5<br />(61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9<br />(67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.3<br />(70.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8<br />(62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4<br />(54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9<br />(39.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.2<br />(54.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(32.4) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8<br />(33.4) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4<br />(39.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1<br />(46.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2<br />(54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7<br />(60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br />(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2<br />(63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1<br />(55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2<br />(48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3<br />(39.7) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3<br />(34.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.7<br />(47.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.3<br />(27.9) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.0<br />(28.4) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2<br />(39.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2<br />(46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8<br />(53.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6<br />(56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6<br />(56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9<br />(49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3<br />(43.3) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6<br />(34.9) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.6<br />(29.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.4<br />(41.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.8<br />(2.63) </td> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.2<br />(2.53) </td> <td style="background: #7CFF7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.3<br />(3.44) </td> <td style="background: #60FF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">102.9<br />(4.05) </td> <td style="background: #15FF15; color:#000000;" class="notheme">156.5<br />(6.16) </td> <td style="background: #00F700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">170.2<br />(6.70) </td> <td style="background: #00FA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">174.4<br />(6.87) </td> <td style="background: #00E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">185.3<br />(7.30) </td> <td style="background: #2AFF2A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">137.8<br />(5.43) </td> <td style="background: #62FF62; color:#000000;" class="notheme">104.8<br />(4.13) </td> <td style="background: #70FF70; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.7<br />(3.65) </td> <td style="background: #78FF78; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.4<br />(3.56) </td> <td style="background: #49FF49; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,433.3<br />(56.43) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">33.4<br />(13.1) </td> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.8<br />(17.6) </td> <td style="background: #00006B; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">27.0<br />(10.6) </td> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">10.1<br />(4.0) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(0.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5<br />(1.0) </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">20.6<br />(8.1) </td> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.5<br />(14.8) </td> <td style="background: #1F1FFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">177.0<br />(69.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 </td> <td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 </td> <td style="background: #5858FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.5 </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.8 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.4 </td> <td style="background: #6161FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.8 </td> <td style="background: #6B6BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 </td> <td style="background: #7D7DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 </td> <td style="background: #6B6BFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">141.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 cm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">29.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">76 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #676767; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56.7 </td> <td style="background: #9F9F9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.4 </td> <td style="background: #BBBB3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">131.8 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">167.5 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">185.5 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">200.0 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">226.7 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">209.4 </td> <td style="background: #C8C800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">153.9 </td> <td style="background: #ADAD93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">101.3 </td> <td style="background: #6F6F6F; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58.8 </td> <td style="background: #565656; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.5 </td> <td style="background: #BEBE30; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,618.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percentage <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38 </td> <td style="background: #F3F316; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43 </td> <td style="background: #F1F112; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42 </td> <td style="background: #F4F41A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50 </td> <td style="background: #F4F41A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">40 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a><sup id="cite_ref-NOAA1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/MeteoSwiss" title="MeteoSwiss">MeteoSwiss</a><sup id="cite_ref-MeteoSwiss_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeteoSwiss-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radioactivity">Radioactivity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Radioactivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>St. Gallen is notable for reporting the highest maximum radioactivity measurements of any Swiss city, as published in the 2009 yearly report by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Office_of_Public_Health" title="Federal Office of Public Health">Federal Office of Public Health</a>. While the daily average level of gamma-ray radioactivity in the city is unremarkable at 105 nSv/h, the maximum can reach 195 nSv/h, as high as the average for <a href="/wiki/Jungfraujoch" title="Jungfraujoch">Jungfraujoch</a>, the location with the highest reported level of radioactivity in Switzerland, due to its high elevation and therefore greater exposure to cosmic rays. The same report explains that the unusually high spikes of radioactivity measured in St. Gallen are due to radioactive products of <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a> gas being washed to the ground during heavy storms, but does not explain where the sufficient quantities of radon gas and its products to account for the anomaly would come from.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The yearly report for 2009 on risks associated with radon published by the same governmental agency shows St. Gallen to lie in an area of the lowest level of radon exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the measured gamma-radiation, the city may be subject to radioactive <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a> pollution in <a href="/wiki/Teufen_AR" class="mw-redirect" title="Teufen AR">Teufen</a>, a satellite town situated 4 km south of the city in the canton of Appenzell Outer Rhodes (this pollution is also covered in the report). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coat_of_arms">Coat of arms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Coat of arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Blazon" title="Blazon">blazon</a> of the municipal <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> is <i>Argent a Bear rampant Sable langued and in his virility Gules and armed and gorged Or.</i><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subdivisions">Subdivisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The City Council (<b>Stadtrat</b>) constitutes the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a> government of the City of St. Gallen and operates as a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Collegiate_authority&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collegiate authority (page does not exist)">collegiate authority</a>. It is composed of five councilors (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Stadtrat/ Stadträtin</i>), each presiding over a directorate. The president of the presidential directorate acts as <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">mayor</a> (<i>Stadtpräsident</i>). In the mandate period 2017–2020 (<i>Legislatur</i>) the City Council is presided by <i>Stadtpräsidentin</i> <a href="/wiki/Maria_Pappa" title="Maria Pappa">Maria Pappa</a>. Departmental tasks, coordination measures and implementation of laws decreed by the City Parliament are carried by the City Council. The regular election of the City Council by any inhabitant valid to vote is held every four years. Any resident of St. Gallen allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the City Council. The current mandate period is from 1 January 2021 to 31 December 2024. The mayor is elected as such by public election by means of a system of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Majorz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Majorz (page does not exist)">Majorz</a>, while the heads of the other directorates are assigned by the collegiate. The delegates are elected by means of a system of Majorz.<sup id="cite_ref-SR_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SR-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, St. Gallen's City Council is made up of two representatives of the SP (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Social Democratic Party of Switzerland">Social Democratic Party</a>) of which one is the mayor, one member of the FDP (<a href="/wiki/FDP.The_Liberals" class="mw-redirect" title="FDP.The Liberals">FDP.The Liberals</a>), one of the GLP (<a href="/wiki/Green_Liberal_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Green Liberal Party of Switzerland">Green Liberal Party</a>), and one independent. The last regular election was held on 27 September 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-SR_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SR-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><i>Stadtrat</i> of St. Gallen<sup id="cite_ref-SR_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SR-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>City Councillor<br />(Stadtrat/ Stadträtin)</th> <th>Party</th> <th>Head of Directorate (<i>Direktion</i>, since) of</th> <th>elected since </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pappa" title="Maria Pappa">Maria Pappa</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>CC 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E4002B; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> SP</td> <td>Home Secretary and Finances (<i>Direktion Inneres und Finanzen</i>, 2021)</td> <td>2016 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonja_L%C3%BCthi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sonja Lüthi (page does not exist)">Dr. Sonja Lüthi</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>CC 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b4dc00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> glp</td> <td>Social Services and Security (<i>Direktion Soziales und Sicherheit</i>, 2017)</td> <td>Nov 2017<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Markus_Buschor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Markus Buschor (page does not exist)">Markus Buschor</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:grey; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <i>independent</i></td> <td>Civil Engineering and Construction and Planning (<i>Direktion Bau und Planung</i>, 2021)</td> <td>2012 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Jans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Jans (page does not exist)">Peter Jans</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E4002B; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> SP</td> <td>Industrial Facilities (<i>Direktion Technische Betriebe</i>, 2015)</td> <td>2014 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathis_Gabathuler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathis Gabathuler (page does not exist)">Mathis Gabathuler</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0E52A0; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> FDP</td> <td>Education and Spare Time (<i>Direktion Bildung und Freizeit</i>, 2021)</td> <td>2020 </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayor (<i>Stadtpräsidentin</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vice-Mayor (<i>Vize-Stadtpräsident</i>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>Manfred Linke is City Chancellor (<i>Stadtschreiber</i>) since for the City Chancellary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliament">Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1279587269">.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:none;position:relative;width:100px;height:100px;border-radius:50%;background-color:yellowgreen;color:black;border:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie div{position:absolute;transform-origin:left bottom;background-color:#655;color:black;top:0;left:50%;width:50%;height:50%;border-radius:0 500%0 0}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie50{transform-origin:left center;height:100%;border-radius:0 100%100%0/50%}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie12-5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,100%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,32.49197%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie7{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,47.056428%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie1{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,6.2914667%0%,0 100%)}@supports(clip-path:circle(50%)){.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:1em;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend{list-style-type:none!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li{display:flex;align-items:baseline;gap:.5em;margin:0;margin-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>span{display:block;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>.l-color{border:1px solid var(--color-base,black);width:.8em;height:.8em;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-container{padding:.5em;padding-bottom:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-caption{margin-bottom:1em;font-size:94%}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{flex-direction:column-reverse}@media screen and (min-width:641px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{width:min-content}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{break-inside:avoid-page}}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-container{align-items:center}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend-container{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.5;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(190px,1fr));gap:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-footer{margin-top:.5em}}</style> <div class="pie-thumb thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="smooth-pie-container" style=""> <div class="smooth-pie-legend-container"><div class="smooth-pie-caption">The <i>Stadtparlament</i> of St. Gallen for the mandate period of 2021-2024</div> <ol class="smooth-pie-legend"> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#FD66D2;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">JUSO 1.6 (1.60%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#9AD266;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">JungeGr 1.6 (1.60%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#E4002B;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">SP 27 (27.0%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#84B414;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">GPS 11.1 (11.1%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#CD1866;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">PFG 1.6 (1.60%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#b4dc00;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">glp 12.7 (12.7%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#EFDA18;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">EVP 1.6 (1.60%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#EF7D00;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">CVP 12.7 (12.7%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#0E52A0;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">FDP 17.5 (17.5%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#009F4F;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">SVP 12.7 (12.7%)</span></li> </ol> </div> <div class="smooth-pie" style="width:200px;height:200px;background:#009F4F;color:#000;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;" title="SVP 12.7 (12.7%)" aria-hidden="true"> <div style="; background:#FD66D2;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 10.08710109% 0%, 0 100%)" title="JUSO 1.6 (1.60%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.016turn); background:#9AD266;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 10.08710109% 0%, 0 100%)" title="JungeGr 1.6 (1.60%)"></div> <div class="pie25" style="background:#E4002B;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.032turn)" title="SP 27 (27.0%)"></div> <div class="pie25" style="background:#E4002B;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.052turn)" title="SP 27 (27.0%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:#84B414;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.302turn)" title="GPS 11.1 (11.1%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:#84B414;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.343turn)" title="GPS 11.1 (11.1%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.413turn); background:#CD1866;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 10.08710109% 0%, 0 100%)" title="PFG 1.6 (1.60%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:#b4dc00;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.429turn)" title="glp 12.7 (12.7%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:#b4dc00;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.430turn)" title="glp 12.7 (12.7%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.555turn); background:#EFDA18;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 10.08710109% 0%, 0 100%)" title="EVP 1.6 (1.60%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:#EF7D00;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.571turn)" title="CVP 12.7 (12.7%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:#EF7D00;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.573turn)" title="CVP 12.7 (12.7%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:#0E52A0;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.698turn)" title="FDP 17.5 (17.5%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:#0E52A0;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.748turn)" title="FDP 17.5 (17.5%)"></div> </div> </div></div></div> <p>The City Parliament (<b>Stadtparlament</b>) holds <a href="/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">legislative power</a>. It is made up of 63 members, with elections held every four years. The City Parliament decrees regulations and by-laws that are executed by the City Council and the administration. The delegates are selected by means of a system of <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> (Proporz). </p><p>The sessions of the City Parliament are public. Unlike members of the City Council, members of the City Parliament are not politicians by profession, and they are paid a fee based on their attendance. Any resident of St. Gallen allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the City Parliament. The parliament holds its meetings in the <i>Waaghaus</i> once a week on Tuesdays.<sup id="cite_ref-CP_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CP-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last regular election of the City Parliament was held on 27 September 2020 for the mandate period (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Legislatur</i>) from January 2021 to December 2024. Currently the City Parliament consists of 17 members of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Social Democratic Party of Switzerland">Social Democratic Party (SP/PS)</a> and one of its junior section, the <i>JUSO</i>, 11 <a href="/wiki/FDP.The_Liberals" class="mw-redirect" title="FDP.The Liberals">The Liberals (FDP/PLR)</a>, 8 <a href="/wiki/Green_Liberal_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Green Liberal Party of Switzerland">Green Liberal Party (GLP/PVL)</a>, 8 <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland">Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP/PDC)</a>, 8 <a href="/wiki/Swiss_People%27s_Party" title="Swiss People's Party">Swiss People's Party (SVP/UDC)</a>, 7 <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Green Party of Switzerland">Green Party (GPS/PES)</a> and 1 of its junior section, the <i>JungeGr</i>, one representative of the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_People%27s_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Evangelical People's Party of Switzerland">Evangelical People's Party (EVP)</a>, and one member of the <i>Politische Frauengruppe (PFG)</i> (Political Women Group).<sup id="cite_ref-CP_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CP-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_elections">National elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: National elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_Council">National Council</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: National Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/2019_Swiss_federal_election" title="2019 Swiss federal election">2019 federal election</a> for the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Switzerland)" title="National Council (Switzerland)">Swiss National Council</a> the most popular party was the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Social Democratic Party of Switzerland">PS</a> which received 24.4% (-3.8) of the vote. The next five most popular parties were the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Green Party of Switzerland">Green Party</a> (17.5%, +8.3), the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_People%27s_Party" title="Swiss People's Party">SVP</a> (16.5%, -4.6), <a href="/wiki/FDP.The_Liberals" class="mw-redirect" title="FDP.The Liberals">FDP</a> (14.4%, +0.1), the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland">CVP</a> (12.6%, +0.4), and the <a href="/wiki/Green_Liberal_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Green Liberal Party of Switzerland">GLP</a> (10.9%, +4.4).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the federal election a total of 18,821 votes were cast, and the <a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">voter turnout</a> was 42.9%.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2015 election for the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Switzerland)" title="National Council (Switzerland)">Swiss National Council</a> the most popular party was the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Social Democratic Party of Switzerland">SPS</a> which received 28.1% of the vote. The next five most popular parties were the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_People%27s_Party" title="Swiss People's Party">SVP</a> (21.1%), the <a href="/wiki/FDP.The_Liberals" class="mw-redirect" title="FDP.The Liberals">FDP</a> (14.3%), the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland">CVP</a> (12.2%), the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Green Party of Switzerland">GPS</a> (9.2%), and the <a href="/wiki/Green_Liberal_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Green Liberal Party of Switzerland">GLP</a> (6.6%). In the federal election, a total of 20,768 voters were cast, and the voter turnout was 46.0%.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>St. Gallen is twinned with: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec">Liberec</a>, Czech Republic</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Largest groups of foreign residents (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Nationality </th> <th scope="col">Numbers </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>4,979 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>2,713 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></td> <td>1,935 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></td> <td>1,339 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td> <td>1,163 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></td> <td>1,144 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia-Herzegovina</a></td> <td>995 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></td> <td>894 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>725 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>707 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>St. Gallen has a population (as of 31 December 2020) of 76,213.<sup id="cite_ref-Stat2020_SG_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stat2020_SG-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, about 31.4% of the population was made up of foreign nationals.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population has grown at 4.4% per year. Most of the population (as of 2000<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>) speaks German (83.0%), with Italian being second most common (3.7%) and Serbo-Croatian being third (3.7%).<sup id="cite_ref-SFSO_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFSO-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the Swiss national languages (as of 2000<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>), 60,297 speak <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, 575 people speak <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, 2,722 people speak <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, and 147 people speak <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SG_personen_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SG_personen-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The age distribution, as of 2000<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, in St. Gallen is: 6,742 (9.3%) between 0 and 9 years old; 7,595 (10.5%) between 10 and 19; 12,574 (17.3%) between 20 and 29; 11,735 (16.2%) between 30 and 39; 9,535 (13.1%) between 40 and 49; 8,432 (11.6%) between 50 and 59; 6,461 (8.9%) between 60 and 69; 5,633 (7.8%) between 70 and 79; 3,255 (4.5%) between 80 and 89; 655 (0.9%) between 90 and 99; 9 people (0.0%) aged 100 or more.<sup id="cite_ref-SG_personen_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SG_personen-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> there were 16,166 people (22.3%) who were living alone in private dwellings; 17,137 (or 23.6%) who were part of a couple (married or otherwise committed) without children, and 27,937 (or 38.5%) who were part of a couple with children. There were 4,533 (or 6.2%) people who lived in single parent home, while there are 419 persons who were adult children living with one or both parents, 475 persons who lived in a household made up of relatives, 2,296 who lived household made up of unrelated persons, and 3,663 who are either institutionalized or live in another type of collective housing.<sup id="cite_ref-SG_personen_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SG_personen-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_population">Historical population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Historical population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The historical population is given in the following table:<sup id="cite_ref-HDSC_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDSC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>year </th> <th>population </th> <th>Swiss Nationals </th> <th>% <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German Speaking</a> </th> <th>% <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian Speaking</a> </th> <th>% <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh Speaking</a> </th> <th>% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> </th> <th>% Roman Catholic </th></tr> <tr> <td>1411</td> <td align="center">ca. 2,300–2,900</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>about 1500</td> <td align="center">ca. 3,000–4,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1680</td> <td align="center">ca. 6,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1766</td> <td align="center">ca. 8,350</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1809</td> <td align="center">8,118</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1837</td> <td align="center">9,430</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1850</td> <td align="center">17,858</td> <td align="center">16,529</td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">50.4%</td> <td align="center">49.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1870b</td> <td align="center">26,398</td> <td align="center">23,805</td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">49.8%</td> <td align="center">49.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1888</td> <td align="center">43,296</td> <td align="center">34,168</td> <td align="center">97.5%</td> <td align="center">1.4%</td> <td align="center">0.5%</td> <td align="center">49.0%</td> <td align="center">49.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1900</td> <td align="center">53,796</td> <td align="center">40,342</td> <td align="center">94.9%</td> <td align="center">3.6%</td> <td align="center">0.7%</td> <td align="center">46.8%</td> <td align="center">52.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1910</td> <td align="center">75,482</td> <td align="center">50,582</td> <td align="center">88.7%</td> <td align="center">9.5%</td> <td align="center">0.8%</td> <td align="center">43.5%</td> <td align="center">54.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1930</td> <td align="center">63,947</td> <td align="center">52,679</td> <td align="center">95.9%</td> <td align="center">2.5%</td> <td align="center">0.8%</td> <td align="center">48.5%</td> <td align="center">49.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1950</td> <td align="center">68,011</td> <td align="center">61,009</td> <td align="center">95.4%</td> <td align="center">2.6%</td> <td align="center">1.0%</td> <td align="center">49.3%</td> <td align="center">47.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970</td> <td align="center">80,852</td> <td align="center">66,270</td> <td align="center">86.3%</td> <td align="center">8.6%</td> <td align="center">0.8%</td> <td align="center">42.1%</td> <td align="center">55.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990</td> <td align="center">75,237</td> <td align="center">58,300</td> <td align="center">82.4%</td> <td align="center">5.6%</td> <td align="center">1.1%</td> <td align="center">35.1%</td> <td align="center">50.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td align="center">72,626</td> <td align="center">53,132</td> <td align="center">83.0%</td> <td align="center">3.7%</td> <td align="center">0.8%</td> <td align="center">28.9%</td> <td align="center">44.0% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of  2007<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, St. Gallen had an unemployment rate of 2.69%. As of 2005<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there were 336 people employed in the <a href="/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Primary sector of the economy">primary economic sector</a> and about 95 businesses involved in this sector. 11,227 people are employed in the <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Secondary sector of the economy">secondary sector</a> and there are 707 businesses in this sector. 48,729 people are employed in the <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">tertiary sector</a>, with 4,035 businesses in this sector.<sup id="cite_ref-SFSO_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFSO-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of October 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the average unemployment rate was 4.5%.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were 4857 businesses in the municipality of which 689 were involved in the secondary sector of the economy while 4102 were involved in the third.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2000<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> there were 28,399 residents who worked in the municipality, while 8,927 residents worked outside St. Gallen and 31,543 people commuted into the municipality for work.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Helvetia_Insurance" title="Helvetia Insurance">Helvetia Insurance</a> is a major company headquartered in St. Gallen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the 2000 census<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 31,978 or 44.0% are <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, while 19,578 or 27.0% belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Reformed_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Reformed Church">Swiss Reformed Church</a>. Of the rest of the population, there are 112 individuals (or about 0.15% of the population) who belong to the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Catholic_Church_of_Switzerland" title="Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland">Christian Catholic</a> faith, there are 3,253 individuals (or about 4.48% of the population) who belong to the Orthodox Church, and there are 1,502 individuals (or about 2.07% of the population) who belong to another Christian church. There are 133 individuals (or about 0.18% of the population) who are <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a>, and 4,856 (or about 6.69% of the population) who are <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>. There are 837 individuals (or about 1.15% of the population) who belong to another church (not listed on the census), 7,221 (or about 9.94% of the population) belong to no church, are <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnostic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a>, and 3,156 individuals (or about 4.35% of the population) did not answer the question.<sup id="cite_ref-SG_personen_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SG_personen-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Gallen_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/St_Gallen_University.jpg/250px-St_Gallen_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/St_Gallen_University.jpg/330px-St_Gallen_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/St_Gallen_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>HSG campus with the Abbey in the background</figcaption></figure> <p>St. Gallen is known for its business school, now named the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St._Gallen" title="University of St. Gallen">University of St. Gallen</a> (HSG). It was ranked as the top business school in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> by <i><a href="/wiki/Wirtschaftswoche" title="Wirtschaftswoche">Wirtschaftswoche</a></i>, a weekly <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> business news magazine and is highly ranked by several other sources.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, HSG has been building a reputation for Executive Education, with its International MBA recognised as one of Europe's leading programmes,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and runs a PhD programme.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HSG is a focused university that offers degrees in business and management, economics, political science and international relations as well as business law.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Master in Management course was Ranked number 1 in 2014 by The Financial Times ahead of HEC Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is comparatively small, with about 6,500 students enrolled at present, has both <a href="/wiki/EQUIS" class="mw-redirect" title="EQUIS">EQUIS</a> and <a href="/wiki/AACSB" class="mw-redirect" title="AACSB">AACSB</a> accreditations, and is a member of <a href="/wiki/CEMS_-_The_Global_Alliance_in_Management_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="CEMS - The Global Alliance in Management Education">CEMS</a> (Community of European Management Schools).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The university maintains student and faculty exchange programs around the world. The University of St. Gallen is also famous for its high density of clubs. Particularly well known is the International Students’ Committee, which has organised the <a href="/wiki/St._Gallen_Symposium" title="St. Gallen Symposium">St. Gallen Symposium</a> for over forty years. The St. Gallen Symposium is the leading student-run economic conference of its kind worldwide and aims to foster the dialogue between generations. </p><p>St. Gallen's state school system contains 64 <a href="/wiki/Kindergartens" class="mw-redirect" title="Kindergartens">kindergartens</a>, 21 <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland#Primary" title="Education in Switzerland">primary schools</a> and 7 <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland#Secondary" title="Education in Switzerland">secondary schools</a> and about 6,800 students.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the state system, St. Gallen is home to the <a href="/wiki/Institut_auf_dem_Rosenberg" title="Institut auf dem Rosenberg">Institut auf dem Rosenberg</a> — an élite <a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">boarding school</a> attracting students from all over the world. The Institut provides an education in English, German and Italian and prepares the students to enter: American, British, Swiss, Italian, German and other European university programmes.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The canton's <i>Gewerbliches Berufs- und Weiterbildungszentrum</i> is the largest occupational school in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> with over 10,000 students and various specialty institutes. One for example, the <i>GBS Schule für Gestaltung</i> teaches students design fundamentals in the practice of graphic design. The school is located in Riethüsli, a small section of the city of St. Gallen. </p><p>In St. Gallen about 68.8% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland#Secondary" title="Education in Switzerland">upper secondary education</a> or additional higher education (either university or a <i><a href="/wiki/Fachhochschule" title="Fachhochschule">Fachhochschule</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-SFSO_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFSO-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out of the total population in St. Gallen, as of 2000<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the highest education level completed by 15,035 people (20.7% of the population) was <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland#Primary" title="Education in Switzerland">Primary</a>, while 27,465 (37.8%) have completed their secondary education, 10,249 (14.1%) have attended a <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland#Tertiary" title="Education in Switzerland">Tertiary</a> school, and 2,910 (4.0%) are not in school. The remainder did not answer this question.<sup id="cite_ref-SG_personen_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SG_personen-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_sightseeing">Culture and sightseeing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Culture and sightseeing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sankt_Gallen_houses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Sankt_Gallen_houses.jpg/250px-Sankt_Gallen_houses.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Sankt_Gallen_houses.jpg/330px-Sankt_Gallen_houses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Sankt_Gallen_houses.jpg/500px-Sankt_Gallen_houses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1926" data-file-height="1339" /></a><figcaption>Old houses of St. Gallen</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St.Gallen_Abbey.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/St.Gallen_Abbey.JPG/220px-St.Gallen_Abbey.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/St.Gallen_Abbey.JPG/330px-St.Gallen_Abbey.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/St.Gallen_Abbey.JPG/440px-St.Gallen_Abbey.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1876" data-file-height="2850" /></a><figcaption>The interior of the Cathedral is one of the most important baroque monuments in Switzerland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stiftsbibliothek_St._Gallen_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Stiftsbibliothek_St._Gallen_1.jpg/220px-Stiftsbibliothek_St._Gallen_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Stiftsbibliothek_St._Gallen_1.jpg/330px-Stiftsbibliothek_St._Gallen_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Stiftsbibliothek_St._Gallen_1.jpg/440px-Stiftsbibliothek_St._Gallen_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Library of St. Gallen</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kulisse_St.Gallen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Kulisse_St.Gallen.jpg/220px-Kulisse_St.Gallen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Kulisse_St.Gallen.jpg/330px-Kulisse_St.Gallen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Kulisse_St.Gallen.jpg/440px-Kulisse_St.Gallen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="933" /></a><figcaption>An opera rehearsal in front of St. Gallen Cathedral, 2007</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadtlounge_auf_dem_Raiffeisenplatz_in_St._Gallen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Stadtlounge_auf_dem_Raiffeisenplatz_in_St._Gallen.jpg/220px-Stadtlounge_auf_dem_Raiffeisenplatz_in_St._Gallen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Stadtlounge_auf_dem_Raiffeisenplatz_in_St._Gallen.jpg/330px-Stadtlounge_auf_dem_Raiffeisenplatz_in_St._Gallen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Stadtlounge_auf_dem_Raiffeisenplatz_in_St._Gallen.jpg/440px-Stadtlounge_auf_dem_Raiffeisenplatz_in_St._Gallen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Citylounge ("Stadtlounge") at Raiffeisen square</figcaption></figure> <p>After the years of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Gall" title="Saint Gall">Gallus'</a> death, the place became one of the centers of Germanic culture. This is because of the creative works of the monks who followed the footsteps of the city's founder Gallus.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted to numerous <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Inventory_of_Cultural_Property_of_National_and_Regional_Significance" title="Swiss Inventory of Cultural Property of National and Regional Significance">heritage sites of national significance</a> of the country. </p><p>In 1992, St. Gallen was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Wakker_Prize" title="Wakker Prize">Wakker Prize</a> for the city's effort to create a unified structure and appearance in current and future construction.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heritage_sites_of_national_significance">Heritage sites of national significance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Heritage sites of national significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 28 sites in St. Gallen that are listed as Swiss <a href="/wiki/Swiss_inventory_of_cultural_property_of_national_and_regional_significance" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance">heritage sites of national significance</a>, including four religious buildings; the Abbey of St. Gallen, the former <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> Abbey of St. Katharina, the Reformed Church of St. Laurenzenkirche and the Roman <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Parish_church" title="Parish church">parish church</a> of St. Maria Neudorf. </p><p>There are six museums or archives in the inventory. This includes the <i>Textile museum</i>, the <i>Historical and ethnographical museum</i>, the Cantonal library and city archives, the <i>Art and Natural History museum</i>, the Museum in Lagerhaus and the <a href="/wiki/St._Gallen_State_Archive" title="St. Gallen State Archive">St. Gallen State Archive</a>. The entire city of St. Gallen is the only archeological heritage site. Two bridges are listed, the Eisenbahnbrücke BT (railroad bridge) and the <i>Kräzern-Strassenbrücke</i> with a <a href="/wiki/Custom_house" title="Custom house">custom house</a>. </p><p>The twelve other sites include the main train station, main post office, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St._Gallen" title="University of St. Gallen">University of St. Gallen</a>, Cantonal School, <a href="/wiki/Theater_St._Gallen" title="Theater St. Gallen">City Theatre</a> and two towers; the <i>Lokremise</i> with <i>Wasserturm</i> and the <i>Tröckneturm</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In the modern and somewhat extravagant building of the <a href="/wiki/Theater_St._Gallen" title="Theater St. Gallen">Theater St. Gallen</a> operas, operettas, ballet, musicals and plays are performed. It has an average utilization of nearly 80 percent.</li> <li>Since 2006 a series of open-air operas have been performed in front of the Cathedral starting around the last weekend of June.<sup id="cite_ref-Festspiele_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Festspiele-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the nearby concert hall, <a href="/wiki/Tonhalle_St._Gallen" title="Tonhalle St. Gallen">Tonhalle St. Gallen</a>, with its grand <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> style, all sorts of concerts (classic, symphony, jazz etc.) are given.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Historical and ethnographical museum</i> (collections of regional early history, city history, folk art, cultural history as well ethnographical collections from all over the world)</li> <li><i>Art museum</i> (painting and sculptures from the 19th and 20th century)</li> <li><i>St. Gallen art gallery</i> (national and international modern art)</li> <li><i>Natural history museum</i> (natural history collection)</li> <li><i>Museum in the storehouse</i> (Swiss native art and <a href="/wiki/Outsider_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Outsider Art">art brut</a>)</li> <li><i>Textile museum</i> (historical laces, embroidery and cloth)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lapidarium" title="Lapidarium">Lapidarium</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">abbey</a></i> (building blocks from 8th to 17th century)</li> <li><i>Point Jaune museum</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mail_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail Art">Mail Art</a>, Postpostism, <a href="/wiki/%27Pataphysics" title="'Pataphysics">'Pataphysics</a>)</li> <li><i>Beer bottle museum</i> (located at the Schützengarten brewery—the oldest brewery in Switzerland)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080530163230/http://www.theaterstgallen.ch/wDeutsch/sinfonie/spielplan_sinfonie.asp">symphony orchestra St. Gallen</a></i> performs as the Orchestra of the City Theatre, presents numerous symphony concerts in the City Concert Hall.</li> <li>During the summer open-air opera and various concerts are performed at numerous locations in town.<sup id="cite_ref-Festspiele_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Festspiele-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The well known <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openairsg.ch/">St. Gallen Open Air Festival</a> takes place in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Sitter_(river)" title="Sitter (river)">Sitter Valley</a> the first weekend in July.</li> <li>St. Gallen is home to the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nordklang.ch/">Nordklang Festival</a>, which takes place in February.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buildings">Buildings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Drei Weieren</i> (three artificial water basins from the zenith of the textile industry with Art Nouveau-<a href="/wiki/Public_bathing" title="Public bathing">bath houses</a>; reachable by the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChleggbahn" title="Mühleggbahn">Mühleggbahn</a> (train) from 1893). The Drei Weieren is a water park by day and a gathering place for young people by night. This results in many complaints by people who live in the vicinity about noise, drug abuse and vandalism. Locals jokingly call the three basins "Lakes with the most <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">THC</a> in the country". The young people who spend their time there claim that the Drei Weieren is a place where they can spend their time in a consumer-free environment.</li> <li><i>Convent of St. Gall</i> with the famous <i>library</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_St._Gall" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of St. Gall">abbey</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>)</li> <li><i>Greek Orthodox Church of St.Constantine and Helena</i>, Athonite icons and a stained glass window of the Last Judgement.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wegelin_%26_Co." title="Wegelin & Co.">Wegelin & Co.</a></i>, the oldest <a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">bank</a> in Switzerland, founded in 1741</li> <li><i>Tröckneturm Schönenwegen</i>; the tower was built 1828 and was used to hang up freshly colored cloth panels for drying.</li> <li><i>Protestant church Linsebühl</i>, an impressive new <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> building dating from 1897</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/University_of_St._Gallen" title="University of St. Gallen">University of St. Gallen</a></i> (HSG; University for Business Administration, Economics and Law with an excellent reputation in the German-speaking world), founded 1898.</li> <li><i>Embroidery exchange</i>, splendid building with the god of trade <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a> on its roof.</li> <li><i>Volksbad</i>, the oldest public bathhouse still in operation in Switzerland dating from 1908.</li> <li><i>Catholic church of St. Martin</i> in the Bruggen district; the concrete church built in 1936 was at that time glaringly modern.</li> <li>1992 the city of St. Gallen received the <a href="/wiki/Wakker_Prize" title="Wakker Prize">Wakker Prize</a>.</li> <li>Stadtlounge (City Lounge) – a pedestrian area in the city center designed to represent a lounge room, but in the street.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Synagogue St. Gallen – Built by the architects Chiodera and Tschudy, it is the only synagogue in the Lake Constance region that has been preserved in its original state.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks">Parks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_park_Peter_and_Paul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife park Peter and Paul (page does not exist)">Wildlife park Peter and Paul</a></i></li> <li>City park at the theater</li> <li>Cantonal school park</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regular_events">Regular events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Regular events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <b><a href="/wiki/St._Gallen_Symposium" title="St. Gallen Symposium">St. Gallen Symposium</a></b> attracts about 600 personalities from economics, science, politics and society to the University of St. Gallen every year. It hosts the world's largest student essay competition of its kind with about 1,000 participants, of whom the 100 best contributions are selected to participate in the St. Gallen Symposium. The Symposium celebrated its 40th anniversary in May 2010.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OLMA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OLMA (page does not exist)">OLMA</a>, traditional Swiss Fair for Agriculture and Nutrition in autumn as well as numerous other exhibitions at the OLMA Fairs St. Gallen.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Air_St._Gallen" title="Open Air St. Gallen">OpenAir St. Gallen</a> is an annual open air festival in the Sitter Valley.</li> <li>Children's Feast, a triennial observance, originally a product of the textile industry.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordklang_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nordklang Festival (page does not exist)">Nordklang Festival</a> takes place in multiple sites around St. Gallen.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AFG_ARENA_St._Gallen_-_Erstes_Spiel_CH_-_LIE_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/AFG_ARENA_St._Gallen_-_Erstes_Spiel_CH_-_LIE_03.jpg/220px-AFG_ARENA_St._Gallen_-_Erstes_Spiel_CH_-_LIE_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/AFG_ARENA_St._Gallen_-_Erstes_Spiel_CH_-_LIE_03.jpg/330px-AFG_ARENA_St._Gallen_-_Erstes_Spiel_CH_-_LIE_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/AFG_ARENA_St._Gallen_-_Erstes_Spiel_CH_-_LIE_03.jpg/440px-AFG_ARENA_St._Gallen_-_Erstes_Spiel_CH_-_LIE_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kybunpark" title="Kybunpark">Kybunpark</a>, home stadium of <a href="/wiki/FC_St._Gallen" title="FC St. Gallen">FC St. Gallen</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> club <a href="/wiki/FC_St._Gallen" title="FC St. Gallen">FC St. Gallen</a> play in the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Super_League" title="Swiss Super League">Swiss Super League</a>. They are the oldest football club in Switzerland and oldest in continental Europe, founded in 1879. Their stadium is the <a href="/wiki/Kybunpark" title="Kybunpark">kybunpark</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> club <a href="/wiki/SC_Br%C3%BChl" title="SC Brühl">SC Brühl</a> play in the <a href="/wiki/1._Liga_Promotion" class="mw-redirect" title="1. Liga Promotion">1. Liga Promotion</a>. Their stadium is the <a href="/wiki/Paul-Gr%C3%BCninger-Stadion" title="Paul-Grüninger-Stadion">Paul-Grüninger-Stadion</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EHC_St._Gallen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EHC St. Gallen (page does not exist)">EHC St. Gallen</a> plays in the Swiss <a href="/wiki/Swiss_2._Liga_(ice_hockey)" title="Swiss 2. Liga (ice hockey)">Second League</a>, the fourth tier of Swiss ice hockey.</li> <li>The Rugby Club St. Gallen Bishops (Men) was founded in 1990 and Cindies (Women) in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They play at the <a href="/wiki/Grundenmoos" title="Grundenmoos">Grundenmoos</a> sports fields.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The large urban area Zürich is 80 km south-west of St. Gallen, a 60-minute drive or train ride (<a href="/wiki/ICN_(SBB-CFF-FFS)" class="mw-redirect" title="ICN (SBB-CFF-FFS)">ICN</a> train). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road_transportation">Road transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Road transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/A1_(Switzerland)" class="mw-redirect" title="A1 (Switzerland)">A1</a> motorway links St. Gallen with <a href="/wiki/St._Margrethen" title="St. Margrethen">St. Margrethen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>. In 1987 the city motorway was opened, which conveys the traffic through two tunnels (Rosenberg and Stefanshorn) almost directly below the city center. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_transportation">Air transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Air transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/St._Gallen%E2%80%93Altenrhein_Airport" title="St. Gallen–Altenrhein Airport">Airport St. Gallen-Altenrhein</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Lake_of_Constance" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake of Constance">Lake of Constance</a>, provides scheduled airline flights to <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> and other destinations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_transport">Public transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Public transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_rail_and_tram">By rail and tram</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: By rail and tram"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trogenerbahn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Trogenerbahn.jpg/220px-Trogenerbahn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Trogenerbahn.jpg/330px-Trogenerbahn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Trogenerbahn.jpg/440px-Trogenerbahn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Appenzell%E2%80%93St._Gallen%E2%80%93Trogen_railway" title="Appenzell–St. Gallen–Trogen railway">Trogen railway</a> running tramway-like on St. Gallen roads</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/St._Gallen_railway_station" title="St. Gallen railway station">St. Gallen railway station</a> is part of the national <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Railways" title="Swiss Federal Railways">Swiss Federal Railways</a> network and has <a href="/wiki/InterCity" title="InterCity">InterCity</a> connections to Zürich and the <a href="/wiki/Zurich_Airport" title="Zurich Airport">Zurich Airport</a> every half-hour. St. Gallen is the hub for many private <a href="/wiki/Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Railways">railways</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdostbahn" title="Südostbahn">Südostbahn</a> (SOB), connecting St. Gallen with <a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Appenzeller_Bahnen" class="mw-redirect" title="Appenzeller Bahnen">Appenzeller Bahnen</a>, which operates the <a href="/wiki/Appenzell%E2%80%93St._Gallen%E2%80%93Trogen_railway" title="Appenzell–St. Gallen–Trogen railway">Appenzell–St. Gallen–Trogen railway</a>, connecting to <a href="/wiki/Appenzell" title="Appenzell">Appenzell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trogen,_Switzerland" title="Trogen, Switzerland">Trogen</a>, and also serves as a <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">tram</a> in downtown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_bus">By bus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: By bus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city has a dense local bus system, including the <a href="/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_St._Gallen" title="Trolleybuses in St. Gallen">city's trolleybus network</a>, which is operated by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=VBSG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VBSG (page does not exist)">VBSG</a> and is well established on the valley floor, but less so on the hills. As St. Gallen is located near the Appenzell mountain area, it offers also many <a href="/wiki/Postauto" class="mw-redirect" title="Postauto">Postauto</a> (post bus) connections. The agglomeration also has its own <a href="/wiki/St._Gallen_S-Bahn" title="St. Gallen S-Bahn">St. Gallen S-Bahn</a> system (overground local trains). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expansion_-_St._Gallen_2013">Expansion - St. Gallen 2013</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Expansion - St. Gallen 2013"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The "St. Gallen 2013" project aimed to improve local rail services, with infrastructure upgrades and new rolling stock. By December 2013, <a href="/wiki/St._Gallen_S-Bahn" title="St. Gallen S-Bahn">S-Bahn</a> services would run on six lines, at intervals of 15 to 30 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adrian_Zingg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Adrian_Zingg.jpg/250px-Adrian_Zingg.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Adrian_Zingg.jpg/330px-Adrian_Zingg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Adrian Zingg, 1796</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gall_Morel.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Gall_Morel.png/250px-Gall_Morel.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Gall_Morel.png 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption>Gall Morel, 1872</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Julius_Billeter_(1869-1957).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Julius_Billeter_%281869-1957%29.jpg/140px-Julius_Billeter_%281869-1957%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Julius_Billeter_%281869-1957%29.jpg/210px-Julius_Billeter_%281869-1957%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Julius_Billeter_%281869-1957%29.jpg/280px-Julius_Billeter_%281869-1957%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>Julius Billeter, 1899</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_times">Early times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Early times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Vadian" title="Joachim Vadian">Joachim Vadian</a> (1484–1551), humanist, scholar, mayor and reformer in St. Gallen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Zollikofer" title="Johannes Zollikofer">Johannes Zollikofer</a> (1633–1692), reformed vicar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Gsell" title="Georg Gsell">Georg Gsell</a> (1673–1740), Baroque painter, art consultant and art dealer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Schlatter" title="Michael Schlatter">Michael Schlatter</a> (1716–1790), American German Reformed clergyman</li> <li>Rev. <a href="/wiki/John_Joachim_Zubly" title="John Joachim Zubly">John Joachim Zubly</a> (1724–1781), American pastor, planter and statesman during the American Revolution</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Zingg" title="Adrian Zingg">Adrian Zingg</a> (1734–1816), painter, draftsman, etcher and engraver</li> <li>Prof <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Girtanner" title="Christopher Girtanner">Christopher Girtanner</a> FRSE (1760–1800), author, physician and chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Isenring" title="Johann Baptist Isenring">Johann Baptist Isenring</a> (1796–1860), landscape painter, printer and <a href="/wiki/Daguerrotypist" class="mw-redirect" title="Daguerrotypist">Daguerrotypist</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gall_Morel" title="Gall Morel">Gall Morel</a> (1803–1872), poet, scholar, aesthete and educationist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Otto_Aepli" title="Arnold Otto Aepli">Arnold Otto Aepli</a> (1816–1897), jurist and statesman, President of the Swiss Council of States 1868–1869</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Weilenmann" title="Johann Jakob Weilenmann">Johann Jakob Weilenmann</a> (1819–1896), mountaineer and Alpine writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hoffmann_(Swiss_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Hoffmann (Swiss politician)">Karl Hoffmann</a> (1820–1895), politician, President of the Swiss Council of States, 1877–1878 and 1889–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_G%C3%B6tzinger" title="Ernst Götzinger">Ernst Götzinger</a> (1837–1896), Germanist and historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Bory" title="Alphonse Bory">Alphonse Bory</a> (1838–1891), politician, President of the Swiss Council of States 1886–1887</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Dierauer" title="Johannes Dierauer">Johannes Dierauer</a> (1842–1920), historian and librarian of the Stadtbibliothek Vadiana</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Oettli" title="Samuel Oettli">Samuel Oettli</a> (1846–1911), Protestant theologian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Schlatter" title="Adolf Schlatter">Adolf Schlatter</a> (1852–1938), Protestant theologian and professor of the New Testament</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hoffmann_(politician)" title="Arthur Hoffmann (politician)">Arthur Hoffmann</a> (1857–1927), politician and member of the Swiss Federal Council 1911–1917</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Emden" title="Robert Emden">Robert Emden</a> (1862–1940), astrophysicist and meteorologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Billeter" title="Julius Billeter">Julius Billeter</a> (1869–1957), genealogist and <a href="/wiki/Mormon_missionary" title="Mormon missionary">Mormon missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%BCdin" title="Ernst Rüdin">Ernst Rüdin</a> (1874–1952), German psychiatrist, geneticist, eugenicist and Nazi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Cunz" title="Martha Cunz">Martha Cunz</a> (1876–1961), artist and printmaker, mastered the modernist woodcut</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joos" title="Joseph Joos">Joseph Joos</a> (1878–1965), German intellectual, politician and MP in Weimar, lived in St. Gallen 1960–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Riklin" title="Franz Riklin">Franz Riklin</a> (1878–1938), psychiatrist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schlaginhaufen" title="Otto Schlaginhaufen">Otto Schlaginhaufen</a> (1879–1973), aanthropologist, ethnologist and eugenicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Greinacher" title="Heinrich Greinacher">Heinrich Greinacher</a> (1880–1974), physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Platten" title="Fritz Platten">Fritz Platten</a> (1883–1942), Communist politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regina_Ullmann" title="Regina Ullmann">Regina Ullmann</a> (1884–1961), poet and storyteller</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Scherrer" title="Paul Scherrer">Paul Scherrer</a> (1890–1969), physicist, proponent of Switzerland developing its own nuclear weapons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kobelt" title="Karl Kobelt">Karl Kobelt</a> (1891–1968), politician, President of the Confederation in 1946 and 1952</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gr%C3%BCninger" title="Paul Grüninger">Paul Grüninger</a> (1891–1972), police captain, <a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stoffel" title="Charles Stoffel">Charles Stoffel</a> (1893–1970), bobsledder and equestrian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mittelholzer" title="Walter Mittelholzer">Walter Mittelholzer</a> (1894–1937), aviation pioneer, pilot, photographer and travel writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ott%C3%B3_Mis%C3%A1ngyi" title="Ottó Misángyi">Ottó Misángyi</a> (1895–1977), Hungarian athletics coach, sports official and university professor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Holenstein" title="Thomas Holenstein">Thomas Holenstein</a> (1896–1962), politician, member of the Swiss Federal Council 1955–1959</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jolanda_Neff" title="Jolanda Neff">Jolanda Neff</a> (born 1993), cross-country cyclist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berta_Rahm" title="Berta Rahm">Berta Rahm</a> (1910–1998), architect, writer, publisher and feminist activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A4rbel_Inhelder" title="Bärbel Inhelder">Bärbel Inhelder</a> (1913–1997), psychologist and epistemologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Maag" title="Peter Maag">Peter Maag</a> (1919–2001), conductor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Roderer" title="Walter Roderer">Walter Roderer</a> (1920–2012), actor and screenwriter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Furgler" title="Kurt Furgler">Kurt Furgler</a> (1924–2008), politician, member of the Swiss Federal Council 1972–1986</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Ikl%C3%A9" title="Fred Iklé">Fred Iklé</a> (1924–2011), sociologist and defense expert</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hayman" title="Fred Hayman">Fred Hayman</a> (1925–2016), American fashion retailer and entrepreneur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansrudi_W%C3%A4scher" title="Hansrudi Wäscher">Hansrudi Wäscher</a> (1928–2016), Swiss-German comics artist and comics author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hildebrand_Meienberg" title="Peter Hildebrand Meienberg">Peter Hildebrand Meienberg</a> (1929–2021), Benedictine Missionary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ines_Torelli" title="Ines Torelli">Ines Torelli</a> (1931–2019), comedian, radio personality and actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Meier" title="Max Meier">Max Meier</a> (born 1936), boxer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Tschirky" title="Hugo Tschirky">Hugo Tschirky</a> (1938–2020), scientist in the field of management science</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Eugen_Frischknecht" title="Hans Eugen Frischknecht">Hans Eugen Frischknecht</a> (born 1939), composer and organist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklaus_Meienberg" title="Niklaus Meienberg">Niklaus Meienberg</a> (1940–1993), writer and investigative journalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Dreifuss" title="Ruth Dreifuss">Ruth Dreifuss</a> (born 1940), politician, member of the Swiss Federal Council 1993–2002</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Mobius" class="mw-redirect" title="Dieter Mobius">Dieter Mobius</a> (1944–2015), German electronic musician and composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Th%C3%BCrer" title="Daniel Thürer">Daniel Thürer</a> (born 1945), jurist and law professor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ammann" title="Karl Ammann">Karl Ammann</a> (born 1948), conservationist and wildlife photographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Flammer" title="Josef Flammer">Josef Flammer</a> (born 1948), ophthalmologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paola_del_Medico" title="Paola del Medico">Paola del Medico</a> (born 1950), singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christophe_Boesch" title="Christophe Boesch">Christophe Boesch</a> (1951–2024), <a href="/wiki/Primatologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Primatologist">primatologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Liechti" title="Peter Liechti">Peter Liechti</a> (1951–2014), movie director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Tinner" title="René Tinner">René Tinner</a> (born 1953), recording engineer and producer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F%C3%A4ssler" title="Hans Fässler">Hans Fässler</a> (born 1954), historian, politician and satirical revue artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Drexel" title="Simone Drexel">Simone Drexel</a> (born 1957), singer-songwriter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Boos" title="Susan Boos">Susan Boos</a> (born 1963), journalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hengartner" title="Michael Hengartner">Michael Hengartner</a> (born 1966), Swiss-Canadian biochemist and molecular biologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Maximilian_of_Liechtenstein" title="Prince Maximilian of Liechtenstein">Prince Maximilian of Liechtenstein</a> (born 1969), CEO of the <a href="/wiki/LGT_Group" title="LGT Group">LGT Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathias_Braschler_and_Monika_Fischer" title="Mathias Braschler and Monika Fischer">Monika Fischer</a> (born 1971), photographer of portrait projects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pappa" title="Maria Pappa">Maria Pappa</a> (born 1971), politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Zwyssig" title="Marco Zwyssig">Marco Zwyssig</a> (born 1971), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelia_Frick" title="Aurelia Frick">Aurelia Frick</a> (born 1975), Liechtensteiner politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Philip_Hefti" title="David Philip Hefti">David Philip Hefti</a> (born 1975), composer and conductor</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agung_Wicaksono&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agung Wicaksono (page does not exist)">Agung Wicaksono</a> (born 1976), Indonesian technocrat and higher educator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominik_Meichtry" title="Dominik Meichtry">Dominik Meichtry</a> (born 1984), swimmer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquillo_Barnetta" title="Tranquillo Barnetta">Tranquillo Barnetta</a> (born 1985), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevin_Galmarini" title="Nevin Galmarini">Nevin Galmarini</a> (born 1986), snowboarder, Olympic winner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_F%C3%A4h" title="Linda Fäh">Linda Fäh</a> (born 1987), model and beauty pageant titleholder, <a href="/wiki/Miss_Switzerland" title="Miss Switzerland">Miss Switzerland</a> 2009</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwin_Hitz" title="Marwin Hitz">Marwin Hitz</a> (born 1987), professional football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Fiala" title="Kevin Fiala">Kevin Fiala</a> (born 1996), ice hockey player</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_St._Gallen" title="List of mayors of St. Gallen">List of mayors of St. Gallen</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, sometimes spelled in full as <b>Sankt Gallen</b>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-CH-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[saŋkt<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɡalən]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/7a\/De-StGallen.ogg\/De-StGallen.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-StGallen.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/De-StGallen.ogg/De-StGallen.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-StGallen.ogg" title="File:De-StGallen.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Saint-Gall</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[sɛ̃.ɡal]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">San Gallo</i>; <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>: <i lang="rm">Son Gagl</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-34465df301612b4c187d3751abe3e95527f60501-v18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-34465df301612b4c187d3751abe3e95527f60501-v18_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-34465df301612b4c187d3751abe3e95527f60501-v18_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/raum-umwelt/bodennutzung-bedeckung/gesamtspektrum-regionalen-stufen/gemeinden.html">"Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen"</a>. Federal Statistical Office<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arealstatistik+Standard+-+Gemeinden+nach+4+Hauptbereichen&rft.pub=Federal+Statistical+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfs.admin.ch%2Fbfs%2Fde%2Fhome%2Fstatistiken%2Fraum-umwelt%2Fbodennutzung-bedeckung%2Fgesamtspektrum-regionalen-stufen%2Fgemeinden.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Gallen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-6991017500238104b5b1a0b58b70d822a160c527-v18-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-6991017500238104b5b1a0b58b70d822a160c527-v18_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/pxweb/fr/px-x-0102020000_201/-/px-x-0102020000_201.px/table/tableViewLayout2/?rxid=c5985c8d-66cd-446c-9a07-d8cc07276160">https://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/pxweb/fr/px-x-0102020000_201/-/px-x-0102020000_201.px/table/tableViewLayout2/?rxid=c5985c8d-66cd-446c-9a07-d8cc07276160</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch%2Fpxweb%2Ffr%2Fpx-x-0102020000_201%2F-%2Fpx-x-0102020000_201.px%2Ftable%2FtableViewLayout2%2F%3Frxid%3Dc5985c8d-66cd-446c-9a07-d8cc07276160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Gallen" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDSC-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HDSC_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDSC_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDSC_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDSC_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Stefan Sonderegger, Marcel Mayer: <i>Sankt Gallen (Gemeinde)</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D1321.php"><span title="Sankt Gallen (Gemeinde) in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F1321.php"><span title="Sankt Gallen (Gemeinde) in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I1321.php"><span title="Sankt Gallen (Gemeinde) in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>, 16 January 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/kataloge-datenbanken/daten.assetdetail.9847210.html">"Lebensqualität in den Städten und Agglomerationen (Agglo 2012): Demographischer Kontext"</a>. <i>bfs.admin.ch</i>. 24 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bfs.admin.ch&rft.atitle=Lebensqualit%C3%A4t+in+den+St%C3%A4dten+und+Agglomerationen+%28Agglo+2012%29%3A+Demographischer+Kontext&rft.date=2019-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfs.admin.ch%2Fbfs%2Fde%2Fhome%2Fstatistiken%2Fkataloge-datenbanken%2Fdaten.assetdetail.9847210.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Gallen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As of 3 December 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessbecause.com/news/best-business-schools-for/5743/best-european-business-schools-2018-financial-times">"Best European Business Schools In 2018, According To The Financial Times"</a>. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191015175410/https://www.businessbecause.com/news/best-business-schools-for/5743/best-european-business-schools-2018-financial-times">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Best+European+Business+Schools+In+2018%2C+According+To+The+Financial+Times&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessbecause.com%2Fnews%2Fbest-business-schools-for%2F5743%2Fbest-european-business-schools-2018-financial-times&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Gallen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDSPA-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HDSPA_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDSPA_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDSPA_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDSPA_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDSPA_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDSPA_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Ernst Tremp: <i>Sankt Gallen (Fürstabtei)</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D8394.php"><span title="Sankt Gallen (Fürstabtei) in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F8394.php"><span title="Sankt Gallen (Fürstabtei) in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I8394.php"><span title="Sankt Gallen (Fürstabtei) in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>, 16 March 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoolidge1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Augustus_Brevoort_Coolidge" class="mw-redirect" title="William Augustus Brevoort Coolidge">Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/St Gall (town)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/St_Gall_(town)">"St Gall (town)" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St+Gall+%28town%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=4&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Coolidge&rft.aufirst=William+Augustus+Brevoort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Gallen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Terry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070501005719/http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/saintw27.htm">"Wiborada"</a>. <i>Patron Saints Index</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/saintw27.htm">the original</a> on 1 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Patron+Saints+Index&rft.atitle=Wiborada&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-forum.com%2Fsaints%2Fsaintw27.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Gallen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcNamara2007" class="citation web cs1">McNamara, Robert F. (Rev.) (20 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930023817/http://www.stthomasirondequoit.com/SaintsAlive/id811.htm">"St. Wiborada"</a>. <i>stthomasirondequoit.com</i>. St. Thomas the Apostle Church. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stthomasirondequoit.com/SaintsAlive/id811.htm">the original</a> on 30 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stthomasirondequoit.com&rft.atitle=St.+Wiborada&rft.date=2007-02-20&rft.aulast=McNamara&rft.aufirst=Robert+F.+%28Rev.%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stthomasirondequoit.com%2FSaintsAlive%2Fid811.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Gallen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zeittafel-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zeittafel_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zeittafel_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zeittafel_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924101007/http://www.sg.ch/home/kultur/stiftsarchiv/geschichte/abtei_st_gallen/_jcr_content/RightPar/downloadlist/DownloadListParTeaser/download.ocFile/Abtei_StGallen_Zeittafel.pdf">"Zeittafel zur Geschichte der Abtei St. Gallen"</a> [Chronological History of St Gall Abbey] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). Staatskanzlei St. Gallen. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sg.ch/home/kultur/stiftsarchiv/geschichte/abtei_st_gallen/_jcr_content/RightPar/downloadlist/DownloadListParTeaser/download.ocFile/Abtei_StGallen_Zeittafel.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zeittafel+zur+Geschichte+der+Abtei+St.+Gallen&rft.pub=Staatskanzlei+St.+Gallen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sg.ch%2Fhome%2Fkultur%2Fstiftsarchiv%2Fgeschichte%2Fabtei_st_gallen%2F_jcr_content%2FRightPar%2Fdownloadlist%2FDownloadListParTeaser%2Fdownload.ocFile%2FAbtei_StGallen_Zeittafel.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Gallen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMohammad_Ballan" class="citation journal cs1">Mohammad Ballan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.ubc.ca/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2019/06/Ballan_Fraxinetum.pdf">"FRAXINETUM: AN ISLAMIC FRONTIER STATE IN TENTH-CENTURY PROVENCE"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies</i>. <b>41</b>: 20, 27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2023</span>. <q>their primary economic concern: the capture of Europeans for the slave markets of the Islamic world […] Shortly after their establishment at Fraxinetum, the Andalusīs […] By 939 the Andalusīs had crossed the Alps (all the chroniclers praise their mountaineering abilities) and raided what is today northern Italy as well as southern Switzerland, where they attacked the renowned monastery of St. Gall</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comitatus%3A+A+Journal+of+Medieval+and+Renaissance+Studies&rft.atitle=FRAXINETUM%3A+AN+ISLAMIC+FRONTIER+STATE+IN+TENTH-CENTURY+PROVENCE&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=20%2C+27&rft.au=Mohammad+Ballan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.ubc.ca%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F23%2F2019%2F06%2FBallan_Fraxinetum.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Gallen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-is-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-is_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-is_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.switzerland.isyours.com/e/guide/northeast/stgallenhistory.html">Switzerland is yours.com-St. Gallen History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081026073545/http://switzerland.isyours.com/e/guide/northeast/stgallenhistory.html">Archived</a> 26 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> accessed 20 November 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. 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Zurich Airport, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Office of Metreology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss. 2 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410223242/http://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/product/output/climate-data/climate-diagrams-normal-values-station-processing/STG/climsheet_STG_np8110_e.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+normals+St.+Gallen+%28Reference+period+1981%E2%88%922010%29&rft.place=Zurich+Airport%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=Swiss+Federal+Office+of+Metreology+and+Climatology%2C+MeteoSwiss&rft.date=2014-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meteoswiss.admin.ch%2Fproduct%2Foutput%2Fclimate-data%2Fclimate-diagrams-normal-values-station-processing%2FSTG%2Fclimsheet_STG_np8110_e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Gallen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA1_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241213081301/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/5.5/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Switzerland/CSV/StGallen_06681.csv">"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020"</a>. <i>World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climatological+Standard+Normals+%281991%E2%80%932020%29&rft.atitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climate+Normals+for+1991%E2%80%932020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncei.noaa.gov%2Fdata%2Foceans%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F5.5%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-6-WMO-Normals-9120%2FSwitzerland%2FCSV%2FMeiringen_06637.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Gallen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MeteoSwiss-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MeteoSwiss_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220205213135/https://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/product/output/climate-data/climate-diagrams-normal-values-station-processing/STG/climsheet_STG_np9120_e.pdf">"Climate Normals St. Gallen (Reference period 1991−2020)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Swiss Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss. 13 January 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/product/output/climate-data/climate-diagrams-normal-values-station-processing/STG/climsheet_STG_np9120_e.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+Normals+St.+Gallen+%28Reference+period+1991%E2%88%922020%29&rft.pub=Swiss+Federal+Office+of+Meteorology+and+Climatology%2C+MeteoSwiss&rft.date=2022-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.meteoswiss.admin.ch%2Fproduct%2Foutput%2Fclimate-data%2Fclimate-diagrams-normal-values-station-processing%2FSTG%2Fclimsheet_STG_np9120_e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Gallen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bag.admin.ch/themen/strahlung/00043/00065/02239/index.html?lang=de">Jahresberichte Umweltradioaktivität und Strahlendosen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110411104633/http://www.bag.admin.ch/themen/strahlung/00043/00065/02239/index.html?lang=de">Archived</a> 11 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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BAG, Switzerland. 7 July 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fotw.us/flags/ch-sg045.html">Flags of the World.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604205018/http://www.fotw.us/flags/ch-sg045.html">Archived</a> 4 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> accessed 11 January 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SR-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SR_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SR_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SR_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stadt.sg.ch/home/verwaltung-politik/demokratie-politik/stadtrat.html">"Stadtrat"</a> (official site) (in German). St. Gallen, Switzerland: Stadt St. Gallen. 13 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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November 2017"</a> (official site) (in German). St. Gallen, Switzerland: Stadt St. Gallen. 26 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209062942/https://www.stadt.sg.ch/home/verwaltung-politik/demokratie-politik/abstimmungen-wahlen/wahlen/wahlen-legislatur-2017-2020/stadtrat-26-11-2017.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2020</span> – via opendata.swiss.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NR+-+Ergebnisse+Parteien+%28Gemeinden%29+%28INT1%29&rft.place=Neuch%C3%A2tel%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=Swiss+Federal+Statistical+Office%2C+FSO&rft.date=2019-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfs.admin.ch%2Fbfsstatic%2Fdam%2Fassets%2F9386461%2Fappendix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Gallen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSwiss_Federal_Statistical_Office,_FSO2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Swiss Federal Statistical Office, FSO, ed. (28 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfsstatic/dam/assets/9386463/appendix">"NR - Wahlbeteiligung (Gemeinden) (INT1)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(CSV)</span> (official statistics) (in German, French, and Italian). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office, FSO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2020</span> – via opendata.swiss.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NR+-+Wahlbeteiligung+%28Gemeinden%29+%28INT1%29&rft.place=Neuch%C3%A2tel%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=Swiss+Federal+Statistical+Office%2C+FSO&rft.date=2019-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfs.admin.ch%2Fbfsstatic%2Fdam%2Fassets%2F9386463%2Fappendix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Gallen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/politik/wahlen/nationalratswahlen/parteistaerken.assetdetail.317521.html">"Nationalratswahlen 2015: Stärke der Parteien und Wahlbeteiligung nach Gemeinden"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XLS)</span> (official statistics) (in German and French). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 9 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142739/https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/politik/wahlen/nationalratswahlen/parteistaerken.assetdetail.317521.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nationalratswahlen+2015%3A+St%C3%A4rke+der+Parteien+und+Wahlbeteiligung+nach+Gemeinden&rft.place=Neuch%C3%A2tel%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=Swiss+Federal+Statistical+Office&rft.date=2016-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfs.admin.ch%2Fbfs%2Fde%2Fhome%2Fstatistiken%2Fpolitik%2Fwahlen%2Fnationalratswahlen%2Fparteistaerken.assetdetail.317521.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Gallen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/pxweb/de/px-x-0102010000_104/-/px-x-0102010000_104.px">"Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit"</a>. <i>Bundesamt für Statik</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bundesamt+f%C3%BCr+Statik&rft.atitle=St%C3%A4ndige+und+nichtst%C3%A4ndige+Wohnbev%C3%B6lkerung+nach+institutionellen+Gliederungen%2C+Geburtsort+und+Staatsangeh%C3%B6rigkeit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch%2Fpxweb%2Fde%2Fpx-x-0102010000_104%2F-%2Fpx-x-0102010000_104.px&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Gallen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stat2020_SG-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stat2020_SG_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/pxweb/de/px-x-0102020000_201">"Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit"</a>. <i>bfs.admin.ch</i> (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bfs.admin.ch&rft.atitle=St%C3%A4ndige+und+nichtst%C3%A4ndige+Wohnbev%C3%B6lkerung+nach+institutionellen+Gliederungen%2C+Geburtsort+und+Staatsangeh%C3%B6rigkeit&rft.date=2020-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch%2Fpxweb%2Fde%2Fpx-x-0102020000_201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Gallen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/pxweb/de/px-x-0102010000_101/-/px-x-0102010000_101.px">"Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Staatsangehörigkeit (Kategorie), Geschlecht und Alter"</a>. <i>Bundesamt für Statik</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bundesamt+f%C3%BCr+Statik&rft.atitle=St%C3%A4ndige+und+nichtst%C3%A4ndige+Wohnbev%C3%B6lkerung+nach+institutionellen+Gliederungen%2C+Staatsangeh%C3%B6rigkeit+%28Kategorie%29%2C+Geschlecht+und+Alter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch%2Fpxweb%2Fde%2Fpx-x-0102010000_101%2F-%2Fpx-x-0102010000_101.px&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Gallen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SFSO-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SFSO_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFSO_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFSO_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/regionen/02/key.html">Swiss Federal Statistical Office</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105172441/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/regionen/02/key.html">Archived</a> 5 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> accessed 11 January 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SG_personen-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SG_personen_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SG_personen_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SG_personen_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SG_personen_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SG_personen_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistik.sg.ch/home/portraet/Regionen-Gemeinden/reggem-quer.html">Canton St. Gallen Statistics-Hauptergebnisse der Volkszählung 2000: Regionen- und Gemeindevergleich-Personen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100909205553/http://www.statistik.sg.ch/home/portraet/Regionen-Gemeinden/reggem-quer.html">Archived</a> 9 September 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> accessed 30 December 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistik.sg.ch/home/themen/b03/arblos.html">St Gallen Canton statistics-Unemployment</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090922023525/http://www.statistik.sg.ch/home/themen/b03/arblos.html">Archived</a> 22 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> accessed 30 December 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistik.sg.ch/home/themen/b03/BZ/TabellenBZ08.html">St Gallen Canton statistics-Businesses</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707003729/http://www.statistik.sg.ch/home/themen/b03/BZ/TabellenBZ08.html">Archived</a> 7 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> accessed 31 December 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistik.sg.ch/home/themen/b03/erwerb.html">St Gallen Canton statistics-Commuters</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090722130804/http://www.statistik.sg.ch/home/themen/b03/erwerb.html">Archived</a> 22 July 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> accessed 31 December 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mba.unisg.ch/org/es/mba.nsf/wwwContentEng/Ranking?opendocument">University of St Gallen, International MBA rankings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081226122359/http://www.mba.unisg.ch/org/es/mba.nsf/wwwContentEng/Ranking?opendocument">Archived</a> 26 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> accessed 29 April 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMohr2008" class="citation news cs1">Mohr, Christoph (9 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wiwo.de/handelsblatt/wo-steht-der-deutsche-mba-markt-272337/">"Wo steht der deutsche MBA-Markt?"</a>. <i>Wirtschafts Woche</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724050133/http://www.wiwo.de/handelsblatt/wo-steht-der-deutsche-mba-markt-272337/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wirtschafts+Woche&rft.atitle=Wo+steht+der+deutsche+MBA-Markt%3F&rft.date=2008-04-09&rft.aulast=Mohr&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiwo.de%2Fhandelsblatt%2Fwo-steht-der-deutsche-mba-markt-272337%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Gallen" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> mentions that there are only 7 "true" German MBAs with international appeal, of which HSG is one</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unisg.ch/hsgweb.nsf/wwwPubInhalteEng/Doctoral+studies?opendocument">University of St Gallen, Doctoral programs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090313023345/http://www.unisg.ch/hsgweb.nsf/wwwPubInhalteEng/Doctoral+studies?opendocument">Archived</a> 13 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> accessed 29 April 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.studies.unisg.ch/org/lehre/soe.nsf/wwwPubInhalteEng/The+University+of+St.Gallen+at+a+glance?opendocument">University of St Gallen portal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090429205101/http://www.studies.unisg.ch/org/lehre/soe.nsf/wwwPubInhalteEng/The+University+of+St.Gallen+at+a+glance?opendocument">Archived</a> 29 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> accessed 29 April 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/masters-in-management-2014">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150417164900/http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/masters-in-management-2014">Archived</a> 17 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Financial Times Masters in Management Rankings 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mba.unisg.ch/org/es/mba.nsf/wwwContentEng/Programme?opendocument">University of St Gallen-MBA Programme</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090618134102/http://www.mba.unisg.ch/org/es/mba.nsf/wwwContentEng/Programme?opendocument">Archived</a> 18 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> accessed 29 April 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stadt.sg.ch/home/schule_und_sport/schulamt.html">St Gallen Public School Office</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090420224649/http://www.stadt.sg.ch/home/schule_und_sport/schulamt.html">Archived</a> 20 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> accessed 29 April 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swiss-schools.ch/index.php?SL_Key=10&subpage=C">Swiss Federation of Private Schools website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071213001921/http://www.swiss-schools.ch/index.php?SL_Key=10&subpage=C">Archived</a> 13 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> accessed 29 April 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">"Where to Go". <i>Berlitz: Switzerland Pocket Guide</i>. Princeton, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Berlitz_Corporation" title="Berlitz Corporation">Berlitz Publishing Company</a>. April 1999. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-8315-7159-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-8315-7159-6"><bdi>2-8315-7159-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Where+to+Go&rft.btitle=Berlitz%3A+Switzerland+Pocket+Guide&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Berlitz+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1999-04&rft.isbn=2-8315-7159-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Gallen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heimatschutz.ch/index.php?id=1041">Wakker Prize</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150411224204/http://www.heimatschutz.ch/index.php?id=1041">Archived</a> 11 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> accessed 11 May 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.babs.admin.ch/de/aufgabenbabs/kgs/inventar/a-objekte.html">Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160902033944/http://www.babs.admin.ch/de/aufgabenbabs/kgs/inventar/a-objekte.html">Archived</a> 2 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> accessed 17 August 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Festspiele-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Festspiele_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Festspiele_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stgaller-festspiele.ch/index_fest.asp">St. Gallen festivals</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100819224540/http://www.stgaller-festspiele.ch/index_fest.asp">Archived</a> 19 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> accessed 26 June 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schuetzengarten.ch/portal/Produkte/Bierflaschenmuseum/tabid/80/Default.aspx">Schützengarten brewery</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090111015029/http://www.schuetzengarten.ch/portal/Produkte/Bierflaschenmuseum/tabid/80/Default.aspx">Archived</a> 11 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> accessed 14 November 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.raiffeisen.ch/raiffeisen/internet/home.nsf/webpagesbytitleD/77608517916387a4c1256bf8002f28b4?opendocument&Bank=">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060617183401/http://www.raiffeisen.ch/raiffeisen/internet/home.nsf/webpagesbytitleD/77608517916387a4c1256bf8002f28b4?opendocument&Bank=">Archived</a> 17 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> German only, pictures are universal though. The Stadtlounge was designed by <a href="/wiki/Pipilotti_Rist" title="Pipilotti Rist">Pipilotti Rist</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bishops.ch/teams/195746">"Rugby Club St. Gallen Bishops"</a>. <i>Rugby Club St. Gallen</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rugby+Club+St.+Gallen&rft.atitle=Rugby+Club+St.+Gallen+Bishops&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bishops.ch%2Fteams%2F195746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Gallen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/st-gallen-2013-project-underway.html">"St Gallen 2013 project underway"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Railway_Gazette_International" title="Railway Gazette International">Railway Gazette International</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Railway+Gazette+International&rft.atitle=St+Gallen+2013+project+underway&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaygazette.com%2Fnc%2Fnews%2Fsingle-view%2Fview%2Fst-gallen-2013-project-underway.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Gallen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:St._Gallen" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stadt.sg.ch">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stgallen-symposium.org">St. Gallen Symposium</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoolidge1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._A._B._Coolidge" title="W. A. B. Coolidge">Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/St Gall (town)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/St_Gall_(town)">"St Gall (town)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St+Gall+%28town%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=4&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Coolidge&rft.aufirst=William+Augustus+Brevoort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Gallen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoolidge1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._A._B._Coolidge" title="W. A. B. Coolidge">Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/St Gall (canton)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/St_Gall_(canton)">"St Gall (canton)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St+Gall+%28canton%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Coolidge&rft.aufirst=William+Augustus+Brevoort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt.+Gallen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060823062817/http://qtvr.schwiiz.org/">QuickTime Virtual Reality (QTVR) images of St. Gallen</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/St._Gallen#Q25607" class="extiw" title="voy:St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Template:Cantons of Switzerland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Template talk:Cantons of Switzerland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cantons of Switzerland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cantons_and_capitals_of_Switzerland_Three_CantonsEight_CantonsThirteen_CantonsFlags_and_coats_of_arms530" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Cantons and capitals of Switzerland</a><br /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Waldst%C3%A4tte" title="Waldstätte">Three Cantons</a></i></span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><i><a href="/wiki/Eight_Cantons" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight Cantons">Eight Cantons</a></i></span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><i><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Cantons" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteen Cantons">Thirteen Cantons</a></i></span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Flags_and_arms_of_cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Flags and arms of cantons of Switzerland">Flags and coats of arms</a></span></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Present-day cantons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Aargau" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Aargau">Aargau (AG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Appenzell_Ausserrhoden" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden">Appenzell Ausserrhoden (AR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Appenzell_Innerrhoden" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden">Appenzell Innerrhoden (AI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Basel-Landschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Basel-Landschaft">Basel-Landschaft (BL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Basel-Stadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Basel-Stadt">Basel-Stadt (BS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">Bern (BE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Fribourg" title="Canton of Fribourg">Fribourg (FR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva" title="Canton of Geneva">Geneva (GE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Glarus" title="Canton of Glarus">Glarus (GL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Graub%C3%BCnden" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Graubünden">Grisons (GR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Jura" title="Canton of Jura">Jura (JU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Lucerne" title="Canton of Lucerne">Lucerne (LU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel (NE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Nidwalden" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Nidwalden">Nidwalden (NW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Obwalden" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Obwalden">Obwalden (OW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schaffhausen" title="Canton of Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen (SH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schwyz" title="Canton of Schwyz">Schwyz (SZ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Solothurn" title="Canton of Solothurn">Solothurn (SO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_St._Gallen" title="Canton of St. Gallen">St. Gallen (SG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Thurgau" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Thurgau">Thurgau (TG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Ticino" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Ticino">Ticino (TI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">Uri (UR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Valais" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Valais">Valais (VS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Vaud" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Vaud">Vaud (VD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zug" title="Canton of Zug">Zug (ZG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Zürich">Zürich (ZH)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Capitals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aarau" title="Aarau">Aarau (AG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altdorf,_Uri" title="Altdorf, Uri">Altdorf (UR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_(village)" title="Appenzell (village)">Appenzell (AI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel (BS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellinzona" title="Bellinzona">Bellinzona (TI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern (BE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur (GR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del%C3%A9mont" title="Delémont">Delémont (JU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frauenfeld" title="Frauenfeld">Frauenfeld (TG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg (FR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva (GE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glarus" title="Glarus">Glarus (GL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herisau" title="Herisau">Herisau (AR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne (VD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liestal" title="Liestal">Liestal (BL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne (LU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel (NE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnen" title="Sarnen">Sarnen (OW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen (SH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz (SZ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sion,_Switzerland" title="Sion, Switzerland">Sion (VS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn (SO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stans" title="Stans">Stans (NW)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">St. Gallen (SG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zug" title="Zug">Zug (ZG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich (ZH)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical cantons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell" title="Appenzell">Appenzell (-1597)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Basel" title="Canton of Basel">Basel (-1833)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Schwyz" title="Outer Schwyz">Outer Schwyz (-1833)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterwalden" title="Unterwalden">Unterwalden (-15th century)</a></li> <li><i>Helvetic Republic</i> (-1803): <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Baden" title="Canton of Baden">Baden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bellinzona" title="Canton of Bellinzona">Bellinzona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Fricktal" title="Canton of Fricktal">Fricktal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_L%C3%A9man" title="Canton of Léman">Léman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Linth" title="Canton of Linth">Linth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Lugano" title="Canton of Lugano">Lugano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Oberland" title="Canton of Oberland">Oberland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Raetia" title="Canton of Raetia">Raetia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_S%C3%A4ntis" title="Canton of Säntis">Säntis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Waldst%C3%A4tten" title="Canton of Waldstätten">Waldstätten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists by topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cantonal_legislatures_of_Switzerland" title="List of cantonal legislatures of Switzerland">Legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cantonal_executives_of_Switzerland" title="List of cantonal executives of Switzerland">Executives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_cantons_by_GRP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Swiss cantons by GRP">By gross regional product (GRP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_cantons_by_elevation" title="List of Swiss cantons by elevation">By elevation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories937" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template talk:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories937" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of European states and territories</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capitals of <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states whose sovereignty is disputed</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></b>, Netherlands<sup>1</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella" title="Andorra la Vella">Andorra la Vella</a></b>, Andorra</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></b>, Turkey<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a></b>, Kazakhstan<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></b>, Greece</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></b>, Azerbaijan<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a></b>, Serbia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></b>, Germany</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a></b>, Switzerland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a></b>, Slovakia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></b>, Belgium<sup>3</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a></b>, Romania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></b>, Hungary</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a></b>, Moldova</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></b>, Denmark</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></b>, Ireland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></b>, Finland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a></b>, Ukraine</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></b>, Portugal</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a></b>, Slovenia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></b>, United Kingdom</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a></b>, Luxembourg</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></b>, Spain</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a></b>, Belarus</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></b><sup>5</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b>, Russia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a></b>, Cyprus<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a></b>, Norway</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></b>, France</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a></b>, Montenegro</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></b>, Czech Republic</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a></b>, Iceland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a></b>, Latvia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></b>, Italy</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_San_Marino" title="City of San Marino">San Marino</a></b>, San Marino</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></b>, Bosnia and Herzegovina</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a></b>, North Macedonia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a></b>, Bulgaria</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></b>, Sweden</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a></b>, Estonia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></b>, Georgia<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a></b>, Albania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a></b>, Liechtenstein</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a></b>, Malta</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></b><sup>4</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></b>, Austria</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a></b>, Lithuania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></b>, Poland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a></b>, Armenia<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a></b>, Croatia</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with<br />limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">North Nicosia</a></b>, Northern Cyprus</i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a></b>, Kosovo</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sokhumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokhumi">Sokhumi</a></b>, Abkhazia</i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a></b>, Transnistria</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a></b>, South Ossetia</i><sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></b></i>, England</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></b></i>, Scotland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></b></i>, Wales</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a></b></i>, Northern Ireland</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a></b></i>, Isle of Man</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a></b></i>, Akrotiri and Dhekelia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b></i>, Gibraltar</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/St_Helier" title="St Helier">St Helier</a></b></i>, Jersey</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a></b></i>, Guernsey</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen">Longyearbyen</a></b>, Svalbard (Norway)</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B3rshavn" title="Tórshavn">Tórshavn</a></b>, Faroe Islands (Denmark)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bregenz" title="Bregenz">Bregenz</a></b></i>, Vorarlberg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Eisenstadt" title="Eisenstadt">Eisenstadt</a></b></i>, Burgenland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a></b></i>, Styria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a></b></i>, Tyrol</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Klagenfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a></b></i>, Carinthia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a></b></i>, Upper Austria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a></b></i>, Salzburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sankt_P%C3%B6lten" title="Sankt Pölten">Sankt Pölten</a></b></i>, Lower Austria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></b></i>, Vienna</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a></b></i>, Flemish Community and French Community</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Eupen" title="Eupen">Eupen</a></b></i>, German-speaking Community</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a></b></i>, Brussels-Capital Region and Flanders</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a></b></i>, Wallonia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka" title="Banja Luka">Banja Luka</a></b></i> (de facto), Republika Srpska</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%8Dko" title="Brčko">Brčko</a></b></i>, Brčko District</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></b></i>, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></b></i>, Berlin</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></b></i>, Bremen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></b></i>, Saxony</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></b></i>, North Rhine-Westphalia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></b></i>, Thuringia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></b></i>, Hamburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></b></i>, Lower Saxony</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></b></i>, Schleswig-Holstein</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></b></i>, Saxony-Anhalt</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></b></i>, Rhineland-Palatinate</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></b></i>, Bavaria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></b></i>, Brandenburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></b></i>, Saarland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a></b></i>, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></b></i>, Baden-Württemberg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></b></i>, Hesse</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Republics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cheboksary" title="Cheboksary">Cheboksary</a></b></i>, Chuvashia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cherkessk" title="Cherkessk">Cherkessk</a></b></i>, Karachay-Cherkessia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Elista" title="Elista">Elista</a></b></i>, Kalmykia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a></b></i>, Chechnya</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Izhevsk" title="Izhevsk">Izhevsk</a></b></i>, Udmurtia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a></b></i>, Tatarstan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Magas,_Russia" title="Magas, Russia">Magas</a></b></i>, Ingushetia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a></b></i>, Dagestan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Maykop" title="Maykop">Maykop</a></b></i>, Adygea</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a></b></i>, Kabardino-Balkaria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk" title="Petrozavodsk">Petrozavodsk</a></b></i>, Karelia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saransk" title="Saransk">Saransk</a></b></i>, Mordovia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></b></i>, Crimea (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Syktyvkar" title="Syktyvkar">Syktyvkar</a></b></i>, Komi</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a></b></i>, Bashkortostan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a></b></i>, North Ossetia–Alania</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola">Yoshkar-Ola</a></b></i>, Mari El</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Naryan-Mar" title="Naryan-Mar">Naryan-Mar</a></b></i>, Nenets</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar" title="Krasnodar">Krasnodar</a></b></i>, Krasnodar Krai</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a></b></i>, Perm Krai</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stavropol" title="Stavropol">Stavropol</a></b></i>, Stavropol Krai</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Russia" title="Oblasts of Russia">Oblasts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a></b></i>, Arkhangelsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a></b></i>, Astrakhan Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Belgorod" title="Belgorod">Belgorod</a></b></i>, Belgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bryansk" title="Bryansk">Bryansk</a></b></i>, Bryansk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ivanovo" title="Ivanovo">Ivanovo</a></b></i>, Ivanovo Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a></b></i>, Kaliningrad Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga">Kaluga</a></b></i>, Kaluga Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kirov,_Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov, Kirov Oblast">Kirov</a></b></i>, Kirov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kostroma" title="Kostroma">Kostroma</a></b></i>, Kostroma Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Krasnogorsk,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast">Krasnogorsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b></i>, Moscow Oblast (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kursk" title="Kursk">Kursk</a></b></i>, Kursk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lipetsk" title="Lipetsk">Lipetsk</a></b></i>, Lipetsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a></b></i>, Murmansk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a></b></i>, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Orenburg" title="Orenburg">Orenburg</a></b></i>, Orenburg Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Oryol" title="Oryol">Oryol</a></b></i>, Oryol Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Penza" title="Penza">Penza</a></b></i>, Penza Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a></b></i>, Pskov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a></b></i>, Rostov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a></b></i>, Ryazan Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gatchina" title="Gatchina">Gatchina</a></b></i>, Leningrad Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a></b></i>, Samara Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a></b></i>, Saratov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a></b></i>, Smolensk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tambov" title="Tambov">Tambov</a></b></i>, Tambov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a></b></i>, Tula Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a></b></i>, Tver Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk" title="Ulyanovsk">Ulyanovsk</a></b></i>, Ulyanovsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Veliky Novgorod</a></b></i>, Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a></b></i>, Vladimir Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a></b></i>, Volgograd Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vologda" title="Vologda">Vologda</a></b></i>, Vologda Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a></b></i>, Voronezh Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a></b></i>, Yaroslavl Oblast</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">Federal cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Aarau" title="Aarau">Aarau</a></b></i>, Aargau</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Altdorf,_Uri" title="Altdorf, Uri">Altdorf</a></b></i>, Uri</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_(village)" title="Appenzell (village)">Appenzell</a></b></i>, Appenzell Innerrhoden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a></b></i>, Basel-Stadt</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bellinzona" title="Bellinzona">Bellinzona</a></b></i>, Ticino</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur</a></b></i>, Grisons</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Del%C3%A9mont" title="Delémont">Delémont</a></b></i>, Jura</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Frauenfeld" title="Frauenfeld">Frauenfeld</a></b></i>, Thurgau</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a></b></i>, Canton of Fribourg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a></b></i>, Canton of Geneva</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Herisau" title="Herisau">Herisau</a></b></i>, Appenzell Ausserrhoden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a></b></i>, Vaud</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Liestal" title="Liestal">Liestal</a></b></i>, Basel-Landschaft</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a></b></i>, Canton of Lucerne</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></b></i>, Canton of Neuchâtel</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sarnen" title="Sarnen">Sarnen</a></b></i>, Obwalden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a></b></i>, Canton of Schaffhausen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz</a></b></i>, Canton of Schwyz</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sion,_Switzerland" title="Sion, Switzerland">Sion</a></b></i>, Valais</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a></b></i>, Canton of Solothurn</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stans" title="Stans">Stans</a></b></i>, Nidwalden</li> <li><i><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">St. Gallen</a></b></i>, Canton of St. Gallen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Glarus" title="Glarus">Glarus</a></b></i>, Canton of Glarus</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zug" title="Zug">Zug</a></b></i>, Canton of Zug</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a></b></i>, Canton of Zürich</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous<br />entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions79" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy#Autonomous_regions_with_special_statute" title="Regions of Italy">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a></b></i>, Sardinia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a></b></i>, Sicily</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a></b></i>, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">Aosta</a></b></i>, Aosta Valley</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></b></i>, Friuli Venezia Giulia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions53" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous regions of Portugal">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ponta_Delgada" title="Ponta Delgada">Ponta Delgada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angra_do_Hero%C3%ADsmo" title="Angra do Heroísmo">Angra do Heroísmo</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Horta,_Azores" title="Horta, Azores">Horta</a></b></i>, Azores</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Funchal" title="Funchal">Funchal</a></b></i>, Madeira</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a></b></i>, Catalonia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas" title="Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a></b></i> & <i><b><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a></b></i>, Canary Islands</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Logro%C3%B1o" title="Logroño">Logroño</a></b></i>, La Rioja</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></b></i>, Community of Madrid</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a></b></i>, Extremadura</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a></b></i>, Region of Murcia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Oviedo" title="Oviedo">Oviedo</a></b></i>, Asturias</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a></b></i>, Balearic Islands</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a></b></i>, Navarre</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Santander,_Spain" title="Santander, Spain">Santander</a></b></i>, Cantabria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a></b></i>, Galicia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a></b></i>, Andalusia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a></b></i>, Castilla–La Mancha (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a></b></i>, Valencian Community</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a></b></i>, Castile and León (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz">Vitoria-Gasteiz</a></b></i>, Basque Country (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a></b></i>, Aragon</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ajaccio" title="Ajaccio">Ajaccio</a></b></i>, Corsica Collectivité (France)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a></b></i>, Adjara (Georgia)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Comrat" title="Comrat">Comrat</a></b></i>, Gagauzia (Moldova)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Karyes,_Mount_Athos" title="Karyes, Mount Athos">Karyes</a></b></i>, Mount Athos (Greece)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a></b></i>, Åland Islands (Finland)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a></b></i>, Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a></b></i>, Vojvodina (Serbia)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></b></i>, Crimea (Ukraine)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>1</sup></span> Also the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>2</sup></span> Continental placement may vary <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents_of_Earth#Asia_and_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundaries between the continents of Earth">depending on geographic convention</a> being followed</li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>3</sup></span> Also the seat of the European Union, see <a href="/wiki/Institutional_seats_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutional seats of the European Union">Institutional seats of the European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brussels_and_the_European_Union" title="Brussels and the European Union">Brussels and the European Union</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>4</sup></span> A city-state</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_in_Switzerland_by_population86" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_in_Switzerland" title="Template:Cities in Switzerland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_in_Switzerland" title="Template talk:Cities in Switzerland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_in_Switzerland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities in Switzerland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_in_Switzerland_by_population86" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">Cities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> by population</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">300,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Switzerland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Switzerland"><img alt="Flag of Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/50px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/75px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/100px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterthur" title="Winterthur">Winterthur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">30,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biel/Bienne" title="Biel/Bienne">Bienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6niz" title="Köniz">Köniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Chaux-de-Fonds" title="La Chaux-de-Fonds">La Chaux-de-Fonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugano" title="Lugano">Lugano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">St. Gallen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sion,_Switzerland" title="Sion, Switzerland">Sion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thun" title="Thun">Thun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uster" title="Uster">Uster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernier,_Switzerland" title="Vernier, Switzerland">Vernier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aarau" title="Aarau">Aarau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adliswil" title="Adliswil">Adliswil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allschwil" title="Allschwil">Allschwil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baar,_Switzerland" title="Baar, Switzerland">Baar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden,_Switzerland" title="Baden, Switzerland">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellinzona" title="Bellinzona">Bellinzona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgdorf,_Switzerland" title="Burgdorf, Switzerland">Burgdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carouge" title="Carouge">Carouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietikon" title="Dietikon">Dietikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmen,_Switzerland" title="Emmen, Switzerland">Emmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frauenfeld" title="Frauenfeld">Frauenfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossau,_St._Gallen" title="Gossau, St. Gallen">Gossau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenchen" title="Grenchen">Grenchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herisau" title="Herisau">Herisau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horgen" title="Horgen">Horgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kloten" title="Kloten">Kloten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kreuzlingen" title="Kreuzlingen">Kreuzlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriens" title="Kriens">Kriens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancy" title="Lancy">Lancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littau" title="Littau">Littau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locarno" title="Locarno">Locarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyrin" title="Meyrin">Meyrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monthey" title="Monthey">Monthey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreux" title="Montreux">Montreux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muttenz" title="Muttenz">Muttenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyon" title="Nyon">Nyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olten" title="Olten">Olten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onex,_Switzerland" title="Onex, Switzerland">Onex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostermundigen" title="Ostermundigen">Ostermundigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratteln" title="Pratteln">Pratteln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapperswil-Jona" title="Rapperswil-Jona">Rapperswil-Jona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regensdorf" title="Regensdorf">Regensdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renens" title="Renens">Renens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierre" title="Sierre">Sierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiez" title="Spiez">Spiez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steffisburg" title="Steffisburg">Steffisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalwil" title="Thalwil">Thalwil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vevey" title="Vevey">Vevey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volketswil" title="Volketswil">Volketswil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%A4denswil" title="Wädenswil">Wädenswil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wettingen" title="Wettingen">Wettingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetzikon" title="Wetzikon">Wetzikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wil" title="Wil">Wil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yverdon-les-Bains" title="Yverdon-les-Bains">Yverdon-les-Bains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zollikon" title="Zollikon">Zollikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zug" title="Zug">Zug</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25607#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1687" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25607#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1687" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25607#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012321910X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/127834916">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4051594-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80004388">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11950003x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11950003x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36585741">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sankt Gallen (Švýcarsko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128570&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX454270">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007557239405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/bdf2dee3-e43c-47a2-8b27-0bf29c3c91c2">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/001321">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&oldid=1280437471">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Gallen&oldid=1280437471</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_St._Gallen" title="Category:Municipalities of the canton of St. Gallen">Municipalities of the canton of St. Gallen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:St._Gallen_(city)" title="Category:St. Gallen (city)">St. Gallen (city)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Switzerland" title="Category:Cities in Switzerland">Cities in Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cantonal_capitals_of_Switzerland" title="Category:Cantonal capitals of Switzerland">Cantonal capitals of Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_established_in_the_10th_century" title="Category:Populated places established in the 10th century">Populated places established in the 10th century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Associates_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Category:Associates of the Old Swiss Confederacy">Associates of the Old Swiss Confederacy</a></li><li><a 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