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<!doctype html><html lang="en"><head><meta charset="utf-8"><title>Handling user input | Flutter</title><link rel="icon" href="/assets/images/branding/flutter/icon/64.png" eleventy:ignore><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/assets/images/branding/flutter/logo/flutter-logomark-320px.png" eleventy:ignore><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com"><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin><meta name="google-site-verification" content="HFqxhSbf9YA_0rBglNLzDiWnrHiK_w4cqDh2YD2GEY4"><script>!function(e,t,a,n){e[n]=e[n]||[],e[n].push({"gtm.start":(new Date).getTime(),event:"gtm.js"});var 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data-target="#header-sidenav-5-1" href="#header-sidenav-5-1" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-5-1">AI</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-5-1"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/resources/ai-overview">Overview</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://ai.google.dev/gemini-api/docs/get-started/dart" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Get started with the Gemini API</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://pub.dev/packages/google_generative_ai" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Google AI Dart SDK (pub.dev)</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1AuzJEiHjO4" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Build with Google AI Dart SDK (video)</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#header-sidenav-5-2" href="#header-sidenav-5-2" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-5-2">Firebase & Firestore</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-5-2"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/firebase">Overview</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://firebase.google.com/docs/flutter" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Discover Firebase for Flutter</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wUSkeTaBonA" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Get to know Firebase for Flutter</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://firebase.google.com/codelabs/firebase-auth-in-flutter-apps" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Add a user authentication flow to a Flutter app using FirebaseUI</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://firebase.google.com/codelabs/firebase-get-to-know-web" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Get to know Firebase for web</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#header-sidenav-5-3" href="#header-sidenav-5-3" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-5-3">Games</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-5-3"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/resources/games-toolkit">Overview</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/games/achievements-leaderboard">Add achievements and leaderboards</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://firebase.google.com/codelabs/build-leaderboards-with-firestore#0" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Build leaderboards with Firestore</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/plugins/google-mobile-ads">Add advertising</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/games/firestore-multiplayer">Add multiplayer support</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://codelabs.developers.google.com/codelabs/flutter-in-app-purchases" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Add in-app purchases</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://firebase.google.com/codelabs/firebase-auth-in-flutter-apps" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Add user authentication</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://firebase.google.com/docs/crashlytics/get-started?platform=flutter" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Debug using Crashlytics</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://codelabs.developers.google.com/codelabs/flutter-flame-brick-breaker" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Intro to Flame with Flutter</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#header-sidenav-5-4" href="#header-sidenav-5-4" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-5-4">Monetization</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-5-4"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#header-sidenav-5-4-1" href="#header-sidenav-5-4-1" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-5-4-1">Advertising</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-5-4-1"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/resources/ads-overview">Ads overview</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/plugins/google-mobile-ads">Add advertising</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://codelabs.developers.google.com/codelabs/admob-ads-in-flutter" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Add AdMob ads to your Flutter app</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://codelabs.developers.google.com/codelabs/admob-inline-ads-in-flutter" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Add an AdMob banner and native inline ads</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://developers.google.com/admob/flutter/mediation" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Google AdMob mediation</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://pub.dev/packages/interactive_media_ads" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Interactive Media Ads SDK</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#header-sidenav-5-4-2" href="#header-sidenav-5-4-2" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-5-4-2">In-app purchases</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-5-4-2"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/resources/in-app-purchases-overview">In-app purchases overview</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://codelabs.developers.google.com/codelabs/flutter-in-app-purchases" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Add in-app purchases</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#header-sidenav-5-4-3" href="#header-sidenav-5-4-3" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-5-4-3">Payments</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-5-4-3"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/resources/payments-overview">Payments overview</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://pub.dev/packages/pay" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Google pay package</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#header-sidenav-5-5" href="#header-sidenav-5-5" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-5-5">Maps</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-5-5"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://codelabs.developers.google.com/codelabs/google-maps-in-flutter" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Add Google maps to a Flutter app</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://developers.google.com/maps/flutter-package" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Google Maps package</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#header-sidenav-5-6" href="#header-sidenav-5-6" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-5-6">News</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-5-6"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/resources/news-toolkit">Build a news app</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li aria-hidden="true"><div class="sidebar-primary-divider"></div></li><li class="nav-header">User interface</li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui">Introduction</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/widgets">Widget catalog</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#header-sidenav-10" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-10">Layout</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-10"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/layout">Introduction</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/layout/tutorial">Build a layout</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#header-sidenav-10-3" href="/ui/layout/lists" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-10-3">Lists & grids</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-10-3"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/lists/basic-list">Create and use lists</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/lists/horizontal-list">Create a horizontal list</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/lists/grid-lists">Create a grid view</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/lists/mixed-list">Create lists with different types of items</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/lists/spaced-items">Create lists with spaced items</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/lists/long-lists">Work with long lists</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#header-sidenav-10-4" href="/ui/layout/scrolling" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-10-4">Scrolling</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-10-4"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/layout/scrolling">Overview</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/layout/scrolling/slivers">Use slivers to achieve fancy scrolling</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/lists/floating-app-bar">Place a floating app bar above a list</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/effects/parallax-scrolling">Create a scrolling parallax effect</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#header-sidenav-11" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-11">Adaptive & responsive design</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-11"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/adaptive-responsive">Overview</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/adaptive-responsive/general">General approach</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/adaptive-responsive/safearea-mediaquery">SafeArea & MediaQuery</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/adaptive-responsive/large-screens">Large screens & foldables</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/adaptive-responsive/input">User input & accessibility</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/adaptive-responsive/capabilities">Capabilities & policies</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/adaptive-responsive/best-practices">Best practices</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/adaptive-responsive/more-info">Additional resources</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#header-sidenav-12" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-12">Design & theming</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-12"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/design/themes">Share styles with themes</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/design/material">Material design</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/release/breaking-changes/material-3-migration">Migrate to Material 3</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#header-sidenav-12-4" href="/ui/design/text" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-12-4">Text</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-12-4"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/design/text/typography">Fonts & typography</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/design/fonts">Use a custom font</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/design/package-fonts">Export fonts from a package</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://pub.dev/packages/google_fonts" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Google Fonts package</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#header-sidenav-12-5" href="/ui/design/graphics" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-12-5">Custom graphics</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-12-5"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/design/graphics/fragment-shaders">Use custom fragment shaders</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#header-sidenav-13" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-13">Interactivity</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-13"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/interactivity">Add interactivity to your app</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#header-sidenav-13-2" href="/ui/interactivity/gestures" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-13-2">Gestures</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-13-2"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/interactivity/gestures">Introduction</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/gestures/handling-taps">Handle taps</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/interactivity/gestures/drag-outside">Drag an object outside an app</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/effects/drag-a-widget">Drag a UI element within an app</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/gestures/ripples">Add Material touch ripples</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/gestures/dismissible">Implement swipe to dismiss</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#header-sidenav-13-3" href="/ui/interactivity/input" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-13-3">Input & forms</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-13-3"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/forms/text-input">Create and style a text field</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/forms/retrieve-input">Retrieve the value of a text field</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/forms/text-field-changes">Handle changes to a text field</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/forms/focus">Manage focus in text fields</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/forms/validation">Build a form with validation</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/design/snackbars">Display a snackbar</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/interactivity/actions-and-shortcuts">Implement actions & shortcuts</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/interactivity/focus">Manage keyboard focus</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#header-sidenav-14" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-14">Assets & media</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-14"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/assets/assets-and-images">Add assets and images</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/images/network-image">Display images from the internet</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/images/fading-in-images">Fade in images with a placeholder</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/plugins/play-video">Play and pause a video</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/assets/asset-transformation">Transform assets at build time</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#header-sidenav-15" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-15">Navigation & routing</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-15"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/navigation">Overview</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/design/tabs">Add tabs to your app</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/navigation/navigation-basics">Navigate to a new screen and back</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/navigation/passing-data">Send data to a new screen</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/navigation/returning-data">Return data from a screen</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/design/drawer">Add a drawer to a screen</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/navigation/deep-linking">Set up deep linking</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/navigation/set-up-app-links">Set up app links for Android</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/navigation/set-up-universal-links">Set up universal links for iOS</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/navigation/url-strategies">Configure web URL strategies</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#header-sidenav-16" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-16">Animations & transitions</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-16"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/animations">Introduction</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/animations/tutorial">Tutorial</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/animations/implicit-animations">Implicit animations</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/animation/animated-container">Animate the properties of a container</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/animation/opacity-animation">Fade a widget in and out</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/animations/hero-animations">Hero animations</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/animation/page-route-animation">Animate a page route transition</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/animation/physics-simulation">Animate using a physics simulation</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/animations/staggered-animations">Staggered animations</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/effects/staggered-menu-animation">Create a staggered menu animation</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/animations/overview">API overview</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#header-sidenav-17" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-17">Accessibility & internationalization</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-17"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/accessibility-and-internationalization/accessibility">Accessibility</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/accessibility-and-internationalization/internationalization">Internationalization</a></li></ul></li><li aria-hidden="true"><div class="sidebar-primary-divider"></div></li><li class="nav-header">Beyond UI</li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#header-sidenav-20" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-20">Data & backend</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-20"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#header-sidenav-20-1" href="/data-and-backend/state-mgmt" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-20-1">State management</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-20-1"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/state-mgmt/intro">Introduction</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/state-mgmt/declarative">Think declaratively</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/state-mgmt/ephemeral-vs-app">Ephemeral vs app state</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/state-mgmt/simple">Simple app state management</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/state-mgmt/options">Options</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#header-sidenav-20-2" href="/data-and-backend/networking" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-20-2">Networking & http</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-20-2"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/networking">Overview</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/fetch-data">Fetch data from the internet</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/authenticated-requests">Make authenticated requests</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/send-data">Send data to the internet</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/update-data">Update data over the internet</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/delete-data">Delete data on the internet</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/web-sockets">Communicate with WebSockets</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#header-sidenav-20-3" href="/data-and-backend/serialization" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-20-3">Serialization</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-20-3"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/serialization/json">JSON serialization</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/background-parsing">Parse JSON in the background</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#header-sidenav-20-4" href="/data-and-backend/persistence" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-20-4">Persistence</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-20-4"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/persistence/key-value">Store key-value data on disk</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/persistence/reading-writing-files">Read and write files</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/persistence/sqlite">Persist data with SQLite</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#header-sidenav-20-5" href="/data-and-backend/firebase" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-20-5">Firebase</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-20-5"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/firebase">Overview</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://firebase.google.com/docs/flutter/setup" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Add Firebase to your Flutter app</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/google-apis">Google APIs</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#header-sidenav-21" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-21">App architecture</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-21"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/app-architecture">Introduction</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/app-architecture/concepts">Architecture concepts</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/app-architecture/guide">Guide to app architecture</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/app-architecture/recommendations">Recommendations</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#header-sidenav-21-5" href="/cookbook/architecture" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-21-5">Design patterns</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-21-5"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/architecture/optimistic-state">Optimistic state</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/architecture/key-value-data">Persistent storage architecture: Key-value data</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/architecture/sql">Persistent storage architecture: SQL</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/architecture/offline-first">Offline-first</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#header-sidenav-22" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-22">Platform integration</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-22"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/reference/supported-platforms">Supported platforms</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/desktop">Build desktop apps with Flutter</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/platform-channels">Write platform-specific code</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/platform-adaptations">Automatic platform adaptations</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#header-sidenav-22-5" href="/platform-integration/android" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-22-5">Android</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-22-5"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/install-android">Add Android as build target</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/splash-screen">Add a splash screen</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/predictive-back">Add predictive back</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/c-interop">Bind to native code</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/platform-views">Host a native Android view</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/compose-activity">Launch a Jetpack Compose activity</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/restore-state-android">Restore state on Android</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/chromeos">Target ChromeOS with Android</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#header-sidenav-22-6" href="/platform-integration/ios" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-22-6">iOS</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-22-6"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/install-ios">Add iOS as build target</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/ios-latest">Flutter on latest iOS</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/apple-frameworks">Leverage Apple's system libraries</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/launch-screen">Add a launch screen</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/ios-app-clip">Add iOS App Clip support</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/app-extensions">Add iOS app extensions</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/c-interop">Bind to native code</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/platform-views">Host a native iOS view</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/ios-debugging">Enable debugging on iOS</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/restore-state-ios">Restore state on iOS</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#header-sidenav-22-7" href="/platform-integration/linux" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-22-7">Linux</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-22-7"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/linux/install-linux">Add Linux as build target</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/linux/building">Build a Linux app</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#header-sidenav-22-8" href="/platform-integration/macos" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-22-8">macOS</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-22-8"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/macos/install-macos">Add macOS as build target</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/macos/building">Build a macOS app</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/macos/c-interop">Bind to native code</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/macos/platform-views">Host a native macOS view</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#header-sidenav-22-9" href="/platform-integration/web" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-22-9">Web</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-22-9"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/web/">Web support in Flutter</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/web/install-web">Add web as build target</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/web/building">Build a web app</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/web/wasm">Compile to WebAssembly</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/web/initialization">Customize app initialization</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/web/embedding-flutter-web">Add Flutter to any web app</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/web/web-content-in-flutter">Web content in Flutter</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/web/renderers">Web renderers</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/web/web-images">Display images on the web</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/web/faq">Web FAQ</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#header-sidenav-22-10" href="/platform-integration/windows" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-22-10">Windows</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-22-10"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/windows/install-windows">Add Windows as build target</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/windows/building">Build a Windows app</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#header-sidenav-23" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-23">Packages & plugins</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-23"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/packages-and-plugins/using-packages">Use packages & plugins</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/packages-and-plugins/developing-packages">Develop packages & plugins</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#header-sidenav-23-3" href="/packages-and-plugins/swift-package-manager" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-23-3">Swift Package Manager</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-23-3"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/packages-and-plugins/swift-package-manager/for-app-developers">For app developers</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/packages-and-plugins/swift-package-manager/for-plugin-authors">For plugin authors</a></li></ul></li><div class="dropdown-divider"></div><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/packages-and-plugins/favorites">Flutter Favorites</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://pub.dev/flutter" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Package repository</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#header-sidenav-24" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-24">Testing & debugging</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-24"><li class="nav-header">Testing</li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/testing/overview">Overview</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#header-sidenav-24-3" href="#header-sidenav-24-3" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-24-3">Unit testing</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-24-3"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/testing/unit/introduction">Introduction</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/testing/unit/mocking">Mock dependencies</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#header-sidenav-24-4" href="#header-sidenav-24-4" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-24-4">Widget testing</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-24-4"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/testing/widget/introduction">Introduction</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/testing/widget/finders">Find widgets</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/testing/widget/scrolling">Simulate scrolling</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/testing/widget/tap-drag">Simulate user interaction</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#header-sidenav-24-5" href="#header-sidenav-24-5" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="header-sidenav-24-5">Integration testing</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="header-sidenav-24-5"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/testing/integration/introduction">Introduction</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/testing/integration-tests">Write and run an integration test</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/testing/integration/profiling">Profile an integration test</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/testing/testing-plugins">Test a plugin</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/testing/plugins-in-tests">Handle plugin code in tests</a></li><li class="nav-header">Debugging</li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/testing/debugging">Debugging tools</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/testing/code-debugging">Debug your app programmatically</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/testing/native-debugging">Use a native language debugger</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/testing/build-modes">Flutter's build modes</a></li><li 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href="/perf/deferred-components">Deferred components</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/rendering-performance">Rendering performance</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/ui-performance">Performance profiling</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/web-performance">Performance profiling for web</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/shader">Shader compilation jank</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/metrics">Performance metrics</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/isolates">Concurrency and isolates</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/faq">Performance FAQ</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/appendix">Appendix</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#header-sidenav-26" role="button" aria-expanded="false" 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collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#fixed-sidenav-5-3" href="#fixed-sidenav-5-3" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-5-3">Games</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-5-3"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/resources/games-toolkit">Overview</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/games/achievements-leaderboard">Add achievements and leaderboards</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://firebase.google.com/codelabs/build-leaderboards-with-firestore#0" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Build leaderboards with Firestore</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/plugins/google-mobile-ads">Add advertising</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/games/firestore-multiplayer">Add multiplayer support</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://codelabs.developers.google.com/codelabs/flutter-in-app-purchases" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Add in-app purchases</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://firebase.google.com/codelabs/firebase-auth-in-flutter-apps" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Add user authentication</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://firebase.google.com/docs/crashlytics/get-started?platform=flutter" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Debug using Crashlytics</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://codelabs.developers.google.com/codelabs/flutter-flame-brick-breaker" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Intro to Flame with Flutter</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#fixed-sidenav-5-4" href="#fixed-sidenav-5-4" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-5-4">Monetization</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-5-4"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#fixed-sidenav-5-4-1" href="#fixed-sidenav-5-4-1" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-5-4-1">Advertising</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-5-4-1"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/resources/ads-overview">Ads overview</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/plugins/google-mobile-ads">Add advertising</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://codelabs.developers.google.com/codelabs/admob-ads-in-flutter" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Add AdMob ads to your Flutter app</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://codelabs.developers.google.com/codelabs/admob-inline-ads-in-flutter" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Add an AdMob banner and native inline ads</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://developers.google.com/admob/flutter/mediation" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Google AdMob mediation</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://pub.dev/packages/interactive_media_ads" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Interactive Media Ads SDK</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#fixed-sidenav-5-4-2" href="#fixed-sidenav-5-4-2" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-5-4-2">In-app purchases</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-5-4-2"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/resources/in-app-purchases-overview">In-app purchases overview</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://codelabs.developers.google.com/codelabs/flutter-in-app-purchases" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Add in-app purchases</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#fixed-sidenav-5-4-3" href="#fixed-sidenav-5-4-3" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-5-4-3">Payments</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-5-4-3"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/resources/payments-overview">Payments overview</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://pub.dev/packages/pay" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Google pay package</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#fixed-sidenav-5-5" href="#fixed-sidenav-5-5" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-5-5">Maps</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-5-5"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://codelabs.developers.google.com/codelabs/google-maps-in-flutter" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Add Google maps to a Flutter app</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://developers.google.com/maps/flutter-package" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Google Maps package</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#fixed-sidenav-5-6" href="#fixed-sidenav-5-6" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-5-6">News</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-5-6"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/resources/news-toolkit">Build a news app</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li aria-hidden="true"><div class="sidebar-primary-divider"></div></li><li class="nav-header">User interface</li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui">Introduction</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/widgets">Widget catalog</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#fixed-sidenav-10" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-10">Layout</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-10"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/layout">Introduction</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/layout/tutorial">Build a layout</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#fixed-sidenav-10-3" href="/ui/layout/lists" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-10-3">Lists & grids</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-10-3"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/lists/basic-list">Create and use lists</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/lists/horizontal-list">Create a horizontal list</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/lists/grid-lists">Create a grid view</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/lists/mixed-list">Create lists with different types of items</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/lists/spaced-items">Create lists with spaced items</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/lists/long-lists">Work with long lists</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#fixed-sidenav-10-4" href="/ui/layout/scrolling" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-10-4">Scrolling</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-10-4"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/layout/scrolling">Overview</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/layout/scrolling/slivers">Use slivers to achieve fancy scrolling</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/lists/floating-app-bar">Place a floating app bar above a list</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/effects/parallax-scrolling">Create a scrolling parallax effect</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#fixed-sidenav-11" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-11">Adaptive & responsive design</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-11"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/adaptive-responsive">Overview</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/adaptive-responsive/general">General approach</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/adaptive-responsive/safearea-mediaquery">SafeArea & MediaQuery</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/adaptive-responsive/large-screens">Large screens & foldables</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/adaptive-responsive/input">User input & accessibility</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/adaptive-responsive/capabilities">Capabilities & policies</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/adaptive-responsive/best-practices">Best practices</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/adaptive-responsive/more-info">Additional resources</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#fixed-sidenav-12" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-12">Design & theming</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-12"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/design/themes">Share styles with themes</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/design/material">Material design</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/release/breaking-changes/material-3-migration">Migrate to Material 3</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#fixed-sidenav-12-4" href="/ui/design/text" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-12-4">Text</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-12-4"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/design/text/typography">Fonts & typography</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/design/fonts">Use a custom font</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/design/package-fonts">Export fonts from a package</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://pub.dev/packages/google_fonts" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Google Fonts package</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#fixed-sidenav-12-5" href="/ui/design/graphics" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-12-5">Custom graphics</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-12-5"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/design/graphics/fragment-shaders">Use custom fragment shaders</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#fixed-sidenav-13" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-13">Interactivity</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-13"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/interactivity">Add interactivity to your app</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#fixed-sidenav-13-2" href="/ui/interactivity/gestures" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-13-2">Gestures</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-13-2"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/interactivity/gestures">Introduction</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/gestures/handling-taps">Handle taps</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/interactivity/gestures/drag-outside">Drag an object outside an app</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/effects/drag-a-widget">Drag a UI element within an app</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/gestures/ripples">Add Material touch ripples</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/gestures/dismissible">Implement swipe to dismiss</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#fixed-sidenav-13-3" href="/ui/interactivity/input" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-13-3">Input & forms</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-13-3"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/forms/text-input">Create and style a text field</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/forms/retrieve-input">Retrieve the value of a text field</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/forms/text-field-changes">Handle changes to a text field</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/forms/focus">Manage focus in text fields</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/forms/validation">Build a form with validation</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/design/snackbars">Display a snackbar</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/interactivity/actions-and-shortcuts">Implement actions & shortcuts</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/interactivity/focus">Manage keyboard focus</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#fixed-sidenav-14" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-14">Assets & media</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-14"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/assets/assets-and-images">Add assets and images</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/images/network-image">Display images from the internet</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/images/fading-in-images">Fade in images with a placeholder</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/plugins/play-video">Play and pause a video</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/assets/asset-transformation">Transform assets at build time</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#fixed-sidenav-15" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-15">Navigation & routing</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-15"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/navigation">Overview</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/design/tabs">Add tabs to your app</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/navigation/navigation-basics">Navigate to a new screen and back</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/navigation/passing-data">Send data to a new screen</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/navigation/returning-data">Return data from a screen</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/design/drawer">Add a drawer to a screen</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/navigation/deep-linking">Set up deep linking</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/navigation/set-up-app-links">Set up app links for Android</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/navigation/set-up-universal-links">Set up universal links for iOS</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/navigation/url-strategies">Configure web URL strategies</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#fixed-sidenav-16" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-16">Animations & transitions</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-16"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/animations">Introduction</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/animations/tutorial">Tutorial</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/animations/implicit-animations">Implicit animations</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/animation/animated-container">Animate the properties of a container</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/animation/opacity-animation">Fade a widget in and out</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/animations/hero-animations">Hero animations</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/animation/page-route-animation">Animate a page route transition</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/animation/physics-simulation">Animate using a physics simulation</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/animations/staggered-animations">Staggered animations</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/effects/staggered-menu-animation">Create a staggered menu animation</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/animations/overview">API overview</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#fixed-sidenav-17" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-17">Accessibility & internationalization</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-17"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/accessibility-and-internationalization/accessibility">Accessibility</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/accessibility-and-internationalization/internationalization">Internationalization</a></li></ul></li><li aria-hidden="true"><div class="sidebar-primary-divider"></div></li><li class="nav-header">Beyond UI</li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#fixed-sidenav-20" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-20">Data & backend</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-20"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#fixed-sidenav-20-1" href="/data-and-backend/state-mgmt" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-20-1">State management</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-20-1"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/state-mgmt/intro">Introduction</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/state-mgmt/declarative">Think declaratively</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/state-mgmt/ephemeral-vs-app">Ephemeral vs app state</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/state-mgmt/simple">Simple app state management</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/state-mgmt/options">Options</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#fixed-sidenav-20-2" href="/data-and-backend/networking" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-20-2">Networking & http</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-20-2"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/networking">Overview</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/fetch-data">Fetch data from the internet</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/authenticated-requests">Make authenticated requests</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/send-data">Send data to the internet</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/update-data">Update data over the internet</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/delete-data">Delete data on the internet</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/web-sockets">Communicate with WebSockets</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#fixed-sidenav-20-3" href="/data-and-backend/serialization" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-20-3">Serialization</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-20-3"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/serialization/json">JSON serialization</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/background-parsing">Parse JSON in the background</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#fixed-sidenav-20-4" href="/data-and-backend/persistence" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-20-4">Persistence</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-20-4"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/persistence/key-value">Store key-value data on disk</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/persistence/reading-writing-files">Read and write files</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/persistence/sqlite">Persist data with SQLite</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#fixed-sidenav-20-5" href="/data-and-backend/firebase" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-20-5">Firebase</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-20-5"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/firebase">Overview</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://firebase.google.com/docs/flutter/setup" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Add Firebase to your Flutter app</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/google-apis">Google APIs</a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#fixed-sidenav-21" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-21">App architecture</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-21"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/app-architecture">Introduction</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/app-architecture/concepts">Architecture concepts</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/app-architecture/guide">Guide to app architecture</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/app-architecture/recommendations">Recommendations</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#fixed-sidenav-21-5" href="/cookbook/architecture" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-21-5">Design patterns</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-21-5"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/architecture/optimistic-state">Optimistic state</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/architecture/key-value-data">Persistent storage architecture: Key-value data</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/architecture/sql">Persistent storage architecture: SQL</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/architecture/offline-first">Offline-first</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" href="#fixed-sidenav-22" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="fixed-sidenav-22">Platform integration</a><ul class="nav flex-column flex-nowrap collapse" id="fixed-sidenav-22"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/reference/supported-platforms">Supported platforms</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/desktop">Build desktop apps with Flutter</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/platform-channels">Write platform-specific code</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/platform-adaptations">Automatic platform adaptations</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" 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col-xl-8 offset-xl-2 col-xxl-8 offset-xxl-2"><div id="site-toc--side" class="site-toc fixed-col col-xl-2 order-3" data-fixed-column><header class="site-toc__title">Contents</header><ul class="section-nav"><li class="toc-entry nav-item toc-h2"><a class="nav-link" href="#introduction-to-handling-user-input">Introduction to handling user input</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item toc-h2"><a class="nav-link" href="#buttons">Buttons</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item toc-h2"><a class="nav-link" href="#text">Text</a><ul class="nav"><li class="toc-entry nav-item toc-h3"><a class="nav-link" href="#selectabletext">SelectableText</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item toc-h3"><a class="nav-link" href="#richtext">RichText</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item toc-h3"><a class="nav-link" href="#textfield">TextField</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item toc-h3"><a class="nav-link" href="#form">Form</a></li></ul></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item toc-h2"><a class="nav-link" href="#select-a-value-from-a-group-of-options">Select a value from a group of options</a><ul class="nav"><li class="toc-entry nav-item toc-h3"><a class="nav-link" href="#segmentedbutton">SegmentedButton</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item toc-h3"><a class="nav-link" href="#chip">Chip</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item toc-h3"><a class="nav-link" href="#dropdownmenu">DropdownMenu</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item toc-h3"><a class="nav-link" href="#slider">Slider</a></li></ul></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item toc-h2"><a class="nav-link" href="#toggle-between-values">Toggle between values</a><ul class="nav"><li class="toc-entry nav-item toc-h3"><a class="nav-link" href="#checkbox-switch-and-radio">Checkbox, Switch, and Radio</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item toc-h3"><a class="nav-link" href="#checkbox">Checkbox</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item toc-h3"><a class="nav-link" href="#switch">Switch</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item toc-h3"><a class="nav-link" href="#radio">Radio</a></li></ul></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item toc-h2"><a class="nav-link" href="#select-a-date-or-time">Select a date or time</a><ul class="nav"><li class="toc-entry nav-item toc-h3"><a class="nav-link" href="#datepickerdialog">DatePickerDialog</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item toc-h3"><a class="nav-link" href="#timepickerdialog">TimePickerDialog</a></li></ul></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item toc-h2"><a class="nav-link" href="#swipe-slide">Swipe & slide</a><ul class="nav"><li class="toc-entry nav-item toc-h3"><a class="nav-link" href="#dismissible">Dismissible</a></li></ul></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item toc-h2"><a class="nav-link" href="#looking-for-more-widgets">Looking for more widgets?</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item toc-h2"><a class="nav-link" href="#build-interactive-widgets-with-gesturedetector">Build interactive widgets with GestureDetector</a><ul class="nav"><li class="toc-entry nav-item toc-h3"><a class="nav-link" href="#dont-forget-about-accessibility">Don't forget about accessibility!</a></li></ul></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item toc-h2"><a class="nav-link" href="#testing">Testing</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item toc-h2"><a class="nav-link" href="#next-networking">Next: Networking</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item toc-h2"><a class="nav-link" href="#feedback">Feedback</a></li></ul></div><div class="container"><nav class="site-nextprev-nav"><ul><li class="prev"><a href="/get-started/fundamentals/state-management">State management</a></li><li class="next"><a href="/get-started/fundamentals/networking">Networking and data</a></li></ul></nav><header class="site-content__title" id="site-content-title"><h1>Handling user input</h1><nav class="breadcrumbs" aria-label="breadcrumb"><ol class="breadcrumb-list" vocab="https://schema.org/" typeof="BreadcrumbList"><li class="breadcrumb-item" property="itemListElement" typeof="ListItem"><a href="/get-started" property="item" typeof="WebPage">Get started</a><meta property="position" content="0">chevron_right</li><li class="breadcrumb-item" property="itemListElement" typeof="ListItem"><a href="/get-started/fundamentals" property="item" typeof="WebPage">Fundamentals</a><meta property="position" content="1">chevron_right</li><li class="breadcrumb-item active" property="itemListElement" typeof="ListItem" aria-current="page"><a href="/get-started/fundamentals/user-input" property="item" typeof="WebPage">Handling user input</a><meta property="position" content="2"></li></ol></nav></header><div id="site-toc--inline" class="site-toc toc-collapsible toc-collapsed"><header class="site-toc__title">Contents keyboard_arrow_down keyboard_arrow_up</header><ul class="section-nav"><li class="toc-entry toc-h2"><a href="#introduction-to-handling-user-input">Introduction to handling user input</a></li><li class="toc-entry toc-h2"><a href="#buttons">Buttons</a></li><li class="toc-entry toc-h2"><a href="#text">Text</a><ul><li class="toc-entry toc-h3"><a href="#selectabletext">SelectableText</a></li><li class="toc-entry toc-h3"><a href="#richtext">RichText</a></li><li class="toc-entry toc-h3"><a href="#textfield">TextField</a></li><li class="toc-entry toc-h3"><a href="#form">Form</a></li></ul></li><li class="toc-entry toc-h2"><a href="#select-a-value-from-a-group-of-options">Select a value from a group of options</a><ul><li class="toc-entry toc-h3"><a href="#segmentedbutton">SegmentedButton</a></li><li class="toc-entry toc-h3"><a href="#chip">Chip</a></li><li class="toc-entry toc-h3"><a href="#dropdownmenu">DropdownMenu</a></li><li class="toc-entry toc-h3"><a href="#slider">Slider</a></li></ul></li><li class="toc-entry toc-h2"><a href="#toggle-between-values">Toggle between values</a><ul><li class="toc-entry toc-h3"><a href="#checkbox-switch-and-radio">Checkbox, Switch, and Radio</a></li><li class="toc-entry toc-h3"><a href="#checkbox">Checkbox</a></li><li class="toc-entry toc-h3"><a href="#switch">Switch</a></li><li class="toc-entry toc-h3"><a href="#radio">Radio</a></li></ul></li><li class="toc-entry toc-h2"><a href="#select-a-date-or-time">Select a date or time</a><ul><li class="toc-entry toc-h3"><a href="#datepickerdialog">DatePickerDialog</a></li><li class="toc-entry toc-h3"><a href="#timepickerdialog">TimePickerDialog</a></li></ul></li><li class="toc-entry toc-h2"><a href="#swipe-slide">Swipe & slide</a><ul><li class="toc-entry toc-h3"><a href="#dismissible">Dismissible</a></li></ul></li><li class="toc-entry toc-h2"><a href="#looking-for-more-widgets">Looking for more widgets?</a></li><li class="toc-entry toc-h2"><a href="#build-interactive-widgets-with-gesturedetector">Build interactive widgets with GestureDetector</a><ul><li class="toc-entry toc-h3"><a href="#dont-forget-about-accessibility">Don't forget about accessibility!</a></li></ul></li><li class="toc-entry toc-h2"><a href="#testing">Testing</a></li><li class="toc-entry toc-h2"><a href="#next-networking">Next: Networking</a></li><li class="toc-entry toc-h2"><a href="#feedback">Feedback</a></li></ul>more_horiz</div>Now that you know how to manage state in your Flutter app, how can you let users interact with your app and change its state?<div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="introduction-to-handling-user-input">Introduction to handling user input</h2><a class="heading-link" href="#introduction-to-handling-user-input" aria-label="Link to 'Introduction to handling user input' section">#</a></div>As a multi-platform UI framework, there are many different ways for users to interact with a Flutter app. The resources in this section introduce you to some of the common widgets used for enabling user interaction within your app.Some user input mechanisms, like <a href="/get-started/fundamentals/layout#scrolling-widgets">scrolling</a>, have already been covered in <a href="/get-started/fundamentals/layout">Layouts</a>.<aside class="alert alert-secondary"><div class="alert-header">About design system support</div><div class="alert-content">Flutter ships with prebuilt components for two design systems as part of the SDK, <a href="/ui/widgets/material">Material</a> and <a href="/ui/widgets/cupertino">Cupertino</a>. For educational purposes, this page focuses on Material widgets, components that are stylized according to the <a href="https://m3.material.io/">Material 3 design language</a> specifications.The Flutter community on <a href="https://pub.dev">pub.dev</a>, the package repository for Dart and Flutter, create and support additional design languages such as <a href="https://pub.dev/packages/fluent_ui">Fluent UI</a>, <a href="https://pub.dev/packages/macos_ui">macOS UI</a>, and more. If the existing design system components don't quite fit what you need, Flutter lets you build your own custom widgets, which is covered at the end of this section. No matter which design system you choose, the principals on this page apply.</div></aside><blockquote>menu_book Reference: The <a href="/ui/widgets#design-systems">widget catalog</a> has an inventory of commonly used widgets in the <a href="/ui/widgets/material">Material</a> and <a href="/ui/widgets/cupertino">Cupertino</a> libraries.</blockquote>Next, we'll cover a few of the Material widgets that support common use cases for handling user input in your Flutter app.<div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="buttons">Buttons</h2><a class="heading-link" href="#buttons" aria-label="Link to 'Buttons' section">#</a></div><img src="/assets/images/docs/fwe/user-input/material-buttons.png" alt="A collection of Material 3 Buttons.">Buttons allow a user to initiate an action in the UI by clicking or tapping. The Material library provides a variety of button types that are functionally similar, but styled differently for various use cases, including:<ul><li><code>ElevatedButton</code>: A button with some depth. Use elevated buttons to add dimension to otherwise mostly flat layouts.</li><li><code>FilledButton</code>: A filled button that should be used for important, final actions that complete a flow, like Save, Join now, or Confirm.</li><li><code>Tonal Button</code>: A middle ground button between <code>FilledButton</code> and <code>OutlinedButton</code>. They're useful in contexts where a lower-priority button requires more emphasis than an outline, like Next.</li><li><code>OutlinedButton</code>: A button with text and a visible border. These buttons contain actions that are important, but aren't the primary action in an app.</li><li><code>TextButton</code>: Clickable text, without a border. Since text buttons don't have visible borders, they must rely on their position relative to other content for context.</li><li><code>IconButton</code>: A button with an icon.</li><li><code>FloatingActionButton</code>: An icon button that hovers over content to promote a primary action.</li></ul><blockquote>slideshow Video: <a href="https://youtube.com/watch/2uaoEDOgk_I?si=MQZcSp24oRaS_kiY">FloatingActionButton (Widget of the Week)</a></blockquote>There are usually 3 main aspects to constructing a button: style, callback, and its child, as seen in the following <code>ElevatedButton</code> sample code:<ul><li>A button's callback function, <code>onPressed</code>, determines what happens when the button is clicked, therefore, this function is where you update your app state. If the callback is <code>null</code>, the button is disabled and nothing happens when a user presses the button.</li><li>The button's <code>child</code>, which is displayed within the button's content area, is usually text or an icon that indicates the button's purpose.</li><li>Finally, a button's <code>style</code> controls its appearance: color, border, and so on.</li></ul><figure class=""><div class="row"><div class="col-md-7" style="padding-right:12px"><div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>int count = 0; @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return ElevatedButton( style: ElevatedButton.styleFrom( textStyle: const TextStyle(fontSize: 20), ), onPressed: () { setState(() { count += 1; }); }, child: const Text('Enabled'), ); }</code></pre></div></div></div><div class="col-md-5" style="padding-left:0"><img src="/assets/images/docs/fwe/user-input/ElevatedButton.gif" class="" alt='A GIF of an elevated button with the text "Enabled"' style=""><figcaption class="figure-caption" style="margin-top: 6px">This figure shows an ElevatedButton with the text "Enabled" being clicked.</figcaption></div></div></figure> <blockquote>star Checkpoint: Complete this tutorial that teaches you how to build a "favorite" button: <a href="/ui/interactivity">Add interactivity to your Flutter app</a></blockquote> menu_book API Docs: <a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/material/ElevatedButton-class.html"><code>ElevatedButton</code></a> • <a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/material/FilledButton-class.html"><code>FilledButton</code></a> • <a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/material/OutlinedButton-class.html"><code>OutlinedButton</code></a> • <a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/material/TextButton-class.html"><code>TextButton</code></a> • <a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/material/IconButton-class.html"><code>IconButton</code></a> • <a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/material/FloatingActionButton-class.html"><code>FloatingActionButton</code></a><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="text">Text</h2><a class="heading-link" href="#text" aria-label="Link to 'Text' section">#</a></div>Several widgets support text input.<div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="selectabletext"><code>SelectableText</code></h3><a class="heading-link" href="#selectabletext" aria-label="Link to 'SelectableText' section">#</a></div>Flutter's <code>Text</code> widget displays text on the screen, but doesn't allow users to highlight or copy the text. <code>SelectableText</code> displays a string of user-selectable text.<figure class=""><div class="row"><div class="col-md-7" style="padding-right:12px"><div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>@override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return const SelectableText(''' Two households, both alike in dignity, In fair Verona, where we lay our scene, From ancient grudge break to new mutiny, Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean. From forth the fatal loins of these two foes'''); }</code></pre></div></div></div><div class="col-md-5" style="padding-left:0"><img src="/assets/images/docs/fwe/user-input/SelectableText.gif" class="" alt="A GIF of a cursor highlighting two lines of text from a paragraph." style=""><figcaption class="figure-caption" style="margin-top: 6px">This figure shows a cursor highlighting a portion of a string of text.</figcaption></div></div></figure><blockquote>slideshow Video: <a href="https://youtube.com/watch?v=ZSU3ZXOs6hc">SelectableText (Widget of the Week)</a></blockquote><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="richtext"><code>RichText</code></h3><a class="heading-link" href="#richtext" aria-label="Link to 'RichText' section">#</a></div><code>RichText</code> lets you display strings of rich text in your app. <code>TextSpan</code>, similar to <code>RichText</code>, allows you to display parts of text with different text styles. It's not for handling user input, but is useful if you're allowing users edit and format text.<figure class=""><div class="row"><div class="col-md-7" style="padding-right:12px"><div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>@override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return RichText( text: TextSpan( text: 'Hello ', style: DefaultTextStyle.of(context).style, children: const <TextSpan>[ TextSpan(text: 'bold', style: TextStyle(fontWeight: FontWeight.bold)), TextSpan(text: ' world!'), ], ), ); }</code></pre></div></div></div><div class="col-md-5" style="padding-left:0"><img src="/assets/images/docs/fwe/user-input/RichText.png" class="" alt='A screenshot of the text "Hello bold world!" with the word "bold" in bold font.' style=""><figcaption class="figure-caption" style="margin-top: 6px">This figure shows a string of text formatted with different text styles.</figcaption></div></div></figure><blockquote>slideshow Video: <a href="https://youtube.com/watch?v=rykDVh-QFfw">Rich Text (Widget of the Week)</a></blockquote><blockquote>flutter Demo: <a href="https://flutter.github.io/samples/rich_text_editor.html">Rich Text Editor</a></blockquote><blockquote>code Code: <a href="https://github.com/flutter/samples/tree/main/simplistic_editor">Rich Text Editor code</a></blockquote><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="textfield"><code>TextField</code></h3><a class="heading-link" href="#textfield" aria-label="Link to 'TextField' section">#</a></div>A <code>TextField</code> lets users enter text in text box using a hardware or onscreen keyboard.<code>TextField</code>s have many different properties and configurations. A few of the highlights:<ul><li><code>InputDecoration</code> determines the text field's appearance, such as color and border.</li><li><code>controller</code>: A <code>TextEditingController</code> controls the text being edited. Why might you need a controller? By default, your app's users can type into the text field, but if you want to programmatically control the <code>TextField</code> and clear its value, for example, you'll need a <code>TextEditingController</code>.</li><li><code>onChanged</code>: This callback function triggers when the user changes the text field's value, such as when inserting or removing text.</li><li><code>onSubmitted</code>: This callback is triggered when the user indicates that they are done editing the text in the field; for example, by tapping the "enter" key when the text field is in focus.</li></ul>The class supports other configurable properties, such as <code>obscureText</code> that turns each letter into a <code>readOnly</code> circle as its entered and <code>readOnly</code> which prevents the user from changing the text.<figure class=""><div class="row"><div class="col-md-7" style="padding-right:12px"><div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>final TextEditingController _controller = TextEditingController(); @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return TextField( controller: _controller, decoration: const InputDecoration( border: OutlineInputBorder(), labelText: 'Mascot Name', ), ); }</code></pre></div></div></div><div class="col-md-5" style="padding-left:0"><img src="/assets/images/docs/fwe/user-input/TextField.gif" class="" alt='A GIF of a text field with the label "Mascot Name", purple focus border and the phrase "Dash the hummingbird" being typed in.' style=""><figcaption class="figure-caption" style="margin-top: 6px">This figure shows text being typed into a TextField with a selected border and label.</figcaption></div></div></figure><blockquote>star Checkpoint: Complete this 4-part cookbook series that walks you through how to create a text field, retrieve its value, and update your app state:<ol><li><a href="/cookbook/forms/text-input">Create and style a text field</a></li><li><a href="/cookbook/forms/retrieve-input">Retrieve the value of a text field</a></li><li><a href="/cookbook/forms/text-field-changes">Handle changes to a text field</a></li><li><a href="/cookbook/forms/focus">Focus and text fields</a>.</li></ol></blockquote><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="form">Form</h3><a class="heading-link" href="#form" aria-label="Link to 'Form' section">#</a></div><code>Form</code> is an optional container for grouping together multiple form field widgets, such as <code>TextField</code>.Each individual form field should be wrapped in a <code>FormField</code> widget with the <code>Form</code> widget as a common ancestor. Convenience widgets exist that pre-wrap form field widgets in a <code>FormField</code> for you. For example, the <code>Form</code> widget version of <code>TextField</code> is <code>TextFormField</code>.Using a <code>Form</code> provides access to a <code>FormState</code>, which lets you save, reset, and validate each <code>FormField</code> that descends from this <code>Form</code>. You can also provide a <code>GlobalKey</code> to identify a specific form, as shown in the following code:<div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>final GlobalKey<FormState> _formKey = GlobalKey<FormState>(); @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return Form( key: _formKey, child: Column( crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.start, children: <Widget>[ TextFormField( decoration: const InputDecoration( hintText: 'Enter your email', ), validator: (String? value) { if (value == null || value.isEmpty) { return 'Please enter some text'; } return null; }, ), Padding( padding: const EdgeInsets.symmetric(vertical: 16.0), child: ElevatedButton( onPressed: () { // Validate returns true if the form is valid, or false otherwise. if (_formKey.currentState!.validate()) { // Process data. } }, child: const Text('Submit'), ), ), ], ), ); }</code></pre></div></div><blockquote>star Checkpoint: Complete this tutorial to learn how to <a href="/cookbook/forms/validation">build a form with validation</a>.</blockquote><blockquote>flutter Demo: <a href="https://flutter.github.io/samples/web/form_app/">Form app</a></blockquote><blockquote>code Code: <a href="https://github.com/flutter/samples/tree/main/form_app">Form app code</a></blockquote> menu_book API Docs: <a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/material/TextField-class.html"><code>TextField</code></a> • <a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/widgets/RichText-class.html"><code>RichText</code></a> • <a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/material/SelectableText-class.html"><code>SelectableText</code></a> • <a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/widgets/Form-class.html"><code>Form</code></a><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="select-a-value-from-a-group-of-options">Select a value from a group of options</h2><a class="heading-link" href="#select-a-value-from-a-group-of-options" aria-label="Link to 'Select a value from a group of options' section">#</a></div>Provide a way to users to select from several options.<div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="segmentedbutton">SegmentedButton</h3><a class="heading-link" href="#segmentedbutton" aria-label="Link to 'SegmentedButton' section">#</a></div><code>SegmentedButton</code> allows users to select from a minimal group of 2-5 items.The data type, <code><T></code>, can be a built-in type such as <code>int</code>, <code>String</code>, <code>bool</code> or an enum. A <code>SegmentedButton</code> has a few relevant properties:<ul><li><code>segments</code>, a list of <code>ButtonSegment</code>s, where each represents a "segment" or option that the user can select. Visually, each <code>ButtonSegment</code> can have an icon, text label, or both.</li><li><code>multiSelectionEnabled</code> indicates whether the user is allowed to select multiple options. This property defaults to false.</li><li><code>selected</code> identifies the currently selected value(s). Note: <code>selected</code> is of type of <code>Set<T></code>, so if you're only allowing users to select one value, that value must be provided as a<code>Set</code> with a single element.</li><li>The <code>onSelectionChanged</code> callback triggers when a user selects any segments. It provides a list of the selected segments so you can update your app state.</li><li>Additional styling parameters allow you to modify the button's appearance. For example, <code>style</code> takes a <code>ButtonStyle</code>, providing a way to configure a <code>selectedIcon</code>.</li></ul><figure class=""><div class="row"><div class="col-md-7" style="padding-right:12px"><div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>enum Calendar { day, week, month, year } // StatefulWidget... Calendar calendarView = Calendar.day; @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return SegmentedButton<Calendar>( segments: const <ButtonSegment<Calendar>>[ ButtonSegment<Calendar>( value: Calendar.day, label: Text('Day'), icon: Icon(Icons.calendar_view_day)), ButtonSegment<Calendar>( value: Calendar.week, label: Text('Week'), icon: Icon(Icons.calendar_view_week)), ButtonSegment<Calendar>( value: Calendar.month, label: Text('Month'), icon: Icon(Icons.calendar_view_month)), ButtonSegment<Calendar>( value: Calendar.year, label: Text('Year'), icon: Icon(Icons.calendar_today)), ], selected: <Calendar>{calendarView}, onSelectionChanged: (Set<Calendar> newSelection) { setState(() { Suggested change // By default there is only a single segment that can be // selected at one time, so its value is always the first // By default, only a single segment can be // selected at one time, so its value is always the first calendarView = newSelection.first; }); }, ); }</code></pre></div></div></div><div class="col-md-5" style="padding-left:0"><img src="/assets/images/docs/fwe/user-input/segmented-button.gif" class="" alt="A GIF of a SegmentedButton with 4 segments: Day, Week, Month, and Year. Each has a calendar icon to represent its value and a text label. Day is first selected, then week and month, then year." style=""><figcaption class="figure-caption" style="margin-top: 6px">This figure shows a SegmentedButton, each segment with an icon and text representing its value.</figcaption></div></div></figure><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="chip">Chip</h3><a class="heading-link" href="#chip" aria-label="Link to 'Chip' section">#</a></div><code>Chip</code> is a compact way of representing an attribute, text, entity, or action for a specific context. Specialized <code>Chip</code> widgets exist for specific use cases:<ul><li><a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/material/InputChip-class.html">InputChip</a> represents a complex piece of information, such as an entity (person, place, or thing), or conversational text, in a compact form.</li><li><a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/material/ChoiceChip-class.html">ChoiceChip</a> allows a single selection from a set of options. Choice chips contain related descriptive text or categories.</li><li><a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/material/FilterChip-class.html">FilterChip</a> uses tags or descriptive words to filter content.</li><li><a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/material/ActionChip-class.html">ActionChip</a> represents an action related to primary content.</li></ul>Every <code>Chip</code> widget requires a <code>label</code>. It can optionally have an <code>avatar</code> (such as an icon or a user's profile picture) and an <code>onDeleted</code> callback, which shows a delete icon that when triggered, deletes the chip. A <code>Chip</code> widget's appearance can also be customized by setting a number of optional parameters such as <code>shape</code>, <code>color</code>, and <code>iconTheme</code>.You will typically use <code>Wrap</code>, a widget that displays its children in multiple horizontal or vertical runs, to make sure your chips wrap and don't get cut off at the edge of your app.<figure class=""><div class="row"><div class="col-md-7" style="padding-right:12px"><div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>@override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return const SizedBox( width: 500, child: Wrap( alignment: WrapAlignment.center, spacing: 8, runSpacing: 4, children: [ Chip( avatar: CircleAvatar( backgroundImage: AssetImage('assets/images/dash_chef.png')), label: Text('Chef Dash'), ), Chip( avatar: CircleAvatar( backgroundImage: AssetImage('assets/images/dash_firefighter.png')), label: Text('Firefighter Dash'), ), Chip( avatar: CircleAvatar( backgroundImage: AssetImage('assets/images/dash_musician.png')), label: Text('Musician Dash'), ), Chip( avatar: CircleAvatar( backgroundImage: AssetImage('assets/images/dash_artist.png')), label: Text('Artist Dash'), ), ], ), ); }</code></pre></div></div></div><div class="col-md-5" style="padding-left:0"><img src="/assets/images/docs/fwe/user-input/chip.png" class="" alt="A screenshot of 4 Chips split over two rows with a leading circular profile image with content text." style=""><figcaption class="figure-caption" style="margin-top: 6px">This figure shows two rows of Chip widgets, each containing a circular leading profile image and content text.</figcaption></div></div></figure><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="dropdownmenu"><code>DropdownMenu</code></h3><a class="heading-link" href="#dropdownmenu" aria-label="Link to 'DropdownMenu' section">#</a></div>A <code>DropdownMenu</code> allows users to select a choice from a menu of options and places the selected text into a <code>TextField</code>. It also allows users to filter the menu items based on the text input.Configuration parameters include the following:<ul><li><code>dropdownMenuEntries</code> provides a list of <code>DropdownMenuEntry</code>s that describes each menu item. The menu might contain information such as a text label, and a leading or trailing icon. (This is also the only required parameter.)</li><li><code>TextEditingController</code> allows programmatically controlling the <code>TextField</code>.</li><li>The <code>onSelected</code> callback triggers when the user selects an option.</li><li><code>initialSelection</code> allows you to configure the default value.</li><li>Additional parameters are also available for customizing the widget's look and behavior.</li></ul><figure class=""><div class="row"><div class="col-md-7" style="padding-right:12px"><div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>enum ColorLabel { blue('Blue', Colors.blue), pink('Pink', Colors.pink), green('Green', Colors.green), yellow('Orange', Colors.orange), grey('Grey', Colors.grey); const ColorLabel(this.label, this.color); final String label; final Color color; } // StatefulWidget... @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return DropdownMenu<ColorLabel>( initialSelection: ColorLabel.green, controller: colorController, // requestFocusOnTap is enabled/disabled by platforms when it is null. // On mobile platforms, this is false by default. Setting this to true will // trigger focus request on the text field and virtual keyboard will appear // afterward. On desktop platforms however, this defaults to true. requestFocusOnTap: true, label: const Text('Color'), onSelected: (ColorLabel? color) { setState(() { selectedColor = color; }); }, dropdownMenuEntries: ColorLabel.values .map<DropdownMenuEntry<ColorLabel>>( (ColorLabel color) { return DropdownMenuEntry<ColorLabel>( value: color, label: color.label, enabled: color.label != 'Grey', style: MenuItemButton.styleFrom( foregroundColor: color.color, ), ); }).toList(), ); }</code></pre></div></div></div><div class="col-md-5" style="padding-left:0"><img src="/assets/images/docs/fwe/user-input/dropdownmenu.gif" class="" alt="A GIF the DropdownMenu widget that is selected, it displays 5 options: Blue, Pink, Green, Orange, and Grey. The option text is displayed in the color of its value." style=""><figcaption class="figure-caption" style="margin-top: 6px">This figure shows a DropdownMenu widget with 5 value options. Each option's text color is styled to represent the color value.</figcaption></div></div></figure><blockquote>slideshow Video: <a href="https://youtube.com/watch?v=giV9AbM2gd8?si=E23hjg72cjMTe_mz">DropdownMenu (Widget of the Week)</a></blockquote><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="slider">Slider</h3><a class="heading-link" href="#slider" aria-label="Link to 'Slider' section">#</a></div>The <code>Slider</code> widget lets a user adjust a value by moving an indicator, such as a volume bar.Configuration parameters for the <code>Slider</code> widget:<ul><li><code>value</code> represents the slider's current value</li><li><code>onChanged</code> is the callback that gets triggered when the handle is moved</li><li><code>min</code> and <code>max</code> establish minimum and maximum values allowed by the slider</li><li><code>divisions</code> establishes a discrete interval with which the user can move the handle along the track.</li></ul><figure class=""><div class="row"><div class="col-md-7" style="padding-right:12px"><div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>double _currentVolume = 1; @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return Slider( value: _currentVolume, max: 5, divisions: 5, label: _currentVolume.toString(), onChanged: (double value) { setState(() { _currentVolume = value; }); }, ); }</code></pre></div></div></div><div class="col-md-5" style="padding-left:0"><img src="/assets/images/docs/fwe/user-input/slider.gif" class="" alt="A GIF of a slider that has the dial dragged left to right in increments of 1, from 0.0 to 5.0" style=""><figcaption class="figure-caption" style="margin-top: 6px">This figure shows a slider widget with a value ranging from 0.0 to 5.0 broken up into 5 divisions. It shows the current value as a label as the dial is dragged.</figcaption></div></div></figure><blockquote>slideshow Video: <a href="https://youtube.com/watch?v=ufb4gIPDmEss">Slider, RangeSlider, CupertinoSlider (Widget of the Week)</a></blockquote> menu_book API Docs: <a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/material/SegmentedButton-class.html"><code>SegmentedButton</code></a> • <a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/material/DropdownMenu-class.html"><code>DropdownMenu</code></a> • <a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/material/Slider-class.html"><code>Slider</code></a> • <a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/material/Chip-class.html"><code>Chip</code></a><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="toggle-between-values">Toggle between values</h2><a class="heading-link" href="#toggle-between-values" aria-label="Link to 'Toggle between values' section">#</a></div>There are several ways that your UI can allow toggling between values.<div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="checkbox-switch-and-radio">Checkbox, Switch, and Radio</h3><a class="heading-link" href="#checkbox-switch-and-radio" aria-label="Link to 'Checkbox, Switch, and Radio' section">#</a></div>Provide an option to toggle a single value on and off. The functional logic behind these widgets are the same, as all 3 are built on top of <code>ToggleableStateMixin</code>, though each provides slight presentation differences.:<ul><li><code>Checkbox</code> is a container that is empty when false or filled with a checkmark when true.</li><li><code>Switch</code> has a handle that is on the left when false and slides to the right when true.</li><li><code>Radio</code> is similar to a <code>Checkbox</code> in that it's a container that is empty when false, but filled in when true.</li></ul>The configuration for <code>Checkbox</code> and <code>Switch</code> contain:<ul><li>a <code>value</code> that is <code>true</code> or <code>false</code></li><li>and an <code>onChanged</code> callback which is triggered when the user toggles the widget</li></ul><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="checkbox">Checkbox</h3><a class="heading-link" href="#checkbox" aria-label="Link to 'Checkbox' section">#</a></div><figure class=""><div class="row"><div class="col-md-7" style="padding-right:12px"><div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>bool isChecked = false; @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return Checkbox( checkColor: Colors.white, value: isChecked, onChanged: (bool? value) { setState(() { isChecked = value!; }); }, ); }</code></pre></div></div></div><div class="col-md-5" style="padding-left:0"><img src="/assets/images/docs/fwe/user-input/checkbox.gif" class="" alt="A GIF that shows a pointer clicking a checkbox and then clicking again to uncheck it." style=""><figcaption class="figure-caption" style="margin-top: 6px">This figure shows a checkbox being checked and unchecked.</figcaption></div></div></figure><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="switch">Switch</h3><a class="heading-link" href="#switch" aria-label="Link to 'Switch' section">#</a></div><figure class=""><div class="row"><div class="col-md-7" style="padding-right:12px"><div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>bool light = true; @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return Switch( // This bool value toggles the switch. value: light, activeColor: Colors.red, onChanged: (bool value) { // This is called when the user toggles the switch. setState(() { light = value; }); }, ); }</code></pre></div></div></div><div class="col-md-5" style="padding-left:0"><img src="/assets/images/docs/fwe/user-input/Switch.gif" class="" alt="A GIF of a Switch widget that is toggled on and off. In its off state, it is gray with dark gray borders. In its on state, it is red with a light red border." style=""><figcaption class="figure-caption" style="margin-top: 6px">This figure shows a Switch widget that is toggled on and off.</figcaption></div></div></figure><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="radio">Radio</h3><a class="heading-link" href="#radio" aria-label="Link to 'Radio' section">#</a></div>A group of <code>Radio</code> buttons that allows the user to select between mutually exclusive values. When the user selects a radio button in a group, the other radio buttons are unselected.<ul><li>A particular <code>Radio</code> button's <code>value</code> represent that button's value,</li><li>The selected value for a group of radio buttons is identified by the <code>groupValue</code> parameter.</li><li><code>Radio</code> also has an <code>onChanged</code> callback that gets triggered when users click it, like <code>Switch</code> and <code>Checkbox</code></li></ul><figure class=""><div class="row"><div class="col-md-7" style="padding-right:12px"><div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>enum Character { musician, chef, firefighter, artist } class RadioExample extends StatefulWidget { const RadioExample({super.key}); @override State<RadioExample> createState() => _RadioExampleState(); } class _RadioExampleState extends State<RadioExample> { Character? _character = Character.musician; void setCharacter(Character? value) { setState(() { _character = value; }); } @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return Column( children: <Widget>[ ListTile( title: const Text('Musician'), leading: Radio<Character>( value: Character.musician, groupValue: _character, onChanged: setCharacter, ), ), ListTile( title: const Text('Chef'), leading: Radio<Character>( value: Character.chef, groupValue: _character, onChanged: setCharacter, ), ), ListTile( title: const Text('Firefighter'), leading: Radio<Character>( value: Character.firefighter, groupValue: _character, onChanged: setCharacter, ), ), ListTile( title: const Text('Artist'), leading: Radio<Character>( value: Character.artist, groupValue: _character, onChanged: setCharacter, ), ), ], ); } }</code></pre></div></div></div><div class="col-md-5" style="padding-left:0"><img src="/assets/images/docs/fwe/user-input/Radio.gif" class="" alt="A GIF of 4 ListTiles in a column, each containing a leading Radio button and title text. The Radio buttons are selected in order from top to bottom." style=""><figcaption class="figure-caption" style="margin-top: 6px">This figure shows a column of ListTiles containing a radio button and label, where only one radio button can be selected at a time.</figcaption></div></div></figure><div class="header-wrapper"><h4 id="bonus-checkboxlisttile-switchlisttile">Bonus: CheckboxListTile & SwitchListTile</h4><a class="heading-link" href="#bonus-checkboxlisttile-switchlisttile" aria-label="Link to 'Bonus: CheckboxListTile & SwitchListTile' section">#</a></div>These convenience widgets are the same checkbox and switch widgets, but support a label (as a <code>ListTile</code>).<figure class=""><div class="row"><div class="col-md-7" style="padding-right:12px"><div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>double timeDilation = 1.0; bool _lights = false; @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return Column( children: [ CheckboxListTile( title: const Text('Animate Slowly'), value: timeDilation != 1.0, onChanged: (bool? value) { setState(() { timeDilation = value! ? 10.0 : 1.0; }); }, secondary: const Icon(Icons.hourglass_empty), ), SwitchListTile( title: const Text('Lights'), value: _lights, onChanged: (bool value) { setState(() { _lights = value; }); }, secondary: const Icon(Icons.lightbulb_outline), ), ], ); }</code></pre></div></div></div><div class="col-md-5" style="padding-left:0"><img src="/assets/images/docs/fwe/user-input/SpecialListTiles.gif" class="" alt="A ListTile with a leading icon, title text, and a trailing checkbox being checked and unchecked. It also shows a ListTile with a leading icon, title text and a switch being toggled on and off." style=""><figcaption class="figure-caption" style="margin-top: 6px">This figure shows a column containing a CheckboxListTile and a SwitchListTile being toggled.</figcaption></div></div></figure><blockquote>slideshow Video: <a href="https://youtube.com/watch?v=RkSqPAn9szs">CheckboxListTile (Widget of the Week)</a></blockquote><blockquote>slideshow Video: <a href="https://youtube.com/watch?v=0igIjvtEWNU">SwitchListTile (Widget of the Week)</a></blockquote> menu_book API Docs: <a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/material/Checkbox-class.html"><code>Checkbox</code></a> • <a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/material/CheckboxListTile-class.html"><code>CheckboxListTile</code></a> • <a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/material/Switch-class.html"><code>Switch</code></a> • <a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/material/SwitchListTile-class.html"><code>SwitchListTile</code></a> • <a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/material/Radio-class.html"><code>Radio</code></a><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="select-a-date-or-time">Select a date or time</h2><a class="heading-link" href="#select-a-date-or-time" aria-label="Link to 'Select a date or time' section">#</a></div>Widgets are provided so the user can select a date and time.There is a set of dialogs that enable users to select a date or time, as you'll see in the following sections. With the exception of differing date types - <code>DateTime</code> for dates vs <code>TimeOfDay</code> for time - these dialogs function similarly, you can configure them by providing:<ul><li>a default <code>initialDate</code> or <code>initialTime</code></li><li>or an <code>initialEntryMode</code> that determines the picker UI that's displayed.</li></ul><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="datepickerdialog">DatePickerDialog</h3><a class="heading-link" href="#datepickerdialog" aria-label="Link to 'DatePickerDialog' section">#</a></div>This dialog allows the user to select a date or a range of dates. Activate by calling the <code>showDatePicker</code> function, which returns a <code>Future<DateTime></code>, so don't forget to await the asynchronous function call!<figure class=""><div class="row"><div class="col-md-7" style="padding-right:12px"><div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>DateTime? selectedDate; @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { var date = selectedDate; return Column(children: [ Text( date == null ? "You haven't picked a date yet." : DateFormat('MM-dd-yyyy').format(date), ), ElevatedButton.icon( icon: const Icon(Icons.calendar_today), onPressed: () async { var pickedDate = await showDatePicker( context: context, initialEntryMode: DatePickerEntryMode.calendarOnly, initialDate: DateTime.now(), firstDate: DateTime(2019), lastDate: DateTime(2050), ); setState(() { selectedDate = pickedDate; }); }, label: const Text('Pick a date'), ) ]); }</code></pre></div></div></div><div class="col-md-5" style="padding-left:0"><img src="/assets/images/docs/fwe/user-input/DatePicker.gif" class="" alt='A GIF of a pointer clicking a button that says "Pick a date", then shows a date picker. The date Friday, August 30 is selected and the "OK" button is clicked.' style=""><figcaption class="figure-caption" style="margin-top: 6px">This figure shows a DatePicker that is displayed when the "Pick a date" button is clicked.</figcaption></div></div></figure><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="timepickerdialog">TimePickerDialog</h3><a class="heading-link" href="#timepickerdialog" aria-label="Link to 'TimePickerDialog' section">#</a></div><code>TimePickerDialog</code> is a dialog that presents a time picker. It can be activated by calling the <code>showTimePicker()</code> function. Instead of returning a <code>Future<DateTime></code>, <code>showTimePicker</code> instead returns a <code>Future<TimeOfDay></code>. Once again, don't forget to await the function call!<figure class=""><div class="row"><div class="col-md-7" style="padding-right:12px"><div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>TimeOfDay? selectedTime; @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { var time = selectedTime; return Column(children: [ Text( time == null ? "You haven't picked a time yet." : time.format(context), ), ElevatedButton.icon( icon: const Icon(Icons.calendar_today), onPressed: () async { var pickedTime = await showTimePicker( context: context, initialEntryMode: TimePickerEntryMode.dial, initialTime: TimeOfDay.now(), ); setState(() { selectedTime = pickedTime; }); }, label: const Text('Pick a date'), ) ]); }</code></pre></div></div></div><div class="col-md-5" style="padding-left:0"><img src="/assets/images/docs/fwe/user-input/TimePicker.gif" class="" alt='A GIF of a pointer clicking a button that says "Pick a time", then shows a time picker. The time picker shows a circular clock as the cursor moves the hour hand, then minute hand, selects PM, then the "OK" button is clicked.' style=""><figcaption class="figure-caption" style="margin-top: 6px">This figure shows a TimePicker that is displayed when the "Pick a time" button is clicked.</figcaption></div></div></figure><aside class="alert alert-success"><div class="alert-header">lightbulb Tip</div><div class="alert-content">Calling <code>showDatePicker()</code> and <code>showTimePicker()</code> is equivalent to calling <code>showDialog()</code> with <code>DatePickerDialog()</code> and <code>TimePickerDialog()</code>, respectively. Internally, both functions use the <code>showDialog()</code> function with their respective <code>Dialog</code> widgets. To enable state restoration, you can also push <code>DatePickerDialog()</code> and <code>TimePickerDialog()</code> directly on to the <code>Navigator</code> stack.</div></aside> menu_book API Docs: <a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/material/showDatePicker.html"><code>showDatePicker</code></a> • <a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/material/showTimePicker.html"><code>showTimePicker</code></a><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="swipe-slide">Swipe & slide</h2><a class="heading-link" href="#swipe-slide" aria-label="Link to 'Swipe & slide' section">#</a></div><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="dismissible"><a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/widgets/Dismissible-class.html"><code>Dismissible</code></a></h3><a class="heading-link" href="#dismissible" aria-label="Link to 'Dismissible' section">#</a></div>A <code>Dismissible</code> is a widget that enables users to dismiss it by swiping. It has a number of configuration parameters, including:<ul><li>A <code>child</code> widget</li><li>An <code>onDismissed</code> callback that is triggered when the user swipes</li><li>Styling parameters such as <code>background</code></li><li>It's important to include a <code>key</code> object as well so that they can be uniquely identified from sibling <code>Dismissible</code> widgets in the widget tree.</li></ul><figure class=""><div class="row"><div class="col-md-7" style="padding-right:12px"><div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body">dart<pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code>List<int> items = List<int>.generate(100, (int index) => index); @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return ListView.builder( itemCount: items.length, padding: const EdgeInsets.symmetric(vertical: 16), itemBuilder: (BuildContext context, int index) { return Dismissible( background: Container( color: Colors.green, ), key: ValueKey<int>(items[index]), onDismissed: (DismissDirection direction) { setState(() { items.removeAt(index); }); }, child: ListTile( title: Text( 'Item ${items[index]}', ), ), ); }, ); }</code></pre></div></div></div><div class="col-md-5" style="padding-left:0"><img src="/assets/images/docs/fwe/user-input/Dismissible.gif" class="" alt="A screenshot of three widgets, spaced evenly from each other." style=""><figcaption class="figure-caption" style="margin-top: 6px">This figure shows a list of Dismissible widgets that each contain a ListTile. Swiping across the ListTile reveals a green background makes the tile disappear.</figcaption></div></div></figure><blockquote>slideshow Video: <a href="https://youtube.com/watch?v=iEMgjrfuc58?si=f0S7IdaA9PIWIYvl">Dismissible (Widget of the Week)</a></blockquote><blockquote>star Checkpoint: Complete this tutorial on how to <a href="/cookbook/gestures/dismissible">implement swipe to dismiss</a> using the dismissible widget.</blockquote> menu_book API Docs: <a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/widgets/Dismissible-class.html"><code>Dismissible</code></a><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="looking-for-more-widgets">Looking for more widgets?</h2><a class="heading-link" href="#looking-for-more-widgets" aria-label="Link to 'Looking for more widgets?' section">#</a></div>This page features just a few of the common Material widgets that you can use for handling user input in your Flutter app. Check out the <a href="/ui/widgets/material">Material Widget library</a> and <a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/material/material-library.html">Material Library API docs</a> for a full list of widgets.<blockquote>flutter Demo: See Flutter's <a href="https://flutter.github.io/samples/web/material_3_demo/">Material 3 Demo</a> for a curated sample of user input widgets available in the Material library.</blockquote>If the Material and Cupertino libraries don't have a widget that does what you need, check out <a href="https://pub.dev">pub.dev</a> to find Flutter & Dart community-owned and maintained packages. For example, the <a href="https://pub.dev/packages/flutter_slidable"><code>flutter_slidable</code></a> package provides a <code>Slidable</code> widget that is more customizable than the <code>Dismissible</code> widget described in the previous section.<blockquote>slideshow Video: <a href="https://youtube.com/watch?v=QFcFEpFmNJ8">flutter_slidable (Package of the Week)</a></blockquote><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="build-interactive-widgets-with-gesturedetector">Build interactive widgets with GestureDetector</h2><a class="heading-link" href="#build-interactive-widgets-with-gesturedetector" aria-label="Link to 'Build interactive widgets with GestureDetector' section">#</a></div>Have you scoured the widget libraries, pub.dev, asked your coding friends, and still can't find a widget that fits the user interaction that you're looking for? You can build your own custom widget and make it interactive using <code>GestureDetector</code>.<blockquote>star Checkpoint: Use this recipe as a starting point to create your own custom button widget that can <a href="/cookbook/gestures/handling-taps">handle taps</a>.</blockquote><blockquote>slideshow Video: <a href="https://youtube.com/watch?v=WhVXkCFPmK4">GestureDetector (Widget of the Week)</a></blockquote><blockquote>menu_book Reference: Check out <a href="/ui/interactivity/gestures#gestures">Taps, drags, and other gestures</a> which explains how to listen for, and respond to, gestures in Flutter.</blockquote><blockquote>slideshow Bonus Video: Curious how Flutter's <code>GestureArena</code> turns raw user interaction data into human recognizable concepts like taps, drags, and pinches? Check out this video: <a href="https://youtube.com/watch?v=Q85LBtBdi0U">GestureArena (Decoding Flutter)</a></blockquote><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="dont-forget-about-accessibility">Don't forget about accessibility!</h3><a class="heading-link" href="#dont-forget-about-accessibility" aria-label="Link to 'Don't forget about accessibility!' section">#</a></div>If you're building a custom widget, annotate its meaning with the <code>Semantics</code> widget. It provides descriptions and metadata to screen readers and other semantic analysis-based tools.<blockquote>slideshow Video: <a href="https://youtube.com/watch?v=NvtMt_DtFrQ?si=o79BqAg9NAl8EE8_">Semantics (Flutter Widget of the Week)</a></blockquote> menu_book API Docs: <a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/widgets/GestureDetector-class.html"><code>GestureDetector</code></a> • <a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/widgets/Semantics-class.html"><code>Semantics</code></a><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="testing">Testing</h2><a class="heading-link" href="#testing" aria-label="Link to 'Testing' section">#</a></div>Once you have finished building user interactions into your app, don't forget to write tests to ensure that everything works as expected!These tutorials walk you through writing tests that simulate user interactions in your app:<blockquote>star Checkpoint: Follow this <a href="/cookbook/testing/widget/tap-drag">tap, drag, and enter text</a> cookbook article and learn how to use <code>WidgetTester</code> to simulate and test user interactions in your app.</blockquote><blockquote>bookmark Bonus Tutorial: The <a href="/cookbook/testing/widget/scrolling">handle scrolling</a> cookbook recipe shows you how to verify that lists of widgets contain the expected content by scrolling through the lists using widget tests.</blockquote><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="next-networking">Next: Networking</h2><a class="heading-link" href="#next-networking" aria-label="Link to 'Next: Networking' section">#</a></div>This page was an introduction to handling user input. Now that you know how to handle input from app users, you can make your app even more interesting by adding external data. In the next section, you'll learn now to fetch data for your app over a network, how to convert data to and from JSON, authentication, and other networking features.<div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="feedback">Feedback</h2><a class="heading-link" href="#feedback" aria-label="Link to 'Feedback' section">#</a></div>As this section of the website is evolving, we <a href="https://google.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_6A9KxXR7XmMrNsy?page=%22user-input%22">welcome your feedback</a>!<nav class="site-nextprev-nav"><ul><li class="prev"><a href="/get-started/fundamentals/state-management">State management</a></li><li class="next"><a href="/get-started/fundamentals/networking">Networking and data</a></li></ul></nav>Unless stated otherwise, the documentation on this site reflects the latest stable version of Flutter. 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