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href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projet:Accueil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projet:Accueil">projets correspondants</a>.</p> <p>Consultez la liste des <b>tâches à accomplir</b> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Discussion:Syst%C3%A8me_g%C3%A9od%C3%A9sique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Discussion:Système géodésique">page de discussion</a>.</p> </div> </div> <p>Un <b>système géodésique</b> est un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rentiel_(physique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Référentiel (physique)">système de référence</a> permettant d'exprimer les positions au voisinage de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terre">Terre</a>.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sommaire</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_g%C3%A9od%C3%A9sique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#D%C3%A9finition"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Définition</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_g%C3%A9od%C3%A9sique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Syst%C3%A8me_de_coordonn%C3%A9es_cart%C3%A9siennes"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Système de coordonnées cartésiennes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_g%C3%A9od%C3%A9sique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Syst%C3%A8me_g%C3%A9od%C3%A9sique_par_ellipso%C3%AFde"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Système géodésique par ellipsoïde</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_g%C3%A9od%C3%A9sique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Syst%C3%A8me_de_coordonn%C3%A9es_g%C3%A9od%C3%A9siques"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Système de coordonnées géodésiques</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_g%C3%A9od%C3%A9sique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Historique"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Historique</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_g%C3%A9od%C3%A9sique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Syst%C3%A8mes_g%C3%A9od%C3%A9siques_modernes"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Systèmes géodésiques modernes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_g%C3%A9od%C3%A9sique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Syst%C3%A8mes_g%C3%A9od%C3%A9siques_les_plus_connus"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Systèmes géodésiques les plus connus</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_g%C3%A9od%C3%A9sique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Dans_le_monde"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Dans le monde</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_g%C3%A9od%C3%A9sique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#En_France"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">En France</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_g%C3%A9od%C3%A9sique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pr%C3%A9cision_des_syst%C3%A8mes_g%C3%A9od%C3%A9siques"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Précision des systèmes géodésiques</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_g%C3%A9od%C3%A9sique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Voir_aussi"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Voir aussi</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_g%C3%A9od%C3%A9sique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Articles_connexes"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Articles connexes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_g%C3%A9od%C3%A9sique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liens_externes"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Liens externes</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Définition"><span id="D.C3.A9finition"></span>Définition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Syst%C3%A8me_g%C3%A9od%C3%A9sique&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Définition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Système_de_coordonnées_cartésiennes"><span id="Syst.C3.A8me_de_coordonn.C3.A9es_cart.C3.A9siennes"></span>Système de coordonnées cartésiennes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Syst%C3%A8me_g%C3%A9od%C3%A9sique&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Système de coordonnées cartésiennes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Un système géodésique est, initialement, un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rep%C3%A8re_(math%C3%A9matiques)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Repère (mathématiques)">repère</a> tridimensionnel défini par :</p> <ul> <li>son centre O (choisi à proximité du centre de gravité terrestre) ;</li> <li>trois axes <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Base_orthonormale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Base orthonormale">orthonormés</a> Ox, Oy et Oz, définis par leur orientation. Ox et Oy se trouvent pratiquement dans le plan équatorial terrestre, et Oz est orienté approximativement suivant l'axe de rotation terrestre.</li> </ul> <p>Dans un système géodésique ainsi défini, un point est localisé par ses <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coordonn%C3%A9es_cart%C3%A9siennes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coordonnées cartésiennes">coordonnées cartésiennes</a>, exprimées par trois valeurs (X, Y, et Z) relatives aux trois axes du repère.</p> <p>Les données spatialisées sont rarement stockées sous cette forme, mais on peut avoir recours à ce système de données cartésiennes pour convertir des données d'un système géodésique à un autre.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Système_géodésique_par_ellipsoïde"><span id="Syst.C3.A8me_g.C3.A9od.C3.A9sique_par_ellipso.C3.AFde"></span>Système géodésique par ellipsoïde</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Syst%C3%A8me_g%C3%A9od%C3%A9sique&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Système géodésique par ellipsoïde" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>La plupart des systèmes reposent sur un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ellipso%C3%AFde_de_r%C3%A9volution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ellipsoïde de révolution">ellipsoïde de révolution</a> conventionnel (choisi de manière à approcher le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9o%C3%AFde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Géoïde">géoïde</a>) dont les paramètres de définition sont généralement :</p> <ul> <li>son centre O ;</li> <li>son <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_axe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grand axe">demi-grand axe</a> a ;</li> <li>son aplatissement f.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Système_de_coordonnées_géodésiques"><span id="Syst.C3.A8me_de_coordonn.C3.A9es_g.C3.A9od.C3.A9siques"></span>Système de coordonnées géodésiques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Syst%C3%A8me_g%C3%A9od%C3%A9sique&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Système de coordonnées géodésiques" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Dans un système géodésique ainsi défini, un point est localisé par ses <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coordonn%C3%A9es_g%C3%A9ographiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coordonnées géographiques">coordonnées géographiques</a> (ou géodésiques), exprimées en valeurs angulaires par la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latitude?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latitude">latitude</a> ellipsoïdale L, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Longitude?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Longitude">longitude</a> ellipsoïdale G, et la hauteur ellipsoïdale ou géodésique he mesurée le long de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Normale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Normale">normale</a> à l'ellipsoïde (he est petit à proximité de la surface terrestre).</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Historique">Historique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Syst%C3%A8me_g%C3%A9od%C3%A9sique&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Historique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Historiquement, les systèmes géodésiques étaient déterminés à partir de mesures angulaires et de quelques mesures de longueur. Un <b>système géodésique</b> était associé à un <b>réseau géodésique</b>, ensemble de points dont les coordonnées avaient été déterminées à partir des mêmes mesures de base.</p> <p>La constitution d'un réseau géodésique comprenait alors les étapes suivantes :</p> <ul> <li>détermination par mesures astronomiques (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Astrolabe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Astrolabe">astrolabe</a> ou instrument équivalent) de la position d'un point, dit « point fondamental », et d'une direction de référence en ce point (orientation) ;</li> <li>mesure très précise d'une longueur (dite « base »), généralement à l'aide d'une référence de longueur en fil invar</li> <li>expansion à l'aide de mesures angulaires horizontales (triangulation à l'aide de théodolites) à partir de ces éléments (points de base, longueur de base) : le réseau de points ainsi déterminés constituait le « réseau d'ordre 1 » ;</li> <li>ce réseau pouvait être ensuite densifié progressivement localement par triangulation : le « réseau d'ordre 2 » s'obtenait à partir d'angles mesurés depuis des points d'ordre 1, etc.</li> </ul> <p>Il y avait autant de systèmes géodésiques (dits « locaux ») que de réseaux déterminés indépendamment : un par pays, généralement, et souvent un par île.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Systèmes_géodésiques_modernes"><span id="Syst.C3.A8mes_g.C3.A9od.C3.A9siques_modernes"></span>Systèmes géodésiques modernes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Syst%C3%A8me_g%C3%A9od%C3%A9sique&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Systèmes géodésiques modernes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>Les techniques spatiales ont permis de définir des systèmes géodésiques « mondiaux » ou « globaux », en combinant les méthodes d'orbitographie précise de satellites, et des mesures d'angles ou de distances (ou plutôt, de temps de propagation de signaux) entre ces satellites et des points du globe ; le « réseau » géodésique est désormais virtuel, et ce sont les éléments orbitaux des satellites et les positions des stations de trajectographie qui définissent désormais le système géodésique. Le premier système géodésique ainsi défini a été le WGS 72 (World Geodetic System 72), associé aux satellites américains <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/TRANSIT_(satellite)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="TRANSIT (satellite)">TRANSIT</a>.</p> <p>Contrairement aux systèmes géodésiques classiques, bidimensionnels (la position n'était connue dans ces systèmes que par ses deux coordonnées horizontales, la coordonnée verticale étant donnée dans un autre système de référence, dit... vertical), les systèmes globaux sont tridimensionnels.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Systèmes_géodésiques_les_plus_connus"><span id="Syst.C3.A8mes_g.C3.A9od.C3.A9siques_les_plus_connus"></span>Systèmes géodésiques les plus connus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Syst%C3%A8me_g%C3%A9od%C3%A9sique&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Systèmes géodésiques les plus connus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Dans_le_monde">Dans le monde</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Syst%C3%A8me_g%C3%A9od%C3%A9sique&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Dans le monde" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li>Le système géodésique le plus utilisé dans le monde est le système <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/WGS_84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="WGS 84">WGS 84</a>, associé au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Global_Positioning_System?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Global Positioning System">système de positionnement GPS</a>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>En <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Am%C3%A9rique_du_Nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amérique du Nord">Amérique du Nord</a>, outre le WGS 84, on utilise le NAD83 (pour <span class="lang-en" lang="en">North American Datum</span>) qui a succédé au NAD27. Le nombre indique l'année de la généralisation du système.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>En <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russie">Russie</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PZ-90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PZ-90">PZ-90</a> (en russe <span class="lang-ru" lang="ru">Параметры Земли 1990 года</span>, Parametry Zemli 1990 goda).</li> <li>En Chine, deux systèmes sont utilisés : le <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictions_on_geographic_data_in_China" class="extiw" title="en:Restrictions on geographic data in China">GCJ-02</a> (aussi connu sous le nom de "Mars Coordinates"), système géodésique officiel chinois, et le BD-09, système basé sur le précédent et utilisé par Baidu Maps.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="En_France">En France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Syst%C3%A8me_g%C3%A9od%C3%A9sique&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : En France" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Borne_IGN_au_Hohneck,_commune_de_la_Bresse_(88).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Borne_IGN_au_Hohneck%2C_commune_de_la_Bresse_%2888%29.jpg/220px-Borne_IGN_au_Hohneck%2C_commune_de_la_Bresse_%2888%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="768"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Borne_IGN_au_Hohneck%2C_commune_de_la_Bresse_%2888%29.jpg/220px-Borne_IGN_au_Hohneck%2C_commune_de_la_Bresse_%2888%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Borne_IGN_au_Hohneck%2C_commune_de_la_Bresse_%2888%29.jpg/330px-Borne_IGN_au_Hohneck%2C_commune_de_la_Bresse_%2888%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Borne_IGN_au_Hohneck%2C_commune_de_la_Bresse_%2888%29.jpg/440px-Borne_IGN_au_Hohneck%2C_commune_de_la_Bresse_%2888%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Exemple d'une borne IGN implantée sur un sommet bien visible de loin. Ici au sommet du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hohneck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hohneck">Hohneck</a> - dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massif_des_Vosges?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Massif des Vosges">massif des Vosges</a>, commune de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/La_Bresse_(Vosges)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="La Bresse (Vosges)">la Bresse</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li>Le système traditionnel en France jusqu'à la fin du <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle était la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nouvelle_triangulation_de_la_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nouvelle triangulation de la France">Nouvelle triangulation de la France</a> (NTF) : système géodésique classique associé à un réseau géodésique terrestre ; il était associé à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_de_Lambert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Projection de Lambert">projection de Lambert</a>. Associé au système géodésique de la NTF, co-existe le système altimétrique <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nivellement_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_de_la_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nivellement général de la France">Nivellement général de la France</a> (NGF) qui fournit une altitude NGF-IGN69 en France métropolitaine et altitude NGF-IGN78 en Corse.</li> <li>Un autre système couramment utilisé (notamment en mer et pour les cartes marines) était le système <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Europ%C3%A9en_unifi%C3%A9_1950&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Européen unifié 1950 (page inexistante)">européen unifié 1950</a>, ou ED 50 (pour European Datum 1950), utilisable dans toute l'Europe, et généralement associé à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_de_Mercator?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection de Mercator">projection de Mercator </a> en mer, à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_UTM?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Projection UTM">projection UTM</a> à terre.</li> <li>En métropole, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_g%C3%A9od%C3%A9sique_fran%C3%A7ais?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Réseau géodésique français">RGF93</a>, qui a succédé à la NTF, est le système géodésique officiel, à utiliser pour toutes les applications précises (pour les applications courantes, le RGF93 peut être confondu avec le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/WGS84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="WGS84">WGS84</a>). Les systèmes de référence des DOM sont détaillés à la page <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_de_coordonn%C3%A9es_(cartographie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Système de coordonnées (cartographie)">Système de coordonnées (cartographie)</a>.</li> </ul> <p>Ces systèmes sont rattachés à l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Terrestrial_Reference_System?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="International Terrestrial Reference System">ITRF</a> (International Terrestrial Reference Frame), qui unifie les références terrestres et astronomiques.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Précision_des_systèmes_géodésiques"><span id="Pr.C3.A9cision_des_syst.C3.A8mes_g.C3.A9od.C3.A9siques"></span>Précision des systèmes géodésiques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Syst%C3%A8me_g%C3%A9od%C3%A9sique&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Précision des systèmes géodésiques" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>Les systèmes géodésiques traditionnels n'étaient associés qu'à de faibles zones du globe, généralement situées sur la même plaque tectonique ; leur précision était beaucoup plus faible que celle des systèmes géodésiques actuels (il était très difficile par exemple, à partir des positions déterminées dans ces systèmes, de connaître à mieux que quelques dizaines de centimètres une distance de quelques centaines de kilomètres). La variation relative des coordonnées due à la déformation du réseau du fait des mouvements tectoniques était donc négligeable.</p> <p>Les systèmes géodésiques modernes sont très précis, et permettent d'exprimer dans le même système les coordonnées de points situés sur des plaques tectoniques différentes : les mouvements relatifs de ces plaques (jusqu'à plusieurs centimètres par an) ne peuvent plus être négligés… L'ITRS (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Terrestrial_Reference_System?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="International Terrestrial Reference System">International Terrestrial Reference System</a>), qui constitue le système géodésique le plus précis à l'échelle mondiale (précision centimétrique), évolue donc en permanence ; chacune de ses réalisations (ITRF, pour <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=International_Terrestrial_Reference_Frame&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="International Terrestrial Reference Frame (page inexistante)">International Terrestrial Reference Frame</a>), constituée par un réseau de stations terrestres dont les coordonnées et les vitesses de déplacement sont fixées, est ainsi datée : l'ITRF90 correspond à la valeur de ces éléments pour l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89poque_(astronomie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Époque (astronomie)">époque</a> 1990,0.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Syst%C3%A8me_g%C3%A9od%C3%A9sique&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Syst%C3%A8me_g%C3%A9od%C3%A9sique&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9od%C3%A9sique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Géodésique">Géodésique</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_de_positionnement_par_satellites?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Système de positionnement par satellites">Système de positionnement par satellites</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_d%27information_g%C3%A9ographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Système d'information géographique">Système d'information géographique</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Earth_Rotation_and_Reference_Systems_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service">International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service</a> (IERS), organisme établissant l'ITRF et l'ITRS</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carroyage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carroyage">Carroyage</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Syst%C3%A8me_g%C3%A9od%C3%A9sique&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D0%25BC" title="Датум – bachkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Датум" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bachkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AD%25E0%25A7%2582%25E0%25A6%2597%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A3%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%2595_%25E0%25A6%2589%25E0%25A6%25AA%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A4" title="ভূগাণিতিক উপাত্ত – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভূগাণিতিক উপাত্ত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datum" title="Datum – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Datum" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datum_(geod%25C3%25A6si)" title="Datum (geodæsi) – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Datum (geodæsi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geod%25C3%25A4tisches_Datum" title="Geodätisches Datum – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geodätisches Datum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2593%25CE%25B5%25CF%2589%25CE%25B4%25CE%25B1%25CE%25B9%25CF%2584%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CF%258C_%25CF%2583%25CF%258D%25CF%2583%25CF%2584%25CE%25B7%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B1_%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B1%25CF%2586%25CE%25BF%25CF%2581%25CE%25AC%25CF%2582" title="Γεωδαιτικό σύστημα αναφοράς – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γεωδαιτικό σύστημα αναφοράς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodetic_datum" title="Geodetic datum – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Geodetic datum" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datum" title="Datum – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Datum" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodeetilised_koordinaadid" title="Geodeetilised koordinaadid – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Geodeetilised koordinaadid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erreferentzia_sistema_geodetiko" title="Erreferentzia sistema geodetiko – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erreferentzia sistema geodetiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25A8%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C_%25DA%2598%25D8%25A6%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF%25D8%25AA%25DB%258C%25DA%25A9" title="مبنای ژئودتیک – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مبنای ژئودتیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datumi" title="Datumi – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Datumi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datum" title="Datum – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Datum" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2593%25D7%2590%25D7%2598%25D7%2595%25D7%259D_(%25D7%2592%25D7%2590%25D7%2595%25D7%2593%25D7%2596%25D7%2599%25D7%2594)" title="דאטום (גאודזיה) – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דאטום (גאודזיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datum_geodetik" title="Datum geodetik – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Datum geodetik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datum_geodetico" title="Datum geodetico – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Datum geodetico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B8%25AC%25E5%259C%25B0%25E7%25B3%25BB" title="測地系 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="測地系" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%25B8%25A1%25EC%25A7%2580%25EA%25B3%2584" title="측지계 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="측지계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datum_geodeticum" title="Datum geodeticum – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Datum geodeticum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%259C%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%25AF%25E0%25B5%258B%25E0%25B4%25A1%25E0%25B5%2586%25E0%25B4%25B1%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B1%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B5%258D_%25E0%25B4%25A1%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25B1%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B1%25E0%25B4%2582" title="ജിയോഡെറ്റിക് ഡാറ്റം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജിയോഡെറ്റിക് ഡാറ്റം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodetisch_datum" title="Geodetisch datum – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geodetisch datum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodetiske_koordinatar" title="Geodetiske koordinatar – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Geodetiske koordinatar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodetisk_datum" title="Geodetisk datum – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Geodetisk datum" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datum" title="Datum – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Datum" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D0%25BC" title="Датум – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Датум" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodetic_datum" title="Geodetic datum – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Geodetic datum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datumi_Gjeodezik" title="Datumi Gjeodezik – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Datumi Gjeodezik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodetski_sistem" title="Geodetski sistem – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Geodetski sistem" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodetiskt_referenssystem" title="Geodetiskt referenssystem – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Geodetiskt referenssystem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeodezik_datum" title="Jeodezik datum – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jeodezik datum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D1%2584%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0" title="Геодезична референцна система – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Геодезична референцна система" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B5%258B%25E9%2587%258F%25E5%259F%25BA%25E5%2587%2586" title="测量基准 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="测量基准" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B8%25AC%25E9%2587%258F%25E5%259F%25BA%25E6%25BA%2596" title="測量基準 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="測量基準" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" alt="Wikipédia" width="119" height="18" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul 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