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aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="เมนูหลัก" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">เมนูหลัก</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">เมนูหลัก</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">ย้ายเมนูไปที่แถบด้านข้าง</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ซ่อน</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> การนำทาง </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" title="เยี่ยมชมหน้าหลัก [z]" accesskey="z"><span>หน้าหลัก</span></a></li><li id="n-ask" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1"><span>ถามคำถาม</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ค้นหาข้อมูลเบื้องหลังในเหตุการณ์ปัจจุบัน"><span>เหตุการณ์ปัจจุบัน</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1" title="โหลดหน้าแบบสุ่ม [x]" accesskey="x"><span>สุ่มบทความ</span></a></li><li id="n-about" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="ทำความรู้จักวิกิพีเดีย"><span>เกี่ยวกับวิกิพีเดีย</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD" title="วิธีการติดต่อวิกิพีเดีย"><span>ติดต่อเรา</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9"><span>หน้าพิเศษ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> มีส่วนร่วม </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89:%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D" title="ข้อแนะนำการใช้และแก้ไขวิกิพีเดีย"><span>คำอธิบาย</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99"><span>เริ่มต้นเขียน</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1" title="เกี่ยวกับโครงการ สิ่งที่คุณทำได้ และวิธีการค้นหา"><span>ศาลาประชาคม</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94" title="รายการเปลี่ยนแปลงล่าสุดในวิกินี้ [r]" accesskey="r"><span>ปรับปรุงล่าสุด</span></a></li><li id="n-discord" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94"><span>ดิสคอร์ด</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="วิกิพีเดีย" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-th.svg" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 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id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="ค้นหาใน วิกิพีเดีย" aria-label="ค้นหาใน วิกิพีเดีย" autocapitalize="sentences" title="ค้นหาวิกิ [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="พิเศษ:ค้นหา"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">ค้นหา</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="เครื่องมือส่วนตัว"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="หน้าตา"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="เปลี่ยนหน้าตาของขนาดอักษร ความกว้าง และสีของหน้า" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="หน้าตา" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">หน้าตา</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=th.wikipedia.org&uselang=th" class=""><span>บริจาคให้วิกิพีเดีย</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88&returnto=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="แนะนำให้คุณสร้างบัญชีและเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ" class=""><span>สร้างบัญชี</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99&returnto=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="แนะนำให้คุณเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>เข้าสู่ระบบ</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="ตัวเลือกเพิ่มเติม" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="เครื่องมือส่วนตัว" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">เครื่องมือส่วนตัว</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="เมนูผู้ใช้" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=th.wikipedia.org&uselang=th"><span>บริจาคให้วิกิพีเดีย</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88&returnto=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="แนะนำให้คุณสร้างบัญชีและเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>สร้างบัญชี</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99&returnto=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="แนะนำให้คุณเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>เข้าสู่ระบบ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> หน้าสำหรับผู้แก้ไขที่ออกจากระบบ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89:%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B3" aria-label="เรียนรู้เพิ่มเกี่ยวกับการแก้ไข"><span>เรียนรู้เพิ่มเติม</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="รายการการแก้ไขจากเลขที่อยู่ไอพีนี้ [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ส่วนร่วม</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="อภิปรายเกี่ยวกับการแก้ไขจากเลขที่อยู่ไอพีนี้ [n]" accesskey="n"><span>คุย</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="ไซต์"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="สารบัญ" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">สารบัญ</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ย้ายเมนูไปที่แถบด้านข้าง</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ซ่อน</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">บทนำ</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-อิมพีแดนซ์ที่ซับซ้อน" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#อิมพีแดนซ์ที่ซับซ้อน"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>อิมพีแดนซ์ที่ซับซ้อน</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-อิมพีแดนซ์ที่ซับซ้อน-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-กฎของโอห์ม" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#กฎของโอห์ม"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>กฎของโอห์ม</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-กฎของโอห์ม-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-อ้างอิง" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#อ้างอิง"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>อ้างอิง</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-อ้างอิง-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="สารบัญ" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="สารบัญ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">อิมพีแดนซ์</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ไปที่บทความในภาษาอื่น ซึ่งมีใน 60 ภาษา" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 ภาษา</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektriese_impedansie" title="Elektriese impedansie – แอฟริกานส์" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elektriese impedansie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="แอฟริกานส์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A9" title="معاوقة – อาหรับ" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معاوقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="อาหรับ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedancia" title="Impedancia – อัสตูเรียส" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Impedancia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="อัสตูเรียส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mpedans" title="İmpedans – อาเซอร์ไบจาน" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İmpedans" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="อาเซอร์ไบจาน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Импеданс – บัลแกเรีย" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Импеданс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="บัลแกเรีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A7_(%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80)" title="সামগ্রিক প্রতিরোধ (বৈদ্যুতিক বর্তনী) – บังกลา" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সামগ্রিক প্রতিরোধ (বৈদ্যুতিক বর্তনী)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="บังกลา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_impedansa" title="Električna impedansa – บอสเนีย" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Električna impedansa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="บอสเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imped%C3%A0ncia" title="Impedància – คาตาลัน" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Impedància" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="คาตาลัน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedance" title="Impedance – เช็ก" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Impedance" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="เช็ก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedans" title="Impedans – เดนมาร์ก" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Impedans" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="เดนมาร์ก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrische_Impedanz" title="Elektrische Impedanz – เยอรมัน" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektrische Impedanz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="เยอรมัน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B5%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Ηλεκτρική εμπέδηση – กรีก" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτρική εμπέδηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="กรีก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_impedance" title="Electrical impedance – อังกฤษ" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Electrical impedance" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="อังกฤษ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektra_impedanco" title="Elektra impedanco – เอสเปรันโต" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektra impedanco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="เอสเปรันโต" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedancia" title="Impedancia – สเปน" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Impedancia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="สเปน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4ivtakistus" title="Näivtakistus – เอสโตเนีย" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Näivtakistus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="เอสโตเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inpedantzia_elektriko" title="Inpedantzia elektriko – บาสก์" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Inpedantzia elektriko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="บาสก์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="امپدانس الکتریکی – เปอร์เซีย" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپدانس الکتریکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="เปอร์เซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedanssi" title="Impedanssi – ฟินแลนด์" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Impedanssi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ฟินแลนด์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9dance_(%C3%A9lectricit%C3%A9)" title="Impédance (électricité) – ฝรั่งเศส" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Impédance (électricité)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ฝรั่งเศส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coisceas" title="Coisceas – ไอริช" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Coisceas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ไอริช" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%94_%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="עכבה חשמלית – ฮิบรู" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עכבה חשמלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ฮิบรู" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE" title="प्रतिबाधा – ฮินดี" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रतिबाधा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ฮินดี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_impedancija" title="Električna impedancija – โครเอเชีย" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Električna impedancija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="โครเอเชีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedancia" title="Impedancia – ฮังการี" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Impedancia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ฮังการี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD" title="Էլեկտրական իմպեդանս – อาร์เมเนีย" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլեկտրական իմպեդանս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="อาร์เมเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedansi_listrik" title="Impedansi listrik – อินโดนีเซีย" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Impedansi listrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="อินโดนีเซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samvi%C3%B0n%C3%A1m" title="Samviðnám – ไอซ์แลนด์" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Samviðnám" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ไอซ์แลนด์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedenza" title="Impedenza – อิตาลี" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impedenza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="อิตาลี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9" title="インピーダンス – ญี่ปุ่น" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インピーダンス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ญี่ปุ่น" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Импеданс – คาซัค" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Импеданс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="คาซัค" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A8%EC%A0%80%ED%95%AD" title="온저항 – เกาหลี" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="온저항" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="เกาหลี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedansas" title="Impedansas – ลิทัวเนีย" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Impedansas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ลิทัวเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Електрична импеданса – มาซิโดเนีย" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Електрична импеданса" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="มาซิโดเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedenza" title="Impedenza – นาโปลี" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Impedenza" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="นาโปลี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedantie" title="Impedantie – ดัตช์" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Impedantie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ดัตช์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisk_impedans" title="Elektrisk impedans – นอร์เวย์นีนอสก์" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elektrisk impedans" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="นอร์เวย์นีนอสก์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedans" title="Impedans – นอร์เวย์บุคมอล" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Impedans" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="นอร์เวย์บุคมอล" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedancja" title="Impedancja – โปแลนด์" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Impedancja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="โปแลนด์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imped%C3%A2ncia_el%C3%A9trica" title="Impedância elétrica – โปรตุเกส" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Impedância elétrica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="โปรตุเกส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedan%C8%9B%C4%83_electric%C4%83" title="Impedanță electrică – โรมาเนีย" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Impedanță electrică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="โรมาเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Электрический импеданс – รัสเซีย" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электрический импеданс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="รัสเซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_impedansa" title="Električna impedansa – เซอร์โบ-โครเอเชีย" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Električna impedansa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="เซอร์โบ-โครเอเชีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="විද්‍යුත් සම්බාධනය – สิงหล" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විද්‍යුත් සම්බාධනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="สิงหล" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_impedance" title="Electrical impedance – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electrical impedance" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedancia" title="Impedancia – สโลวัก" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Impedancia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="สโลวัก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedanca" title="Impedanca – สโลวีเนีย" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Impedanca" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="สโลวีเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedanca_elektrike" title="Impedanca elektrike – แอลเบเนีย" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Impedanca elektrike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="แอลเบเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Електрична импеданса – เซอร์เบีย" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Електрична импеданса" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="เซอร์เบีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedans" title="Impedans – สวีเดน" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Impedans" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="สวีเดน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="மின்னெதிர்ப்பு – ทมิฬ" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மின்னெதிர்ப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="ทมิฬ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96z_empedans" title="Öz empedans – ตุรกี" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Öz empedans" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ตุรกี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Електричний імпеданс – ยูเครน" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електричний імпеданс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ยูเครน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="برقی مسدودیت – อูรดู" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برقی مسدودیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="อูรดู" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%9F_kh%C3%A1ng" title="Trở kháng – เวียดนาม" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trở kháng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="เวียดนาม" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BB%E6%8A%97" title="阻抗 – จีนอู๋" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阻抗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="จีนอู๋" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A5" title="אימפעדאנץ – ยิดดิช" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אימפעדאנץ" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="ยิดดิช" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BB%E6%8A%97" title="阻抗 – จีน" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阻抗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="จีน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C4%81n-kh%C3%AC_ch%C3%B3%CD%98-kh%C3%B2ng" title="Tiān-khì chó͘-khòng – จีนมินหนาน" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiān-khì chó͘-khòng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="จีนมินหนาน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E9%98%BB%E6%8A%97" title="電阻抗 – กวางตุ้ง" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電阻抗" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="กวางตุ้ง" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q179043#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="แก้ไขลิงก์ข้ามภาษา" class="wbc-editpage">แก้ไขลิงก์</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="เนมสเปซ"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="ดูหน้าเนื้อหา [c]" accesskey="c"><span>บทความ</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="อภิปรายเกี่ยวกับหน้าเนื้อหา (ไม่มีหน้านี้) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>อภิปราย</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="เปลี่ยนรูปแบบภาษา" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ไทย</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="ดู"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C"><span>อ่าน</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C&action=edit" title="แก้ไขรหัสต้นฉบับของหน้านี้ [e]" accesskey="e"><span>แก้ไข</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C&action=history" title="แก้ไขเก่าของหน้านี้ [h]" accesskey="h"><span>ดูประวัติ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="หน้าเครื่องมือ"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="เครื่องมือ" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">เครื่องมือ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">เครื่องมือ</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">ย้ายเมนูไปที่แถบด้านข้าง</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ซ่อน</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="ตัวเลือกเพิ่มเติม" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> การกระทำ </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C"><span>อ่าน</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C&action=edit" title="แก้ไขรหัสต้นฉบับของหน้านี้ [e]" accesskey="e"><span>แก้ไข</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C&action=history"><span>ดูประวัติ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ทั่วไป </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="รายการหน้าวิกิทุกหน้าที่ลิงก์มาที่นี่ [j]" accesskey="j"><span>หน้าที่ลิงก์มา</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" rel="nofollow" title="รายการเปลี่ยนแปลงล่าสุดในหน้าที่ลิงก์จากหน้านี้ [k]" accesskey="k"><span>การเปลี่ยนแปลงที่เกี่ยวโยง</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//th.wikipedia.org/wiki/วิกิพีเดีย:อัปโหลด" title="อัปโหลดไฟล์ [u]" accesskey="u"><span>อัปโหลดไฟล์</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C&oldid=12067064" title="ลิงก์ถาวรมารุ่นนี้ของหน้านี้"><span>ลิงก์ถาวร</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C&action=info" title="ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับหน้านี้"><span>สารสนเทศหน้า</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87&page=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C&id=12067064&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="สารสนเทศเกี่ยวกับวิธีการอ้างอิงหน้านี้"><span>อ้างอิงบทความนี้</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fth.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%259E%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%258B%25E0%25B9%258C"><span>รับยูอาร์แอลแบบสั้น</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fth.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%259E%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%258B%25E0%25B9%258C"><span>ดาวน์โหลดคิวอาร์โค้ด</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> พิมพ์/ส่งออก </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C"><span>สร้างหนังสือ</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C&action=show-download-screen"><span>ดาวน์โหลดเป็น PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C&printable=yes" title="รุ่นที่พร้อมพิมพ์ของหน้านี้ [p]" accesskey="p"><span>รุ่นพร้อมพิมพ์</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ในโครงการอื่น </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Electrical_impedance" hreflang="en"><span>วิกิมีเดียคอมมอนส์</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="สูตรความแปรปรวนร่วมของทฤษฎีแม่เหล็กไฟฟ้าดั้งเดิม (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">สูตรความแปรปรวนร่วม</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_tensor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electromagnetic tensor (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Electromagnetic tensor</a><br />(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_stress%E2%80%93energy_tensor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electromagnetic stress–energy tensor (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">stress–energy tensor</a>)</div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Four-current&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Four-current (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Four-current</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_four-potential&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electromagnetic four-potential (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Electromagnetic four-potential</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-weight:bold;text-align:center;">นักวิทยาศาสตร์</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3-%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="อ็องเดร-มารี อ็องแปร์">อ็องแปร์ (แอมแปร์)</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" title="ภาษาอังกฤษ">อังกฤษ</a>: <span lang="en">impedance</span>) เป็นการวัดความต้านทานที่<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="วงจรไฟฟ้า">วงจรไฟฟ้า</a>มีการต่อต้านต่อ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="กระแสไฟฟ้า">กระแส</a>เมื่อมีการจ่าย<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="แรงดันไฟฟ้า">แรงดัน</a> </p><p>ในความหมายด้านปริมาณ มันเป็นอัตราส่วนที่ซับซ้อนของแรงดันไฟฟ้าต่อกระแสในวงจร<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="กระแสสลับ">กระแสสลับ</a> (AC) อิมพีแดนซ์ขยายแนวคิดของความต้านทานไปยังวงจร AC และครอบครองทั้งขนาดและเฟส ซึ่งแตกต่างจากความต้านทานกระแสตรง (DC) ซึ่งมีเพียงขนาดเท่านั้น เมื่อวงจรถูกขับเคลื่อนด้วยไฟฟ้ากระแสตรง (DC) มันจะไม่มีความแตกต่างระหว่างอิมพีแดนซ์และความต้านทาน; ความต้านทานจะเป็นอิมพีแดนซ์ที่มีมุมเฟส (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" title="ภาษาอังกฤษ">อังกฤษ</a>: <span lang="en">phase angle</span>) เป็นศูนย์ </p><p>มันเป็นสิ่งจำเป็นที่จะต้องนำเสนอแนวคิดของอิมพีแดนซ์ในวงจร AC เพราะว่ามีสองกลไกต้านทานเพิ่มเติมที่จะต้องนำมาพิจารณานอกเหนือไปจากความต้านทานปกติของวงจรดีซี: นั่นคือ 1. การเหนี่ยวนำของแรงดันไฟฟ้าในตัวนำที่เหนี่ยวนำด้วยตนเองจาก<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81" title="สนามแม่เหล็ก">สนามแม่เหล็ก</a>ของกระแส (เรียกว่า<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="การเหนี่ยวนำ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">การเหนี่ยวนำ</a>) และ 2. การเก็บสะสมไฟฟ้าสถิตของประจุที่เหนี่ยวนำโดยแรงดันไฟฟ้าระหว่างแผ่นตัวนำสองแผ่น (เรียกว่า<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ความจุ">ความจุ</a>) อิมพีแดนซ์ที่เกิดจากผลกระทบทั้งสองนี้จะรวมเรียกว่า<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="รีแอคแตนซ์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">รีแอคแตนซ์</a> (reactance) และมีรูปเป็นส่วนจินตภาพของอิมพีแดนซ์ที่ซับซ้อนในขณะที่ความต้านทานมีรูปเป็นส่วนจริง </p><p>สัญลักษณ์สำหรับอิมพีแดนซ์ปกติจะเป็น <span class="texhtml"><i>Z</i></span> และมันอาจแทนความหมายโดยการเขียนขนาดและเฟสของมันในรูปของ <span class="texhtml">|<i>Z</i>|<i>∠θ</i></span> อย่างไรก็ตาม การแทนความหมายด้วยตัวเลขซับซ้อนแบบคาร์ทีเซียนจะมีประสิทธิภาพมากขึ้นสำหรับวัตถุประสงค์ในการวิเคราะห์วงจร </p><p>คำว่า <i>อิมพีแดนซ์</i> ตั้งขึ้นโดย Oliver Heaviside ในเดือนกรกฎาคมปี 1886<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> อาร์เธอร์ Kennelly เป็นคนแรกที่แทนค่าอิมพีแดนซ์ด้วยตัวเลขที่ซับซ้อนในปี 1893<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>อิมพีแดนซ์จะถูกกำหนดเป็นอัตราส่วนแบบโดเมนความถี่ของแรงดันไฟฟ้าต่อกระแส<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> พูดอีกอย่าง มันเป็นอัตราส่วนแรงดันไฟฟ้าต่อกระแสสำหรับค่าเอกโปเนนเชียลที่ซับซ้อนเชิงเดี่ยวที่ความถี่เฉพาะ <span class="texhtml"><i>ω</i></span> โดยทั่วไป อิมพีแดนซ์จะเป็นตัวเลขที่ซับซ้อนตัวหนึ่ง ที่มีหน่วยเดียวกันกับความต้านทาน ซึ่งในหน่วย SI เป็นโอห์ม (<span class="texhtml">Ω</span>) สำหรับกระแสหรือแรงดันไฟฟ้าอินพุตที่เป็นรูปซายน์ รูปแบบขั้วของอิมพีแดนซ์ที่ซับซ้อนจะเกี่ยวข้องกับแอมพลิจูดและเฟสของแรงดันและกระแส โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่ง: </p> <ul><li>ขนาดของอิมพีแดนซ์ที่ซับซ้อนคืออัตราส่วนของแอมพลิจูดของแรงดันต่อแอมพลิจูดของกระแส</li> <li>เฟสของอิมพีแดนซ์ที่ซับซ้อนเป็น phase shift โดยที่กระแสจะช้ากว่าแรงดันไฟฟ้า</li></ul> <p>ตัวตรงขัามของอิมพีแดนซ์คือแอดมิทแตนซ์ (admittance) (เป็นอัตราส่วนของกระแสต่อแรงดันและมีหน่วยของซีเมนส์ ที่แต่ก่อนเรียกว่า<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="โม (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">โม</a> (mho)) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="อิมพีแดนซ์ที่ซับซ้อน"><span id=".E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.A1.E0.B8.9E.E0.B8.B5.E0.B9.81.E0.B8.94.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.8B.E0.B9.8C.E0.B8.97.E0.B8.B5.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.8B.E0.B8.B1.E0.B8.9A.E0.B8.8B.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.99"></span>อิมพีแดนซ์ที่ซับซ้อน</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&section=1" title="แก้ไขส่วน: อิมพีแดนซ์ที่ซับซ้อน"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Complex_Impedance.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Complex_Impedance.svg/200px-Complex_Impedance.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Complex_Impedance.svg/300px-Complex_Impedance.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Complex_Impedance.svg/400px-Complex_Impedance.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>การแสดงด้วยภาพกราฟิกของระนาบอิมพีแดนซ์ที่ซับซ้อน (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" title="ภาษาอังกฤษ">อังกฤษ</a>: <span lang="en">complex impedance plane</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>อิมพีแดนซ์จะถูกแสดงเป็นปริมาณที่ซับซ้อน <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle Z}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mi>Z</mi> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle Z}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ff19ab4be1e7820c4c49f17faae8dd0bdcd8f9f1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.188ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle Z}"></span> และคำว่า <i>อิมพีแดนซ์ที่ซับซ้อน</i> อาจใช้แทนกันได้ </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="รูปแบบขั้ว (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">รูปแบบขั้ว</a>จะสะดวกที่จะแสดงค่าลักษณะเฉพาะได้ทั้งขนาดและเฟส เป็น </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ Z=|Z|e^{j\arg(Z)}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>Z</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>Z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> <mi>arg</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>Z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ Z=|Z|e^{j\arg(Z)}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d6018bcc08123402dce856765c4019d001d84217" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.47ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ Z=|Z|e^{j\arg(Z)}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>เมื่อขนาด <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle |Z|}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>Z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle |Z|}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/96aa38fa8dbbe3a13344c666df5e6a7226a5e351" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.103ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle |Z|}"></span> หมายถึงอัตราส่วนของแอมพลิจูดความต่างศักย์ของแรงดันไฟฟ้าต่อแอมพลิจูดของกระแส ในขณะที่อาร์กิวเมนต์ <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \arg(Z)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mi>arg</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>Z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \arg(Z)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ce26d6e378974b9d26c925a4da5145263d5f6f32" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.756ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \arg(Z)}"></span> (ปกติจะมีสัญลักษณ์เป็น <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \theta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mi>θ</mi> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \theta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/635d7bc2a3756a9c19ec7ba7f9aacc676c8a324a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.771ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \theta }"></span>) จะแสดงความแตกต่างของเฟสระหว่างแรงดันและกระแส. <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle j}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mi>j</mi> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle j}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8c612907013b196e90016c85456b17eff2d93493" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.019ex; width:0.696ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle j}"></span> เป็นหน่วยจินตภาพและถูกใช้แทน <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle i}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mi>i</mi> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle i}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0304e15829305211b87d00097818576e7725096a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.567ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle i}"></span> ในบริบทนี้เพื่อหลีกเลี่ยงความสับสนกับสัญลักษณ์ของกระแสไฟฟ้า </p><p>ในรูปแบบคาร์ทีเซียน อิมพีแดนซ์ถูกกำหนดให้เป็น </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ Z=R+jX}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>Z</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>j</mi> <mi>X</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ Z=R+jX}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1bdb1dacb0fb598322ff139e6fe6eb0379a4ea07" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.902ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ Z=R+jX}"></span></dd></dl> <p>เมื่อส่วนที่เป็นค่าจริงของอิมพีแดนซ์เป็นค่าความต้านทาน <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle R}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mi>R</mi> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle R}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b814811ff06a8eb5ed4110cef7ea3013d29658ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.247ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle R}"></span> และส่วนที่เป็นค่าจินตภาพเป็นรีแอคแตนซ์ <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle X}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mi>X</mi> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle X}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9b88bfd56b234fcec7137b28c3982a284f776009" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.4ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle X}"></span> </p><p>เมื่อมีความจำเป็นที่จะต้องเพิ่มหรือลดค่าอิมพีแดนซ์ รูปแบบคาร์ทีเซียนจะสะดวกมากกว่า แต่เมื่อมีการคูณหรือหาร การคำนวณจะง่ายกว่าถ้ารูปแบบขั้วถูกนำมาใช้ การคำนวณวงจรเช่นการหาค่าอิมพีแดนซ์รวมของอิมพีแดนซ์สองตัวที่ต่อกันในแบบคู่ขนาน อาจจำเป็นต้องมีการแปลงระหว่างรูปแบบข้างบนหลายครั้งในระหว่างการคำนวณ การแปลงระหว่างรูปแบบหนึ่งไปเป็นอีกรูปแบบหนึ่งจะต้องทำตามกฎแปลงปกติของตัวเลขที่ซับซ้อน </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="กฎของโอห์ม"><span id=".E0.B8.81.E0.B8.8E.E0.B8.82.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.87.E0.B9.82.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.AB.E0.B9.8C.E0.B8.A1"></span>กฎของโอห์ม</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&section=2" title="แก้ไขส่วน: กฎของโอห์ม"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:General_AC_circuit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/General_AC_circuit.svg/165px-General_AC_circuit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="165" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/General_AC_circuit.svg/248px-General_AC_circuit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/General_AC_circuit.svg/330px-General_AC_circuit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="216" /></a><figcaption>แหล่งจ่ายไฟ AC กำลังจ่ายแรงดันไฟฟ้า <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c1bfe5ab97b21dbb3674720a2739af37d13e885a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.264ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle V}"></span> คล่อมโหลด <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle Z}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mi>Z</mi> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle Z}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ff19ab4be1e7820c4c49f17faae8dd0bdcd8f9f1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.188ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle Z}"></span> ผลักดันกระแส <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle I}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mi>I</mi> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle I}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7784992569d3b9f73a37d4cff1f18443d0583397" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.829ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle I}"></span></figcaption></figure> <p>บทความหลัก: <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1" title="กฎของโอห์ม">กฎของโอห์ม</a> </p><p>ความหมายของอิมพีแดนซ์สามารถเข้าใจได้โดยการแทนค่าลงไปในกฎของโอห์ม<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HH1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HH1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ V=IZ=I|Z|e^{j\arg(Z)}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>V</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>I</mi> <mi>Z</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>Z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> <mi>arg</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>Z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ V=IZ=I|Z|e^{j\arg(Z)}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/33ad11e6c10bfe20e021bc66e1648e85a30dc5a8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.699ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ V=IZ=I|Z|e^{j\arg(Z)}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>ขนาดของอิมพีแดนซ์ <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle |Z|}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>Z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle |Z|}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/96aa38fa8dbbe3a13344c666df5e6a7226a5e351" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.103ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle |Z|}"></span> ทำหน้าที่เช่นเดียวกับความต้านทาน คือทำให้เกิดแรงดันไฟฟ้าตกคร่อมอิมพีแดนซ์ <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle Z}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mi>Z</mi> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle Z}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ff19ab4be1e7820c4c49f17faae8dd0bdcd8f9f1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.188ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle Z}"></span> ด้วยกระแส <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle I}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mi>I</mi> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle I}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7784992569d3b9f73a37d4cff1f18443d0583397" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.829ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle I}"></span> ปัจจัยเฟส (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" title="ภาษาอังกฤษ">อังกฤษ</a>: <span lang="en">phase factor</span>) บอกเราว่ากระแสจะตามหลังแรงดันไฟฟ้าโดยองศาเท่ากับ <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \theta \;=\;\arg(Z)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mi>θ</mi> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mo>=</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi>arg</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>Z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \theta \;=\;\arg(Z)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/12ac7398c033f9b9e072f491254b8cded88a5a5a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.096ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \theta \;=\;\arg(Z)}"></span> (เช่นในโดเมนเวลา สัญญาณกระแสจะเลื่อนไป <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\frac {\theta }{2\pi }}T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\frac {\theta }{2\pi }}T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fd2f9a70d1115dffb9be6156c5367f86a2295eb7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:3.425ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\frac {\theta }{2\pi }}T}"></span> ช้ากว่าสัญญาณแรงดันไฟฟ้า) </p><p>เช่นเดียวกับที่อิมพีแดนซ์ขยายกฎของโอห์มเพื่อให้ครอบคลุมวงจร AC, ผลลัพท์อื่น ๆ ที่เกิดจากการวิเคราะห์วงจร DC เช่นตัวแบ่งแรงดันไฟฟ้า (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" title="ภาษาอังกฤษ">อังกฤษ</a>: <span lang="en">voltage divider</span>) ตัวแบ่งแรงดันกระแส (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" title="ภาษาอังกฤษ">อังกฤษ</a>: <span lang="en">current divider</span>) ทฤษฎีบทของ Thévenin และทฤษฎีบทของนอร์ตัน ยังสามารถขยายไปยังวงจร AC ได้โดยการแทนที่ความต้านทานด้วยอิมพีแดนซ์ </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="อ้างอิง"><span id=".E0.B8.AD.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.87"></span>อ้างอิง</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&section=3" title="แก้ไขส่วน: อ้างอิง"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r12126193">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Science</i>, p. 18, 1888</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver Heaviside, <i>The Electrician</i>, p. 212, 23 July 1886, reprinted as <i>Electrical Papers</i>, p 64, AMS Bookstore, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0821834657" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8218-3465-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4768008">Kennelly, Arthur. <i>Impedance</i> (AIEE, 1893)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r10205087">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlexanderSadiku2006" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Charles; Sadiku, Matthew (2006). <i>Fundamentals of Electric Circuits</i> (3, revised ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 387–389. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-07-330115-0" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-07-330115-0"><bdi>978-0-07-330115-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Electric+Circuits&rft.pages=387-389&rft.edition=3%2C+revised&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-07-330115-0&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Sadiku%2C+Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:Cite_book" title="แม่แบบ:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="หมวดหมู่:CS1 maint: postscript">ลิงก์</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/imped.html">AC Ohm's law</a>, Hyperphysics</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HH1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-HH1_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10205087"><cite id="CITEREFHorowitzHill,_Winfield1989" class="citation book cs1">Horowitz, Paul; Hill, Winfield (1989). "1". <i>The Art of Electronics</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 32–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/0-521-37095-7" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/0-521-37095-7"><bdi>0-521-37095-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Electronics&rft.pages=32-33&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-521-37095-7&rft.aulast=Horowitz&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Hill%2C+Winfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" 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