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<li id="toc-Soviet_Union_and_Cold_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union_and_Cold_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Soviet Union and Cold war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union_and_Cold_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Federation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Federation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Russian Federation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Federation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Under_Boris_Yeltsin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_Boris_Yeltsin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Under Boris Yeltsin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_Boris_Yeltsin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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href="#Economic_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Economic relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economic_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economic relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economic_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Debt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Debt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Military relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_nuclear_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_nuclear_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The nuclear issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_nuclear_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Border" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Border</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Public opinion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Russian invasion of Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="العلاقات الروسية الكورية الشمالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العلاقات الروسية الكورية الشمالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Отношения между Русия и Северна Корея – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Отношения между Русия и Северна Корея" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusko-severokorejsk%C3%A9_vztahy" title="Rusko-severokorejské vztahy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rusko-severokorejské vztahy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forholdet_mellem_Rusland_og_Nordkorea" title="Forholdet mellem Rusland og Nordkorea – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Forholdet mellem Rusland og Nordkorea" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordkoreanisch-russische_Beziehungen" title="Nordkoreanisch-russische Beziehungen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nordkoreanisch-russische Beziehungen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaciones_Corea_del_Norte-Rusia" title="Relaciones Corea del Norte-Rusia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Relaciones Corea del Norte-Rusia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relations_entre_la_Cor%C3%A9e_du_Nord_et_la_Russie" title="Relations entre la Corée du Nord et la Russie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Relations entre la Corée du Nord et la Russie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84-%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98%EC%9D%B8%EB%AF%BC%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD_%EA%B4%80%EA%B3%84" title="러시아-조선민주주의인민공화국 관계 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="러시아-조선민주주의인민공화국 관계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubungan_Korea_Utara_dengan_Rusia" title="Hubungan Korea Utara dengan Rusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hubungan Korea Utara dengan Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%E2%80%93_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94" title="יחסי קוריאה הצפונית – רוסיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יחסי קוריאה הצפונית – רוסיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%81%A8%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E3%81%AE%E9%96%A2%E4%BF%82" title="ロシアと朝鮮の関係 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロシアと朝鮮の関係" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rela%C3%A7%C3%B5es_entre_Coreia_do_Norte_e_R%C3%BAssia" title="Relações entre Coreia do Norte e Rússia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Relações entre Coreia do Norte e Rússia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Российско-северокорейские отношения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Российско-северокорейские отношения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80-%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%B3%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F" title="උතුරු කොරියාව-රුසියාව සබඳතා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="උතුරු කොරියාව-රුසියාව සබඳතා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Російсько-північнокорейські відносини – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Російсько-північнокорейські відносини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quan_h%E1%BB%87_B%E1%BA%AFc_Tri%E1%BB%81u_Ti%C3%AAn_-_Nga" title="Quan hệ Bắc Triều Tiên - Nga – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quan hệ Bắc Triều Tiên - Nga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E2%80%94%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="朝鲜—俄罗斯关系 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="朝鲜—俄罗斯关系" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3624278#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bilateral relations</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><caption class="infobox-title">North Korea–Russia relations</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Korea_Russia_Locator.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating locations of North Korea and Russia"><img alt="Map indicating locations of North Korea and Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/North_Korea_Russia_Locator.svg/250px-North_Korea_Russia_Locator.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/North_Korea_Russia_Locator.svg/375px-North_Korea_Russia_Locator.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/North_Korea_Russia_Locator.svg/500px-North_Korea_Russia_Locator.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey"></th></tr><tr style="height:0.6em"> <td style="background:#339933;"></td> <td style="background:#E08020;"></td> </tr><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/60px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/90px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/120px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/68px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/90px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey">Diplomatic mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_North_Korea,_Moscow" title="Embassy of North Korea, Moscow">Embassy of North Korea, Moscow</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Russia,_Pyongyang" title="Embassy of Russia, Pyongyang">Embassy of Russia, Pyongyang</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kim_Jong-un_and_Vladimir_Putin_(2019-04-25)_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kim_Jong-un_and_Vladimir_Putin_%282019-04-25%29_06.jpg/290px-Kim_Jong-un_and_Vladimir_Putin_%282019-04-25%29_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kim_Jong-un_and_Vladimir_Putin_%282019-04-25%29_06.jpg/435px-Kim_Jong-un_and_Vladimir_Putin_%282019-04-25%29_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kim_Jong-un_and_Vladimir_Putin_%282019-04-25%29_06.jpg/580px-Kim_Jong-un_and_Vladimir_Putin_%282019-04-25%29_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>North Korean Leader <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a> (left) and Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (right), during the <a href="/wiki/2019_North_Korea%E2%80%93Russia_summit" title="2019 North Korea–Russia summit">2019 North Korea–Russia summit</a> April 2019.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, USSR, the predecessor state to the modern <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a>) was the first to recognize <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> (Democratic People's Republic of Korea, DPRK) on October 12, 1948, shortly after the proclamation, as the sole legitimate authority in all of <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>. The Soviet Union supported North Korea during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>. North Korea was founded as part of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Communist bloc</a>, and received major Soviet military and political support.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The comprehensive <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cult_of_personality" title="North Korean cult of personality">personality cult</a> around North Korea's <a href="/wiki/Kim_dynasty_(North_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim dynasty (North Korea)">ruling family</a> was heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>. <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and the Soviet Union competed for influence in North Korea during the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a> in the 1960s, as North Korea tried to maintain good relations with both countries.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relations between the two countries continued after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relationship regained importance after <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> was elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a> in 2000. <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a> also accepted an invitation to visit Russia in mid-2015. The two states <a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Russia_border" title="North Korea–Russia border">share a border</a> along the lower <a href="/wiki/Tumen_River" title="Tumen River">Tumen River</a>, which is 17 kilometers (11 mi) long and was formed in 1860 when <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a> acquired <a href="/wiki/Primorsky_Krai" title="Primorsky Krai">Ussuriland</a> from <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty China</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Peking" title="Convention of Peking">Convention of Peking</a>. </p><p>In 2022, North Korea became the third country (the second being <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>) to recognise the independence of the breakaway states of <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk People's Republics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ukraine" title="Eastern Ukraine">eastern Ukraine</a>. In response to the recognition and support of Russia, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> terminated diplomatic ties with North Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2022, Russia reportedly purchased millions of shells and rockets from North Korea to aid in its invasion of Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, North Korea also sent workers to Russia which lacks workforce due to the war.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Korea%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union_and_Cold_war">Soviet Union and Cold war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Korea%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Soviet Union and Cold war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_the_Korean_War" title="Soviet Union in the Korean War">Soviet Union in the Korean War</a></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bilateral relations</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><caption class="infobox-title">North Korea–Soviet Union relations</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Korea_Soviet_Union_locator.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating locations of North Korea and Soviet Union"><img alt="Map indicating locations of North Korea and Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/North_Korea_Soviet_Union_locator.png/250px-North_Korea_Soviet_Union_locator.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/North_Korea_Soviet_Union_locator.png/375px-North_Korea_Soviet_Union_locator.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/North_Korea_Soviet_Union_locator.png/500px-North_Korea_Soviet_Union_locator.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1397" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey"></th></tr><tr style="height:0.6em"> <td style="background:#339933;"></td> <td style="background:#E08020;"></td> </tr><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/90px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_North_Korea_%281948%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welcome_Celebration_for_Red_Army_in_Pyongyang2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Welcome_Celebration_for_Red_Army_in_Pyongyang2.JPG/220px-Welcome_Celebration_for_Red_Army_in_Pyongyang2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Welcome_Celebration_for_Red_Army_in_Pyongyang2.JPG/330px-Welcome_Celebration_for_Red_Army_in_Pyongyang2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Welcome_Celebration_for_Red_Army_in_Pyongyang2.JPG/440px-Welcome_Celebration_for_Red_Army_in_Pyongyang2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="328" /></a><figcaption>Welcome ceremony for the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>, 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> had provided much support to North Korea during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. </p><p>Soviet troops invaded the <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Japanese colony of Korea</a> in 1945; by agreement with the U.S., the <a href="/wiki/38th_parallel_north" title="38th parallel north">38th parallel</a> was the dividing line with <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> in charge to the north and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a> to the South. </p><p>North Korea came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Civil_Administration" title="Soviet Civil Administration">Soviet Civil Administration</a> and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="People's Committee of North Korea">People's Committee of North Korea</a> from 1945 to 1948. </p><p>The Soviet 64th Fighter Aviation Corps took part in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> where they provided North Korea and China with badly needed pilots.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1961 DPRK-Soviet Union Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance underpinned cooperation during the Cold War.<sup id="cite_ref-38north-20240624_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38north-20240624-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moscow under <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> began to reduce aid to the North after 1985 in favor of reconciliation with <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>. Military equipment continued to be provided until a last batch of <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan_MiG-29" title="Mikoyan MiG-29">MiG-29s</a> was delivered in 1989. <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> visited the USSR five times, with the last time being in 1986 during the early Gorbachev era. He also met with Soviet officials abroad, including with Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Death and state funeral of Josip Broz Tito">funeral</a> of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslav</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Yugoslavia" title="President of Yugoslavia">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> in May 1980. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Federation">Russian Federation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Korea%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Russian Federation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Under_Boris_Yeltsin">Under Boris Yeltsin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Korea%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Under Boris Yeltsin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Korean_Embassy_Moscow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/North_Korean_Embassy_Moscow.jpg/220px-North_Korean_Embassy_Moscow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/North_Korean_Embassy_Moscow.jpg/330px-North_Korean_Embassy_Moscow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/North_Korean_Embassy_Moscow.jpg/440px-North_Korean_Embassy_Moscow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_North_Korea_in_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Embassy of North Korea in Moscow">Embassy of North Korea in Moscow</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the USSR">dissolution of the USSR</a>, the new <a href="/wiki/Russian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian government">Russian government</a> under <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> refused to provide support for North Korea, favoring South Korea instead. </p><p>The first meeting of the Inter-governmental Commission for Trade, Economic, and Scientific-Technical Cooperation between Russia and DPRK was held in the spring of 1996 led by Deputy Premier Vitali Ignatenko. This was the highest-level meeting (at the deputy prime ministerial level) between Moscow and Pyongyang since the collapse of the Soviet Union. During the visit, the two countries agreed to restore bilateral trade and economic cooperation to its 1991 level. The two sides also agreed to restore bilateral inter-governmental commissions and to establish working-level bodies between North Korea and the Russian Far Eastern province for bilateral cooperation in science-technology, forestry, light industry, and transport. Ignatenko carried Yeltsin's personal message to Kim Jong Il. In the message, Yeltsin expressed his hopes for tension reduction on the Korean peninsula and North Korea's continuing observance of the Armistice Agreement. Kim Jong Il, expecting that <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Gennady Zyuganov</a>, the General Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Communist Party of the Russian Federation</a>, would win the coming <a href="/wiki/1996_Russian_presidential_election" title="1996 Russian presidential election">presidential election in June–July 1996</a>, did not even send a letter of reply, nor did he meet with the Russian delegation.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the mid-1990s, when it became apparent that South Korea would not become an important economic partner and that the DPRK was not collapsing, Russia generally followed a strategy of diplomatic 'equidistance' between North and South Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-38north-20240709_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38north-20240709-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vladimir_Putin_and_Dmitry_Medvedev">Vladimir Putin and Dmitry Medvedev</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Korea%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vladimir Putin and Dmitry Medvedev"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_with_Kim_Jong-Il-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Vladimir_Putin_with_Kim_Jong-Il-2.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_with_Kim_Jong-Il-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Vladimir_Putin_with_Kim_Jong-Il-2.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_with_Kim_Jong-Il-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Vladimir_Putin_with_Kim_Jong-Il-2.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_with_Kim_Jong-Il-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>North Korean Leader <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il" title="Kim Jong Il">Kim Jong Il</a> with <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">Russian President</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>, July 2000</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>'s elevation to <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">prime minister</a> in August 1999 and then <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">president</a> in March had critical significance for <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>, which attributed its previous grievances to Yeltsin's government. <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il" title="Kim Jong Il">Kim Jong Il</a>'s references to Putin were to the effect that at last Russia had a leader "with whom to do business."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, intensive diplomatic work had to precede a historical breakthrough in Russia–DPRK relations. These efforts began to bear fruit in late 1998, and by March 1999, it became possible to agree completely on the text and the initial Treaty on Friendship, Good-Neighborly Relations and Cooperation. It was signed in February 2000, after Yeltsin left the political arena.<sup id="cite_ref-38north-20240624_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38north-20240624-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in April 2000, covert preparations for a visit by President Putin to Pyongyang began. The first summit meeting in the history of Russian-Korean relations took place in July 2000 when a Joint Declaration was signed, the first international document signed by Kim Jong Il as <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea">General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2011_Russian_Embassy_in_DPRK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/2011_Russian_Embassy_in_DPRK.jpg/290px-2011_Russian_Embassy_in_DPRK.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/2011_Russian_Embassy_in_DPRK.jpg/435px-2011_Russian_Embassy_in_DPRK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/2011_Russian_Embassy_in_DPRK.jpg/580px-2011_Russian_Embassy_in_DPRK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Embassy of Russia in Pyongyang</figcaption></figure> <p>In July 2006 Russia supported <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1695" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1695">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1695</a>, condemning the <a href="/wiki/2006_North_Korean_missile_test" title="2006 North Korean missile test">2006 North Korean missile test</a>. In October 2006, Russia voted for <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1718" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1718">Resolution 1718</a> imposing an embargo on technologies supporting missile and nuclear programs, as well as luxury goods. In June 2009, President <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> supported more intense sanctions and deployed a <a href="/wiki/S-400_missile_system" title="S-400 missile system">S-400 air defense system</a> to their border.<sup id="cite_ref-38north-20240624_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38north-20240624-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2009, Russian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a> visited North Korea and signed a plan with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mun_Jae-chol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mun Jae-chol (page does not exist)">Mun Jae-chol</a>, acting chairman of the Korean <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Cultural_Relations_with_Foreign_Countries" title="Committee for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries">Committee for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries</a> on 2009–2010 of cultural and scientific exchange.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/2009_North_Korean_nuclear_test" title="2009 North Korean nuclear test">North Korean nuclear test on 25 May 2009</a>, North Korea's relations with China and Russia changed. Russia, fearing that North Korea's success could lead to a nuclear war, joined <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in starting a resolution that could include new sanctions.<sup id="cite_ref-researchgate.net_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-researchgate.net-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Russia">Russian news agencies</a> were outraged when North Korea threatened to attack neighboring South Korea after it joined a U.S. led plan to check vessels suspected of carrying equipment for weapons of mass destruction. Another concern was that the nuclear test can be a threat to the security of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russia's far east regions</a> which border North Korea. <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea">South Korean president</a> <a href="/wiki/Lee_Myung-bak" title="Lee Myung-bak">Lee Myung-bak</a> had a phone conversation with Russian president <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a>, where Medvedev told him that Russia would work with <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a> on a new <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">U.N. Security Council</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_resolution" title="United Nations Security Council resolution">resolution</a> and to revive <a href="/wiki/Six-party_talks" title="Six-party talks">international talks</a> on the North Korean nuclear issue. </p><p>On 15 June 2009, China and Russia supported the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1874" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1874">UN sanctions on North Korea</a>. However, the two countries stressed that they did not support the use of force. <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representative_of_Russia_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent Representative of Russia to the United Nations">Permanent Representative of Russia to the United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Churkin" title="Vitaly Churkin">Vitaly Churkin</a> insisted that any sanctions should be lifted once North Korea cooperates. Also, On 30 March 2010, President Dmitry Medvedev signed a <a href="/wiki/Decree_of_the_President_of_Russia" title="Decree of the President of Russia">decree</a> implementing intensified United Nations Security Council sanctions against Pyongyang's nuclear programs. The presidential decree banned the purchase of weapons and relevant materials from the DPRK by government offices, <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">enterprises</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">banks</a>, organizations and individuals currently under Russia's jurisdiction. It also prohibited the transit of <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">weapons</a> and relevant materials via Russian territory or their <a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">export</a> to the DPRK. Any financial aid and educational training that might facilitate North Korea's nuclear program and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">proliferation</a> activities were also forbidden.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dmitry_Medvedev_and_Kim_Jong-il_(2011-08-24)_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Dmitry_Medvedev_and_Kim_Jong-il_%282011-08-24%29_02.jpg/220px-Dmitry_Medvedev_and_Kim_Jong-il_%282011-08-24%29_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Dmitry_Medvedev_and_Kim_Jong-il_%282011-08-24%29_02.jpg/330px-Dmitry_Medvedev_and_Kim_Jong-il_%282011-08-24%29_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Dmitry_Medvedev_and_Kim_Jong-il_%282011-08-24%29_02.jpg/440px-Dmitry_Medvedev_and_Kim_Jong-il_%282011-08-24%29_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>North Korean Leader <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il" title="Kim Jong Il">Kim Jong Il</a> with <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">Russian President</a> <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sosnovy_Bor_(garrison)" title="Sosnovy Bor (garrison)">Sosnovy Bor</a>, August 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>In December 2010 the North Korean Minister of Foreign Affairs visited Moscow to meet his Russian counterpart, Lavrov, in what was seen as North Korea trying to control criticism about its <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Yeonpyeong" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardment of Yeonpyeong">attack on South Korea's Yeonpyeong island</a>. Lavrov told the North Korean official that Pyongyang's November 23 artillery strike on Yeonpyeong island "resulted in loss of life" and "deserves condemnation". </p><p>On October 18, 2011, Russian and North Korean officials marked the 63rd anniversary of the establishment of bilateral diplomatic ties in an event at the <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_embassy_in_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korean embassy in Moscow">North Korean embassy in Moscow</a>. The evening's event was attended by Russian Deputy Foreign Minister <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexei_Borodavkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexei Borodavkin (page does not exist)">Alexei Borodavkin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A delegation of Russia's <a href="/wiki/Federal_Air_Transport_Agency" title="Federal Air Transport Agency">Federal Air Transport Agency</a> (Rosaviatsia) visited Pyongyang from December 12 to 14, 2011. On December 13 (Tuesday) Rosaviatsia director Neradiko Alexandr and Kang Ki-sop, director of General Bureau of Civil Aviation signed an agreement on civilian <a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">search and rescue</a> between Russia and North Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the North Korean announcement that it agreed to introduce a <a href="/wiki/Moratorium_(law)" title="Moratorium (law)">moratorium</a> on nuclear tests, long-range <a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">missile</a> launches and <a href="/wiki/Enriched_uranium" title="Enriched uranium">uranium enrichment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">Russia's foreign ministry</a> said, "We welcome North Korea's decision to impose a moratorium on testing nuclear weapons and launching long-range ballistic missiles, and enriching uranium".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Putin won the <a href="/wiki/2012_Russian_presidential_election" title="2012 Russian presidential election">2012 Russian presidential election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a> congratulated him, writing in a letter "I wish you achievement in your responsible work for building a powerful Russia", expressing belief that the traditional bilateral relations of friendship and cooperation would grow stronger.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2012 Russia appointed Alexandr Timonin as the new ambassador to North Korea. The latter presented his credentials to <a href="/wiki/Kim_Yong-nam" title="Kim Yong-nam">Kim Yong-nam</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mansudae_Assembly_Hall" title="Mansudae Assembly Hall">Mansudae Assembly Hall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 27, 2012, during the visit of the Deputy Foreign Minister of the DPRK Kung Seok-ung to Moscow, Foreign Ministries of both countries have signed an inter-ministerial plan of exchanges on 2013–2014. On June 5, 2012, the two sides concluded a Boundary Treaty between the two states. </p><p>In September 2012 Russia agreed to write off 90% of North Korea's $11 billion historic debt to Russia as a sign of closer engagement with North Korea's new leader.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The $1 billion North Korea has to repay will be used to finance Russian investment in humanitarian and energy projects in North Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-38north-20141106_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38north-20141106-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This agreement removed legal blocks hindering the financing of trade between the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-38north-20141106_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38north-20141106-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, Russia supported both resolutions of the UN Security Council against North Korea for its missile and nuclear tests.<sup id="cite_ref-researchgate.net_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-researchgate.net-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kim_Jong-un_and_Vladimir_Putin_(2019-04-25)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kim_Jong-un_and_Vladimir_Putin_%282019-04-25%29_01.jpg/220px-Kim_Jong-un_and_Vladimir_Putin_%282019-04-25%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kim_Jong-un_and_Vladimir_Putin_%282019-04-25%29_01.jpg/330px-Kim_Jong-un_and_Vladimir_Putin_%282019-04-25%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kim_Jong-un_and_Vladimir_Putin_%282019-04-25%29_01.jpg/440px-Kim_Jong-un_and_Vladimir_Putin_%282019-04-25%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4670" data-file-height="3352" /></a><figcaption>North Korean Supreme Leader Kim Jong-Un Meets Russian President Vladimir Putin in Vladivostok (April 25, 2019).</figcaption></figure> <p>In February 2014, during the <a href="/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics" title="2014 Winter Olympics">2014 Winter Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnodar Krai">Krasnodar Krai</a>, a delegation headed by Kim Yong-nam travelled to represent North Korea, even though the latter did not participate in these Olympics. Kim had a meeting with President Putin, and also met a number of Russian parliamentarians and state officials in Moscow en route to the Games in Sochi. These included <a href="/wiki/Valentina_Matvienko" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentina Matvienko">Valentina Matvienko</a> and Ilyas Umakhanov of the Russian Federation Council, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Margelov" title="Mikhail Margelov">Mikhail Margelov</a>, the chair of the International Affairs Committee of the same body, and Vice Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Igor_Morgulov" title="Igor Morgulov">Igor Morgulov</a>. <a href="/wiki/Korean_Central_Television" title="Korean Central Television">Korean Central Television</a> (KCTV) also introduced the opening ceremony of the Sochi Winter Olympics on the day it took place, the 8th, focusing on the presence of Kim Yong-nam.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2014, Russia wrote off 90% of North Korea's $11 billion of Soviet-era debt.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters-20140419_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-20140419-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2014, the new North Korean Foreign Minister, <a href="/wiki/Ri_Su_Yong" class="mw-redirect" title="Ri Su Yong">Ri Su-yong</a>, made a ten-day visit to Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-38north-20141106_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38north-20141106-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2014 North Korean leader Kim Jong Un's special envoy, <a href="/wiki/Choe_Ryong-hae" title="Choe Ryong-hae">Choe Ryong-hae</a>, made a seven-day visit to Russia. During his trip, he met with Russian President Vladimir Putin, delivering a letter to him from Kim Jong Un, and with Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Korean_plane_at_Vladivostok_International_Airport_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/North_Korean_plane_at_Vladivostok_International_Airport_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-North_Korean_plane_at_Vladivostok_International_Airport_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/North_Korean_plane_at_Vladivostok_International_Airport_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-North_Korean_plane_at_Vladivostok_International_Airport_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/North_Korean_plane_at_Vladivostok_International_Airport_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-North_Korean_plane_at_Vladivostok_International_Airport_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1287" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>North Korean cargo jet at Vladivostok International Airport in October 2018<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In April 2019, Kim travelled by armored train to Vladivostok <a href="/wiki/2019_North_Korea-Russia_summit" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 North Korea-Russia summit">to meet Putin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Following_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine">Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Korea%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2022, Russia <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">launched an invasion of Ukraine</a>. On 2 March, North Korea was one of the five countries to vote against a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_ES-11/1" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/1">United Nations resolution</a> condemning the invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the footsteps of Russia, North Korea became the third country (the second being <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>) to recognise the independence of the breakaway states of <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk People's Republics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ukraine" title="Eastern Ukraine">Eastern Ukraine</a>. In response to the recognition, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> terminated <a href="/wiki/North_Korea-Ukraine_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korea-Ukraine relations">diplomatic ties with North Korea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August, the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i> reported that North Korea had offered 100,000 troops to help <a href="/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donbas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the Russian foreign ministry said this speculation was "completely fake".<sup id="cite_ref-38north-20220927_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38north-20220927-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September, the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> reported that Russia had purchased millions of shells and rockets from North Korea to support its invasion, citing U.S. intelligence officials,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Russia and North Korea both deny this.<sup id="cite_ref-38north-20220927_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38north-20220927-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russian Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Marat_Khusnullin" title="Marat Khusnullin">Marat Khusnullin</a> said they were "working on political arrangements" to employ North Korean workers in Russia, possibly 20,000 to 50,000 to develop the infrastructure in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38north-20220927_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38north-20220927-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kim_Jong-un_and_Vladimir_Putin_(2023-09-13)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kim_Jong-un_and_Vladimir_Putin_%282023-09-13%29_01.jpg/220px-Kim_Jong-un_and_Vladimir_Putin_%282023-09-13%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kim_Jong-un_and_Vladimir_Putin_%282023-09-13%29_01.jpg/330px-Kim_Jong-un_and_Vladimir_Putin_%282023-09-13%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kim_Jong-un_and_Vladimir_Putin_%282023-09-13%29_01.jpg/440px-Kim_Jong-un_and_Vladimir_Putin_%282023-09-13%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Kim Jong Un and Vladimir Putin meeting at <a href="/wiki/Vostochny_Cosmodrome" title="Vostochny Cosmodrome">Vostochny Cosmodrome</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amur_Oblast" title="Amur Oblast">Amur Oblast</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/2023_North_Korea%E2%80%93Russia_summit" title="2023 North Korea–Russia summit">2023 North Korea–Russia summit</a> 13 September 2023</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Kim_Jong-un_(2024-06-19)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Vladimir_Putin_and_Kim_Jong-un_%282024-06-19%29_01.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Kim_Jong-un_%282024-06-19%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Vladimir_Putin_and_Kim_Jong-un_%282024-06-19%29_01.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Kim_Jong-un_%282024-06-19%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Vladimir_Putin_and_Kim_Jong-un_%282024-06-19%29_01.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Kim_Jong-un_%282024-06-19%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Vladimir Putin and Kim Jong Un in Pyongyang, North Korea, 19 June 2024</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/2023_North_Korea%E2%80%93Russia_summit" title="2023 North Korea–Russia summit">In September 2023, Kim Jong Un visited Russia</a> in his first foreign trip <a href="/wiki/2019_North_Korea-Russia_summit" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 North Korea-Russia summit">since 2019</a> (also to Russia). The meeting lasted over four hours at the <a href="/wiki/Vostochny_Cosmodrome" title="Vostochny Cosmodrome">Vostochny Cosmodrome</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Amur_Oblast" title="Amur Oblast">Amur Oblast</a>, and was described as underpinning how the two countries' interests are aligning. Putin is widely suspected to be seeking North Korea's large stockpiles of aging ammunition and rockets from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet weapons">Soviet era</a>. During the meeting, Kim once again gave his support for Russia’s “sacred fight” against the west, expressing his “...support for all the measures taken by the Russian government, and [he] takes this opportunity again to affirm that [he] will always be with Russia." When asked if Russia would help North Korea build satellites, presumably in return for ammunition, Putin said “that’s why [they] came here."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kim's trip to Russia was followed by a visit by Russian foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a> to Pyongyang in October, where he met with Kim.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2024, Russia vetoed a United Nations Security Council resolution that otherwise received 13 supports and 1 abstention that would have renewed the mandate of the <a href="/wiki/Panel_of_Experts_of_the_UN_1718_Sanctions_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Panel of Experts of the UN 1718 Sanctions Committee">Panel of Experts</a> that monitor sanctions compliance.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2024, Russian President Vladimir Putin visited North Korea for the first time since 2000, arriving in Pyongyang in a <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-96" title="Ilyushin Il-96">Ilyushin Il-96</a> and meeting with North Korean leader Kim Jong Un. Putin expressed appreciation for North Korea's support of Russia's military actions in Ukraine and emphasized their mutual opposition to Western ambitions, "to hinder the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Multipolar_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Multipolar world">multipolar world</a> order based on justice, mutual respect for sovereignty, considering each other’s interests."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North Korean leader <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a> expressed "full support" for Russia's war in Ukraine and pledged stronger strategic ties with Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The visit raised concerns about potential arms deals where North Korea could supply munitions to Russia in exchange for economic aid and technology to enhance its <a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">nuclear weapons program</a>. Putin also discussed developing trade and payment systems independent of Western control and expanding cooperation in tourism, culture, and education. The visit included several top Russian officials, and a number of agreements were signed, including the <a href="/wiki/North_Korean%E2%80%93Russian_Treaty_on_Comprehensive_Strategic_Partnership" title="North Korean–Russian Treaty on Comprehensive Strategic Partnership">North Korean–Russian Treaty on Comprehensive Strategic Partnership</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The partnership agreement pledged mutual aid and strengthening cooperation in security, trade, and cultural ties, including a mutual defence clause.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This agreement signifies the closest Russia-North Korea relationship since the Soviet Union, with North Korea supporting Russia's actions in Ukraine and plans for military cooperation.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2024 the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Najin" class="mw-redirect" title="Port of Najin">Port of Najin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Dunay" class="mw-redirect" title="Port of Dunay">Port of Dunay</a> were linked by a new shipping route because of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> made it profitable for North Korea to ship arms (chiefly artillery shells) to the <a href="/wiki/AFRF" class="mw-redirect" title="AFRF">AFRF</a>. <a href="/wiki/Shin_Wonsik" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin Wonsik">Shin Wonsik</a>, Defense Minister of South Korea, alleged that staff at his ministry had detected "at least 10,000 shipping containers" shipped from North Korea to Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-bbg1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbg1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2024, a DPRK weapons system which includes the <a href="/wiki/Bulsae-4" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulsae-4">Bulsae-4</a> <a href="/wiki/ATGM" class="mw-redirect" title="ATGM">ATGM</a> was seen to destroy a British-supplied <a href="/wiki/AS-90" title="AS-90">AS-90</a> self-propelled artillery system in the <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a> region of Ukraine. According to at least one observer, "the identification of the first North Korean vehicle in Ukraine marked a turning point in Pyongyang's involvement in the conflict."<sup id="cite_ref-ar1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ar1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was alleged by another report that a non-monetary swap of DPRK guns for Russian food was seen to have occurred in July 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-ukra1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ukra1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_relations">Economic relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Korea%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Economic relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, the Soviet Union emerged as the main trading partner and sponsor of North Korea. Ninety-three North Korean factories were built with Russian technical assistance, forging the country's heavy-industrial backbone.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Soviet aid to the DPRK indeed expanded from 1965 to 1968, especially after Sino-North Korean relations soured during the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>. </p><p>In 1988, at the peak of the bilateral relationship, about 60% of North Korea's trade was with the Soviet Union.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Much of the trade was in raw materials and petroleum that Moscow provided to Pyongyang at concessional prices.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In response to the famine-stricken North Korea in the mid-1990s, Russia delivered humanitarian aid to North Korea twice in 1997: food and medicine worth 4.5 billion <a href="/wiki/Monetary_reform_in_Russia,_1998" title="Monetary reform in Russia, 1998">"old" rubles</a> in the fall, and 370 tonnes of sugar, canned meat, fish and milk worth 3.5 billion rubles, in December.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, Russia delivered oil and food to North Korea in accordance with its obligations outlined at the <a href="/wiki/Six-party_talks" title="Six-party talks">six-party talks</a>. </p><p>In August 2011, ahead of Kim Jong Il's visit to Russia, the Kremlin said that it was providing food assistance including some 50,000 tons of wheat.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few days after Kim's visit the presidential envoy to Russia's Far East, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Ishayev" title="Viktor Ishayev">Viktor Ishayev</a>, said wheat deliveries would begin via the town border of <a href="/wiki/Khasan_(urban-type_settlement)" title="Khasan (urban-type settlement)">Khasan</a> in September. </p><p>A week later a Russian <a href="/wiki/Economic_delegation" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic delegation">economic delegation</a>, led by Minister of Regional Development <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Basargin" title="Viktor Basargin">Viktor Basargin</a>, was in North Korea to sign "a protocol of the 5th Meeting of the North Korea-Russia Intergovernmental Committee for Cooperation in Trade, Economy, Science and Technology".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also on same day, the North Korean <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_North_Korea" title="Premier of North Korea">premier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choe_Yong-rim" title="Choe Yong-rim">Choe Yong-rim</a>, met with the Russian economic delegation at the <a href="/wiki/Mansudae_Assembly_Hall" title="Mansudae Assembly Hall">Mansudae Assembly Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>. </p><p>On 2 February 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Interfax" title="Interfax">Interfax</a> report further quoted the Russian ambassador to North Korea, Valery Sukhinin, as saying that Russia "did not rule out" the possibility of sending more <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">humanitarian aid</a> to North Korea, "depending on the situation there and taking into account our capabilities". Sukhinin went on to say that in 2011 Russia had provided North Korea with 50,000 tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grain</a> on a bilateral basis, as well as with $5 million worth of <a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">flour</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a>. In addition, 10,000 tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grain</a> were dispatched to North Korea by <a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, of the overall bilateral economic trade between Russia and North Korea, 80% consists of cooperation and investment between North Korean and Russian regional areas. The most active regions are <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and the Far East, mainly the <a href="/wiki/Kemerovo_Oblast" title="Kemerovo Oblast">Kemerovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magadan_Oblast" title="Magadan Oblast">Magadan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Primorski_Krai" class="mw-redirect" title="Primorski Krai">Primorski</a> regions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In December 2013 Russia joined the <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against North Korea">sanctions against North Korea</a>, introduced in March by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2087" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2087">Resolution 2087</a>). The corresponding decree signed by President Putin specified that Russian companies were prohibited to provide North Korea any technical assistance and advice in the development and production of ballistic missiles. In addition, North Korean naval vessels to call at Russian ports would be required to undergo inspection. Also, the authorities ordered to be vigilant when dealing with North Korean diplomats.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2014 Russia and North Korea have agreed to settlements in rubles in all trade between the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first transactions in rubles between Russia and North Korea were carried out in October 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2015, a Russian official said Moscow and Pyongyang have agreed to discuss the creation of advanced development zones (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:территория опережающего развития">ru:территория опережающего развития</a>) in Russia's Far East and North Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2016 the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Russia" title="Central Bank of Russia">Central Bank of Russia</a> ordered all <a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Russia" title="Banking in Russia">Russian banks</a> to halt financial dealings with North Korean agencies, organizations and individuals on the <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a> sanctions list. The move was in line with the United Nations Security Council resolution adopted in early March to penalize North Korea for its <a href="/wiki/January_2016_North_Korean_nuclear_test" title="January 2016 North Korean nuclear test">fourth nuclear test</a> and long-range missile launch and curb its <a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction program</a>. </p><p>In August 2024 Russia sent 447 <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a> to North Korea. The goats will provide dairy products to local children to relieve North Korea’s food shortages.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That was part of the agreement from the summit in June 2024, where they agreed to exchange weapons for food.<sup id="cite_ref-ukra1_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ukra1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kim Jong-un met with Russian Minister of Natural Resources Alexander Kozlov in Pyongyang to discuss expanding cooperation in trade, science, and technology. The meeting, part of the 11th intergovernmental cooperation committee, highlighted the growing ties between the two nations following a mutual defense pact signed in June 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debt">Debt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Korea%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Debt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 18 September 2012, North Korea and Russia signed a deal on debt owed by Pyongyang to Moscow. It is estimated that North Korea owed about $11 billion. North Korea's debt was established during the existence of the Soviet Union when the Soviets made loans to North Korea. The negotiations concerning debt reduction were held earlier in 2012, while the deal was signed in Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters0918_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters0918-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, it was reported that Russia would write off 90% of the North Korean debt and in return Russia would be allowed to invest in North Korean projects in the energy, health and education sectors, as reported in 2012. One of the major projects planned by Russia was to build a gas pipeline to energy-hungry South Korea through North Korea. The multi-billion-dollar project is, however, unlikely to be realized as North and South Korea are still <i>de jure</i> at war.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters0918_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters0918-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 5 May 2014, Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> <a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">ratified</a> an agreement to write off 90% of North Korea's debts after the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a> passed the law on 18 April 2014 and the <a href="/wiki/Federation_Council_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation Council of Russia">Federation Council</a> approved it on 29 April 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_relations">Military relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Korea%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Military relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sergey_Shoigu_with_Kim_Jong-un_in_Pyongyang_(2023).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sergey_Shoigu_with_Kim_Jong-un_in_Pyongyang_%282023%29.png/220px-Sergey_Shoigu_with_Kim_Jong-un_in_Pyongyang_%282023%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sergey_Shoigu_with_Kim_Jong-un_in_Pyongyang_%282023%29.png/330px-Sergey_Shoigu_with_Kim_Jong-un_in_Pyongyang_%282023%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sergey_Shoigu_with_Kim_Jong-un_in_Pyongyang_%282023%29.png/440px-Sergey_Shoigu_with_Kim_Jong-un_in_Pyongyang_%282023%29.png 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="577" /></a><figcaption>Former <a href="/wiki/Russian_Minister_of_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Minister of Defence">Russian Minister of Defence</a> <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Shoigu" title="Sergei Shoigu">Sergei Shoigu</a> with Kim Jong-un during the ceremonies marking the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Victory_in_the_Great_Fatherland_Liberation_War" title="Day of Victory in the Great Fatherland Liberation War">70th anniversary</a> of the end of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, in Pyongyang (2023)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Kim_Jong-un_(2024-06-19)_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Vladimir_Putin_and_Kim_Jong-un_%282024-06-19%29_03.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Kim_Jong-un_%282024-06-19%29_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Vladimir_Putin_and_Kim_Jong-un_%282024-06-19%29_03.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Kim_Jong-un_%282024-06-19%29_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Vladimir_Putin_and_Kim_Jong-un_%282024-06-19%29_03.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Kim_Jong-un_%282024-06-19%29_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Kim and Putin in Pyongyang, North Korea during the <a href="/wiki/2024_North_Korea%E2%80%93Russia_summit" title="2024 North Korea–Russia summit">2024 North Korea–Russia summit</a>, June 2024</figcaption></figure> <p>On April 26–28, 2001, North Korean Defense Minister Vice-Marshal <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il-chol" title="Kim Il-chol">Kim Il-chol</a> visited Moscow, and a deal on bilateral cooperation in the <a href="/wiki/Defense_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense industry">defense industry</a> and military equipment was signed between him and Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Klebanov" title="Ilya Klebanov">Ilya Klebanov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Kim's visit, the two governments also signed a so-called "framework of intergovernmental agreement on cooperation in the military industry" and a deal between the two defense ministries. </p><p>In October 2002, a delegation from the DPRK's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(North_Korea)" title="Ministry of Defence (North Korea)">Ministry of People's Armed Forces</a>, headed by the Deputy Chief of the Ministry of People's Military Lee Men-su, visited Russia. At the beginning of November that year a delegation from the <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean People's Air Force">Korean People's Air Force</a>, headed by its commander Oh Kum-chul, visited Russia. </p><p>In November 2015, the head of the Russian delegation to Pyongyang, Colonel General <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Bogdanovsky" title="Nikolay Bogdanovsky">Nikolay Bogdanovsky</a>, and the Vice Chief of the Korean People's Army <a href="/wiki/O_Kum-chol" title="O Kum-chol">O Kum-chol</a> signed an agreement on preventing dangerous military activities.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2022, US intelligence said that Russia was buying millions of artillery shells and rockets from North Korea due to the sanctions caused by <a href="/wiki/Russia%27s_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia's invasion of Ukraine">Russia's invasion of Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2022, a senior US official said he can "confirm" that Russia's <a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a> took a delivery of an arms shipment from North Korea to help bolster Russian forces in Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2024, officials in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington D.C</a> said that Russia had begun using North Korean missiles in its attacks in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 28, NATO stated that <a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korea and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">North Korean troops have been sent to Russia</a> and North Korean military units have been deployed in the Kursk area.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2024 Russia and North Korea have formalized a defense agreement committing each to support the other if attacked, strengthening their alliance as reports suggest North Korea may be supplying Russia with military aid amid the Ukraine conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_nuclear_issue">The nuclear issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Korea%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The nuclear issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 1994 during the first North Korean nuclear crisis, Russia, emphasizing its position as a member of Northeast Asia, proposed the eight-party talks, which included participants from North and South Korea, Russia, the U.S., China, Japan, the <a href="/wiki/IAEA" class="mw-redirect" title="IAEA">IAEA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/UN_Secretary_General" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Secretary General">UN Secretary General</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 2003 onward both states participated in the <a href="/wiki/Six-party_talks" title="Six-party talks">Six-party talks</a>. </p><p>In October 2006 Russia supported <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1718" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1718">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1718</a> condemning <a href="/wiki/2006_North_Korean_nuclear_test" title="2006 North Korean nuclear test">North Korea's nuclear test</a>. As a result, North Korea has been under to a UN arms <a href="/wiki/Embargo" class="mw-redirect" title="Embargo">embargo</a> since it conducted its first nuclear test in 2006, as part of Security Council resolutions - with the support of Russia, which holds veto power.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After North Korea <a href="/wiki/2009_North_Korean_nuclear_test" title="2009 North Korean nuclear test">detonated another nuclear weapon</a> on 25 May 2009 the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Foreign_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Foreign Ministry">Russian Foreign Ministry</a> issued a sharp note of condemnation; The statement called the test a "violation" of previous <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_North_Korea" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning North Korea">Security Council resolutions</a> and a "serious blow" to the nuclear <a href="/wiki/Nonproliferation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonproliferation">nonproliferation</a> regime. It also complained that "the latest DPRK moves are provoking an escalation of tension in Northeast Asia."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>North Korea under the third-generation leader Kim Jong Un continues to <a href="/wiki/2013_Korean_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Korean crisis">defy</a> the international community in relation to its <a href="/wiki/2013_North_Korean_nuclear_test" title="2013 North Korean nuclear test">nuclear and rocket programme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-huff_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huff-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has recently advised foreign embassies that the North Korean government could not guarantee their safety in an event of conflict and advised the foreign embassies to reconsider their evacuation plans.<sup id="cite_ref-huff_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huff-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2016, following the <a href="/wiki/January_2016_North_Korean_nuclear_test" title="January 2016 North Korean nuclear test">January 2016 North Korean nuclear test</a>, Russia supported a <a href="/wiki/U.N._Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="U.N. Security Council">U.N. Security Council</a> resolution regarding the introduction of further sanctions against North Korea. Russian presidential press secretary <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Peskov" title="Dmitry Peskov">Dmitry Peskov</a> said "the Kremlin is concerned over North Korea's statements about its readiness to use nuclear forces and urges all states to display restraint", in response to Kim Jong Un's orders to the military to deploy the nuclear warheads so they can be fired at "any moment" and be prepared to launch preemptive attacks against its enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Border">Border</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Korea%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Border"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Russia_border" title="North Korea–Russia border">North Korea–Russia border</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%AE%A2%E8%BF%90%E5%88%97%E8%BD%A6%E5%9C%A8%E5%9B%BE%E4%BB%AC%E6%B1%9F%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF%E6%A1%A5%E4%B8%8A%E8%A1%8C%E9%A9%B6%EF%BC%8C%E7%A6%BB%E5%BC%80%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E8%BF%9B%E5%85%A5%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%AE%A2%E8%BF%90%E5%88%97%E8%BD%A6%E5%9C%A8%E5%9B%BE%E4%BB%AC%E6%B1%9F%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF%E6%A1%A5%E4%B8%8A%E8%A1%8C%E9%A9%B6%EF%BC%8C%E7%A6%BB%E5%BC%80%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E8%BF%9B%E5%85%A5%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%AE%A2%E8%BF%90%E5%88%97%E8%BD%A6%E5%9C%A8%E5%9B%BE%E4%BB%AC%E6%B1%9F%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF%E6%A1%A5%E4%B8%8A%E8%A1%8C%E9%A9%B6%EF%BC%8C%E7%A6%BB%E5%BC%80%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E8%BF%9B%E5%85%A5%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%AE%A2%E8%BF%90%E5%88%97%E8%BD%A6%E5%9C%A8%E5%9B%BE%E4%BB%AC%E6%B1%9F%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF%E6%A1%A5%E4%B8%8A%E8%A1%8C%E9%A9%B6%EF%BC%8C%E7%A6%BB%E5%BC%80%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E8%BF%9B%E5%85%A5%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%AE%A2%E8%BF%90%E5%88%97%E8%BD%A6%E5%9C%A8%E5%9B%BE%E4%BB%AC%E6%B1%9F%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF%E6%A1%A5%E4%B8%8A%E8%A1%8C%E9%A9%B6%EF%BC%8C%E7%A6%BB%E5%BC%80%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E8%BF%9B%E5%85%A5%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%AE%A2%E8%BF%90%E5%88%97%E8%BD%A6%E5%9C%A8%E5%9B%BE%E4%BB%AC%E6%B1%9F%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF%E6%A1%A5%E4%B8%8A%E8%A1%8C%E9%A9%B6%EF%BC%8C%E7%A6%BB%E5%BC%80%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E8%BF%9B%E5%85%A5%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%AE%A2%E8%BF%90%E5%88%97%E8%BD%A6%E5%9C%A8%E5%9B%BE%E4%BB%AC%E6%B1%9F%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF%E6%A1%A5%E4%B8%8A%E8%A1%8C%E9%A9%B6%EF%BC%8C%E7%A6%BB%E5%BC%80%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E8%BF%9B%E5%85%A5%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4913" data-file-height="3253" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Korea%E2%80%93Russia_Friendship_Bridge" title="Korea–Russia Friendship Bridge">Friendship Bridge</a> linking North Korea and Russia</figcaption></figure> <p>The border area is mostly plain, with few mountains. An important natural landmark is Lake Khasan, which was the location of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Khasan" title="Battle of Lake Khasan">Battle of Lake Khasan</a>. Other landmarks include Zaozyornaya Hill (Russian: сопка Заозёрная), and Gora Priozernaya (Russian: Гора Приозерная). On the Russian side stands a building called "Korean-Russian House of Friendship" (Russian: Дом корейско-российской дружбы). Furugelm Island, the southernmost point in Asian Russia, is located close to the maritime border. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_opinion">Public opinion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Korea%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Public opinion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a 2014 <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> World Service Poll, 19% of Russians view North Korea's influence positively, with 37% expressing a negative view.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (October 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Korea%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Foreign relations of Russia">Foreign relations of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_North_Korea" title="Foreign relations of North Korea">Foreign relations of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia-South_Korea_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia-South Korea relations">Russia-South Korea relations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Korea%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kyung-Ae Park & Scott Snyder, "North Korea in Transition: Evolution or Revolution?" in <i>North Korea in Transition: Politics, Economy, and Society</i> (eds. Kyung-Ae Park & Scott Snyder: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>: 2013), p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chi Young Pak, <i>Korea and the United Nations</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kluwer_Law_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Kluwer Law International">Kluwer Law International</a>: 2000), p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShrivastava2013" class="citation web cs1">Shrivastava, Sanskar (26 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theworldreporter.com/2013/04/north-korea-loses-popularity-in-russia.html">"North Korea Loses Popularity in Russia, Where is the Conflict Heading?"</a>. The World Reporter<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+Korea+Loses+Popularity+in+Russia%2C+Where+is+the+Conflict+Heading%3F&rft.pub=The+World+Reporter&rft.date=2013-04-26&rft.aulast=Shrivastava&rft.aufirst=Sanskar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theworldreporter.com%2F2013%2F04%2Fnorth-korea-loses-popularity-in-russia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJewellBremer2022" class="citation web cs1">Jewell, Ethan; Bremer, Ifang (14 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nknews.org/2022/07/north-korea-recognizes-breakaway-republics-of-donetsk-and-luhansk-in-ukraine/">"North Korea recognizes breakaway republics of Donetsk and Luhansk in Ukraine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NK_News" title="NK News">NK News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NK+News&rft.atitle=North+Korea+recognizes+breakaway+republics+of+Donetsk+and+Luhansk+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-07-14&rft.aulast=Jewell&rft.aufirst=Ethan&rft.au=Bremer%2C+Ifang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nknews.org%2F2022%2F07%2Fnorth-korea-recognizes-breakaway-republics-of-donetsk-and-luhansk-in-ukraine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstpost.com/world/ukraine-severs-ties-with-north-korea-after-pro-russia-separatists-recognition-10908461.html">"Ukraine severs ties with North Korea after pro-Russia separatists recognition"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Firstpost" title="Firstpost">Firstpost</a></i>. 14 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Firstpost&rft.atitle=Ukraine+severs+ties+with+North+Korea+after+pro-Russia+separatists+recognition&rft.date=2022-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Fworld%2Fukraine-severs-ties-with-north-korea-after-pro-russia-separatists-recognition-10908461.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/east-asia/article/3188052/north-korea-offers-russia-100000-volunteers-fight-ukraine-state">"North Korea offers Russia '100,000 volunteers' to fight Ukraine: state media"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. 8 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=North+Korea+offers+Russia+%27100%2C000+volunteers%27+to+fight+Ukraine%3A+state+media&rft.date=2022-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fasia%2Feast-asia%2Farticle%2F3188052%2Fnorth-korea-offers-russia-100000-volunteers-fight-ukraine-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2022" class="citation news cs1">Barnes, Julian E. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Putin+signs+into+law+mutual+defence+treaty+with+North+Korea&rft.date=2024-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fputin-signs-mutual-defence-treaty-with-north-korea-2024-11-09%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Valentin Moiseev, "On the Korean Settlement" International Affairs (Moscow) 43, no. 3 (1997)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFifield2016" class="citation news cs1">Fifield, Anna (22 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/02/22/punishing-north-korea-a-run-down-on-current-sanctions/">"Punishing North Korea: A rundown on current sanctions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Punishing+North+Korea%3A+A+rundown+on+current+sanctions&rft.date=2016-02-22&rft.aulast=Fifield&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2016%2F02%2F22%2Fpunishing-north-korea-a-run-down-on-current-sanctions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90853/6665383.html">"FM: Russia urges DPRK to demonstrate responsibility"</a>. People's Daily Online. 2009-05-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=FM%3A+Russia+urges+DPRK+to+demonstrate+responsibility&rft.date=2009-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.people.com.cn%2F90001%2F90777%2F90853%2F6665383.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-huff-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-huff_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-huff_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeintzIsachenkov2013" class="citation web cs1">Heintz, Jim; Isachenkov, Vladimir (5 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/05/north-korea-russia-embassy-evacuation_n_3019006.html?ir=World">"North Korea Asks Russian Embassy To Consider Evacuation"</a>. Huffington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+Korea+Asks+Russian+Embassy+To+Consider+Evacuation&rft.pub=Huffington+Post&rft.date=2013-04-05&rft.aulast=Heintz&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Isachenkov%2C+Vladimir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2013%2F04%2F05%2Fnorth-korea-russia-embassy-evacuation_n_3019006.html%3Fir%3DWorld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160612170831/http://tass.ru/en/politics/860637">"Kremlin concerned over North Korea's readiness to use nuclear forces"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Russian_News_Agency_%22TASS%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian News Agency "TASS"">TASS</a>. 4 March 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tass.ru/en/politics/860637">the original</a> on 12 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kremlin+concerned+over+North+Korea%27s+readiness+to+use+nuclear+forces&rft.pub=TASS&rft.date=2016-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftass.ru%2Fen%2Fpolitics%2F860637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globescan.com/images/images/pressreleases/bbc2014_country_ratings/2013_country_rating_poll_bbc_globescan.pdf">2014 World Service Poll</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Korea%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Rozman, Gilbert. "North Korea’s place in Sino-Russian relations and identities." in <i>International Relations and Asia’s Northern Tier</i> (Palgrave, Singapore, 2018) pp. 301–314.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzalontai2005" class="citation book cs1">Szalontai, Balázs (2005). <i>Kim Il Sung in the Khrushchev Era: Soviet-DPRK Relations and the Roots of North Korean Despotism, 1953-1964</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5322-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5322-7"><bdi>978-0-8047-5322-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kim+Il+Sung+in+the+Khrushchev+Era%3A+Soviet-DPRK+Relations+and+the+Roots+of+North+Korean+Despotism%2C+1953-1964&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-5322-7&rft.aulast=Szalontai&rft.aufirst=Bal%C3%A1zs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060718063448/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/07/09/wkorea09.xml&sSheet=/news/2006/07/09/ixnews.html">Russia secretly offered North Korea nuclear technology</a>, by a Special Correspondent in Pyongyang and Michael Hirst, 08/07/2006</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Korea%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Russian invasion of Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Korea%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckel" class="citation news cs1">Eckel, Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/north-korea-supplying-weaponry-russia-ukraine-war/32641294.html">"Report: North Korea Shipping Ammunition, Weaponry 'At Scale' To Russia"</a>. <i>Micheal Ekel</i>. RadioDreeEurope Radio Liverty.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Micheal+Ekel&rft.atitle=Report%3A+North+Korea+Shipping+Ammunition%2C+Weaponry+%27At+Scale%27+To+Russia&rft.aulast=Eckel&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fnorth-korea-supplying-weaponry-russia-ukraine-war%2F32641294.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/white-house-north-korea-recently-provided-russia-with-ballistic-missiles-2024-01-04/">"White House: North Korea provided Russia with ballistic missiles, launchers"</a>. Reuters.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=White+House%3A+North+Korea+provided+Russia+with+ballistic+missiles%2C+launchers&rft.pub=Reuters.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fwhite-house-north-korea-recently-provided-russia-with-ballistic-missiles-2024-01-04%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Korea%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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Korea Relations," Wilson Center Digital Archive.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skywar.ru/korwald.html">64th Fighter Air Corps in Korea</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_North_Korea" title="Foreign relations of North Korea">Foreign relations of North Korea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Africa–North Korea relations">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Botswana–North Korea relations">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Burkina Faso–North Korea relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Burundi–North Korea relations">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Central African Republic–North Korea relations">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Comoros–North Korea relations">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Egypt–North Korea relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Equatorial Guinea–North Korea relations">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambia%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia–North Korea relations">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Ghana–North Korea relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Guinea-Bissau–North Korea relations">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Kenya–North Korea relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Libya–North Korea relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Mauritania–North Korea relations">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Namibia–North Korea relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Nigeria–North Korea relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="North Korea–Rwanda relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Seychelles_relations" title="North Korea–Seychelles relations">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Somalia_relations" title="North Korea–Somalia relations">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="North Korea–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="North Korea–Tanzania relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Togo_relations" title="North Korea–Togo relations">Togo</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_North_Korea.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of North Korea"><img alt="Emblem of North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Emblem_of_North_Korea.svg/90px-Emblem_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Emblem_of_North_Korea.svg/135px-Emblem_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Emblem_of_North_Korea.svg/180px-Emblem_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Argentina–North Korea relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Brazil–North Korea relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Canada–North Korea relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Cuba–North Korea relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Grenada–North Korea relations">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Mexico–North Korea relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Peru_relations" title="North Korea–Peru relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="North Korea–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="North Korea–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Bangladesh–North Korea relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Cambodia–North Korea relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="China–North Korea relations">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sino-Korean_relations" title="History of Sino-Korean relations">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Hong Kong–North Korea relations">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="India–North Korea relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Indonesia–North Korea relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Iran–North Korea relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Iraq–North Korea relations">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Israel–North Korea relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Japan–North Korea relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Malaysia–North Korea relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Mongolia–North Korea relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Myanmar–North Korea relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Nepal–North Korea relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="North Korea–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="North Korea–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="North Korea–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="North Korea–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="North Korea–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="North Korea–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="North Korea–Taiwan relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="North Korea–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="North Korea–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="North Korea–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Albania–North Korea relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Denmark–North Korea relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Finland–North Korea relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="France–North Korea relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Germany–North Korea relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Hungary–North Korea relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Iceland–North Korea relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Italy–North Korea relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Norway_relations" title="North Korea–Norway relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="North Korea–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="North Korea–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="North Korea–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="North Korea–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="North Korea–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="North Korea–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="North Korea–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="North Korea–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="North Korea–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Australia–North Korea relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="New Zealand–North Korea relations">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="North Korea–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateral</a> relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korea_and_the_United_Nations" title="Korea and the United Nations">United Nations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_North_Korea" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning North Korea">Security Council resolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against North Korea">Sanctions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Conference_of_Ministers_of_Education_and_Culture_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="1983 Conference of Ministers of Education and Culture of the Non-Aligned Movement">1983 NAM Education and Culture Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="North Korea–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Korean_Liaison_Office" title="Inter-Korean Liaison Office">Inter-Korean Liaison Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Korean_summits" title="Inter-Korean summits">Inter-Korean summits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_inter-Korean_summit" title="2000 inter-Korean summit">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_inter-Korean_summit" title="2007 inter-Korean summit">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2018_inter-Korean_summit" title="April 2018 inter-Korean summit">April 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2018_inter-Korean_summit" title="May 2018 inter-Korean summit">May 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2018_inter-Korean_summit" title="September 2018 inter-Korean summit">September 2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-party_talks" title="Six-party talks">Six-party talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Singapore_Summit" title="2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit">2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2018_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="International reactions to the 2018 North Korea–United States summit">reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Hanoi_Summit" title="2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit">2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Koreas%E2%80%93United_States_DMZ_Summit" title="2019 Koreas–United States DMZ Summit">2019 Koreas–United States DMZ Summit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_North_Korea" title="List of diplomatic missions of North Korea">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_North_Korea" title="List of diplomatic missions in North Korea">in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(North_Korea)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (North Korea)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> (includes list of ministers)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia_Foreign_relations_of_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Template:Foreign relations of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia_Foreign_relations_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Foreign relations of Russia">Foreign relations of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:70px;"><div id="Bilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Bilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Algeria–Russia relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Angola–Russia relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Benin–Russia relations">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Botswana–Russia relations">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Burkina Faso–Russia relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Burundi–Russia relations">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Cameroon–Russia relations">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Central African Republic–Russia relations">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Russia relations">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Republic of the Congo–Russia relations">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Djibouti–Russia relations">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Egypt–Russia relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Equatorial Guinea–Russia relations">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Eritrea–Russia relations">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Eswatini–Russia relations">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Ethiopia–Russia relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia–Russia relations">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Ghana–Russia relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Guinea-Bissau–Russia relations">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Ivory Coast–Russia relations">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Kenya–Russia relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Lesotho–Russia relations">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Libya–Russia relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Madagascar–Russia relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mali–Russia relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mauritania–Russia relations">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mauritius–Russia relations">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Morocco–Russia relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mozambique–Russia relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Namibia–Russia relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Nigeria–Russia relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="Russia–Rwanda relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="Russia–Senegal relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Seychelles_relations" title="Russia–Seychelles relations">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Somalia_relations" title="Russia–Somalia relations">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Russia–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93South_Sudan_relations" title="Russia–South Sudan relations">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Russia–Sudan relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="Russia–Tanzania relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Tunisia_relations" title="Russia–Tunisia relations">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Uganda_relations" title="Russia–Uganda relations">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Zambia_relations" title="Russia–Zambia relations">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="Russia–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Argentina–Russia relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Bolivia–Russia relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Brazil–Russia relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Canada–Russia relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Chile–Russia relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Colombia–Russia relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Costa Rica–Russia relations">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Cuba–Russia relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Ecuador–Russia relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Guatemala–Russia relations">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Guyana–Russia relations">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Honduras–Russia relations">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mexico–Russia relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Nicaragua–Russia relations">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Panama–Russia relations">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Paraguay–Russia relations">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Peru–Russia relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Trinidad_and_Tobago_relations" title="Russia–Trinidad and Tobago relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russia–United States relations">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russian Empire–United States relations">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="Russia–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Russia–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Afghanistan–Russia relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Armenia–Russia relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Russia relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Bahrain–Russia relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Bangladesh–Russia relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Bhutan–Russia relations">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Brunei–Russia relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Cambodia–Russia relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="China–Russia relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="East Timor–Russia relations">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Georgia–Russia relations">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Abkhazia–Russia relations">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93South_Ossetia_relations" title="Russia–South Ossetia relations">South Ossetia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="India–Russia relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Indonesia–Russia relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Iran–Russia relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Iraq–Russia relations">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Kurdistan Region–Russia relations">Kurdistan Region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Israel–Russia relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Japan–Russia relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Jordan–Russia relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Kazakhstan–Russia relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Kuwait–Russia relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Kyrgyzstan–Russia relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Laos–Russia relations">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Lebanon–Russia relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Malaysia–Russia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Maldives–Russia relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mongolia–Russia relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Myanmar–Russia relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Nepal–Russia relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Oman–Russia relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Pakistan–Russia relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Palestine–Russia relations">Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Hamas_relations" title="Russia–Hamas relations">Hamas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Philippines–Russia relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Qatar–Russia relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Russia–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Russia–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Russia–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="Russia–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="Russia–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Russia–Taiwan relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Tajikistan_relations" title="Russia–Tajikistan relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Russia–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Russia–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_relations" title="Russia–Turkmenistan relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Russia–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="Russia–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Russia–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="Russia–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Albania–Russia relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Austria–Russia relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Belarus–Russia relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Belgium–Russia relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–Russia relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Bulgaria–Russia relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Croatia–Russia relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Cyprus–Russia relations">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Czech Republic–Russia relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Denmark–Russia relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Estonia–Russia relations">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Finland–Russia relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="France–Russia relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Germany–Russia relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Greece–Russia relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Hungary–Russia relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Iceland–Russia relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Ireland–Russia relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Italy–Russia relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Latvia–Russia relations">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Liechtenstein–Russia relations">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Lithuania–Russia relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Luxembourg–Russia relations">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Malta–Russia relations">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Moldova–Russia relations">Moldova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Transnistria_relations" title="Russia–Transnistria relations">Transnistria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Monaco–Russia relations">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Montenegro–Russia relations">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Netherlands–Russia relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="North Macedonia–Russia relations">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Norway–Russia relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Poland–Russia relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Portugal–Russia relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Romania–Russia relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Russia–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Slovakia_relations" title="Russia–Slovakia relations">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Slovenia_relations" title="Russia–Slovenia relations">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Russia–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="Russia–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="Russia–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Russia–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Donetsk People's Republic–Russia relations">Donetsk PR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Luhansk People's Republic–Russia relations">Luhansk PR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Russia–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Holy See–Russia relations">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Australia–Russia relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Fiji–Russia relations">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Nauru–Russia relations">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="New Zealand–Russia relations">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Tonga_relations" title="Russia–Tonga relations">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Vanuatu_relations" title="Russia–Vanuatu relations">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:70px;"><div id="Multilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Multilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Russia–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Russia and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_policy_of_Russia" title="Arctic policy of Russia">Arctic policy of Russia</a></li> 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