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id="toc-Formation_of_the_New_Woman_Association" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_the_New_Woman_Association"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Formation of the New Woman Association</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_the_New_Woman_Association-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Red_Wave_Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Red_Wave_Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The Red Wave Society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Red_Wave_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Tokyo_Federation_of_Women's_Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Tokyo_Federation_of_Women's_Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The Tokyo Federation of Women's Organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Tokyo_Federation_of_Women's_Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_suffrage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_suffrage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Women's suffrage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_suffrage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Post World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second-wave_feminism_and_birth_control_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second-wave_feminism_and_birth_control_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Second-wave feminism and birth control activism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second-wave_feminism_and_birth_control_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_feminism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_feminism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Later feminism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_feminism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Arts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Arts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seito_magazine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seito_magazine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span><i>Seito</i> magazine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seito_magazine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Manga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Anime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sexuality</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sexuality-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sexuality subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prostitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prostitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Prostitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prostitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproductive_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproductive_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Reproductive rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproductive_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motherhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motherhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Motherhood</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Motherhood-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Motherhood subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Motherhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Parasite_singles"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Parasite_singles""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>"Parasite singles"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Parasite_singles"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Labor</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Labor-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Labor subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Equal Employment Opportunity Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Womenomics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Womenomics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Womenomics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Womenomics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Female_labor_force_participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_labor_force_participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Female labor force participation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female_labor_force_participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_in_leadership_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_in_leadership_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Women in leadership roles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_in_leadership_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Childcare_provision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Childcare_provision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Childcare provision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childcare_provision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_Womenomics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_Womenomics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.4</span> <span>Criticism of Womenomics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_Womenomics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Feminism in Japan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="النسوية في اليابان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="النسوية في اليابان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaponiyada_feminizm" title="Yaponiyada feminizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yaponiyada feminizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="জাপানে নারীবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জাপানে নারীবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frauenbewegung_in_Japan" title="Frauenbewegung in Japan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frauenbewegung in Japan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%99%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Φεμινισμός στην Ιαπωνία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φεμινισμός στην Ιαπωνία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminismo_en_Jap%C3%B3n" title="Feminismo en Japón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Feminismo en Japón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86" title="فمینیسم در ژاپن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فمینیسم در ژاپن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9minisme_au_Japon" title="Féminisme au Japon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Féminisme au Japon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminisme_di_Jepang" title="Feminisme di Jepang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Feminisme di Jepang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femminismo_in_Giappone" title="Femminismo in Giappone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Femminismo in Giappone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminizmus_Jap%C3%A1nban" title="Feminizmus Japánban – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Feminizmus Japánban" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8B%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="日本のフェミニズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="日本のフェミニズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%90%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85_%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%90" title="فېمینیزم په جاپان کې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فېمینیزم په جاپان کې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminismo_no_Jap%C3%A3o" title="Feminismo no Japão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Feminismo no Japão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86_%DB%BE_%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="جاپان ۾ عورت واد – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جاپان ۾ عورت واد" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="جاپان میں نسائیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جاپان میں نسائیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="日本女性主義 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="日本女性主義" data-language-autonym="中文" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism" title="Category:Feminism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_symbol_(heavy_pink).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/80px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/120px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/160px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History of feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Germany" title="History of women in Germany">German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> Waves</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">Fourth</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Timelines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Muslim countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)">Other women's rights</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> by country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Austria" title="Women's suffrage in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Colombia" title="Women's suffrage in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_India" title="Women's suffrage in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Liechtenstein" title="Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Spanish_Second_Republic_period" title="Women's suffrage in the Spanish Second Republic period">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Francoist_Spain_and_the_democratic_transition" title="Women's suffrage in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition">Francoist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Women's suffrage in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality#Feminist_thought" title="Intersectionality">Intersectional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat_feminism" title="Fat feminism">Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Lesbian_of_color_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_lesbianism" title="Radical lesbianism">Radical lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism#Lesbian_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Vegetarian ecofeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Socialist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Jineology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality#Marxist_feminist_critical_theory" title="Intersectionality">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_feminism" title="Standpoint feminism">Standpoint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialist_feminism" title="Materialist feminism">Materialist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Materialist_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_feminism" title="Postcolonial feminism">Postcolonial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_feminism" title="Global feminism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_feminism" title="Transnational feminism">Transnational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenofeminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenofeminism">Xenofeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multicultural</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana womanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_feminism" title="Hip hop feminism">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Black_lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratchet_feminism" title="Ratchet feminism">Ratchet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Chicana_lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_feminism" title="Indigenous feminism">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_feminism" title="Native American feminism">Native American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_feminist_theory" title="Multiracial feminist theory">Multiracial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_feminism" title="Romani feminism">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">Womanism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_feminism" title="Anti-abortion feminism">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_feminism" title="Maternal feminism">Maternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postfeminism" title="Postfeminism">Postfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofeminism" title="Neofeminism">Neofeminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_feminism" title="State feminism">State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carceral_feminism" title="Carceral feminism">Carceral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_feminism" title="Imperial feminism">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_feminism" title="Embedded feminism">Embedded</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Gender-critical</span> or <span class="nowrap">trans-exclusionary</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_feminism" title="Victim feminism">Victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_feminism" title="White feminism">White</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Religious variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Spiritual_Ecofeminism/Cultural_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_community" title="Feminism in India">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_feminism" title="Sikh feminism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies">Movements and ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4B_movement" title="4B movement">4B movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantifa" title="Fantifa">Anti-fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-pornography_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-pornography feminism">Anti-pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberfeminism" title="Cyberfeminism">Cyberfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_HCI" title="Feminist HCI">HCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networked_feminism" title="Networked feminism">Networked</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Lipstick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism#Stiletto_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Stiletto</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Difference_feminism" title="Difference feminism">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_feminism" title="Equality feminism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_feminism" title="Social feminism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_feminism" title="Labor feminism">Labor</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian feminism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structural_feminism" title="Post-structural feminism">Post-structural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">Postmodern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_lesbianism" title="Political lesbianism">Political lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technofeminism" title="Technofeminism">Technofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinaturalism_(politics)" title="Antinaturalism (politics)">Antinaturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_labor" title="Cognitive labor">Cognitive labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literature" title="Feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_children%27s_literature" title="Feminist children's literature">Children's literature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_effects_on_society" title="Feminist effects on society">Effects on society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_equality" title="Feminism and equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_culture" title="Feminism in culture">Feminism in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">Feminist movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American women's suffrage movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">In hip hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_striptease" title="Feminist views on striptease">Feminist stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_quota" title="Gender quota">Gender quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_power" title="Girl power">Girl power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_womanhood" title="Ideal womanhood">Ideal womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_labor" title="Invisible labor">Invisible labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_sexism" title="Internalized sexism">Internalized sexism</a></li> <li>International <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">Girl's Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_language_reform" title="Feminist language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_capitalism" title="Feminist capitalism">Feminist capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likeability_trap" title="Likeability trap">Likeability trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">Matriarchal religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_media" title="Feminism and media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_feminism" title="Men in feminism">Men in feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Opposition to feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-feminism" title="Pro-feminism">Pro-feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protofeminism" title="Protofeminism">Protofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purplewashing" title="Purplewashing">Purplewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_racism" title="Feminism and racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_oppression" title="Triple oppression">Triple oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_women" title="War on women">War on women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women-only_space" title="Women-only space">Women-only space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health"><span class="wrap">Women's health</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Women in the workforce</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Outlooks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycling_and_feminism" title="Bicycling and feminism">Bicycling and feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_marriage" title="Criticism of marriage">Criticism of marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_BDSM" title="Feminist views on BDSM">Views on BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_pornography" title="Feminist views on pornography">Views on pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry" title="Feminist views on the sex industry">Views on prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">Views on sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">Views on sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics" title="Feminist views on transgender topics">Views on transgender topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCUM_Manifesto" title="SCUM Manifesto">SCUM Manifesto</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Feminist method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_mainstreaming" title="Gender mainstreaming">Gender mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_gaze" title="Male gaze">Male gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">Women's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_studies" title="Men's studies">Men's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_f%C3%A9minine" title="Écriture féminine">Écriture féminine</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Areas of study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_modern_architecture" title="Feminism and modern architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">Art criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Science fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_biology" title="Feminist biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory_in_composition_studies" title="Feminist theory in composition studies">Composition studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_school_of_criminology" title="Feminist school of criminology">Criminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pathways_perspective" title="Feminist pathways perspective">Pathways perspective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_post-structuralist_discourse_analysis" title="Feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis">FDPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">International relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_constructivism" title="Feminist constructivism">Constructivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pedagogy" title="Feminist pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_empiricism" title="Feminist empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_justice_ethics" title="Feminist justice ethics">Justice ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy_of_science" title="Feminist philosophy of science">science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pornography" title="Feminist pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_revisionist_mythology" title="Feminist revisionist mythology">Revisionist mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Sex wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sexology" title="Feminist sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">Technoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">womanist theology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By continent/country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Senegal" title="Feminism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Australia" title="Feminism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Bangladesh" title="Feminism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_France" title="Feminism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Germany" title="Feminism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India" title="Feminism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Indonesia" title="Feminism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Feminism in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Israel" title="Feminism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Italy" title="Feminism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Latin_America" title="Feminism in Latin America">Latin America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Argentina" title="Feminism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Brazil" title="Feminism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Chile" title="Feminism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mexico" title="Feminism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Malaysia" title="Feminism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nepal" title="Feminism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Feminism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_New_Zealand" title="Feminism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Norway" title="Feminism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Poland" title="Feminism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Feminism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Korea" title="Feminism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Sweden" title="Feminism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Taiwan" title="Feminism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Feminism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">History of women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists and categories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks history-of-japan"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Japan" title="Category:History of Japan">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">History of Japan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KaiIchiranzu1806.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/KaiIchiranzu1806.jpg/250px-KaiIchiranzu1806.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/KaiIchiranzu1806.jpg/375px-KaiIchiranzu1806.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/KaiIchiranzu1806.jpg/500px-KaiIchiranzu1806.jpg 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="844" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;">Periods</span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">before 14,000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">14,000–1000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi</a></b> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1000 BC – 300 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun</a></b> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">300–538 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka</a></b> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">538–710</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara</a></b> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">710–794</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian</a></b><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Former_Nine_Years%27_War" title="Former Nine Years' War">Former Nine Years' War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Later_Three-Year_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Three-Year War">Later Three-Year War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Genpei_War" title="Genpei War">Genpei War</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">794–1185</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura</a></b><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dky%C5%AB_War" title="Jōkyū War">Jōkyū War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_War" title="Genkō War">Genkō War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kenmu_Restoration" title="Kenmu Restoration">Kenmu Restoration</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1185–1333</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi</a></b><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_Courts_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern and Southern Courts period">Nanboku-chō period</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Sengoku period</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1336–1573</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Azuchi%E2%80%93Momoyama_period" title="Azuchi–Momoyama period">Azuchi–Momoyama</a></b> <div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanban_trade" title="Nanban trade">Nanban trade</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)">Imjin War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sekigahara" title="Battle of Sekigahara">Battle of Sekigahara</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1573–1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period"><b>Edo</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tokugawa)</span></a> <div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Ryukyu" title="Invasion of Ryukyu">Invasion of Ryukyu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Osaka" title="Siege of Osaka">Siege of Osaka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku">Sakoku</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Expedition" title="Perry Expedition">Perry Expedition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Kanagawa" title="Convention of Kanagawa">Convention of Kanagawa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Bakumatsu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1603–1868</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji</a></b> <div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABky%C5%AB_Disposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryūkyū Disposition">Ryūkyū Disposition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Intervention" title="Triple Intervention">Triple Intervention</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1895)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)">Invasion of Taiwan (1895)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Colonization of Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth" title="Treaty of Portsmouth">Treaty of Portsmouth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Japan–Korea Treaty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Colonization of Korea</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1868–1912</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō</a></b> <div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">World War I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_intervention_in_Siberia" title="Japanese intervention in Siberia">Intervention in Siberia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">Great Kantō earthquake</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1912–1926</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa</a></b> <div class="plainlist wraplinks" style="padding-left:1.4em;text-align:left;line-height:1.25em;padding-bottom:0.2em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">Militarism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_financial_crisis" title="Shōwa financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nanking_incident_of_1927" title="Nanking incident of 1927">Nanking incident</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Invasion of Manchuria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/May_15_incident" title="May 15 incident">May 15 incident</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/February_26_incident" title="February 26 incident">February 26 incident</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Japan" title="Postwar Japan">Postwar Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anpo_protests" title="Anpo protests">Anpo protests</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">Economic miracle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble" title="Japanese asset price bubble">Asset price bubble</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1926–1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">Heisei</a></b> <div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Decades" title="Lost Decades">Lost Decades</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanshin_earthquake" title="Great Hanshin earthquake">Great Hanshin earthquake</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cool_Japan" title="Cool Japan">Cool Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">Tōhoku earthquake</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Japanese_imperial_transition" title="2019 Japanese imperial transition">Imperial transition</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1989–2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Reiwa_era" title="Reiwa era">Reiwa</a></b><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Japan">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Shinzo_Abe" title="Assassination of Shinzo Abe">Abe assassination</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Noto_earthquake" title="2024 Noto earthquake">Noto earthquake</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">2019–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;">Topics</span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Japan#History" title="Capital punishment in Japan">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_currency" title="Japanese currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Japan" title="List of earthquakes in Japan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan" title="Economic history of Japan">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Era names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Japan" title="History of education in Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_foreign_relations" title="History of Japanese foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Japan" title="Geography of Japan">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Japan" title="Historiography of Japan">Historiography</a></li> <li>Religion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Buddhism in Japan">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in Japan">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in Japan">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shinto" title="History of Shinto">Shinto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Japan" title="Military history of Japan">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Japan" title="Politics of Japan">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-war_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-war Japan">Post-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Japan" title="History of science and technology in Japan">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of sports in Japan">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Japan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Japan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Japanese_history" title="Glossary of Japanese history">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Japanese_history" title="Timeline of Japanese history">Timeline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Japan" title="Template:History of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Japan" title="Template talk:History of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Feminism in Japan</b> began with <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights#Japan" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a> movements that date back to antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement started to gain momentum after Western thinking was brought into Japan during the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> in 1868. Japanese <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a> differs from Western feminism in that less emphasis is placed on individual autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the late 19th century, Japanese women were bound by the traditional patriarchal system where senior male members of the family maintain their authority in the household.<sup id="cite_ref-Iwasawa205_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iwasawa205-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the reforms brought by Meiji Restoration, women's status in Japanese society also went through series of changes.<sup id="cite_ref-Iwasawa205_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iwasawa205-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trafficking of women was restricted, women were allowed to request divorces, and both boys and girls were required to receive elementary education.<sup id="cite_ref-Iwasawa205_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iwasawa205-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further changes to women's status came about in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Women received the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">right to vote</a>, and a section of the new constitution drafted in 1946 was dedicated to guarantee gender equality.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1970, in the wake of the anti–<a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> movements, a new <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">women's liberation movement</a> called <i>ūman ribu</i> (woman lib) emerged in Japan from the New Left and radical student movements in the late 1960s. This movement was in sync with radical feminist movements in the United States and elsewhere, catalyzing a resurgence of feminist activism through the 1970s and beyond. The activists forwarded a comprehensive critique of the male-dominated nature of modern Japan, arguing for a fundamental change of the political-economic system and culture of the society. What distinguished them from previous feminist movements was their emphasis on sexual liberation<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">性の解放</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">sei no kaihō</i></span>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They did not aim for equality with men, but rather focused on calling for men's liberation from the oppressive aspects of a patriarchal and capitalist system. </p><p>In 1979, the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women</a> was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a>. The Japanese government ratified it in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_of_the_New_Woman_Association">Formation of the New Woman Association</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formation of the New Woman Association"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Women%27s_Association" title="New Women's Association">New Women's Association</a></div> <p>In 1919, with the help of <a href="/wiki/Ichikawa_Fusae" title="Ichikawa Fusae">Ichikawa Fusae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oku_Mumeo" title="Oku Mumeo">Oku Mumeo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raicho_Hiratsuka" class="mw-redirect" title="Raicho Hiratsuka">Raicho Hiratsuka</a> created the <a href="/wiki/New_Women%27s_Association" title="New Women's Association">New Woman Association</a>: <i>Shin Fujin Kyokai</i>. Their goal was to achieve rights of protection and inclusion through identifying a female class.<sup id="cite_ref-Molony645_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molony645-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1919, Hiratsuka delivered a speech at the All-Kansai Federation of Women's Organizations titled "Toward the Unification of Women." It stated that if women had rights, they would be able to be part of the state and help determine its future.<sup id="cite_ref-Molony645_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molony645-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following January, <a href="/wiki/Fusae_Ichikawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusae Ichikawa">Ichikawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raicho_Hiratsuka" class="mw-redirect" title="Raicho Hiratsuka">Hiratsuka</a> drafted the two demands of the New Woman Association. </p> <ul><li>Firstly, they wanted to amend the Public Peace Politic Law, a revised version of the 1890 Law on Political Association and Assembly, which banned women from joining any political party or attending or participating in political events.</li> <li>Secondly, they wanted protection from husbands and fiancés with <a href="/wiki/Venereal_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Venereal diseases">venereal diseases</a>. The Revised Civil Code of 1898 stated that a woman who commits <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a> is subject to divorce and up to two years in prison. However, a woman was unable to divorce her husband if he committed adultery. Challenging <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchal">patriarchal</a> society, the New Woman Association wanted reforms so that women could reject infected husbands or fiancés.<sup id="cite_ref-Molony647_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molony647-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They prepared petitions and any opposition was met by arguing that such measures would enable women to become better wives and mothers.<sup id="cite_ref-Molony647_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molony647-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Two petitions were prepared. The first addressed the need to give women rights and to include women in the state by revising the Public Peace Police Law. The second addressed the need to protect women by testing future husbands for sexually transmitted diseases and would allow women to divorce husbands and collect compensation for medical expenses. The Diet was adjourned before the petitions could make it to the floor. On February 26, 1921, the House of Representatives passed a bill to allow women to attend political meetings. The bill was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)" title="House of Peers (Japan)">House of Peers</a>. In 1922, the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Diet of Japan">Diet</a> amended Article 5 in the 1900 Police Law, allowing women to attend political gatherings while continuing to forbid them from joining political parties and voting.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Red_Wave_Society">The Red Wave Society</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Red Wave Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sekirankai" title="Sekirankai">Sekirankai</a></div> <p>The Red Wave Society, <i><a href="/wiki/Sekirankai" title="Sekirankai">Sekirankai</a></i>, was the first socialist women's association. <a href="/wiki/Yamakawa_Kikue" title="Yamakawa Kikue">Yamakawa Kikue</a> and others organized the association in April 1921. The Red Wave's <a href="/wiki/Manifesto" title="Manifesto">manifesto</a> condemned capitalism, arguing that it turned women into slaves and prostitutes. Rural families were forced to contract their daughters to factories due to financial difficulties. These girls were required to live in dormitories, unable to leave except to go to work. They worked 12-hour shifts in poor conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-factory_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factory-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many caught <a href="/wiki/Byssinosis" title="Byssinosis">brown lung</a>, a disease caused by exposure to cotton dust in poorly ventilated working environments, and other illnesses related to working in textile factories (Ravina). The state refused to enact legislation needed to protect women in the factories.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2008)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There were no on-call doctors in the dorms and no medical compensation for contracting brown lung or any other illnesses. After the contract ended, they returned to the countryside to be married. The Red Wave Society mainly focused on <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> and women's rights.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Shortly after its founding, women from The Red Wave Society took part in a demonstration on May 1, 1921. Preparation for this event prompted the creation of the first draft of the Red Wave Society manifesto to be written by <a href="/wiki/Yamakawa_Kikue" title="Yamakawa Kikue">Yamakawa Kikue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kikue openly lived as a staunch socialist as early as the 1910s and believed in the complete abolition of capitalism. Kikue's socialist views were presented in the manifesto as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FAISON_2018_15–33_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAISON_2018_15–33-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This manifesto was printed and scattered during the protest with the hope that the <a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">leaflets</a> would prompt other women to support The Red Wave Societies cause. All the women who attended this event were placed under arrest by police.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other groups were formed concentrating on their own demands. Some women pushed for political rights while others looked to end prostitution. Housewives campaigned to improve their roles at home. After the devastating <a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">1923 Great Kantō earthquake</a>, Kubushiro Ochimi, a member of the Women's Reform Society, and many other women, turned to the relief effort. Socialists like Yamakawa, middle-class Christians and housewives worked together to organize and provide relief activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackie2002105–06_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackie2002105–06-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Tokyo_Federation_of_Women's_Organizations"><span id="The_Tokyo_Federation_of_Women.27s_Organizations"></span>The Tokyo Federation of Women's Organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Tokyo Federation of Women's Organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 28, 1923, 100 leaders from many organizations came together to form the Tokyo Federation of Women's Organizations: <i>Tokyo Rengo Funjinkai</i>. They divided into five sections: <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>, employment, <a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">labour</a>, education, and government. The government section focused on women's rights and discussed ways to gain membership in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-Molony656_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molony656-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leader of the government section, Kubushiro Ochimi, called a meeting in November 1924 for women interested in working for women's rights. The meeting created the principal women's suffrage organization called the League for the Realization of Women's Suffrage (<i><a href="/wiki/Fujin_Sanseiken_Kakutoku_Kisei_Domei" class="mw-redirect" title="Fujin Sanseiken Kakutoku Kisei Domei">Fujin Sanseiken Kakutoku Kisei Domei</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Molony656_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molony656-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organization's goal was to improve the status of Japanese women. In their manifesto they declared that it was female responsibility to destroy the past 2,600 years of customs and to promote natural rights of men and women. </p><p>To achieve their goals, the league petitioned for civil rights. In March 1925, the Diet passed the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Manhood_Suffrage_Law" title="Universal Manhood Suffrage Law">Universal Manhood Suffrage Law</a> (普通選挙法, <i>Futsū Senkyo Hō</i>)<b>,</b> allowing all men 25 years or older to vote - without imposing any economic qualifications, but excluding all women. They continued to lobby representatives to discuss their issues. In March 1925, four items were to be discussed in the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Diet of Japan">Diet</a>. Many women came to watch as the House of Representatives discussed amending the Public Peace Police Law of 1900, a petition for higher education for women, a petition for women's suffrage in national elections, and a petition to make changes to the City Code of 1888 and the Town and Village Code of 1888, which would allow women to vote and run for local offices. Through the 1930s feminists believed the best ways to achieve their goals were through protection of laborers, welfare for single mothers, and other activities producing social welfare reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When women in Japan got to vote for the first time on April 10, 1946, it showed that they were truly citizens and full members of the state. Women like Hiratsuka Raicho, Yosano Akiko and Kubushiro Ochimi worked extremely hard to achieve self-transcendence and self-actualization. </p><p>With the commencement of Japanese women not only gaining the right to vote, but to run for office as well, many women began to become more politically involved. This resulted in the election of 39 women into the Japanese governments <a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">National Diet</a> in the spring of 1946 and the first female Japanese Ministry Bureau Chief was elected the following year in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_suffrage"><span id="Women.27s_suffrage"></span>Women's suffrage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Women's suffrage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Women's suffrage in Japan</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman%27s_Rights_Meeting_Tokyo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Woman%27s_Rights_Meeting_Tokyo.jpg/300px-Woman%27s_Rights_Meeting_Tokyo.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Woman%27s_Rights_Meeting_Tokyo.jpg/450px-Woman%27s_Rights_Meeting_Tokyo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Woman%27s_Rights_Meeting_Tokyo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption>A women's rights group meeting in Tokyo, to push for universal suffrage.</figcaption></figure> <p>While women's advocacy has been present in Japan since the nineteenth century, aggressive calls for <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> in Japan surfaced during the turbulent interwar period of the 1920s. Enduring a societal, political, and cultural metamorphosis, Japanese citizens lived in confusion and frustration as their nation transitioned from a tiny isolated body to a viable world power. Perhaps one of the most profound examples of this frustration is the fight for women's rights and recognition in Japan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the Meiji Restoration in 1868, the concept of rights began to take hold in Japan. During the latter portion of the nineteenth century, the first proponents for women's rights advocated for reforms in the patriarchal society that had oppressed women (not for political inclusion or voting rights). Of prime importance to the early feminist movement was the call for women's education. </p><p>Policymakers believed that women's education was imperative to the preservation of the state because it would prepare girls to be knowledgeable wives and mothers capable of producing diligent, nationally loyal sons. Although policymakers did not necessarily have the same motives as women's rights advocates in their call for women's education, the development of such education opened the door for further advancements for women in Japanese society. Also occurring at the end of the nineteenth century was the fight for women's protection from some of the cultural practices that had long subordinated women. </p><p>As the topic of women's rights began to gain a larger following, women's advocacy groups slowly developed and tuned their interests to other issues impacting women in Japan. The interwar period, which followed the conclusion of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, brought about what has become known as the women's suffrage movement of Japan. Feminists opposed the nation's provision of civil rights to men exclusively and the government's exclusion of women from all political participation. Women in Japan were prohibited by law from joining political parties, expressing political views, and attending political meetings. </p><p>By 1920, the fight for women's political inclusion was at the forefront of the <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> movement. In 1921 women were granted the right to attend political meetings by the Japanese Diet (parliament), which overruled Article 5 of the Police Security Act.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite positive media coverage,<sup id="cite_ref-:72_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> institutional sexism was not completely eradicated. Many members of the Diet felt that it was unnecessary and selfish for women to participate in the government. </p><p>After women were granted the right to participate in and attend political assemblies, there was a surge in the development of women's interest groups. Alumni, Christian missionary, and other women's auxiliary groups began to sprout in the interwar period. After a massive <a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">earthquake struck Tokyo in 1923</a>, representatives from 43 of these organizations joined forces to become the Tokyo Federation of Women's Organizations (Tokyo Rengo Fujinkai). The federation was designed to serve as a disaster relief organization that aided those impacted by the earthquake. As time progressed, it went on to become one of the largest women's activist groups of the time. </p><p>To efficiently address the specific issues impacting the women of Japan, the Tokyo Federation of Women's Organizations divided into five satellite groups: society, government, education, labor, and employment. The government sector was perhaps the most significant of the federation's satellite sectors because it spawned the League for the Realization of Women's Suffrage (Fujin Sanseiken Kakutoku Kisei Domei) which was the most influential and outspoken women's advocacy collective of the time. This League issued a manifesto in 1924. The manifesto was as follows: </p> <ol><li>It is our responsibility to destroy customs which have existed in this country for the past twenty six hundred years and to construct a new Japan that promotes the natural rights of men and women;</li> <li>As women have been attending public school with men for half a century since the beginning of the Meiji period and our opportunities in higher education have continued to expand, it is unjust to exclude women from international suffrage;</li> <li>Political rights are necessary for the protection of nearly four million working women in this country;</li> <li>Women who work in the household must be recognized before the law to realize their full human potential;</li> <li>Without political rights we cannot achieve public recognition at either the national or local level of government;</li> <li>It is both necessary and possible to bring together women of different religions and occupations in a movement for women's suffrage.<sup id="cite_ref-WeissBrueske2018_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeissBrueske2018-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The League for the Realization of Women's Suffrage, as well as numerous other women's advocacy groups, continued to fight for social and political inclusion, as well as protection under the law from the patriarchal traditions that continued to plague the country. Their fight continued to progress and make strides until women were finally granted the right to vote in 1946. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II#Japan" title="Home front during World War II">Home front during World War II § Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_(1926%E2%80%931989)#Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōwa (1926–1989)">Shōwa (1926–1989) § Second World War</a></div> <p>According to oral history studied by Thomas R.H. Havens, traditional paternalistic norms proved a barrier when the government wanted to exploit woman power more fully for the war effort. Compulsory employment in munitions factories was possible for unmarried women, but social norms prevented married women from doing that sort of work, in sharp contrast to Russia, Britain, Germany and the United States. The absence of so many young men dramatically disrupted long-standing patterns of marriage, fertility, and family life. Severe shortages of ordinary items, including food and housing, were far more oppressive than governmental propaganda efforts. Japanese women nonetheless obediently followed orders, and there were no serious disruptions such as rioting over food shortages.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forced prostitution for the benefit of Japanese soldiers created the "<a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a>" program that proved highly embarrassing to Japan for decades after the war. Non-Japanese women from colonies such as Korea and Formosa were especially vulnerable.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the late 20th century cultural historians turned their attention to the role of women in wartime, especially the Second World War. Sources often used include magazines published—by men—for female readers. Typically fictional and nonfictional stories focused on social roles as mothers and wives, especially in dealing with hardships of housing and food supplies, and financial concerns in the absence of menfolk at war. Problems of fashion wartime were a high priority in such magazines in all major countries.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians report that the Japanese textile and fashion industries were highly successful in adapting to wartime shortages and propaganda needs.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magazines for teenage girls emphasized they must follow nationalistic demands that compelled them to give up their adolescent freedoms and transform themselves from "shōjo", which connotes adolescent playfulness, into "gunkoku shōjo" [girls of a military nation], with significant home front responsibilities. Evacuation of women and children from major cities, due to Allied <a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan" title="Air raids on Japan">air raids on Japan</a>, was covered in detail to emphasize willingness to sacrifice for patriotism portrayed through fiction, news articles and photographs.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government controlled all the media, and supervise the popular magazines so their Content would strategically spread the government's goals and propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The descent into war marked a severe increase in government propaganda and censorship as early as the <a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Manchurian Incident</a> in September 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, along with previously mentioned shortages and an emphasis on women remaining as domestic servants made revolution difficult during this time.  Furthermore, an increasing amount of feminist and leftist groups which had previously been staunchly anti-government suddenly began to take on a nationalist point of view during this time.  While some attribute this sudden shift to things like the states sudden emphasis on the importance of women and motherhood, police brutality and government pressure played a role as well.  One activist who remained openly politically socialist during this time was <a href="/wiki/Yamakawa_Kikue" title="Yamakawa Kikue">Yamakawa Kikue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FAISON_2018_15–33_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAISON_2018_15–33-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  Early in the war, Kikue engaged in round table style discussions with popular political figures such as <a href="/wiki/Tetsu_Katayama" title="Tetsu Katayama">Katayama Tetsu</a>, Tatewaki Sadayo, <a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raich%C5%8D" title="Hiratsuka Raichō">Hiratsuko Raicho</a>, and Okada Junko. These discussions were frequently critical of the state and caused severe political backlash towards Kikue.  Kikue's involvement was eventually censored by the government as conflict in Asia increased, and her husband, Hitoshi Kikue, was arrested soon after for conspiring with the left wing Popular Front Movement which sought to prevent the spread of fascism in Japan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_World_War_II">Post World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to World War II, women in Japan were denied the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to vote">right to vote</a> and other legal rights. After the surrender of Imperial Japan in 1945, the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Allied occupation</a>, on the order of general <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>, began <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan#Drafting_process" title="Constitution of Japan">drafting a new constitution</a> for Japan in February 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_20130101_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_20130101-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A subcommittee including two women, <a href="/wiki/Beate_Sirota_Gordon" title="Beate Sirota Gordon">Beate Sirota Gordon</a> and economist <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Hadley" title="Eleanor Hadley">Eleanor Hadley</a>, were enlisted and assigned to writing the section of the constitution devoted to <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights#Japan" title="Women's rights">women's rights in Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-one_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-one-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They played an integral role, drafting the language regarding legal equality between men and women in Japan, including Articles 14 and 24 on Equal Rights and Women's Civil Rights. Article 14 states, in part: "All of the people are equal under the law and there shall be no discrimination in political, economic or social relations because of creed, sex, social status or family origin". Article 24 includes: </p><p>These additions to the constitution were vital to women's rights in Japan. "Japanese women were historically treated like <a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">chattel</a>; they were property to be bought and sold on a whim," Gordon said in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The end of World War II also marked a surge in popularity for the Women's Review (<a href="/wiki/Fujin_K%C5%8Dron" title="Fujin Kōron">Fujin Kōron</a>) magazine. This magazine featured articles from socialist authors like <a href="/wiki/Yamakawa_Kikue" title="Yamakawa Kikue">Yamakawa Kikue</a> calling for equal financial and social rights for not only women, but the lower class in general.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, due to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=1893_Publication_Law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1893 Publication Law (page does not exist)">1893 Publication Law</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_Press_Law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 Press Law (page does not exist)">1909 Press Law</a>, the Japanese Police Bureau of the Home Ministry was legally allowed to prohibit or fine any publications which encouraged anti-government sentiments. An overwhelming amount of this was found to be leftist and feminist political cartoons.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This law was overturned with the imposition of the new Japanese constitution in 1946. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second-wave_feminism_and_birth_control_activism">Second-wave feminism and birth control activism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second-wave feminism and birth control activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fight for <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">reproductive rights</a> in Japanese Feminism can be traced back as early as the 1920s with the work of socialist activist <a href="/wiki/Ishimoto_Shizue" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishimoto Shizue">Ishimoto Shizue</a>.  Shizue relocated to New York City with her husband and collaborated with American activist <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a> who was currently advocating for women's reproductive rights in the United States.  Both women believed that both the lack of reproductive rights and the wage-labor currently affecting women could be alleviated with the implication of socialism.  Birth control had not yet become a solidified concept in Japan, and upon her return in 1921 Shizue had a two-part article regarding birth control education published in Tokyo.<sup id="cite_ref-Takeuchi-Demirci_2010_257–280_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Takeuchi-Demirci_2010_257–280-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite attempts by several leftist groups to popularize it, the topic of birth control and contraception was still considered a heavily taboo topic.  This changed with the arrival of Margaret Sanger in April 1922 who was visiting Japan to give a lecture at the request of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaizo_Publishing_Company.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaizo Publishing Company. (page does not exist)">Kaizo Publishing Company.</a>  This openly sexual lecture brought openness to the previously disapproved concept of women's rights not only with reproduction, but socially, financially, and politically as well.  This visit from Sanger causing the resurgence of sexual openness is often referred to as "The Black Ship of <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Taishō">Taisho</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Takeuchi-Demirci_2010_257–280_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Takeuchi-Demirci_2010_257–280-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Practical applications of birth control were rejected for the most part by the Japanese government.  Since this surge of socialist thought and birth control coincidentally occurred in the same year as the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Conference" title="Washington Naval Conference">1922 Washington Naval Conference</a>, the Japanese government believed that the United States wished to limit their naval power as well as control their population.  Due to this, along with her leftist political ties, Sanger's subsequent lectures were heavily censored by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-Takeuchi-Demirci_2010_257–280_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Takeuchi-Demirci_2010_257–280-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mitsu_Tanaka" title="Mitsu Tanaka">Mitsu Tanaka</a> was the most visible individual figure in Japan's radical feminist movement during the late 1960s and early 1970s. She wrote a number of pamphlets on feminist topics, the most well-known being <i>Liberation from Toilets</i>. She was a tireless organizer for the women's liberation movement, helping to lead protests, co-founding the Fighting Women's Group of activists, and establishing the first women's centre and women's shelter in Japan during the 1970s. She dropped out of the public feminist movement by the late 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Bumiller_1996_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bumiller_1996-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A multitude of feminist essays and texts were translated and published during the Japanese women's liberation movement in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackie2003152_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackie2003152-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another activist to receive much media attention in Japan was <a href="/wiki/Misako_Enoki" title="Misako Enoki">Misako Enoki</a>. Enoki was a pharmacist who organized activists to push for the legalization of the <a href="/wiki/Birth_control_pill" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth control pill">birth control pill</a>. Her approach was to generate media attention by forming a protest group called Chupiren, who wore pink motorcycle helmets and took part in publicity stunts such as confronting unfaithful husbands in their offices.<sup id="cite_ref-Bumiller_1996_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bumiller_1996-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The male-dominated media gave coverage to radical feminists such as Tanaka and Enoki but did not take them seriously. Like Enoki, Tanaka was an activist for birth control, organizing protests to protect women's legal access to abortion procedures. The birth control pill was legalized in Japan in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiseman-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Japan" title="Abortion in Japan">Abortion in Japan</a>, which is less stigmatized, is frequently used as the alternative. The <a href="/wiki/Japan_Family_Planning_Association" title="Japan Family Planning Association">Japan Family Planning Association</a>, an affiliate of the <a href="/wiki/International_Planned_Parenthood_Federation" title="International Planned Parenthood Federation">International Planned Parenthood Federation</a>, was established in 1954. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yayori_Matsui" title="Yayori Matsui">Matsui Yayori</a>, a women's rights activist, writer, and retired journalist, was a well-known organizer of the "<a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_War_Crimes_Tribunal_on_Japan%27s_Military_Sexual_Slavery" title="Women's International War Crimes Tribunal on Japan's Military Sexual Slavery">Women's International War Crime Tribunal</a>" in 2000. The panel held a symbolic trial to judge the war crimes committed by Japanese soldiers and officials against the collective victims of the '<a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a>' system that was active during World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_feminism">Later feminism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Later feminism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Prominent feminist academics in Japan in recent decades include the sociologist <a href="/wiki/Chizuko_Ueno" title="Chizuko Ueno">Chizuko Ueno</a> and feminist theorist Ehara Yumiko.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2018, Japanese bullfighting organizers lifted a ban on women entering the bullfighting ring.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_spoken_Japanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender differences in spoken Japanese">Gender differences in spoken Japanese</a></div> <p>Women's speech in Japan is often expected to conform with traditional standards of <i>onnarashii</i> (女らしい), the code of proper behavior for a lady. In speech, <i>onnarashii</i> is exhibited by employing an artificially high tone of voice, using polite and deferential forms of speech more frequently than men, and using grammatical forms considered intrinsically feminine. Feminists differ in their responses to gender-based language differences; some find it "unacceptable," while others argue that the history of such gender-based differences is not tied to historical oppression as in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Japan, marriage law requires that married couples share a surname because they must belong to the same <a href="/wiki/Koseki" title="Koseki">koseki</a> (household). Although it has been possible since 1976<sup id="cite_ref-Iwasawa233_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iwasawa233-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the husband to join the wife's family under certain circumstances, 98%<sup id="cite_ref-Iwasawa234_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iwasawa234-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the time it is the woman who joins the man's family and therefore changes her surname. Men may take the wife's surname "only when the bride has no brother and the bridegroom is adopted by the bride's parents as the successor of the family."<sup id="cite_ref-Iwasawa233_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iwasawa233-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Feminist groups have introduced legislation that would allow married couples to maintain separate surnames, a practice which in Japanese is referred to as <i>fūfu bessei</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">夫婦別姓</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">lit. "husband and wife, different-surname'</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>, but such legislation has not yet been enacted despite "rising criticism".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Girl_with_laptop_japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Girl_with_laptop_japan.jpg/300px-Girl_with_laptop_japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Girl_with_laptop_japan.jpg/450px-Girl_with_laptop_japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Girl_with_laptop_japan.jpg/600px-Girl_with_laptop_japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2285" data-file-height="1523" /></a><figcaption>Japanese women are increasingly embracing non-traditional activities and interests such as computer technology.</figcaption></figure> <p>A manual widely spread throughout Japan from the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> to <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a> was Onna Daigaku, <i>Great Learning for Women</i>, which aimed to teach women to be <a href="/wiki/Good_Wife,_Wise_Mother" title="Good Wife, Wise Mother">good wives and wise mothers</a>. Women were to maintain the strict family system as the basic unit of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese society">Japanese society</a> by unconditionally obeying their husbands and their parents-in-law. They were confined to their households and did not exist independent, and were essentially subordinate to their father's or husband's family. There were customary practices to divorce women based on disobedience, jealousy, and even talkativeness.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a> era, women lucky enough to be educated were instructed by their fathers or brothers. Women of the higher class were discouraged from becoming educated more than women of the lower class.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The men in the higher classes enforced <a href="/wiki/Social_norms" class="mw-redirect" title="Social norms">social norms</a> more strictly than men in lower classes. This made women of higher class more likely to be bound to the norms.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji Revolution">Meiji Revolution</a>, in an effort to spread practical knowledge and practical arts needed to build society, children were required to attend school. In 1890, forty percent of eligible girls enrolled in school for the allotted four years. In 1910, over ninety-seven percent of eligible girls enrolled in school for the then-allotted six years. These schools were meant to teach feminine modesty.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts">Arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the earliest modern female writers was <a href="/wiki/Ichiy%C5%8D_Higuchi" title="Ichiyō Higuchi">Higuchi Ichiyō</a> (1872–1896). After her father died, she lived in poverty, supporting her mother and sister. In 1893, she began to publish her writings in order to earn money. Her novels and stories were critically acclaimed by the literary elite, but they were never a financial success. The family opened a toy and candy shop near <a href="/wiki/Yoshiwara" title="Yoshiwara">Yoshiwara</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Geisha" title="Geisha">geisha</a> quarter of Tokyo. Working in such a district, Ichiyo became more aware of women's conditions. One of her major works, <i>Nigorie</i> [<i>Muddy Waters</i>], portrays unfortunate women forced into becoming geisha due to economic circumstances. The women, no matter what role they took, were despised by society.<sup id="cite_ref-Pauline_C._Reich_1976_p._281_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauline_C._Reich_1976_p._281-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Jusanya</i> [<i>Thirteenth Night</i>] is about two families joined by marriage. The woman is of low class and the man, a high-ranking government official. Through marriage families can secure their well-being and it was the only way to move upward in society. The woman sacrifices herself for her family to endure cruel and humiliating taunts from her husband and is unable to protect herself due to social norms. Ichiyo's stories offer no solutions beyond explicitly depicting the conditions of women. According to some, her four-and-a-half-year-long career marks the beginning of Japanese women's self-awareness.<sup id="cite_ref-Pauline_C._Reich_1976_p._281_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauline_C._Reich_1976_p._281-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seito_magazine"><i>Seito</i> magazine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Seito magazine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Yosano_Akiko" title="Yosano Akiko">Yosano Akiko</a> (1878–1942) is one of the most famous female poets in <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a> Japan. As the daughter of a rich merchant, Yosano was able to attend school and learned to read and write. Later she became a sponsor of the magazine <i>Seito</i> <i>Bluestocking</i> and also a member of <i>Myojo</i> <i>Bright Star</i>, a poetry journal. In September 1911, Yosano Akiko's poem, "Mountain Moving Day," was published on the first page of the first edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Bluestocking_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluestocking (magazine)">Seito</a></i>, a magazine that marked the beginning of the Seitosha movement. Named for literary groups in England known as "<a href="/wiki/Bluestocking" title="Bluestocking">bluestocking</a>", its editor <a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raicho" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiratsuka Raicho">Hiratsuka Raicho</a> (1886–1971) was the financial and philosophical might behind the initial spark of the movement. The women of Seito used literary expression to fight <a href="/wiki/Confucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian">Confucian</a>-based thought and improve opportunities for women.<sup id="cite_ref-Pauline_C._Reich_1976_p._281_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauline_C._Reich_1976_p._281-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2008)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Other women brought other views to the magazine. <a href="/wiki/Kanoko_Okamoto" title="Kanoko Okamoto">Okamoto Kanoko</a> (1899–1939) brought a Buddhist view. Her poetry was more concerned with spirituality. According to her, women could find success by not acknowledging the illusions of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without attachment to the world, excluding the patriarchal society, women can find inner strength. <a href="/wiki/Ito_Noe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ito Noe">Ito Noe</a> (1895–1923) became editor of the magazine after Hiratsuka left due to pleading health issues in 1915. She explored women's rights to <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>, which remained a hot topic until the magazine's end in 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-Pauline_C._Reich_1976_p._286_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauline_C._Reich_1976_p._286-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ito married an <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osugi_Sakae" class="mw-redirect" title="Osugi Sakae">Osugi Sakae</a>. Both became political prisoners, then were murdered by military police in the aftermath of the Great Earthquake of 1923. <a href="/wiki/Fumiko_Hayashi_(author)" title="Fumiko Hayashi (author)">Hayashi Fumiko</a> (1904–1951) was the antithesis of Okanmoto Kanto. Hayashi was naturalistic describing life as an experience (Reich, 286). Her stories are about economic survival of women without men. However, the endings return to male society with no solution. She is the next most popular writer after <a href="/wiki/Ichiy%C5%8D_Higuchi" title="Ichiyō Higuchi">Higuchi Ichiyō</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pauline_C._Reich_1976_p._286_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauline_C._Reich_1976_p._286-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Seito</i> was controversial as it became more concerned with social problems. <i>Seito</i> introduced the translated version of <a href="/wiki/Ibsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibsen">Ibsen</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Doll%27s_House" title="A Doll's House">A Doll's House</a></i>. The play is about a woman who forges her father's signature to save her husband's life. Instead of being grateful, her husband reacts with anger and disgust. She then decides to leave him. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Japan" title="Politics of Japan">government</a> did not like the dissemination of these types of values.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government opposition increased, deeming the content "harmful to the time-honored virtues of Japanese women", and banning five issues of <i>Seito</i> (Raicho, 218). The first issue to be suppressed was a story, "Ikichi" ["Life Blood"] by <a href="/wiki/Tamura_Toshiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamura Toshiko">Tamura Toshiko</a>, about the reminiscences of a woman and a man who spent the night at an inn. <a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raicho" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiratsuka Raicho">Hiratsuka Raicho</a>'s issue was banned because it challenged the family system and marriage. <a href="/wiki/Ito_Noe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ito Noe">Ito Noe</a>'s "Shuppon" ["Flight"] is about a woman who left her husband and then her lover betrayed her, another issue that was banned.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manga">Manga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Manga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Manga is an especially popular medium among women writers in Japan; some argue that women use the form to "[deconstruct] traditional outlooks on sex and childbearing."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anime">Anime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Anime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a> is a subgenre of Japanese fantasy media (including anime, manga, light novels, and live-action media) centered around young girls who possess magical abilities, which they typically use through an ideal alter ego into which they can transform.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sexuality">Sexuality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sexuality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prostitution">Prostitution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Prostitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Japan" title="Prostitution in Japan">Prostitution in Japan</a></div> <p>Japanese women's groups began campaigning against institutionalized prostitution in the 1880s,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackie2003110_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackie2003110-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and banded together in 1935 to form the National Purification League (<i>Kokumin Junketsu Dōmei</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackie2003111_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackie2003111-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early activists tended to express disapproval of the women who were prostitutes, rather than of the men who managed such services, particularly in the widespread military brothel system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackie2003110_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackie2003110-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later Japanese feminists expressed concern about the management of sexuality and the reinforcement of <a href="/wiki/Racialized" class="mw-redirect" title="Racialized">racialized</a> hierarchies in the military brothels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackie2003110_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackie2003110-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproductive_rights">Reproductive rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Reproductive rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Japanese feminists began to argue in favor of birth control in the 1930s; abortion was allowed by the government in 1948, but only for <a href="/wiki/Eugenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenic">eugenic</a> purposes. Women who gave birth to many children received awards from the government. The <a href="/wiki/Family_Planning_Federation_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Family Planning Federation of Japan">Family Planning Federation of Japan</a>, an affiliate of the <a href="/wiki/International_Planned_Parenthood_Federation" title="International Planned Parenthood Federation">International Planned Parenthood Federation</a>, is Japan's main reproductive rights organization, lobbying for the legalization of oral contraceptives and for the continued legality of abortion, and disseminating educational materials on family planning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackie2003112_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackie2003112-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motherhood">Motherhood</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Motherhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, women in Japanese society have possessed most power as mothers. Some feminists argue this type of power only upholds a patriarchal system.<sup id="cite_ref-Buckley_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckley-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least one responds that to the Japanese, to make such a claim is to hold parenting and household duties in relatively low regard: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In any East Asian culture you will find that women have a very tangible power within the household. This is often rejected by non-Asian feminists who argue that it is not real power, but ... Japanese women look at the low status attributed to the domestic labor of housewives in North America and feel that this amounts to a denigration of a fundamental social role—whether it is performed by a man or a woman.<sup id="cite_ref-Buckley_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckley-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Parasite_singles""><span id=".22Parasite_singles.22"></span>"Parasite singles"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: "Parasite singles""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parasite_single" title="Parasite single">Parasite single</a></div> <p>A growing number of young women are remaining unmarried in Japan today, a development often viewed as a rebellion against the traditional confines of women's restrictive roles as wives and mothers. In 2004, 54% of Japanese women in their 20s were single, as opposed to 30.6% in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiseman-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young women are instead living a lifestyle centred on friends and work.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiseman-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unmarried Japanese adults typically live with their parents, thus saving on household expenses and increasing the amount of money available to spend on their own entertainment. Sociologist Masahiro Yamada gave these young adults the label "parasitic singles". Some young women reacted by creating business cards with their names and the title "Parasite Single" on them. Japanese media has given heavy coverage to the decline in Japan's birthrate, but the trend continues.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiseman-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Labor">Labor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Labor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_only_train_car_tokyo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Women_only_train_car_tokyo.jpg/300px-Women_only_train_car_tokyo.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Women_only_train_car_tokyo.jpg/450px-Women_only_train_car_tokyo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Women_only_train_car_tokyo.jpg/600px-Women_only_train_car_tokyo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Women-only_passenger_car" title="Women-only passenger car">women-only train car</a>, to protect women from <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">sexual harassment</a> by male passengers.</figcaption></figure> <p>Unions were legalized in 1946, after MacArthur declared the new law for unions in December 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, unions had little effect on the conditions of women. Unions stayed in the male domain. Throughout most of the century, few women were allowed to hold office, even in unions with primarily female membership, and until at least the 1980s unions often signed contracts that required women workers (but not men) to retire early.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackie2003132_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackie2003132-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1986, the Women's Bureau of the Ministry of Labor enacted an Equal Employment Opportunity Law,<sup id="cite_ref-kobayashi1_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kobayashi1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first "gender equality law formulated mainly by Japanese women."<sup id="cite_ref-kobayashi1_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kobayashi1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Law">Equal Employment Opportunity Law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Equal Employment Opportunity Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Law_(Japan)" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Law (Japan)">Equal Employment Opportunity Law (Japan)</a></div> <p>There are no legal provisions prohibiting sexual harassment in Japan. The Equal Employment Opportunity Law merely creates a duty of employers to take measures to prevent sexual harassment. Recourse through the courts for the non-compliance of this duty would have to be done by invoking the clause for damages for tort under the Civil Code, just as it had been done before the adoption of the Equal Employment Opportunity Law. </p><p>On April 29, 2013, during the 50th session of the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, NGOs briefed the Committee which victims of sexual harassment would lose their cases in court because there are no explicit legal provisions prohibiting sexual harassment. On May 17, the Committee published its Concluding Observations including the recommendation: </p> <dl><dd>"The Committee urges the State party to introduce in its legislation an offence of sexual harassment , in particular in the workplace, which carries sanctions proportionate to the severity of the offence. The Committee also recommends that the State party ensure that victims can lodge complaints without fear of retaliation. The Committee recommends that the State party continue to raise public awareness of sexual harassment ."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Womenomics">Womenomics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Womenomics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Goldman Sachs strategist <a href="/wiki/Kathy_Matsui" title="Kathy Matsui">Kathy Matsui</a> coined the term Womenomics in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It refers to a set of policies implemented in Japan to reduce gender gaps in the labor market. These policies include increasing female labor participation, women's presence in the labor force, and childcare provision. At the start of his administration in 2012, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinzō Abe">Shinzō Abe</a> announced the implementation of an economic strategy, known as <a href="/wiki/Abenomics" title="Abenomics">Abenomics</a>, which included a number of policies aimed at increasing sustained female labor participation in Japan. The idea behind the introduction of these policies was that increasing women's presence in the workforce would boost Japan's economic growth.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The motivations for these policy measures were, on one hand, Japan's low female labor participation rate in 2013, relative to other high-income countries: 65% compared to the US (67.2); Germany (72.6); UK (66.4); and France (66.9).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, increasing female labor participation is expected to increase the fertility rate and alleviate the aging population problem, which is a major concern of the Japanese government. The fertility rate in Japan is now at 1.25, when the rate needed to ensure population replacement is 2.1.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Female_labor_force_participation">Female labor force participation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Female labor force participation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Regarding the female labor participation rate, Prime Minister Abe committed to a goal of 73% by 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to achieve this, the Japanese government is focusing on women in age groups 30-34 and 35–40, whom studies have shown have a hard time getting back to the labor force after having children and devoting time to childrearing during their late 20s and early 30s. The government's goal of increased labor participation for these specific age groups is of 3.15 million more female workers by 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Business organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Association_of_Corporate_Executives" title="Japan Association of Corporate Executives">Japan Association of Corporate Executives</a> (Keitai Doyukai) and the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Business_Federation" title="Japan Business Federation">Japan Business Federation</a> (Keidanren) have expressed their support to the Government's policy with the hope that increasing female labor participation will lead to more adaptability to changes in the global economy.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Medical_University" title="Tokyo Medical University">Tokyo Medical University</a> (Japan) had been exposed to prioritizing male applicants to enter the medical school when female applicants had been scoring higher on their entrance exams.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the same year, 9.04 percent of male applicants passed the entrance exam while only 2.91 percent of female applicants were successful. This shows that men were accepted 3.11 times higher than that for women. While men were accepted at a level of 2.02 times higher than that of women in 2018 at the department, the rate was 0.87 times in the following year, meaning that women had been accepted in a higher rate.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With this news as a trigger, other universities such as <a href="/wiki/Juntendo_University" title="Juntendo University">Juntendo University</a> (Japan) were found to have set different passing levels for male and female applicants and manipulating exam scores for female applicants so they can have more male medical students in their favor. The segregation towards women applicants derived as the school wanted to keep the female population low, from the concern that female applicants have a high possibility to quit their jobs or leave the medical industry after having children or once they start a family in the future. </p><p>Although this news was about university administration, this is also an issue for general employees in the workforce as well. In fact, studies by <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> show that more than 70%<sup id="cite_ref-Holding_back_half_the_nation_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holding_back_half_the_nation-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Japanese women quit their jobs or stops working for more than a decade and do not come back after giving birth to their first child, whilst it is about 30%<sup id="cite_ref-Holding_back_half_the_nation_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holding_back_half_the_nation-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the US.  </p><p>Japanese women tend to choose between work, or family and the majority of them decide on the family over their careers. This is often due to the inflexibility of the workforce in terms of pay, working hours and lack of the welfare system for people that work but still wants to have a family. </p><p>The Japanese government has declared that they will be fining firms if they do not promote women employment and make some efforts in improving the flexibilities of the balance of work and motherhood after women employees give birth.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the numbers of women employees have been improving in recent years, policy changes and equality in society is still in progress. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women_in_leadership_roles">Women in leadership roles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Women in leadership roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the implementation of the Equal Employment Opportunity Law in 1986, the largest increase in female labor participation has been in the sector of part-time jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For women who are rejoining the workforce after taking some time off it to raise their children, this means that they disproportionately obtain jobs with lower salaries and precarious contracts.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Motivated by this situation and the argument that more diversity in leadership positions leads to better management and more competitiveness, Prime Minister Abe has been encouraging companies and governmental agencies to create alternatives for women's career advancement. </p><p>This aspect of Womenomics mainly consists of campaigns and incentives for companies to promote more women to managerial positions, adopt internal gender-inclusiveness quotas, and disclose information regarding the share of female employees in different positions. The goal set for this element of the policy was to achieve 30% of leadership positions for women by 2020, where leadership positions were understood to encompass local and national parliaments; technical specialists; and chief positions in corporations. However, due to insufficient progress, the deadline was shifted in July 2020 to sometime within the decade.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 July 2016, <a href="/wiki/Yuriko_Koike" title="Yuriko Koike">Yuriko Koike</a> became the first female governor of Tokyo.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was re-elected in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Childcare_provision">Childcare provision</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Childcare provision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There is a shortage of childcare facilities to accommodate at least 23,000 Japanese children who are in waiting lists.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In light of this deficit, Prime Minister Abe's Womenomics plan included a goal of zero children in waiting lists.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This will be done by a combination of renting childcare facilities, subsidizing childcare businesses, supporting new childcare providers to attain registration, and hiring new childcare workers. The goal set for this aspect of the policy is to provide childcare facilities for 400,000 children by 2017. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticism_of_Womenomics">Criticism of Womenomics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Criticism of Womenomics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There seems to be some international consensus about the effectiveness of promoting female labor participation as a means to increase economic growth. In 2012, the IMF pronounced that a 7% increase in the rate of women in the workforce could lead to a 4% increment in the GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are some critical views regarding the likelihood that these policies will significantly increase female labor participation. Some authors point to the prevalent working culture in Japan as a major threat to achieving the set policies' goals. Long working hours and overtime work are a common practice, as is the custom of going out with colleagues after work to drink alcohol. These features of the working culture in Japan can be irreconcilable with family obligations, particularly child rearing.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also some skepticism among academics about the expected effect of Womenomics on Japan's fertility rate. Many high-income, democratic countries have faced the challenge of aging populations, and to some extent they have addressed it by implementing social and labor policies that facilitate a balance between work and family duties. But one aspect of the solution that Japan continues to oppose is allowing some degree of immigration influx.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unclear whether the policies under Womenomics alone will be enough to yield a substantial increase in fertility rates. </p><p>Another stream of critiques questions whether Womenomics policies are reinforcing gender labor segregation rather than reforming structural barriers to women's advancement, such as the predominance of the male breadwinner model and women's association with reproductive work.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_policy_in_Japan" title="Family policy in Japan">Family policy in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Equality_Bureau" title="Gender Equality Bureau">Gender Equality Bureau</a>, Japan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaria%C5%ABman" title="Kyariaūman">Kyariaūman</a>, career woman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_feminists" title="Category:Japanese feminists">List of Japanese feminists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_of_gender_inequality_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Overview of gender inequality in Japan">Overview of gender inequality in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Japan" title="Women in Japan">Women in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiba_Prefecture#Police" title="Chiba Prefecture">Chiba Prefecture#Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_YouTuber" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual YouTuber">Virtual YouTuber</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Molony, Barbara (Nov. 2000). "Women's Rights, Feminism, and Suffragism in Japan, 1870–1925". <i>The Pacific Historical Review</i>, Vol. 69, No. 4: "Woman Suffrage: The View from the Pacific". <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3641228">10.2307/3641228</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3641228">3641228</a>. p. 640.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buckley, Sandra. <i>Broken Silences: Voices of Japanese Feminism</i>. University of California Press, 1997. p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iwasawa205-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iwasawa205_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iwasawa205_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iwasawa205_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yuji Iwasawa. <i>International Law, Human Rights, and Japanese Law</i>. p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yuji Iwasawa. <i>International Law, Human Rights, and Japanese Law</i>. pp. 205–206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Setsu Shigematsu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/scream-from-the-shadows"><i>Scream from the Shadows: The Women's Liberation Movement in Japan</i></a> (Minnesota: The University of Minnesota Press, 2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yuji Iwasawa. <i>International Law, Human Rights, and Japanese Law</i>. p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Molony645-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Molony645_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Molony645_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Molony, Barbara. "Women's Rights, Feminism, and Suffrage in Japan, 1870-1925". <i>The Pacific Historical Review</i>, Vol. 69, No. 4, Woman Suffrage: The View from the Pacific. (Nov. 2000), p. 645.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Molony647-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Molony647_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Molony647_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Molony, Barbara. "Women's Rights, Feminism, and Suffrage in Japan, 1870-1925". <i>The Pacific Historical Review</i>, Vol. 69, No. 4, Woman Suffrage: The View from the Pacific. (Nov. 2000), p. 647.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolte1986" class="citation journal cs1">Nolte, Sharon H. 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Princeton University Press. pp. 132–142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Factory+Girls%3A+Women+in+the+Thread+Mills+of+Meiji+Japan&rft.pages=132-142&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Tsurumi&rft.aufirst=E.+Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackie1994" class="citation journal cs1">Mackie, Vera (1994-05-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/10371399408727568">"Socialist women and the state in Taishō and early Shōwa Japan"</a>. <i>Japanese Studies</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 65–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10371399408727568">10.1080/10371399408727568</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1037-1397">1037-1397</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Studies&rft.atitle=Socialist+women+and+the+state+in+Taish%C5%8D+and+early+Sh%C5%8Dwa+Japan&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-86&rft.date=1994-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10371399408727568&rft.issn=1037-1397&rft.aulast=Mackie&rft.aufirst=Vera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F10371399408727568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAISON_2018_15–33-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAISON_2018_15–33_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAISON_2018_15–33_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFAISON2018" class="citation book cs1">FAISON, ELYSSA (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv3zp07j.6">"Women's Rights as Proletarian Rights"</a>. In Bullock, Julia C.; Kano, Ayako; Welker, James (eds.). <i>Rethinking Japanese Feminisms</i>. University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 15–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-6669-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-6669-3"><bdi>978-0-8248-6669-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv3zp07j.6">j.ctv3zp07j.6</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women%27s+Rights+as+Proletarian+Rights&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Japanese+Feminisms&rft.pages=15-33&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv3zp07j.6%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-6669-3&rft.aulast=FAISON&rft.aufirst=ELYSSA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv3zp07j.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackie2007" class="citation journal cs1">Mackie, Vera (2007-05-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10371399408727568?needAccess=true&">"Socialist women and the state in Taishō and early Shōwa Japan"</a>. <i>Japanese Studies</i>. <b>14</b>: 65–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10371399408727568">10.1080/10371399408727568</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Studies&rft.atitle=Socialist+women+and+the+state+in+Taish%C5%8D+and+early+Sh%C5%8Dwa+Japan&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=65-86&rft.date=2007-05-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10371399408727568&rft.aulast=Mackie&rft.aufirst=Vera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1080%2F10371399408727568%3FneedAccess%3Dtrue%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackie2002105–06-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackie2002105–06_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackie2002">Mackie 2002</a>, p. 105–06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Molony656-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Molony656_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Molony656_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Molony, Barbara. "Women's Rights, Feminism, and Suffrage in Japan, 1870-1925". <i>The Pacific Historical Review</i>, Vol. 69, No. 4, Woman Suffrage: The View from the Pacific. (Nov. 2000), p. 656.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Molony, Barbara. "Women's Rights, Feminism, and Suffrage in Japan, 1870-1925". <i>The Pacific Historical Review</i>, Vol. 69, No. 4, Woman Suffrage: The View from the Pacific. (Nov. 2000), p. 661.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jstor.org-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlemperer-MarkhamGoldstein-Gidoni2012" class="citation journal cs1">Klemperer-Markham, Ayala; Goldstein-Gidoni, Ofra (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42771874">"Socialist Egalitarian Feminism in Early Postwar Japan: Yamakawa Kikue and the "Democratization of Japan"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>U.S.-Japan Women's Journal</i> (42): 3–30. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2330-5037">2330-5037</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42771874">42771874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.-Japan+Women%27s+Journal&rft.atitle=Socialist+Egalitarian+Feminism+in+Early+Postwar+Japan%3A+Yamakawa+Kikue+and+the+%22Democratization+of+Japan%22&rft.issue=42&rft.pages=3-30&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42771874%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2330-5037&rft.aulast=Klemperer-Markham&rft.aufirst=Ayala&rft.au=Goldstein-Gidoni%2C+Ofra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42771874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:8_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFtranslator.2020" class="citation book cs1">translator., 富田裕子, editor. 横山千晶 (December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1227471845"><i>国際的視野からみる近代日本の女性史 : 政治経済・労働・セクシュアリティ = Japanese women emerging from subservience, 1868-1945</i></a>. 慶應義塾大学法学研究会. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-7664-2702-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-7664-2702-8"><bdi>978-4-7664-2702-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1227471845">1227471845</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E7%9A%84%E8%A6%96%E9%87%8E%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%81%BF%E3%82%8B%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%8F%B2+%3A+%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88%E3%83%BB%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3+%3D+Japanese+women+emerging+from+subservience%2C+1868-1945&rft.pub=%E6%85%B6%E6%87%89%E7%BE%A9%E5%A1%BE%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%BC%9A&rft.date=2020-12&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1227471845&rft.isbn=978-4-7664-2702-8&rft.aulast=translator.&rft.aufirst=%E5%AF%8C%E7%94%B0%E8%A3%95%E5%AD%90%2C+editor.+%E6%A8%AA%E5%B1%B1%E5%8D%83%E6%99%B6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1227471845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:72-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:72_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF折井,_美耶子2006" class="citation book cs1">折井, 美耶子 (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/676550065"><i>新婦人協会の研究</i></a>. Domesu Shuppan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-8107-0664-8" title="Special:BookSources/4-8107-0664-8"><bdi>4-8107-0664-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/676550065">676550065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%96%B0%E5%A9%A6%E4%BA%BA%E5%8D%94%E4%BC%9A%E3%81%AE%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.pub=Domesu+Shuppan&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F676550065&rft.isbn=4-8107-0664-8&rft.au=%E6%8A%98%E4%BA%95%2C+%E7%BE%8E%E8%80%B6%E5%AD%90&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F676550065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WeissBrueske2018-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WeissBrueske2018_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenny_A._WeissMegan_Brueske2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Penny_A._Weiss" title="Penny A. Weiss">Penny A. Weiss</a>; Megan Brueske (3 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rUJKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA170"><i>Feminist Manifestos: A Global Documentary Reader</i></a>. NYU Press. pp. 170–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-3730-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-3730-4"><bdi>978-1-4798-3730-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feminist+Manifestos%3A+A+Global+Documentary+Reader&rft.pages=170-&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2018-04-03&rft.isbn=978-1-4798-3730-4&rft.au=Penny+A.+Weiss&rft.au=Megan+Brueske&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrUJKDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas R. H. Havens, "Women and war in Japan, 1937-45." The American Historical Review (1975): 913-934. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1867444">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hirofumi Hayashi, "Disputes in Japan over the Japanese Military "Comfort Women" System and its perception in history." <i>The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i> 617.1 (2008): 123-132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacqueline M. Atkins, ed. <i>Wearing Propaganda: Textiles on the Home Front in Japan, Britain, and the United States, 1931-1945</i> (Yale UP, 2005) .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John W. Dower, <i>Ways of Forgetting, Ways of Remembering: Japan in the Modern World</i> (2012) pp 65-104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Hewitt, "'When The Great Planes Came And Made Ashes Of Our City...': Towards An Oral Geography Of The Disasters Of War." <i>Antipode</i> 26.1 (1994): 1-34, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kenneth_Hewitt/publication/229598694_When_the_great_planes_came_and_made_ashes_of_our_city_towards_an_oral_geography_of_the_disasters_of_war/links/5adcffd6a6fdcc29358b55fb/When-the-great-planes-came-and-made-ashes-of-our-city-towards-an-oral-geography-of-the-disasters-of-war.pdf">online</a> provides comparative experiences.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anna Jackson, Review of "Wearing Propaganda: Textiles on the Home Front in Japan, Britain and the United States 1931-1945" <i> Reviews in History</i> Review Number: 548 (1 October 2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rebo.pw/85.pdf">Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191128080238/https://rebo.pw/85.pdf">Archived</a> 2019-11-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_20130101-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_20130101_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2013" class="citation news cs1">Fox, Margalit (January 1, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/02/world/asia/beate-gordon-feminist-heroine-in-japan-dies-at-89.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0">"Beate Gordon, Long-Unsung Heroine of Japanese Women's Rights, Dies at 89"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-02</span></span>. <q>Correction: January 4, 2013</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Beate+Gordon%2C+Long-Unsung+Heroine+of+Japanese+Women%27s+Rights%2C+Dies+at+89&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Margalit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F01%2F02%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fbeate-gordon-feminist-heroine-in-japan-dies-at-89.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-one-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-one_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dower, pp. 365-367</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/national/obituaries/feminist-secretly-wrote-part-of-japans-constitution-20130113-2cnd4.html">"Feminist secretly wrote part of Japan's constitution"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Feminist+secretly+wrote+part+of+Japan%27s+constitution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnational%2Fobituaries%2Ffeminist-secretly-wrote-part-of-japans-constitution-20130113-2cnd4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoutts2012" class="citation journal cs1">Coutts, Angela (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/661713">"Imagining Radical Women in Interwar Japan: Leftist and Feminist Perspectives"</a>. <i>Signs</i>. <b>37</b> (2): 325–355. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F661713">10.1086/661713</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0097-9740">0097-9740</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/661713">10.1086/661713</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E6%9C%9D%E6%97%A5%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E3%83%87%E3%82%B8%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB&rft.atitle=%E9%96%8B%E7%A5%A8%E9%80%9F%E5%A0%B1%EF%BD%9C2020%E9%83%BD%E7%9F%A5%E4%BA%8B%E9%81%B8%EF%BC%88%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E7%9F%A5%E4%BA%8B%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A%E6%9C%9D%E6%97%A5%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E3%83%87%E3%82%B8%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB&rft.date=2020-07-06&rft.au=The+Asahi+Shimbun+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asahi.com%2Fsenkyo%2Ftochijisen%2F2020%2Fkaihyo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacnaughtan2015" class="citation journal cs1">Macnaughtan, Helen (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/19702/">"Womenomics for Japan: is the Abe policy for gendered employment viable in an era of precarity?"</a>. <i>The Asia-Pacific Journal</i>. <b>13</b> – via SOAS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Asia-Pacific+Journal&rft.atitle=Womenomics+for+Japan%3A+is+the+Abe+policy+for+gendered+employment+viable+in+an+era+of+precarity%3F&rft.volume=13&rft.date=2015-03&rft.aulast=Macnaughtan&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.soas.ac.uk%2F19702%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirnbaum2005" class="citation book cs1">Birnbaum, Phyllis (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I8yKsfI731oC"><i>Modern Girls, Shining Stars, the Skies of Tokyo</i></a>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231500025" title="Special:BookSources/0231500025"><bdi>0231500025</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Girls%2C+Shining+Stars%2C+the+Skies+of+Tokyo&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0231500025&rft.aulast=Birnbaum&rft.aufirst=Phyllis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI8yKsfI731oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackie2003" class="citation book cs1">Mackie, Vera (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g7_5Cm8k2MkC"><i>Feminism in Modern Japan: Citizenship, Embodiment and Sexuality</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521527198" title="Special:BookSources/0521527198"><bdi>0521527198</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feminism+in+Modern+Japan%3A+Citizenship%2C+Embodiment+and+Sexuality&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0521527198&rft.aulast=Mackie&rft.aufirst=Vera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg7_5Cm8k2MkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackie2002" class="citation book cs1">Mackie, Vera (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rQzmUjiWedMC"><i>Creating Socialist Women in Japan: Gender, Labour and Activism, 1900–1937</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521523257" title="Special:BookSources/0521523257"><bdi>0521523257</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+Socialist+Women+in+Japan%3A+Gender%2C+Labour+and+Activism%2C+1900%E2%80%931937&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0521523257&rft.aulast=Mackie&rft.aufirst=Vera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrQzmUjiWedMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSievers1983" class="citation book cs1">Sievers, Sharon L. (1983). <i>Flowers in Salt: The Beginnings of Feminist Consciousness in Modern Japan</i>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford">Stanford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. pp. 114–188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-1165-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-1165-8"><bdi>0-8047-1165-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/82-60104">82-60104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flowers+in+Salt%3A+The+Beginnings+of+Feminist+Consciousness+in+Modern+Japan&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pages=114-188&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F82-60104&rft.isbn=0-8047-1165-8&rft.aulast=Sievers&rft.aufirst=Sharon+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Feminism_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Feminism_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Asia">Feminism in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Bangladesh" title="Feminism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Cambodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Cambodia (page does not exist)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India" title="Feminism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Indonesia" title="Feminism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Israel" title="Feminism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_North_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in North Korea (page does not exist)">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Korea" title="Feminism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Malaysia" title="Feminism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Myanmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Myanmar (page does not exist)">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nepal" title="Feminism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Feminism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Singapore (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Taiwan" title="Feminism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japan_topics" title="Template:Japan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japan_topics" title="Template talk:Japan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Japan-related_articles" title="Index of Japan-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Japan-related_articles" title="Index of Japan-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Japan" title="Outline of Japan">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Eras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_clans" title="Japanese clans">Clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shoguns" title="List of shoguns">Shoguns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Japan" title="List of wars involving Japan">Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Japan" title="History of education in Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_foreign_relations" title="History of Japanese foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Japan" title="Military history of Japan">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taih%C5%8D_Code" title="Taihō Code">Taihō Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuka_Kiyomihara_Code" title="Asuka Kiyomihara Code">Asuka Kiyomihara Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuh%C5%8D_period" title="Hakuhō period">Hakuhō period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taika_Reform" title="Taika Reform">Taika Reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monmu_period" title="Monmu period">Monmu period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Post-Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genpei_War" title="Genpei War">Genpei War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura shogunate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasions of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_War" title="Genkō War">Genkō War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenmu_Restoration" title="Kenmu Restoration">Kenmu Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Ashikaga shogunate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanboku-ch%C5%8D_period" title="Nanboku-chō period">Nanboku-chō period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cnin_War" title="Ōnin War">Ōnin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Sengoku period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azuchi%E2%80%93Momoyama_period" title="Azuchi–Momoyama period">Azuchi–Momoyama period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Five_Elders" title="Council of Five Elders">Council of Five Elders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)">Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Bakumatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Imperial Constitution (1890–1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Government of Meiji Japan">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_oligarchy" title="Meiji oligarchy">Meiji oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_han_system" title="Abolition of the han system">Abolition of the han system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Kazoku</a> (noble)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">1923 Great Kantō earthquake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Japan" title="Postwar Japan">Postwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">Economic miracle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">Heisei era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanshin_earthquake" title="Great Hanshin earthquake">Great Hanshin earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reiwa_era" title="Reiwa era">Reiwa era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Japanese_imperial_transition" title="2019 Japanese imperial transition">2019 imperial transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Japan">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Japan" title="Geography of Japan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_addressing_system" title="Japanese addressing system">Addresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Japan" title="Cities of Japan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Japan" title="Districts of Japan">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Japan" title="List of earthquakes in Japan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Japan" title="Environmental issues in Japan">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Japan" title="List of extreme points of Japan">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Japan" title="List of islands of Japan">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Japan" title="List of lakes of Japan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">Prefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Japan" title="List of regions of Japan">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Japan" title="List of rivers of Japan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Japan" title="List of towns in Japan">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Japan" title="List of villages in Japan">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Japan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Japan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Japan" title="Politics of Japan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Japan" title="Elections in Japan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Japan" title="List of emperors of Japan">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">Imperial House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Japan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Japan" title="Human rights in Japan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Japan" title="LGBTQ rights in Japan">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Japan" title="Judicial system of Japan">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Japan">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Japan" title="Law of Japan">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Japan" title="Law enforcement in Japan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">National Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors" title="House of Councillors">House of Councillors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Diet_of_Japan" title="List of members of the Diet of Japan">List of members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Japan" title="List of political parties in Japan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">Self-Defense Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Ground_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Ground Self-Defense Force">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Air Self-Defense Force">Air</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Japan" title="Cabinet of Japan">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_cabinets" title="List of Japanese cabinets">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_and_fiscal_policy_of_Japan" title="Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan">Fiscal policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Japan" title="Foreign policy of Japan">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_Japan" title="Ministries of Japan">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Japan" title="List of prime ministers of Japan">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Japan">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture,_forestry,_and_fishing_in_Japan" title="Agriculture, forestry, and fishing in Japan">Agriculture, forestry, fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_market_of_Japan" title="Labor market of Japan">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Japan" title="Manufacturing in Japan">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Japan" title="Energy in Japan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Japan" title="Science and technology in Japan">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Japan" title="Communications in Japan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Japan" title="Transport in Japan">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">Yen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Japan" title="Category:Society of Japan">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-monarchism_in_Japan" title="Anti-monarchism in Japan">Anti-monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Japan" title="Censorship in Japan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Japan" title="Crime in Japan">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Japan" title="Demographics of Japan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Japan" title="Etiquette in Japan">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Japan" title="Gambling in Japan">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Japan" title="Health in Japan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Japan" title="Housing in Japan">Housing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Japan" title="Homelessness in Japan">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Japan" title="Languages of Japan">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_prefectures_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Japanese prefectures by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Japan" title="Pornography in Japan">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Japan" title="Prostitution in Japan">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Japan" title="Sex trafficking in Japan">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_minorities_in_Japan" title="Sexual minorities in Japan">Sexual minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Japan" title="Sexuality in Japan">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Japan" title="Smoking in Japan">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Japan" title="Women in Japan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a> / <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_S_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class S (genre)">Class S (genre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_wine" title="Japanese wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_festivals" title="Japanese festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_folklore" title="Japanese folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geisha" title="Geisha">Geisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_traditional_Japanese_games" title="List of traditional Japanese games">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori">Hikikomori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanami" title="Hanami">Hanami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henohenomoheji" title="Henohenomoheji">Henohenomoheji</a></li> <li>Icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">Ikebana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irezumi" title="Irezumi">Irezumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaii" title="Kawaii">Kawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture_in_Japan" title="LGBTQ culture in Japan">LGBTQ culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Japan" title="Mass media in Japan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Japan" title="National symbols of Japan">National symbols</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No-pan_kissa" title="No-pan kissa">No-pan kissa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsen" title="Onsen">Onsen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sent%C5%8D" title="Sentō">Sentō</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Otokonoko" title="Otokonoko">Otokonoko</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origami" title="Origami">Origami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Japan">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_tea_ceremony" title="Japanese tea ceremony">Tea ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Japan" title="Television in Japan">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Japan" title="Theatre of Japan">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Japan" title="Video games in Japan">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Zen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/16px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/24px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></li> <li><span 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