CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "dl.acm.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '8e799e8048b76bff',cH: 'bJlPsrpS20T9YBd6rLMt0rrABry0U.Lz2wl2CDsm3FQ-1732453616-1.2.1.1-hocU4NioNiMLcIet67bM81.lQuaPtWxS_L8tbrJb3Uiuucc9NjOLi.HDEtb_mTvY',cUPMDTk: "\/doi\/10.14778\/3685800.3685900?__cf_chl_tk=EoAx.CAEJbD8s8P0Rkzb9t0S2PpBxRZiZcwnZH3ivIU-1732453616-1.0.1.1-KfARnF3LNwN5PrycrkO2sPqN9xD92u6jwhNRrHZ.2tQ",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1732453616',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/doi\/10.14778\/3685800.3685900?__cf_chl_f_tk=EoAx.CAEJbD8s8P0Rkzb9t0S2PpBxRZiZcwnZH3ivIU-1732453616-1.0.1.1-KfARnF3LNwN5PrycrkO2sPqN9xD92u6jwhNRrHZ.2tQ",md: "QiO3WH2PrTc0UU9A5pLbtJHPrlPnJVwSwFDeHEt5BD4-1732453616-1.2.1.1-RmRs2qWmFW3dBmCqJ4SjkeoNehfndTLjexxKLoH9nedw77h.6iB6TVXJj2b07qA_REKU_81Cuvp9BuJlFBarnxmbz6w7Fwl2PK6.9esddK3VgFguzyApTkZfl63Fu_C2rmibbEST_3lRKrBvDeTZFh32ENA6TH_GupfKhp0_G9EmKnPbJDC_RVRU_eLIln6tBQ8kBg3KBKxqUgDLXm2ItqkSkydYc81drLw9UGezUv8aW.k5GCbirVTH.WXO.1laUuUJXkZmKN9HXKUZ4e4DY7vrfy.MoIVn8bY2ITtacIH5NahQT5jFn7P4oQAHuGskHzmDGKNb5h6mbq5vko7f_F4dCmtnOjeshdi4eQpn2j4I4Lo1lacNvTzWzSVbW9pm9XRWguk24P2rNkDFFdw1xvJq1nt4aZGjkaQqZx6I97UBEzrG4WtQLM.3PpwyclnqoPNz2EFhC_ED8HFPtL2E8mgkJv6lFVkYL.CI5Zi.xjUa1zOLxg1EQaqkDkurNiCzlg5CR.D8AavFToNpZlVtLhVrEPEIKFAKvaORIdaPmOtae0oe6tHz5Tr3GlhWaq2nw7ghScCqofzO.r1I4iZgNVzKcEOkERxYBsW15edoK1Pl2YVdMuNpVhhwY7TdXZA6OcoIhRZLjRGDN60p.Q4d5yjbWfDBwxFaHlk5.i_kCeJofRUbtipbTZbPkTWWoXjclrxLGZIYw_8Hf.oq8CROe2JObUgWRunNyeR8F9x9UOlc6pijKNQvCVyg_cWYxYEp9UN9gX_VeiDpLn2KiYiBerxU15.RnJ.zK24gvz8JAEboz2ybdCHsfOnHmELMqQ7HwUXd_vns8Im8Q7jg8ISjitIeBrKvBv1Ktwmek5v3_1HhrB5eUpS8kDzj44JIYLxAv8dQXqeCBhq1eTkiPSJUeWZuZRudHKbzx3q2TE5CXXJ455esaeX_FSNq73mJktfh.uKQ_wVqp8losEePDkz7PZL_ZO7yVgUKuHxKaPymFIJVcVzNfhCc1dBo.gw21UMMoJ.OQGgg_2xUKEU6PR8kNKQWXOebdALw9sZYrHgHLkZY_2VSdX9gTKTuh8xGvFcl4k9n3ANFSOTMRAuok.F_Tr9E_a74wfgEuIIoVTuYBJOFiZ_K99K0x4iVFSBQ.4xiT3BktFXuJZ3RfoFhb2o5bj3VuRr681OkYjErA0vox7HTj_kYpPiChsclyrX6Xx2bWWG.5qCUOumDrOYt4FGOKHeqVDihxWzYFrtr4iRrQyp44ZfJvSC8LkavxASdM5_qCSLQasmASI_Dfus3FSqpgTESyJ3HYRMLwEP0V6Y8GOAXW.KX4tGtuOqTHVC82nbRTs3W9ryQY4WBGdhH_5Y9MgWB.yn8iFODETeCMxWlEb2Uficg2_yAmaAHuISLmeYv8F7nNsqL.ODmg6CR.UjdWrZ2jUiDWErZD.98lYE3bTQHAKOFFp_Hwo0V2zA_Rlsx7iJlxl69UuhKjaPPmPA9Ze2CCWsETFatOMU8EBb2cywc6jVEDV5_u_FEEntsr_nK2V0F.tvKUdqu8t.pKBDy76YxjRYrXWL00JMQ4YXRe5Mn3xTqQ4yLkuWxTzH3yuZpSn5f1VJKtBhex6vxM31IQJycdLfWTEi75Codsf7RLV5W6Fij2Zda9mQQ5zV6TRUhoL5lBwtCnTdetY8rSE9OT4Ogpnzujjd9Bl.62JJtM2qOBz3Qvqoa3kLjrtf_59XWV6HqiZ.dR75Hd58Z2_4PH5WGsbSywL3xk2GeTyrD.wFeFUvIK.9doPmsUTqoXmW3RjwoHjx7uo3WdJtfMHICQ1NdxMQ1bkrQXwTu33v5LXdZntk330tRMfgjcccO6lYUSxSma8WmkSIg2bovshCCp_UJvAm4i4Kqm2kLKRObAG6V8CkVLOvyeYs8ezghRNnAKNEikRtdHsWMtKEbllLYiiYOMrGIBL5jZCZVPVsMv_YIxuMe9jBrGZy_V0aQAhv5TTTLDlR1LTuvF17.aAMyfYQey9K5W52.d6_8T9UjAjxVtuA6pEyWKEOBPyuH5v1NcLg8zSDvw2KXQffgbjNQDFDry._PEFGO9IlMFp1m0X.NSzg.0CxrYgT3PFVhzHtlnUu9m5rVtIRRBtazZgIgTT8.yffwNXje6MNS7GjWxBaI01QdGRSNGcvW6HDpuULJSkG8dyNINfUdPx5dyeFQE9cCUStTUB0oBsmQ.ZMDLaMKtZxsXaWJ7SLuMzG5rpOw0dYApTyfEiz8RpqSA8UjIAHPnGswlDD76uaPuLr3Uvzy86.wZLjlHiKKrB4f9OM6r3Wwwy8gCEdF4e40fQHZyjI4xJHymRJYBtc7nPjeFNrAlq2S8tP4Hgn0L7YKHCkNoWEbhp3XInzYrtpaX.uMKlh_wj5nlgG.FQY0EB.p3IJIug4OSoKaW3eOugHTK_um_etjMN97ztL3f57Rd8s7_Od0EXjdY0WEcZeFIVnD7GQ15HRiZwyB9rdjNYt3180u3ehfS0FVWHhHg.1xjcvjyAQJnjv_AlL3U1vm.sNNvH0NwUso.4DNyMln3yHEIqPRUlWp_50PTbBxeHUjnGqoRa1tXmxKS_MrMf6NC7vcih4ffHA1opWozBQr9M3.VpXaa56Vu5jCwtCP1xP0nL0.F2CkHfbkVTV7WHHbSpXND8AbqvkPB5c4HMagygREPFJtsbKn_sDH1VLzVKL326Vz3Aa.cV5Yie3sHRU3ps.6ng9rYIVDR472ec5QxNQHed9B_.TFSoMt0R.3peRvl3CO785MJZC7_cJgYzQOJefjGznRnvO92cIKnJjOOrI3Oiu2447kVfMpEF0thPsjqpD4J7.ZLAW9jwAJ6M48ecduhg9iKmdOLhQ20uQMdiebt1m9AqIfqfw4_AKn2AAtIdYHh17jkCahn202IAT7kDp3bF6.UBM.0unH5Cwe4469aBRFGfDBghtYm6PcHHIhXSsF1PQRcMJ.ylwYEzmSagjlixnVeBVND8UbdLP2QUBhkjjc",mdrd: "vOMObbWy._jvv5KPM.OeaTVHeZ2OOQdqyH28Cnfj470-1732453616-1.2.1.1-IWLNXfIwVQEV8HBPW1TFmGZxCifPzC1rsyPRU0i8SJwmHhe_zyImM1EThtapxWTpl1HnLf23C8.3MPqkc0Oz_8gK2nby9vUdwf26CNozOcYL48ID0JpHOyz_QZWeRotdL4yaiRvjAM.BFbRAhm3zl6TUAdbPeCEj1A_AzaWVtJ97Z8tkxNS3Ga2bxbLOWvI9ajaJLtm_GKvgDRv0wMtfz9N3wtOtQbRwq9FUco23bMX0Rh_BrfTH8gwGrgKP_gcA.tQFJRy_26n0Sf8OKS8QKxvmjvt45fraabWpipWeNOzZynGWP60NI2pvtRGv7MdW0VW7oeyyRinv9LLIkeIIyLL1_B6LG2phd.s6vCVaVzZ.izjCvOBiiB9_YZie4RJFlJqKUJ24sUqfSQhnDb.L3J8z72QwOSgQ2erxElq6S2Xs5ANh4_7OlMeOSisHqZievaXFvzXF4x1Buy3BlT3qajsbQVeQobIVBmMZytGWZl7L0Pk8.NC7jJwev5b3.xs2H.acp.ip6d1DcK9RBFfFW39wSBQDBB7OIwz1r825TWRjLDpbmnVsgyHowbPTh8v.PA0QkVou8xJdrlrIAm7Ne4XPayBEOqarH3RAiyK56LIow1IMLjIn7cSbyt4QPtuWJGDfv9FaCCSAGk0cQVbEAUWsIKd31pb4WGV8ehb1Kxlrz2CmPozociPJi0XwiPUHDEDMNy9VOfLqCuvNcQhpTEs6G54x4FBYUIKdGnp4h8y0sh204iGafg8OaQSoce4fKRa72_rQagL5B4NEb5dlxZJLa4Qr5hDyVibFMWezXNVxsGyJWer_6HD6vQNAURFxFzdR2GICwMTmO0._HlwFZKd0wfkXVM2i68r8eUw.Q5XuGVtxCi5OwsE2iEH.f1Yv7bZgqHSqmw8Q4Gv_BZIP1EVmBRephh7lNUwOQftURQ8tk5dnHjv9UTVHsU1O.v4_kHM2Ho2oTlutO9.25rqNfJ2p_zAthgQsn._EaJoR32SqVPbjxmJyg0p.9PTRmCr2_kWngyi0o3MssCdZYDg2rSMyWX5RbVGox5x63WTgP5aTEOvmIgqUAjOvE8gyZ3EZPU26mvQPKGpeZv8i51I7AIIAeucpv7Or2Cg_nPr3d0NeY.uD3mPS3dh4Bm.JgJxINH28.Ka7Fg_B0JNFR6xu8WtI__IjKYwWeDPdQk4WjDv6S_6HMFHu7GK2z6li06WfgMpJIoFNCx7L_jGPj.TKNLSwDZJo6sSEKhqjileqvyAISFrZ7V2rxdKhnhcWPUFEqPJ9Pe0oCHFAVzsh9gOujn9G_BzdE_wumgQhoQxaMRsT_t51zNknUJ6HSivLK_OyVqpmi1JF44JhVqAENch3x3zVqthj5RtFBzIHNx66arr.dpO9h5DDD3781qQGEMvxcrBcpLCHQAffXXsfMqpXnp9OROoPGnIKM2Rx.pTrNwKbm3DUgNI_yyDZxQthMfH_2bP9XrB7Jvwdsqsuzkp1c9NLBdaBwK8fz1BNMj6tq4qZ80kANaVG4RJfRPzc0_9bUzeWCuVLrsP8uzi7GhLphi.hmJ5ixrx5cAJNLdY95GTmRhhpd37APLVf.5zNfIIcxbmzKRnxAtagl7naA5sHclEgovuif8zY1D0jBqsNCbNQRw6kENoH4ZwLNAgyXlPGAl8usxnPlSCgUUBV84NoTYCH_XuIv5ADR4f42PKA093y3008qnO52ZWWJUIttIQHFsSvzma.54JFgRaU8CrYldh32JeEufiw3Bf86jPE9cAsJMyPyZXicksoRelStCSPgK_XaBF38oltVajlZ57OzvlBqMiaoyh7u.5hNiGsEEI3p_u_RVGMqk8k.TSKBl9EfhxdaB00Rb0HVAf9RRgr0MIe3oFc6y5XPNwob8WnL7q6U0arnpWiOCip9aQ74_jeFwRt7U61nDG3FqosR8M0cvx3I29erThQ3Naxkrl48aY4PGQ7IM0KIqplFDCCqhiM"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=8e799e8048b76bff';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/doi\/10.14778\/3685800.3685900?__cf_chl_rt_tk=EoAx.CAEJbD8s8P0Rkzb9t0S2PpBxRZiZcwnZH3ivIU-1732453616-1.0.1.1-KfARnF3LNwN5PrycrkO2sPqN9xD92u6jwhNRrHZ.2tQ" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>