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</button> <ul id="toc-History_and_overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symbolism_and_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism_and_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Symbolism and significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolism_and_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spikes_and_screws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spikes_and_screws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Spikes and screws</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spikes_and_screws-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spikes and screws subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spikes_and_screws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rail_spikes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail_spikes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Rail spikes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail_spikes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chair_screws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chair_screws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Chair screws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chair_screws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fang_bolts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fang_bolts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Fang bolts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fang_bolts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spring_spikes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spring_spikes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Spring spikes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spring_spikes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fixing_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fixing_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Fixing equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fixing_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail_supports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail_supports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rail supports</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rail_supports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only 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<span>Clips</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clips-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail_anchors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail_anchors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Rail anchors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail_anchors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery_of_rail_fastening_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery_of_rail_fastening_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery of rail fastening types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery_of_rail_fastening_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chair_(railway)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Chair (railway)">Chair (railway)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Rail-tie/sleeper binding mechanism</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drobne_kolejivo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Drobne_kolejivo.JPG/220px-Drobne_kolejivo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Drobne_kolejivo.JPG/330px-Drobne_kolejivo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Drobne_kolejivo.JPG/440px-Drobne_kolejivo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>Elements of a baseplate-based rail fastening system <div><ol><li>Screw for fixing plate to sleeper</li><li>Elastomeric pad supporting rail</li><li>Tension washer</li><li>Rail clamp</li><li>Tensioning bolt (nut not shown)</li><li>Baseplate</li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Total_reconstruction_of_Neunkirchen_station_(254).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Total_reconstruction_of_Neunkirchen_station_%28254%29.jpg/220px-Total_reconstruction_of_Neunkirchen_station_%28254%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Total_reconstruction_of_Neunkirchen_station_%28254%29.jpg/330px-Total_reconstruction_of_Neunkirchen_station_%28254%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Total_reconstruction_of_Neunkirchen_station_%28254%29.jpg/440px-Total_reconstruction_of_Neunkirchen_station_%28254%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Unimog" title="Unimog">Unimog</a> pushing a <i>"Spindle Precision Wrenching Unit"</i> used for automatic and synchronous tightening and loosening of rail fastenings</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mabbett_Railway_Chair_Manufacturing_Company_-_share_certificate_-_1867.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mabbett_Railway_Chair_Manufacturing_Company_-_share_certificate_-_1867.jpg/220px-Mabbett_Railway_Chair_Manufacturing_Company_-_share_certificate_-_1867.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mabbett_Railway_Chair_Manufacturing_Company_-_share_certificate_-_1867.jpg/330px-Mabbett_Railway_Chair_Manufacturing_Company_-_share_certificate_-_1867.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mabbett_Railway_Chair_Manufacturing_Company_-_share_certificate_-_1867.jpg/440px-Mabbett_Railway_Chair_Manufacturing_Company_-_share_certificate_-_1867.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Mabbett Railway Chair Manufacturing Company share certificate (1867)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>rail fastening system</b> is a means of fixing <a href="/wiki/Rail_profile" title="Rail profile">rails</a> to <a href="/wiki/Railroad_ties" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad ties">railroad ties</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>) or sleepers (<a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>). The terms <i>rail anchors</i>, <i>tie plates</i>, <i>chairs</i> and <i>track fasteners</i> are used to refer to parts or all of a rail fastening system. The components of a rail fastening system may also be known collectively as <b>other track material</b>, or <b>OTM</b> for short. Various types of fastening have been used over the years. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_overview">History and overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_fastening_system&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest wooden rails were fixed to wooden sleepers by pegs through holes in the rail, or by nails. By the 18th century, cast iron rails had come into use, and also had holes in the rail itself to allow them to be fixed to a support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaidabaugh19155-7_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaidabaugh19155-7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 18th century developments such as the <a href="/wiki/Flanged_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Flanged rail">flanged rail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fish_bellied_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish bellied rail">fish bellied rail</a> also had holes in the rail itself; when stone block sleepers were used the nails were driven into a wooden block which had been inserted into a recess in the block. The first chair for a rail is thought to have been introduced in 1797 which attached to the rail on the vertical web via bolts.<sup id="cite_ref-r1797_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r1797-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rail_fastening_01_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Rail_fastening_01_ies.jpg/220px-Rail_fastening_01_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Rail_fastening_01_ies.jpg/330px-Rail_fastening_01_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Rail_fastening_01_ies.jpg/440px-Rail_fastening_01_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Assembled example</figcaption></figure> <p>By the 1820s the first shaped rolled rails had begun to be produced initially of a T shape which required a chair to hold them; the rails were held in position by iron wedges (which sometimes caused the rail to break when forced in) and later by wooden wedges, which became the standard.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1830s <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Stevens" title="Robert L. Stevens">Robert L. Stevens</a> invented the flanged 'tee' rail (actually a distorted I beam), which had a flat bottom and required no chair; a similar design was the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Baulk_road" title="Baulk road">bridge rail</a> (of inverted U section with a bottom flange and laid on longitudinal sleepers); these rails were initially nailed directly to the sleeper.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In North American practice the flanged T rail became the standard, later being used with tie-plates. Elsewhere T rails were replaced by <a href="/wiki/Bullhead_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullhead rail">bull head rails</a> of a rounded 'I' or 'figure-8' appearance which still required a supporting chair. Eventually the flanged T rail became commonplace on all the world's railways, though differences in the fixing system still exist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbolism_and_significance">Symbolism and significance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_fastening_system&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Symbolism and significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A golden tie, also known as a <a href="/wiki/Golden_spike" title="Golden spike">golden spike</a> or the last spike, may be used to symbolize the start or the completion of an endeavor. These are less often silver or another precious material. </p><p>Historically, a ceremonial Golden Spike driven by Leland Stanford connected the rails of the First <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcontinental Railroad">Transcontinental Railroad</a> across the United States. The valuable rail fastening spike represented the merge of the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads on May 10, 1869, at Promontory Summit, Utah Territory. The rail spike has entered American popular consciousness in this manner; the driving of the Golden Spike was a key point in the development of the western seaboard in North America and was recognized as a national achievement and demonstration of progress. Since, railroad workers have been celebrated in popular culture, including in song and verse.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spikes_and_screws">Spikes and screws</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_fastening_system&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spikes and screws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail_spikes">Rail spikes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_fastening_system&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rail spikes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Railroad_spikes.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Railroad_spikes.JPG/220px-Railroad_spikes.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Railroad_spikes.JPG/330px-Railroad_spikes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Railroad_spikes.JPG/440px-Railroad_spikes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption>Rusted cut spikes <small>(scale in inches)</small></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spike_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Spike_001.jpg/220px-Spike_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Spike_001.jpg/330px-Spike_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Spike_001.jpg/440px-Spike_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Dog spike</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>rail spike</b> (also known as a <b>cut spike</b> or <b>crampon</b>) is a large <a href="/wiki/Nail_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nail (engineering)">nail</a> with an offset head that is used to secure rails and base plates to <a href="/wiki/Railroad_tie" title="Railroad tie">railroad ties</a> (sleepers) in the track. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Livingston_Stevens" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Livingston Stevens">Robert Livingston Stevens</a> is credited with the invention of the rail spike,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first recorded use of which was in 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The railroad spike was an invention which resulted from the state of industrialisation in the United States in the early 19th century: English mainline railways of that period used heavy and expensive cast iron chairs to secure T-shaped rails; instead, Stevens added a supporting base to the T rail which could be fixed with a simple spike.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaidabaugh191520_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaidabaugh191520-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1982, the spike was still the most common rail fastening in North America. Common sizes are from <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">9</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> to <span class="frac"><span class="num">10</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> inch (14 to 16 mm) square and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> to 6 inches (140 to 150 mm) long.<sup id="cite_ref-hay_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hay-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 582–3">: 582–3 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HejazSpike.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/HejazSpike.jpg/220px-HejazSpike.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/HejazSpike.jpg/330px-HejazSpike.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/HejazSpike.jpg/440px-HejazSpike.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2703" data-file-height="2634" /></a><figcaption>Railroad spikes of the old <a href="/wiki/Jezreel_Valley_railway" title="Jezreel Valley railway">Jezreel Valley railway</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Hejaz Railway">Hejaz Railway</a>), found near <a href="/wiki/Kfar_Baruch" title="Kfar Baruch">Kfar Baruch</a> (Israel)</figcaption></figure> <p>A rail spike is roughly chisel-shaped and with a flat edged point; the spike is driven with the edge perpendicular to the grain, which gives greater resistance to loosening.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main function is to keep the rail in gauge. When attaching tie plates the attachment is made as strong as possible, whereas when attaching a rail to tie or tie plate the spike is not normally required to provide a strong vertical force, allowing the rail some freedom of movement.<sup id="cite_ref-hay_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hay-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 455, 581–2">: 455, 581–2 </span></sup> </p><p>On smaller scale jobs, spikes are still driven into wooden sleepers by hammering them with a <a href="/wiki/Spike_maul" title="Spike maul">spike maul</a>, though this manual work has been largely replaced by hydraulic tools<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and machines, commonly called "<a href="/wiki/Spike_driver" title="Spike driver">spikers</a>" (a machine that removes spikes is called a "spike puller").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolomon200161-64_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomon200161-64-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Splitting of the wood can be limited by pre-boring spike holes or adding steel bands around the wood.<sup id="cite_ref-hay_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hay-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 455">: 455 </span></sup> </p><p>For use in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> three basic standards are described in the <a href="/wiki/ASTM" class="mw-redirect" title="ASTM">ASTM</a> A65 standard, for different carbon steel contents.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <i><b>dog spike</b></i> is functionally equivalent to a cut spike and is also square in horizontal section and of similar dimensions, but has a pointed penetrating end, and the rail (or "plate holding") head has two lugs on either side, giving the impression of a dog's head and aiding spike removal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMundrey2000130–131_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMundrey2000130–131-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chair_screws">Chair screws</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_fastening_system&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chair screws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rail_bolt-93489.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Rail_bolt-93489.jpg/220px-Rail_bolt-93489.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Rail_bolt-93489.jpg/330px-Rail_bolt-93489.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Rail_bolt-93489.jpg/440px-Rail_bolt-93489.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5129" data-file-height="2885" /></a><figcaption>Rusted chair screw</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rusty_Railroad_Spikes_3008px.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Rusty_Railroad_Spikes_3008px.jpg/220px-Rusty_Railroad_Spikes_3008px.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Rusty_Railroad_Spikes_3008px.jpg/330px-Rusty_Railroad_Spikes_3008px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Rusty_Railroad_Spikes_3008px.jpg/440px-Rusty_Railroad_Spikes_3008px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Chair screw (French: <i>Tire-fonds</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <i><b>chair screw</b></i> (also known as <i><b>coach screw</b></i> <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a large (~6 in or 152 mm length, slightly under 1 in or 25 mm diameter) metal screw used to fix a chair (for bullhead rail), baseplate (for flat bottom rail) or to directly fasten a rail. Chair screws are screwed into a hole bored in the sleeper.<sup id="cite_ref-r585_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r585-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chair screw has a higher cost to manufacture than the rail spike, but has the advantage of greater fixing power—approximately twice that of a rail spike<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrrock1918188-204_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrrock1918188-204-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—and can be used in combination with <a href="/wiki/Spring_washer" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring washer">spring washers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-r585_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r585-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The chair screw was first introduced in 1860 in France (French <i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire-fond" class="extiw" title="fr:Tire-fond">tire-fond</a></i>) and became common in continental Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESellew1915161-163_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESellew1915161-163-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <i>dog screw</i> is a tradename variant of the screw spike.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fang_bolts">Fang bolts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_fastening_system&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fang bolts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><b>Fang bolts</b></i> or <i>rail anchor bolts</i> have also been used for fixing rails or chairs to sleepers. The fang bolt is a bolt inserted through a hole in the sleeper with a fanged nut that bites into the lower surface of the sleeper. For fastening flat-bottomed rails, an upper-lipped washer can be used to grip the edge of the rail. They are more resistant to loosening by vibrations and movement of the rail.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are thought more effective than spikes and screws and so are used in positions such as switch (point) tieplates<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMundrey2000156–157_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMundrey2000156–157-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on sharp curves.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spring_spikes">Spring spikes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_fastening_system&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Spring spikes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spring_spike_rail_fastener,_without_baseplate,_cropped_version.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Spring_spike_rail_fastener%2C_without_baseplate%2C_cropped_version.JPG/220px-Spring_spike_rail_fastener%2C_without_baseplate%2C_cropped_version.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Spring_spike_rail_fastener%2C_without_baseplate%2C_cropped_version.JPG/330px-Spring_spike_rail_fastener%2C_without_baseplate%2C_cropped_version.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Spring_spike_rail_fastener%2C_without_baseplate%2C_cropped_version.JPG/440px-Spring_spike_rail_fastener%2C_without_baseplate%2C_cropped_version.JPG 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption>Spring spike fastener (German: <i>Oberbau Hf</i> <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Spring spikes</b></i> or <i>elastic rail spikes</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonnett200565_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonnett200565-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are used with flat-bottomed rail, baseplates and wooden sleepers. The spring spike holds the rail down and prevents tipping and also secures the baseplate to the sleeper.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraig2015_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig2015-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Macbeth spike</i> (trade name) is a two-pronged U-shaped <a href="/wiki/Staple_(fastener)" title="Staple (fastener)">staple</a>-like spike bent so that it appears M-shaped when viewed from the side.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis2006211_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis2006211-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inverted J-shaped single pointed spikes have also been used.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis2006114_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis2006114-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fixing_equipment">Fixing equipment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_fastening_system&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fixing equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Spike_maul" title="Spike maul">spike maul</a>, also known as a <i>spiking hammer</i>, is a type of sledgehammer with a long thin head which was originally used to drive spikes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESellew1915215-216_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESellew1915215-216-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manual hole drilling and spike or screw insertion and removal have been replaced by semi-automated or automated machines, which are driven electrically, by pneumatics, by hydraulics, or are powered by a two-stroke engine. Machines that remove spikes are called <i>spike pullers</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolomon200159–62_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomon200159–62-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rail_supports">Rail supports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_fastening_system&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rail supports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chairs">Chairs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_fastening_system&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_of_section_of_Leeds_and_Selby_Railway_Chair_showing_rail_and_key.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Diagram_of_section_of_Leeds_and_Selby_Railway_Chair_showing_rail_and_key.JPG/220px-Diagram_of_section_of_Leeds_and_Selby_Railway_Chair_showing_rail_and_key.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Diagram_of_section_of_Leeds_and_Selby_Railway_Chair_showing_rail_and_key.JPG/330px-Diagram_of_section_of_Leeds_and_Selby_Railway_Chair_showing_rail_and_key.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Diagram_of_section_of_Leeds_and_Selby_Railway_Chair_showing_rail_and_key.JPG/440px-Diagram_of_section_of_Leeds_and_Selby_Railway_Chair_showing_rail_and_key.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption>Cross section of early T rail, chair and key</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest <i><b>rail chairs</b></i>, made of cast iron and introduced around 1800, were used to fix and support cast-iron rails at their ends;<sup id="cite_ref-r1797_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r1797-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they were also used to join adjacent rails.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaidabaugh191511-12_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaidabaugh191511-12-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1830s rolled T-shaped (or <i>single-flanged T parallel rail</i>) and I-shaped (or <i>double-flanged T parallel</i> or <i>bullhead</i>) rails were introduced; both required cast-iron chairs to support them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark1855280_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1855280-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally, iron keys were used to wedge the rail into the vertical parallel jaws of the chair; these were superseded by entirely wooden keys.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark1855280_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1855280-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wooden keys were formed from <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>, steam softened and then compressed with hydraulic presses and stored in a drying house. When inserted into the chair, exposure to the wet atmosphere caused the key to expand, firmly holding the rail.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wedge may be on the inside or outside of the rail. In Britain they were usually on the outside.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chairs have been fixed to the sleeper using wooden spikes (<a href="/wiki/Trenails" class="mw-redirect" title="Trenails">trenails</a>), screws, fang-bolts or spikes.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most of the world, flat-bottomed rail and baseplates became the standard. However, in Britain, bullhead rail-and-chairs remained in use until the middle of the twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraig2015_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig2015-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tie_plates">Tie plates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_fastening_system&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tie plates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i><b>tie plate</b></i>, <i>baseplate</i> or <i>sole plate</i> is a steel plate for centering and reinforcing the attachment point on the rail tracks between a <a href="/wiki/Flanged_T_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Flanged T rail">flanged T rail</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Railroad_tie" title="Railroad tie">railroad tie</a>. The tie plate increases bearing area and holds the rail to correct <a href="/wiki/Rail_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail gauge">gauge</a>. It is fastened to wooden ties by means of <a href="/wiki/Rail_spike" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail spike">spikes</a> or bolts through holes in the plate. </p><p>The part of the plate under the rail base is tapered, setting the inboard <a href="/wiki/Cant_(road/rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cant (road/rail)">cant</a> of the rail, typically "one in forty" (or 1.4 degrees ). The top surface of the plate has one or two shoulders that fit against the edges of the base of the rail. The double-shoulder type is currently used. Older single-shoulder types were adaptable for various rail widths, with the single shoulder positioned on the outside (field side) of the rails. Most plates are slightly wider on the field side, without which the plates tend to cut more into the outsides of the tie, reducing cant angle. </p><p>Many railways use large <a href="/wiki/Screw#Types_of_screws_and_bolts" title="Screw">wood screws</a>, also called <i>lag screws</i>, to fasten the tie plates (or baseplates) to the railroad ties. </p><p>Tie plates came into use around the year 1900, before which time flanged T rail was spiked directly to the ties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clips">Clips</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_fastening_system&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Clips"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A variety of different types of heavy-duty clips are used to fasten the rails to the underlying baseplate, one common one being the <i><a href="/wiki/Pandrol" title="Pandrol">Pandrol</a></i> fastener (Pandrol clip), named after its maker, which is shaped like a stubby paperclip.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another one is the Vossloh Tension Clamp.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clips are an alternative to spikes. </p><p>The newer Pandrol fastclip is applied at right angles to the rail. Because the clip is captive, it has to be installed at the time of manufacture of the concrete sleeper. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rail_anchors">Rail anchors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_fastening_system&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rail anchors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD_(108).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD_%28108%29.jpg/220px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD_%28108%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD_%28108%29.jpg/330px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD_%28108%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD_%28108%29.jpg/440px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD_%28108%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption>Rail anchor in use</figcaption></figure> <p>Rail anchors, also called anticreepers, are spring steel clips that attach to the underside of the rail baseplate and bear against the sides of the sleepers to prevent longitudinal movement of the rail, either from changes in temperature or through vibration. Anchors may be attached and removed either by hand with hammers, or by an anchor machine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery_of_rail_fastening_types">Gallery of rail fastening types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_fastening_system&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gallery of rail fastening types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Rail fastening types</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogspike-on-wooden.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rail spike with baseplate above the tie"><img alt="Rail spike with baseplate above the tie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Dogspike-on-wooden.jpg/200px-Dogspike-on-wooden.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Dogspike-on-wooden.jpg/300px-Dogspike-on-wooden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Dogspike-on-wooden.jpg/400px-Dogspike-on-wooden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rail spike with baseplate above the tie</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spacing_of_rails_in_South_Australian_Railways_triple_gauge_track_(L-R_1067,_1435_and_1600_mm).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baseplate on multi-gauge track"><img alt="Baseplate on multi-gauge track" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Spacing_of_rails_in_South_Australian_Railways_triple_gauge_track_%28L-R_1067%2C_1435_and_1600_mm%29.jpg/200px-Spacing_of_rails_in_South_Australian_Railways_triple_gauge_track_%28L-R_1067%2C_1435_and_1600_mm%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Spacing_of_rails_in_South_Australian_Railways_triple_gauge_track_%28L-R_1067%2C_1435_and_1600_mm%29.jpg/300px-Spacing_of_rails_in_South_Australian_Railways_triple_gauge_track_%28L-R_1067%2C_1435_and_1600_mm%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Spacing_of_rails_in_South_Australian_Railways_triple_gauge_track_%28L-R_1067%2C_1435_and_1600_mm%29.jpg/400px-Spacing_of_rails_in_South_Australian_Railways_triple_gauge_track_%28L-R_1067%2C_1435_and_1600_mm%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3214" data-file-height="1974" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Baseplate on multi-gauge track</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Track_joint.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Track joint and chairs (with fishplate spanning ties)"><img alt="Track joint and chairs (with fishplate spanning ties)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Track_joint.jpg/200px-Track_joint.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Track_joint.jpg/300px-Track_joint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Track_joint.jpg/400px-Track_joint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Track joint and chairs (with <a href="/wiki/Fishplate" title="Fishplate">fishplate</a> spanning ties)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pandrol-on-concrete.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pandrol "e-Clip" fastening"><img alt="Pandrol "e-Clip" fastening" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pandrol-on-concrete.jpg/200px-Pandrol-on-concrete.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pandrol-on-concrete.jpg/300px-Pandrol-on-concrete.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pandrol-on-concrete.jpg/400px-Pandrol-on-concrete.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pandrol" title="Pandrol">Pandrol</a> "e-Clip" fastening</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pandrolsnap.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pandrol "fastclip" fastening"><img alt="Pandrol "fastclip" fastening" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Pandrolsnap.JPG/200px-Pandrolsnap.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Pandrolsnap.JPG/300px-Pandrolsnap.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Pandrolsnap.JPG/400px-Pandrolsnap.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pandrol "fastclip" fastening</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sistema_de_sujeci%C3%B3n_exterior_de_la_traviesa_monobloque.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tension clamp fastening"><img alt="Tension clamp fastening" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sistema_de_sujeci%C3%B3n_exterior_de_la_traviesa_monobloque.jpg/200px-Sistema_de_sujeci%C3%B3n_exterior_de_la_traviesa_monobloque.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sistema_de_sujeci%C3%B3n_exterior_de_la_traviesa_monobloque.jpg/300px-Sistema_de_sujeci%C3%B3n_exterior_de_la_traviesa_monobloque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sistema_de_sujeci%C3%B3n_exterior_de_la_traviesa_monobloque.jpg/400px-Sistema_de_sujeci%C3%B3n_exterior_de_la_traviesa_monobloque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tension clamp fastening</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sistema_de_sujeci%C3%B3n_P2_traviesa_bibloque.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bolt clamped fastening"><img alt="Bolt clamped fastening" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sistema_de_sujeci%C3%B3n_P2_traviesa_bibloque.jpg/200px-Sistema_de_sujeci%C3%B3n_P2_traviesa_bibloque.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sistema_de_sujeci%C3%B3n_P2_traviesa_bibloque.jpg/300px-Sistema_de_sujeci%C3%B3n_P2_traviesa_bibloque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sistema_de_sujeci%C3%B3n_P2_traviesa_bibloque.jpg/400px-Sistema_de_sujeci%C3%B3n_P2_traviesa_bibloque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bolt clamped fastening</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schienenst%C3%BChle,_Laschensto%C3%9F.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Steel spring keyed rail in chair"><img alt="Steel spring keyed rail in chair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Schienenst%C3%BChle%2C_Laschensto%C3%9F.jpg/200px-Schienenst%C3%BChle%2C_Laschensto%C3%9F.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Schienenst%C3%BChle%2C_Laschensto%C3%9F.jpg/300px-Schienenst%C3%BChle%2C_Laschensto%C3%9F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Schienenst%C3%BChle%2C_Laschensto%C3%9F.jpg/400px-Schienenst%C3%BChle%2C_Laschensto%C3%9F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5603" data-file-height="3704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Steel spring keyed rail in chair</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_fastening_system&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishplate" title="Fishplate">Fishplate</a>, the bar that bolts two sections of rail together</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_way" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent way">Permanent way</a> and <a href="/wiki/Permanent_way_(history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent way (history)">permanent way (history)</a>, descriptions of the entire track system.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_sabotage" title="Rail sabotage">Rail sabotage</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_fastening_system&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaidabaugh19155-7-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaidabaugh19155-7_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaidabaugh1915">Raidabaugh (1915)</a>, p. 5-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r1797-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-r1797_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1797_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Origin and Development of the Railway Rail, G. P. Raidabaugh, pp.8-9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Origin and Development of the Railway Rail, G. P. Raidabaugh, pp.14-19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Origin and Development of the Railway Rail, G. P. Raidabaugh, pp.19-24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNorm_CohenDavid_Cohen2000" class="citation book cs1">Norm Cohen; David Cohen (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AY7St4-8x10C"><i>Long steel rail: the railroad in American folksong</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252068812" title="Special:BookSources/9780252068812"><bdi>9780252068812</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Long+steel+rail%3A+the+railroad+in+American+folksong&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780252068812&rft.au=Norm+Cohen&rft.au=David+Cohen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAY7St4-8x10C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+fastening+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayinsci.com/10/10_18.htm">"October 18 - Today in Science History"</a>. <i>www.todayinsci.com</i>. Robert Livingston Stevens.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.todayinsci.com&rft.atitle=October+18+-+Today+in+Science+History&rft.pages=Robert+Livingston+Stevens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayinsci.com%2F10%2F10_18.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+fastening+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Iles1912" class="citation book cs1">George Iles (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leadingamericani00ilesrich"><i>Leading American inventors</i></a>. H. Holt and company, New York. p. 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leading+American+inventors&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=H.+Holt+and+company%2C+New+York&rft.date=1912&rft.au=George+Iles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleadingamericani00ilesrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+fastening+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaidabaugh191520-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaidabaugh191520_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaidabaugh1915">Raidabaugh (1915)</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chestofbooks.com/crafts/scientific-american/sup7/The-Rail-Spike-And-The-Locomotive.html">"The Rail Spike and The Locomotive"</a>. <i>chestofbooks.com</i>. Scientific American.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chestofbooks.com&rft.atitle=The+Rail+Spike+and+The+Locomotive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchestofbooks.com%2Fcrafts%2Fscientific-american%2Fsup7%2FThe-Rail-Spike-And-The-Locomotive.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+fastening+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hay-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hay_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hay_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hay_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHay1953" class="citation book cs1">Hay, William Walter (1953). <i>Railroad Engineering, Volume 1</i>. 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Longmans, Green, and Co. pp. 224, <i>also</i> fig.331–334 (p.221).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Railway+Construction&rft.pages=224%2C+%27%27also%27%27+fig.331-334+%28p.221%29&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Co&rft.date=1898&rft.au=William+Hemingway+Mills&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frailwayconstruc01millgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+fastening+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfgang_Schiemann2002" class="citation book cs1">Wolfgang Schiemann (2002). <i>Schienenverkehrstechnik: Grundlagen der Gleistrassierung</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vossloh-fastening-systems.de/fs_cms/en/index.html">the original</a> on 2008-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vosslo-fastening-systems.de&rft.atitle=vossloh-fastening-systems.com+-+Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vossloh-fastening-systems.de%2Ffs_cms%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+fastening+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_fastening_system&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry1876" class="citation book cs1">Barry, John Wolfe (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SZv3KWnElVsC"><i>Railway Appliances</i></a>. Longmans, Green and co. (reprint BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2008). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780559022982" title="Special:BookSources/9780559022982"><bdi>9780559022982</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Railway+Appliances&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+co.+%28reprint+BiblioBazaar%2C+LLC%2C+2008%29&rft.date=1876&rft.isbn=9780559022982&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=John+Wolfe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSZv3KWnElVsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+fastening+system" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonnett2005" class="citation book cs1">Bonnett, Clifford F. (2005). <i>Practical Railway Engineering</i> (2nd ed.). London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_Press" title="Imperial College Press">Imperial College Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86094-515-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86094-515-1"><bdi>978-1-86094-515-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/443641662">443641662</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+Railway+Engineering&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Imperial+College+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F443641662&rft.isbn=978-1-86094-515-1&rft.aulast=Bonnett&rft.aufirst=Clifford+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+fastening+system" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1855" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Daniel Kinnear (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_kpgOAAAAYAAJ"><i>Railway machinery: a treatise on the mechanical engineering of railways: embracing the principles and construction of rolling and fixed plant; illustrated by a series of plates on a large scale, and by numerous engravings on wood, Volume 2</i></a>. Blackie and Son.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Railway+machinery%3A+a+treatise+on+the+mechanical+engineering+of+railways%3A+embracing+the+principles+and+construction+of+rolling+and+fixed+plant%3B+illustrated+by+a+series+of+plates+on+a+large+scale%2C+and+by+numerous+engravings+on+wood%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=Blackie+and+Son&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Kinnear&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_kpgOAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+fastening+system" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2015" class="citation web cs1">Craig, Colin (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mmrs.co.uk/technical-articles/modern-permanent-way">"Modern Permanent Way"</a>. The Manchester Model Railway Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Modern+Permanent+Way&rft.pub=The+Manchester+Model+Railway+Society&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmmrs.co.uk%2Ftechnical-articles%2Fmodern-permanent-way&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+fastening+system" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrandallBarnes1913" class="citation book cs1">Crandall, Charles Lee; Barnes, Fred Asa (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/railroadconstruc00cranrich"><i>Railroad Construction</i></a>. McGraw-Hill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Railroad+Construction&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Crandall&rft.aufirst=Charles+Lee&rft.au=Barnes%2C+Fred+Asa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frailroadconstruc00cranrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+fastening+system" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2006" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Iain (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zkDYawSkRpAC&q=macbeth%20spike&pg=PA114"><i>Ellis' British Railway Engineering Encyclopaedia</i></a>. Lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847286437" title="Special:BookSources/978-1847286437"><bdi>978-1847286437</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ellis%27+British+Railway+Engineering+Encyclopaedia&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1847286437&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzkDYawSkRpAC%26q%3Dmacbeth%2520spike%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+fastening+system" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHay1953" class="citation book cs1">Hay, William Walter (1953). <i>Railroad Engineering, Volume 1</i> (1st ed.). John Wiley & Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Railroad+Engineering%2C+Volume+1&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Hay&rft.aufirst=William+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+fastening+system" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHay1982" class="citation book cs1">Hay, William Walter (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ygKio-Ks0doC"><i>Railroad engineering, Volume 1</i></a> (2nd ed.). John Wiley and Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471364009" title="Special:BookSources/978-0471364009"><bdi>978-0471364009</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Railroad+engineering%2C+Volume+1&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0471364009&rft.aulast=Hay&rft.aufirst=William+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DygKio-Ks0doC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+fastening+system" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMundrey2000" class="citation book cs1">Mundrey, J.S. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PzA3N6eP4TYC"><i>Railway Track Engineering</i></a>. Tata McGraw-Hill. pp. 130–131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0074637241" title="Special:BookSources/978-0074637241"><bdi>978-0074637241</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Railway+Track+Engineering&rft.pages=130-131&rft.pub=Tata+McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0074637241&rft.aulast=Mundrey&rft.aufirst=J.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPzA3N6eP4TYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+fastening+system" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrrock1918" class="citation web cs1">Orrock, John Wilson (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924003631474">"Railroad Structure and Estimates"</a>. J. Wiley & Sons, New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Railroad+Structure+and+Estimates&rft.pub=J.+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+New+York&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Orrock&rft.aufirst=John+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924003631474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+fastening+system" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaidabaugh1915" class="citation book cs1">Raidabaugh, G.P. (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fguB2Jfs05oC"><i>Origin and Development of the Railway Rail: English and American Wood, Iron and Steel</i></a>. Kohn & Pollock, Baltimore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781408637654" title="Special:BookSources/9781408637654"><bdi>9781408637654</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin+and+Development+of+the+Railway+Rail%3A+English+and+American+Wood%2C+Iron+and+Steel&rft.pub=Kohn+%26+Pollock%2C+Baltimore&rft.date=1915&rft.isbn=9781408637654&rft.aulast=Raidabaugh&rft.aufirst=G.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfguB2Jfs05oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+fastening+system" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSellew1915" class="citation book cs1">Sellew, William (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vw1jnB5Ng7AC"><i>Railway Maintenance Engineering - With Notes on Construction</i></a>. D. Van Nostrand Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781445591773" title="Special:BookSources/9781445591773"><bdi>9781445591773</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Railway+Maintenance+Engineering+-+With+Notes+on+Construction&rft.pub=D.+Van+Nostrand+Company&rft.date=1915&rft.isbn=9781445591773&rft.aulast=Sellew&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVw1jnB5Ng7AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+fastening+system" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon2001" class="citation book cs1">Solomon, Brian (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6zB-co8PLiYC"><i>Railway Maintenance: The Men and Machines That Keep the Railroads Running</i></a>. MBI Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0760309759" title="Special:BookSources/978-0760309759"><bdi>978-0760309759</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Railway+Maintenance%3A+The+Men+and+Machines+That+Keep+the+Railroads+Running&rft.pub=MBI+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0760309759&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6zB-co8PLiYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+fastening+system" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_fastening_system&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lOg6AAAAMAAJ"><i>Railway locomotives and cars, Volume 6</i></a>. Simmons-Boardman Pub. Corp. 1838. From the American Journal of Science and Arts "Experiments on the adhesion of iron spikes of various forms, when driven into different specimins of timber"; by Walter B. Johnson, Professor of mechanics and natural philosophy in the Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, pp.357-360.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Railway+locomotives+and+cars%2C+Volume+6&rft.pages=From+the+American+Journal+of+Science+and+Arts+%22Experiments+on+the+adhesion+of+iron+spikes+of+various+forms%2C+when+driven+into+different+specimins+of+timber%22%3B+by+Walter+B.+Johnson%2C+Professor+of+mechanics+and+natural+philosophy+in+the+Franklin+Institute%2C+Philadelphia%2C+pp.357-360&rft.pub=Simmons-Boardman+Pub.+Corp.&rft.date=1838&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlOg6AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+fastening+system" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_fastening_system&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rail_fastenings" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rail fastenings">Rail fastenings</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Images: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith_Norgrove" class="citation web cs1">Keith Norgrove; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scalefour.org/resources/trackdetails02.html">"Scalefour Society - Track Details in Photographs II"</a>. <i>www.scalefour.org</i>. Scalefour Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.scalefour.org&rft.atitle=Scalefour+Society+-+Track+Details+in+Photographs+II&rft.au=Keith+Norgrove&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scalefour.org%2Fresources%2Ftrackdetails02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+fastening+system" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onesteel.com/images/db_images/products/product228.jpg">a closeup view of Pandrol fastclip</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306042606/http://onesteel.com/images/db_images/products/product228.jpg">Archived</a> 2016-03-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rail_tracks" title="Template:Rail tracks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rail_tracks" title="Template talk:Rail tracks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rail_tracks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rail tracks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rail_infrastructure" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rail <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure#Transport_infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Railway_track" title="Railway track">Tracks</a><small> <a href="/wiki/Permanent_way_(history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent way (history)">(history)</a> </small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axe_ties" class="mw-redirect" title="Axe ties">Axe ties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_ballast" title="Track ballast">Ballast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baulk_road" title="Baulk road">Baulk road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breather_switch" title="Breather switch">Breather switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cant_(road/rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cant (road/rail)">Cant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clip_and_scotch" title="Clip and scotch">Clip and scotch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_nail" title="Date nail">Date nail</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fastening system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishplate" title="Fishplate">Fishplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladder_track" title="Ladder track">Ladder track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_railway_curve_radius" title="Minimum railway curve radius">Minimum radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_profile" title="Rail profile">Profile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_tie" title="Railroad tie">Tie/Sleeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_transition_curve" title="Track transition curve">Transition curve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trackwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balloon_loop" title="Balloon loop">Balloon loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_yard" title="Classification yard">Classification yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headshunt" title="Headshunt">Headshunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_track" title="Pocket track">Pocket track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junction_(rail)" title="Junction (rail)">Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauntlet_track" title="Gauntlet track">Gauntlet track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_bar" title="Guide bar">Guide bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_loop" title="Passing loop">Passing loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">Track gauge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_gauge" title="Dual gauge">dual gauge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_(rail_transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Track (rail transport)">Rail track</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tramway_track" title="Tramway track">tramway track</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_yard" title="Rail yard">Rail yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification" title="Railway electrification">Railway electrification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">overhead lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_rail" title="Third rail">third rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground-level_power_supply" title="Ground-level power supply">ground-level power supply</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_turntable" title="Railway turntable">Railway turntable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_table" title="Transfer table">Transfer table (traverser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll_way" title="Roll way">Roll way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siding_(rail)" title="Siding (rail)">Siding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_siding" title="Refuge siding">refuge siding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_switch" title="Railroad switch">Switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_geometry" title="Track geometry">Track geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_crane" title="Water crane">Water crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_trough" title="Water trough">Water trough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wye_(rail)" title="Wye (rail)">Wye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Railway_signalling" title="Railway signalling">Signalling</a><br />and safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-trespass_panels" title="Anti-trespass panels">Anti-trespass panels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_post" title="Block post">Block post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffer_stop" title="Buffer stop">Buffer stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_points" title="Catch points">Catch points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defect_detector" title="Defect detector">Defect detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derail" title="Derail">Derailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_rail_(railroad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guard rail (railroad)">Guard rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlocking" title="Interlocking">Interlocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">Level crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loading_gauge" title="Loading gauge">Loading gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_screen_doors" title="Platform screen doors">Platform screen doors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_signal" title="Railway signal">Railway signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signalling_control" title="Signalling control">Signalling control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_gauge" title="Structure gauge">Structure gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_signal_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad signal bridge">Signal bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell-tale_(bridges)" title="Tell-tale (bridges)">Tell-tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_stop" title="Train stop">Train stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayside_horn" title="Wayside horn">Wayside horn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaling_tower" title="Coaling tower">Coaling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motive_power_depot" title="Motive power depot">Motive power depot</a>/<a href="/wiki/Railway_workshop" title="Railway workshop">Railway workshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_platform" title="Railway platform">Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_roundhouse" title="Railway roundhouse">Roundhouse</a></li> <li>Shed <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Train_shed" title="Train shed">for trains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goods_shed" title="Goods shed">for goods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_station" title="Train station">Station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Station_building" title="Station building">building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_clock" title="Station clock">clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_station" title="Ghost station">ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations" title="List of railway stations">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_stop" title="Water stop">Water stop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_railway" title="Industrial railway">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_railways" title="Military railways">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_railway" title="Private railway">Private</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_railway_station" title="Private railway station">station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_private_railway_stations" title="List of private railway stations">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rail_fastening_system&oldid=1240223366#Chairs">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rail_fastening_system&oldid=1240223366#Chairs</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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