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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bartle" title="Richard Bartle – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Richard Bartle" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%84" title="ریچارد بارتل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریچارد بارتل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bartle" title="Richard Bartle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Richard Bartle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Richard Bartle</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/FBCS" class="mw-redirect" title="FBCS">FBCS</a> <a href="/wiki/FRSA" class="mw-redirect" title="FRSA">FRSA</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Bartle,_2011_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Richard_Bartle%2C_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Richard_Bartle%2C_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Richard_Bartle%2C_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Richard_Bartle%2C_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Richard_Bartle%2C_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Richard_Bartle%2C_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1806" data-file-height="2330" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Bartle in 2011</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1960-01-10</span>) </span>10 January 1960<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 64)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Ripon" title="Ripon">Ripon</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">British</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">writer, professor, game researcher</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/MUD1" title="MUD1">MUD1</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Designing_Virtual_Worlds" title="Designing Virtual Worlds">Designing Virtual Worlds</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Gail Bartle</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Jennifer Bartle, Madeleine Bartle</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://mud.co.uk/richard/">http://mud.co.uk/richard/</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Richard Allan Bartle</b> (born 10 January 1960) is a British writer, professor and game researcher<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_game" title="Massively multiplayer online game">massively multiplayer online game</a> industry.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He co-created <i><a href="/wiki/MUD1" title="MUD1">MUD1</a></i> (the first <a href="/wiki/Multi-user_dungeon" title="Multi-user dungeon">MUD</a>) in 1978, and is the author of the 2003 book <i><a href="/wiki/Designing_Virtual_Worlds" title="Designing Virtual Worlds">Designing Virtual Worlds</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bartle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1988, Bartle received a PhD in <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Essex" title="University of Essex">University of Essex</a>, where as an undergraduate, he created <i><a href="/wiki/MUD1" title="MUD1">MUD1</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Roy_Trubshaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Roy Trubshaw">Roy Trubshaw</a> in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He lectured at Essex until 1987, when he left to work full-time on <i>MUD</i> (known as <i><a href="/wiki/MUD2" title="MUD2">MUD2</a></i> in its present version). Recently he has returned to the university as a part-time professor and principal teaching fellow in the Department of Computing and Electronic Systems, supervising courses on computer <a href="/wiki/Game_design" title="Game design">game design</a> as part of the department's degree course on computer <a href="/wiki/Game_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Game development">game development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He is a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Arts" title="Royal Society of Arts">Royal Society of Arts</a>. </p><p>In 2003, he wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Designing_Virtual_Worlds" title="Designing Virtual Worlds">Designing Virtual Worlds</a></i>, a book about the history, ethics, structure, and technology of massively multiplayer games. </p><p>Bartle is also a contributing editor to <i><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_(blog)" title="Terra Nova (blog)">Terra Nova</a></i>, a collaborative blog that deals with <a href="/wiki/Virtual_world" title="Virtual world">virtual world</a> issues. </p><p>Bartle did research on player types of enjoyments in MUDs. In Bartle's analysis, MUD players can be divided into four archetypes: achievers, explorers, socializers and killers.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This idea has been adapted into an online test generally referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Bartle_Test" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartle Test">Bartle Test</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is quite popular, with scores often exchanged on <a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_game" title="Massively multiplayer online game">massively multiplayer online games</a> forums and networking sites.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bartle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2003</span>, Bartle was reported as living in a village near <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a>, England, with his wife Gail and their two children Jennifer and Madeleine. <sup id="cite_ref-dog_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dog-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bartle is an atheist and a patron of <a href="/wiki/Humanists_UK" title="Humanists UK">Humanists UK</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bartle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Game_Developers_Association" title="International Game Developers Association">International Game Developers Association</a> "First Penguin Award" (now called "The Pioneer Award"), at the 2005 <a href="/wiki/Game_Developers_Choice_Awards" title="Game Developers Choice Awards">Game Developers Choice Awards</a>, for his part in creating the first MUD.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Game Developers Choice Online "The Online Game Legend Award", at the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Game_Developers_Choice_Awards" title="Game Developers Choice Awards">Game Developers Choice Awards</a><sup id="cite_ref-Games_developers_choice_online_awards_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Games_developers_choice_online_awards-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bartle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Games">Games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bartle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Spellbinder_(paper-and-pencil_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spellbinder (paper-and-pencil game)">Spellbinder</a></i>, 1977, a <a href="/wiki/Paper-and-pencil_game" title="Paper-and-pencil game">paper-and-pencil game</a> also known as <i>Waving Hands</i>, first described in Bartle's <a href="/wiki/Fanzine" title="Fanzine">fanzine</a> <i>Sauce of the Nile</i><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MUD1" title="MUD1">MUD1</a></i>, 1978, with <a href="/wiki/Roy_Trubshaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Roy Trubshaw">Roy Trubshaw</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MUD2" title="MUD2">MUD2</a></i>, 1980, based on <i>MUD1</i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spunky_Princess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spunky Princess (page does not exist)">Spunky Princess</a></i>, 2015, based on <i>wap</i><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spellbinder">Spellbinder</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bartle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Spellbinder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><b>Spellbinder</b></i> (also known as <i><b>Waving Hands</b></i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_game" title="Simultaneous game">simultaneous</a> 1977 <a href="/wiki/Paper-and-pencil_game" title="Paper-and-pencil game">paper-and-pencil game</a> by Bartle and first published in his fanzine, <i>Sauce of the Nile</i>. It has since been re-created in a variety of formats, including software for the <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a>, <a href="/wiki/Play-by-mail_game" title="Play-by-mail game">play-by-email</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_applet" title="Java applet">Java applet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> application, and web-based. </p><p>Two or more players take the role of wizards, and the object of the game is to be the last wizard standing. Wizards can cast spells at other wizards, themselves, or summoned monsters. These spells are cast through gestures: each turn, the player chooses two gestures, one for each hand, from clap (C), wave (W), snap (S), wriggle fingers (F), proffered palm (P) and digit point (D). There are also the non-magical gestures stab (>) and nothing (-). Turns are resolved simultaneously once all wizards have submitted their gestures for a given turn. These gestures are built up via many turns to form spells. For instance, one can cast the spell "Magic Missile" by performing the S (snap) gesture followed by the D (digit point) with the same hand on a consecutive turn. This is usually denoted as 'SD'. The spell is cast on the turn that the D is made, assuming no intervention (such as a Counter Spell). Play centers around the strategy of tracking what spells are being cast on all four (or more) hands, thus ensuring your spells achieve their desired effect while attempting to mitigate those of your opponent. The game is one of pure strategy; outside of the "Confusion" spell which causes a random gesture to be made all spell effects can be anticipated deterministically, making it akin to Chess or Go. Through a few minor variants to the rules, all random chance and other imbalances can be removed. </p><p>While there are many aspects to Spellbinder strategy,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">bluffing</a> is a key element to all game play, often referred to as "Shadow Casting".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this common practice, warlocks play a set of gestures, which form the beginning of a spell, without ever completing it. When this happens opponents are left with the choice to either defend against a spell which may not be cast at all, or risk not defending against it. For example, 'PSD' forms the beginning of a 'Charm Person' spell 'PSDF', but one may also continue this set to a '..DPP' which forms an 'Amnesia', without ever completing the Charm. Much like in <a href="/wiki/Chess_opening" title="Chess opening">Chess</a>, the resolution of the game opening plays an important part in the later development of the game. </p><p>Common openings such as 'D/P', 'S/P', 'S/W' have been studied in depth.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bartle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Artificial Intelligence and Computer Games</i>, Paperback, 256 pages, Century Communications, 25 July 1985, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-0661-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-0661-5">978-0-7126-0661-5</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Designing_Virtual_Worlds" title="Designing Virtual Worlds">Designing Virtual Worlds</a></i>, Paperback, 768 pages, New Riders Pub., 25 July 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-101816-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-101816-7">978-0-13-101816-7</a></li> <li><i>IN<sup>sight</sup><sub>flames</sub></i>, 1999, Online publication. Also 2 Paperbacks, NotByUs, "IN Sight", 422 pages, July 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9556494-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9556494-0-0">978-0-9556494-0-0</a> & "IN Flames", 416 pages, August 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9556494-1-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9556494-1-7">978-0-9556494-1-7</a></li> <li><i>Lizzie Lott's Sovereign</i>, NotByUs, June 2011, ASIN B0058CX7M8</li> <li><i>MMOs from the Outside In: The Massively-Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games of Psychology, Law, Government, and Real Life</i>, Apress, December 2015, ASIN B01FGP30K0</li> <li><i>MMOs from the Inside Out: The History, Design, Fun, and Art of Massively-multiplayer Online Role-playing Games</i>, Apress, December 2015, ASIN B01FGP30K0</li> <li><i>How to Be a God: A Guide for Would-Be Deities</i>, NotByUs, 2022, ISBN 978-0-9556494-9-3<sup id="cite_ref-howtobeagod_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howtobeagod-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bartle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/nov/17/richard-bartle-multiplayer-games-political-gesture">"Richard Bartle: we invented multiplayer games as a political gesture"</a>. <i>Guardian</i>. 17 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guardian&rft.atitle=Richard+Bartle%3A+we+invented+multiplayer+games+as+a+political+gesture&rft.date=2014-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2014%2Fnov%2F17%2Frichard-bartle-multiplayer-games-political-gesture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Bartle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Radoff, Jon (April 2011). <i>Game On: Energize Your Business with Social Media Games.</i> p. 36. Wiley. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-93626-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-93626-9">978-0-470-93626-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://venturebeat.com/2017/07/15/game-academic-richard-bartle-investigates-why-players-quit-games/">"Game academic Richard Bartle investigates why players quit games"</a>. <i>Venture Beat</i>. 15 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Venture+Beat&rft.atitle=Game+academic+Richard+Bartle+investigates+why+players+quit+games&rft.date=2017-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fventurebeat.com%2F2017%2F07%2F15%2Fgame-academic-richard-bartle-investigates-why-players-quit-games%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Bartle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartle, R: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.lambda.moo.mud.org/pub/MOO/papers/mudreport.txt">"Interactive Multi-User Computer Games"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160202125649/http://ftp.lambda.moo.mud.org/pub/MOO/papers/mudreport.txt">Archived</a> 2 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, section 1.5; Retrieved on 2009-01-05.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090204085409/http://www.essex.ac.uk/courses/default.aspx?coursecode=EE224&level=5&period=FY">"University of Essex Module Details – EE224-5-FY: Computer Games Architecture and Design"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.essex.ac.uk/courses/default.aspx?coursecode=EE224&level=5&period=FY">the original</a> on 4 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Essex+Module+Details+%E2%80%93+EE224-5-FY%3A+Computer+Games+Architecture+and+Design&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.essex.ac.uk%2Fcourses%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fcoursecode%3DEE224%26level%3D5%26period%3DFY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Bartle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartle,_R" class="citation web cs1">Bartle, R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mud.co.uk/richard/hcds.htm">"Players Who Suit MUDs"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Players+Who+Suit+MUDs&rft.au=Bartle%2C+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmud.co.uk%2Frichard%2Fhcds.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Bartle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071223023405/http://www.mmorpgdot.com/index.php?hsaction=10053&ID=951">"Random Dialogue: You Shuffle, I'll Deal(archived)"</a>. 26 April 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mmorpgdot.com/index.php?hsaction=10053&ID=951">the original</a> on 23 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Random+Dialogue%3A+You+Shuffle%2C+I%27ll+Deal%28archived%29&rft.date=2004-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mmorpgdot.com%2Findex.php%3Fhsaction%3D10053%26ID%3D951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Bartle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamerdna.com/quizzes/bartle-test-of-gamer-psychology">"Bartle Test of Gamer Psychology"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bartle+Test+of+Gamer+Psychology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamerdna.com%2Fquizzes%2Fbartle-test-of-gamer-psychology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Bartle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dog-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dog_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulliganPatrovsky2003" class="citation book cs1">Mulligan, Jessica; Patrovsky, Bridgette (2003). <i>Developing Online Games: An Insider's Guide</i>. New Riders. pp. xix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59273-000-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-59273-000-0"><bdi>1-59273-000-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Developing+Online+Games%3A+An+Insider%27s+Guide&rft.pages=xix&rft.pub=New+Riders&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-59273-000-0&rft.aulast=Mulligan&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft.au=Patrovsky%2C+Bridgette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Bartle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humanism.org.uk/about/our-people/patrons/dr-richard-bartle/">"Dr. Richard Bartle"</a>. <i>Humanists UK</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Humanists+UK&rft.atitle=Dr.+Richard+Bartle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhumanism.org.uk%2Fabout%2Four-people%2Fpatrons%2Fdr-richard-bartle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Bartle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/339289.Richard_Bartle">"Richard Bartle > Quotes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Goodreads" title="Goodreads">goodreads</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2017</span>. <q>Since I'm an atheist, and have no belief whatsoever in life after death, I couldn't care less -- it's not like it'll have any impact on me, since by definition I will be completely extinguished. I guess if someone twisted my arm and forced me to provide an epitaph, it would be 'Don't forget.' Sound advice...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richard+Bartle+%3E+Quotes&rft.pub=goodreads&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fauthor%2Fquotes%2F339289.Richard_Bartle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Bartle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gamechoiceawards.com/archive/gdca_5th">"Archive - 5th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards"</a>. <i>Game Developers Choice Awards</i>. 27 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Game+Developers+Choice+Awards&rft.atitle=Archive+-+5th+Annual+Game+Developers+Choice+Awards&rft.date=2021-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgamechoiceawards.com%2Farchive%2Fgdca_5th&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Bartle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Games_developers_choice_online_awards-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Games_developers_choice_online_awards_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gdconlineawards.com/nominee/index.html">"The First Annual Game Developers Choice Online Awards"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+First+Annual+Game+Developers+Choice+Online+Awards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gdconlineawards.com%2Fnominee%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Bartle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamecabinet.com/rules/WavingHands.html">"Waving Hands from Duel Purpose"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Waving+Hands+from+Duel+Purpose&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamecabinet.com%2Frules%2FWavingHands.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Bartle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mud.co.uk/richard/spellbnd.htm">"Spellbinder"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spellbinder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mud.co.uk%2Frichard%2Fspellbnd.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Bartle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805160546/https://www.youhaventlived.com/spunkyprincess/spunkyprincess.htm">"Spunky Princess"</a>. <i>www.youhaventlived.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youhaventlived.com/spunkyprincess/spunkyprincess.htm">the original</a> on 5 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.youhaventlived.com&rft.atitle=Spunky+Princess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youhaventlived.com%2Fspunkyprincess%2Fspunkyprincess.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Bartle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slarty.proboards.com/board/21/strategy-tactics">"Strategy & Tactics"</a>. <i>The Refuge Forums</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Refuge+Forums&rft.atitle=Strategy+%26+Tactics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslarty.proboards.com%2Fboard%2F21%2Fstrategy-tactics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Bartle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://games.ravenblack.net/rules/1/strategy.html">"Strategy Tips"</a>. <i>RavenBlack</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RavenBlack&rft.atitle=Strategy+Tips&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgames.ravenblack.net%2Frules%2F1%2Fstrategy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Bartle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minmax.ermarian.net/refuge/rbwopenoverview.html">"Opening Overview"</a>. <i>Slartucker's Refuge 2.0</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slartucker%27s+Refuge+2.0&rft.atitle=Opening+Overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminmax.ermarian.net%2Frefuge%2Frbwopenoverview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Bartle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minmax.ermarian.net/refuge/rbwopendpdp.html">"D/P vs D/P"</a>. <i>Slartucker's Refuge 2.0</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slartucker%27s+Refuge+2.0&rft.atitle=D%2FP+vs+D%2FP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminmax.ermarian.net%2Frefuge%2Frbwopendpdp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Bartle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slarty.proboards.com/thread/907/opening-winrate">"Openings win rates"</a>. <i>The Refuge Forums</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Refuge+Forums&rft.atitle=Openings+win+rates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslarty.proboards.com%2Fthread%2F907%2Fopening-winrate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Bartle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-howtobeagod-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-howtobeagod_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartle2022" class="citation book cs1">Bartle, Richard A. (3 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mud.co.uk/richard/How%20to%20Be%20a%20God.pdf"><i>How to Be a God: A Guide for Would-Be Deities</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. West Bergholt, Essex: NotByUs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9556494-9-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9556494-9-3"><bdi>978-0-9556494-9-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1295679170">1295679170</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220129232959/https://mud.co.uk/richard/How%20to%20Be%20a%20God.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2022</span> – via mud.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Be+a+God%3A+A+Guide+for+Would-Be+Deities&rft.place=West+Bergholt%2C+Essex&rft.pub=NotByUs&rft.date=2022-01-03&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1295679170&rft.isbn=978-0-9556494-9-3&rft.aulast=Bartle&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmud.co.uk%2Frichard%2FHow%2520to%2520Be%2520a%2520God.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Bartle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading_for_Spellbinder">Further reading for Spellbinder</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bartle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading for Spellbinder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mud.co.uk/richard/spellbnd.htm">Spellbinder history</a> including links to playing online.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamecabinet.com/rules/WavingHands.html">Rules</a> as written by Andrew Buchanan.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ispace.altervista.org/spellbinder.html">Spellbinder Combo Assistant</a> (250Kb) a freeware program written in Delphi that help to calculate the best spell combinations for next turns. It contains a spell list and descriptions in English, Spanish and Italian. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ispace.altervista.org/images/sca.jpg">Screenshot</a>).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://games.ravenblack.net/">Warlocks</a> a fully developed free-to-play web interpretation by Raven Black. Includes ladder, melee (3+ player duels) and Elo ranking system, challenge board, and optional rule variants.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=net.is.games.WarlocksDuel">Warlocks for Android</a> Android application to access to games.ravenblack.net site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slarty.proboards.com/">The Refuge Forum</a> a forum for discussions of game strategy and tactics</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/WarlocksDuel/">Facebook Community</a> Spellbinder Facebook Community</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bartle&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.youhaventlived.com/qblog/">Richard Bartle's blog</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ZKvoljcAAAAJ">Richard Bartle</a> publications indexed by <a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2149039#P1960" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://essex.academia.edu/RichardBartle">Richard A Bartle</a> publications on <a href="/wiki/Academia.edu" title="Academia.edu">Academia.edu</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2149039#P5715" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mud.co.uk/richard/mudhist.htm">MUD history page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://terranova.blogs.com/">Terra Nova collaborative blog</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sci-tech-today.com/story.xhtml?story_id=40592">Sci-Tech Today</a>, 4 January 2006, "Inside the Underground Economy of Computer Gaming" (see page 4)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061016121726/http://archive.gamespy.com/dreamers/bartle/">GameSpy interview</a>, 27 October 2003</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamezombie.tv/?page_id=201">GameZombie.tv</a>, Videotaped Discussion of Hero's Journey with <a href="/wiki/Lee_Sheldon_(writer)" title="Lee Sheldon (writer)">Lee Sheldon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.youhaventlived.com/isif/isif.htm"><i>IN<sup>sight</sup><sub>flames</sub></i></a> <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> and <a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> versions of the book, and link to the 2-volume print version at <a href="/wiki/Cafe_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Cafe Press">Cafe Press</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hGg4dx0DlFI">Interview with Dr. Richard Bartle at GDC Online 2010</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8m90bvj/">Richard A. Bartle papers housed at Stanford University Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ispace.altervista.org/spellbinder.html">Freeware software helper with Spellbinder rules in 3 languages</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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title="Multi-user dungeon">Multi-user dungeons</a> (MUDs)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AberMUD" title="AberMUD">AberMUD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DikuMUD" title="DikuMUD">DikuMUD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPMud" title="LPMud">LPMud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MU*" title="MU*">MU*</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor branches,<br />codebases, libraries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dworkin%27s_Game_Driver" title="Dworkin's Game Driver">DGD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GodWars" title="GodWars">GodWars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOO" title="MOO">MOO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUSH" title="MUSH">MUSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talker" title="Talker">Talker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TinyMUCK" title="TinyMUCK">TinyMUCK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts,<br />terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_character" title="Alternate character">Alternate character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatar_(computing)" title="Avatar (computing)">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartle_taxonomy_of_player_types" title="Bartle taxonomy of player types">Bartle taxonomy of player types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex" title="Cybersex">Cybersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_(MUD)" class="mw-redirect" title="God (MUD)">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griefer" title="Griefer">Griefer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_(video_games)" title="Grinding (video games)">Grinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hack_and_slash" title="Hack and slash">Hack and slash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healer_(video_games)" title="Healer (video games)">Healer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortal_(MUD)" class="mw-redirect" title="Immortal (MUD)">Immortal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_stealing" title="Kill stealing">Kill stealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loot_(video_games)" title="Loot (video games)">Loot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mob_(video_games)" title="Mob (video games)">Mob, Monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-player_character" title="Non-player character">Non-player character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_wedding" title="Online wedding">Online wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_world" title="Persistent world">Persistent world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player_character" title="Player character">Player character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player_versus_environment" title="Player versus environment">Player versus environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player_versus_player" title="Player versus player">Player versus player</a>, Playerkilling</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quest_(video_games)" title="Quest (video games)">Quest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spawning_(video_games)" title="Spawning (video games)">Spawning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_(video_games)" title="Tank (video games)">Tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twinking" title="Twinking">Twinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_goods" title="Virtual goods">Virtual goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_bot" title="Video game bot">Video game bot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wizard_(MUD)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wizard (MUD)">Wizard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_(video_games)" title="Zone (video games)">Zone, Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Designing_Virtual_Worlds" title="Designing Virtual Worlds">Designing Virtual Worlds</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Rape_in_Cyberspace" title="A Rape in Cyberspace">A Rape in Cyberspace</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_(blog)" title="Terra Nova (blog)">Terra Nova</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies,<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areae" title="Areae">Areae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Realms_Entertainment" title="Iron Realms Entertainment">Iron Realms Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagex" title="Jagex">Jagex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysator" title="Lysator">Lysator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesmai" title="Kesmai">Kesmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mud_Connector" title="The Mud Connector">The Mud Connector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythic_Entertainment" title="Mythic Entertainment">Mythic Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaintext_Players" title="Plaintext Players">Plaintext Players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simutronics" title="Simutronics">Simutronics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_MUDs" title="List of MUDs">List</a></b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img 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