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id="toc-Solvent_and_phlegmatizer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solvent_and_phlegmatizer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Solvent and phlegmatizer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solvent_and_phlegmatizer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Properties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Properties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Alternatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence_and_exposure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence_and_exposure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Occurrence and exposure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Occurrence_and_exposure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Occurrence and exposure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Occurrence_and_exposure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Human_exposure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_exposure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Human exposure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_exposure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Natural occurrence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodegradation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodegradation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Biodegradation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodegradation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legal status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legal status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia_and_New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia_and_New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Australia and New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia_and_New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legislation,_additional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation,_additional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Legislation, additional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation,_additional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identification_in_plastics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification_in_plastics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Identification in plastics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identification_in_plastics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فثالات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فثالات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ftalatlar" title="Ftalatlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ftalatlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ftalat" title="Ftalat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ftalat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ftal%C3%A1ty" title="Ftaláty – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ftaláty" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ftalater" title="Ftalater – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ftalater" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phthals%C3%A4ureester" title="Phthalsäureester – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phthalsäureester" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ftalaadid" title="Ftalaadid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ftalaadid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B8%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%8E%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Φθαλικές ενώσεις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φθαλικές ενώσεις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ftalato" title="Ftalato – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ftalato" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ftalato" title="Ftalato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ftalato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phtalate" title="Phtalate – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Phtalate" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="थैलेट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="थैलेट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ftalati" title="Ftalati – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ftalati" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ftalati" title="Ftalati – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ftalati" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ftalatas" title="Ftalatas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ftalatas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ftal%C3%A1tok" title="Ftalátok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ftalátok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ftalaat" title="Ftalaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ftalaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB%E9%85%B8%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%AB" title="フタル酸エステル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フタル酸エステル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ftalater" title="Ftalater – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ftalater" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ftalany" title="Ftalany – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ftalany" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ftalato" title="Ftalato – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ftalato" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ftalat" title="Ftalat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ftalat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ftal%C3%A1t" title="Ftalát – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ftalát" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ftalat" title="Ftalat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ftalat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ftalaatit" title="Ftalaatit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ftalaatit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ftalater" title="Ftalater – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ftalater" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97" title="พทาเลท – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พทาเลท" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ftalat" title="Ftalat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ftalat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Фталати – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фталати" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phthalate" title="Phthalate – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phthalate" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%BB%E8%8B%AF%E4%BA%8C%E7%94%B2%E9%85%B8%E9%85%AF" title="邻苯二甲酸酯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="邻苯二甲酸酯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q84483575#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Any ester derived from phthalic acid</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phthalates.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Phthalates.svg/220px-Phthalates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Phthalates.svg/330px-Phthalates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Phthalates.svg/440px-Phthalates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>General chemical structure of orthophthalates. (R and R' are general placeholders.)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Phthalates</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), or <b>phthalate esters</b>, are <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">esters</a> of <a href="/wiki/Phthalic_acid" title="Phthalic acid">phthalic acid</a>. They are mainly used as <a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">plasticizers</a>, i.e., substances added to <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a> to increase their flexibility, transparency, durability, and longevity. They are used primarily to soften <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">polyvinyl chloride</a> (PVC). While phthalates are commonly used as plasticizers, not all plasticizers are phthalates. The two terms are specific, unique, and not used interchangeably. </p><p>Lower-molecular-weight phthalates are typically replaced in many products in the United States, Canada, and European Union over health concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are being replaced by higher molecular-weight phthalates as well as non-phthalic plasticizers. </p><p>Phthalates are commonly ingested in small quantities via the diet. There are numerous forms of phthalates not regulated by governments. In many countries, diethyl phthalate (DEHP) is regulated as a <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxin</a>, and is <a href="/wiki/Ban_(law)" title="Ban (law)">banned</a> from use in broad categories of consumer goods, such as <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a>, children's toys, medical devices, and food packaging. </p><p>DEHP is deemed by various governments to be a <a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">biological hazard</a>. In the European Union, DEHP is regulated as having <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor" title="Endocrine disruptor">endocrine disruptor</a> properties for which there is scientific evidence of probable serious effects to human health and the environment. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phthalates&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phthalate esters are produced industrially by the reaction of <a href="/wiki/Phthalic_anhydride" title="Phthalic anhydride">phthalic anhydride</a> with excess <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohol</a>. Often the phthalic anhydride is molten. The monoesterification occurs readily, but the second step is slow: </p> <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>(CO)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O + ROH → C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>(CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>R)(CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>H)</span></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>(CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>R)(CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>H) + ROH → C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>(CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>R)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></dd></dl> <p>The conversion is conducted at high temperatures to drive off the water. Typical catalysts are based on tin or titanium alkoxides or carboxylates.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The properties of the phthalate can be varied by changing the alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 30 are, or have been, commercially important. Phthalates' share of the global plasticisers market has been decreasing since around 2000 however total production has been increasing, with around 5.5 million tonnes made in 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-OECD_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OECD-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> up from around 2.7 million tonnes in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The explanation for this is the increasing size of the plasticiser market, largely due driven by increases in PVC production, which nearly doubled between 2000 and 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-Geyer2017_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geyer2017-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The People's Republic of China is the largest consumer, accounting for around 45% of all use. Europe and the United States together account for around 25% of use, with the remainder widely spread around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-OECD_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OECD-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="width:72em"> <caption>Common phthalates <br /><small>Ordered by molecular weight, commercially important compounds shown in bold</small> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Abbreviation </th> <th style="max-width:4em">Alcohol carbon number </th> <th style="max-width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Molecular_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular weight">Molecular weight</a> (g/mol) </th> <th style="min-width:5em"><a href="/wiki/CAS_registry_number" class="mw-redirect" title="CAS registry number">CAS No.</a> </th> <th>Properties of concern for human health (<a href="/wiki/ECHA" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA">ECHA</a> classification 2022)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_phthalate" title="Dimethyl phthalate">Dimethyl phthalate</a></td> <td>DMP</td> <td>1</td> <td>194.18</td> <td>131-11-3</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Diethyl_phthalate" title="Diethyl phthalate">Diethyl phthalate</a></td> <td>DEP</td> <td>2</td> <td>222.24</td> <td>84-66-2</td> <td>Under assessment as endocrine disrupting </td></tr> <tr> <td>Diallyl phthalate</td> <td>DAP</td> <td>3</td> <td>246.26</td> <td>131-17-9</td> <td>Skin sensitising </td></tr> <tr> <td>Di-n-propyl phthalate</td> <td>DPP</td> <td>3</td> <td>250.29</td> <td>131-16-8</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Di-n-butyl_phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Di-n-butyl phthalate">Di-n-butyl phthalate</a></b></td> <td><b>DBP</b></td> <td>4</td> <td>278.34</td> <td>84-74-2</td> <td>Toxic to reproduction, endocrine disrupting, under assessment as <a href="/wiki/Persistent,_bioaccumulative_and_toxic_substances" title="Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances">PBT</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Diisobutyl_phthalate" title="Diisobutyl phthalate">Diisobutyl phthalate</a></td> <td>DIBP</td> <td>4</td> <td>278.34</td> <td>84-69-5</td> <td>Toxic to reproduction, endocrine disrupting </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bis(2-methoxyethyl)_phthalate" title="Bis(2-methoxyethyl) phthalate">Di-2-methoxyethyl phthalate</a></td> <td>DMEP</td> <td>3</td> <td>282.29</td> <td>117-82-8</td> <td>Toxic to reproduction </td></tr> <tr> <td>Butyl cyclohexyl phthalate</td> <td>BCP</td> <td>4 – 6</td> <td>304.38</td> <td>84-64-0</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Di-n-pentyl phthalate</td> <td>DNPP</td> <td>5</td> <td>306.4</td> <td>131-18-0</td> <td>Toxic to reproduction </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dicyclohexyl phthalate</td> <td>DCP</td> <td>6</td> <td>330.42</td> <td>84-61-7</td> <td>Toxic to reproduction, endocrine disrupting, skin sensitising </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Butyl_benzyl_phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Butyl benzyl phthalate">Butyl benzyl phthalate</a></b></td> <td><b>BBP</b></td> <td>4 – 7</td> <td>312.36</td> <td>85-68-7</td> <td>Toxic to reproduction, endocrine disrupting </td></tr> <tr> <td>Di-n-hexyl phthalate</td> <td>DNHP</td> <td>6</td> <td>334.45</td> <td>84-75-3</td> <td>Toxic to reproduction </td></tr> <tr> <td>Diisohexyl phthalate</td> <td>DIHxP</td> <td>6</td> <td>334.45</td> <td>146-50-9,</td> <td>Toxic to reproduction </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Diisoheptyl_phthalate" title="Diisoheptyl phthalate">Diisoheptyl phthalate</a></td> <td>DIHpP</td> <td>7</td> <td>362.5</td> <td>41451-28-9</td> <td>Toxic to reproduction </td></tr> <tr> <td>Butyl decyl phthalate</td> <td>BDP</td> <td>4 – 10</td> <td>362.5</td> <td>89-19-0</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dibutoxy_ethyl_phthalate" title="Dibutoxy ethyl phthalate">Dibutoxy ethyl phthalate</a></td> <td>DBEP</td> <td>6</td> <td>366.45</td> <td>117-83-9</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Di(2-ethylhexyl)_phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate">Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate</a></b></td> <td><b>DEHP, DOP</b></td> <td>8</td> <td>390.56</td> <td>117-81-7</td> <td>Toxic to reproduction, endocrine disrupting </td></tr> <tr> <td>Di(n-octyl) phthalate</td> <td>DNOP</td> <td>8</td> <td>390.56</td> <td>117-84-0</td> <td>Not classified but some uses restricted </td></tr> <tr> <td>Diisooctyl phthalate</td> <td>DIOP</td> <td>8</td> <td>390.56</td> <td>27554-26-3</td> <td>Toxic to reproduction </td></tr> <tr> <td>n-Octyl n-decyl phthalate</td> <td>ODP</td> <td>8 – 10</td> <td>418.61</td> <td>119-07-3</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Diisononyl_phthalate" title="Diisononyl phthalate">Diisononyl phthalate</a></b></td> <td><b>DINP</b></td> <td>9</td> <td>418.61</td> <td>28553-12-0</td> <td>Not classified but some uses restricted </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/DPHP" title="DPHP">Di(2-propylheptyl) phthalate</a></b></td> <td><b>DPHP</b></td> <td>10</td> <td>446.66</td> <td>53306-54-0</td> <td>Under assessment as endocrine disrupting </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Diisodecyl_phthalate" title="Diisodecyl phthalate">Diisodecyl phthalate</a></b></td> <td><b>DIDP</b></td> <td>10</td> <td>446.66</td> <td>26761-40-0</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Diundecyl phthalate</td> <td>DUP</td> <td>11</td> <td>474.72</td> <td>3648-20-2</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Diisoundecyl phthalate</td> <td>DIUP</td> <td>11</td> <td>474.72</td> <td>85507-79-5</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ditridecyl phthalate</td> <td>DTDP</td> <td>13</td> <td>530.82</td> <td>119-06-2</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Diisotridecyl phthalate</td> <td>DITP</td> <td>13</td> <td>530.82</td> <td>68515-47-9</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phthalates&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PVC_plasticisers">PVC plasticisers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phthalates&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: PVC plasticisers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Twin_and_Earth%27_electrical_cable._BS_6004,_6mm%C2%B2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/%27Twin_and_Earth%27_electrical_cable._BS_6004%2C_6mm%C2%B2.jpg/220px-%27Twin_and_Earth%27_electrical_cable._BS_6004%2C_6mm%C2%B2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/%27Twin_and_Earth%27_electrical_cable._BS_6004%2C_6mm%C2%B2.jpg/330px-%27Twin_and_Earth%27_electrical_cable._BS_6004%2C_6mm%C2%B2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/%27Twin_and_Earth%27_electrical_cable._BS_6004%2C_6mm%C2%B2.jpg/440px-%27Twin_and_Earth%27_electrical_cable._BS_6004%2C_6mm%C2%B2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1135" data-file-height="1223" /></a><figcaption>Plasticised PVC has excellent electrical insulation properties and is extensively used as sheathing for wires and cables.</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 90 and 95% of all phthalates are used as plasticisers for the production of flexible PVC.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were the first commercially important compounds for this role,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a historic advantage that has led to them becoming firmly embedded in flexible PVC technology.<sup id="cite_ref-additives_handbook_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-additives_handbook-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the <a href="/wiki/Commodity_plastics" title="Commodity plastics">common plastics</a>, PVC is unique in its acceptance of large amounts of plasticizer with gradual changes in physical properties from a rigid solid to a soft gel.<sup id="cite_ref-additives_handbook_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-additives_handbook-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phthalates derived from alcohols with 7-13 carbon atoms occupy a privileged position as general purpose plasticizers, suitable for almost all flexible PVC applications.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-additives_handbook_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-additives_handbook-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phthalates larger than this have limited compatibility in PVC, with di(isotridecyl) phthalate representing the practical upper limit. Conversely, plasticizers derived from alcohols with 4-6 carbon atoms are too volatile to be used on their own, but have been used alongside other compounds as secondary plasticizers, where they improve low-temperature flexibility. Compounds derived from alcohols with 1-3 carbon atoms are not used as plasticizers in PVC at all, due excessive fuming at processing temperatures (typically 180-210 °C).<sup id="cite_ref-additives_handbook_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-additives_handbook-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically DINP, <a href="/wiki/DEHP" class="mw-redirect" title="DEHP">DEHP</a>, BBP, DBP, and DIHP have been the most important phthalates, however many of these are now facing regulatory pressure and gradual phase-outs. Almost all phthalates derived from alcohols with between 3 and 8 carbons are classed as toxic by <a href="/wiki/ECHA" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA">ECHA</a>. This includes <a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_phthalate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate">Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate</a> (DEHP or DOP), which has long been the most widely used phthalate, with commercial production dating back to the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ceresana_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ceresana-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the EU, the use of DEHP is restricted under <a href="/wiki/Registration,_Evaluation,_Authorisation_and_Restriction_of_Chemicals" title="Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals">REACH</a> and it can only be used in specific cases if an authorisation has been granted; similar restrictions exist in many other jurisdictions. Despite this, the phase-out of DEHP is slow and it was still the most frequently used plasticizer in 2018, with an estimated global production of 3.24 million tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-ceresana_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ceresana-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DINP and DIDP are used as a substitutes for DEHP in many applications, as they are not classified as hazardous.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-phthalate plasticizers are also being increasingly used. </p><p>Almost 90% of all plasticizers are used in PVC, giving this material improved flexibility and durability.<sup id="cite_ref-Cadogan_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cadogan-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority is used in films and cable sheathing.<sup id="cite_ref-ceresana_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ceresana-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flexible PVC can consist of over 85% plasticizer by mass, however unplasticized PVC (UPVC) should not contain any. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="width:71em"> <caption>PVC properties as a function of phthalate plasticizer level<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Plasticizer content (% <a href="/wiki/DINP" class="mw-redirect" title="DINP">DINP</a> by weight)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">Specific gravity</a> (20 °C)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Shore_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Shore hardness">Shore hardness</a> <br /><small>(type A, 15 s)</small></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Flexural_rigidity" title="Flexural rigidity">Flexural stiffness</a> (<a href="/wiki/Megapascal" class="mw-redirect" title="Megapascal">Mpa</a>)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_tensile_strength" title="Ultimate tensile strength">Tensile strength</a> (Mpa)</th> <th>Elongation at break (%)</th> <th>Example applications </th></tr> <tr> <td>Rigid</td> <td>0</td> <td>1.4</td> <td></td> <td>900</td> <td>41</td> <td><15</td> <td>Unplasticized PVC (UPVC): window frames and sills, doors, <a href="/wiki/Plastic_pipework#uPVC_(unplasticized_Polyvinyl_Chloride)" title="Plastic pipework">rigid pipe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Semi-rigid</td> <td>25</td> <td>1.26</td> <td>94</td> <td>69</td> <td>31</td> <td>225</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sheet_vinyl_flooring" title="Sheet vinyl flooring">Vinyl flooring</a>, flexible pipe, thin films (<a href="/wiki/Stretch_wrap" title="Stretch wrap">stretch wrap</a>), advertising banners </td></tr> <tr> <td>Flexible</td> <td>33</td> <td>1.22</td> <td>84</td> <td>12</td> <td>21</td> <td>295</td> <td>Wire and cable insulation, flexible pipe </td></tr> <tr> <td>Very flexible</td> <td>44</td> <td>1.17</td> <td>66</td> <td>3.4</td> <td>14</td> <td>400</td> <td>Boots and clothing, inflatables, </td></tr> <tr> <td>Extremely flexible</td> <td>86</td> <td>1.02</td> <td>< 10</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Fishing lures (<a href="/wiki/Soft_plastic_bait" title="Soft plastic bait">soft plastic bait</a>), <a href="/wiki/Polymer_clay" title="Polymer clay">polymer clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastisol" title="Plastisol">plastisol</a> inks </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-PVC_plasticisers">Non-PVC plasticisers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phthalates&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Non-PVC plasticisers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phthalates see use as plasticisers in various other polymers, with applications centred around coatings such as lacquers, varnishes, and paints. The addition of phthalates imparts some flexibility to these materials, reducing their tendency to chip. Phthalates derived from alcohols with between 1-4 carbon atoms are used as plasticisers for <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>-type plastics, such as <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate" title="Cellulose acetate">cellulose acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellulose" title="Nitrocellulose">nitrocellulose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate_butyrate" title="Cellulose acetate butyrate">cellulose acetate butyrate</a>, with commonly encountered applications including <a href="/wiki/Nail_polish" title="Nail polish">nail polish</a>. Most phthalates are also compatible with <a href="/wiki/Alkyd" title="Alkyd">alkyds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_resin" title="Acrylic resin">acrylic resins</a>, which are used in both oil and emulsion based paints. </p><p>Other plasticised polymer systems include <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_butyral" title="Polyvinyl butyral">polyvinyl butyral</a> (particularly the forms used to make <a href="/wiki/Laminated_glass" title="Laminated glass">laminated glass</a>), <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_acetate" title="Polyvinyl acetate">PVA</a> and its co-polymers like <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride_acetate" title="Polyvinyl chloride acetate">PVCA</a>. They are also compatible in <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">polystyrene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">polyurethanes</a>, and certain <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubbers</a>; but their use in these is very limited.<sup id="cite_ref-Cadogan_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cadogan-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Phthalates can plasticise <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_cellulose" title="Ethyl cellulose">ethyl cellulose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_acetate_phthalate" title="Polyvinyl acetate phthalate">polyvinyl acetate phthalate</a> (PVAP) and <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate_phthalate" title="Cellulose acetate phthalate">cellulose acetate phthalate</a> (CAP), all of which are used to make <a href="/wiki/Enteric_coating" title="Enteric coating">enteric coatings</a> for <a href="/wiki/Tablet_(pharmacy)" title="Tablet (pharmacy)">tablet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capsule_(pharmacy)" title="Capsule (pharmacy)">capsule</a> medications. These coatings protect drugs from the acidity of the stomach, but allow their release and absorption in the intestines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solvent_and_phlegmatizer">Solvent and phlegmatizer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phthalates&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Solvent and phlegmatizer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phthalate esters are widely used as solvents for highly reactive <a href="/wiki/Organic_peroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic peroxide">organic peroxides</a>. Thousands of tonnes are consumed annually for this purpose. The great advantage offered by these esters is that they are <a href="/wiki/Phlegmatizer" title="Phlegmatizer">phlegmatizers</a>, i.e. they minimize the explosive tendencies of a family of chemical compounds that otherwise are potentially dangerous to handle.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phthalates have also been used for producing <a href="/wiki/Plastic_explosive" title="Plastic explosive">plastic explosives</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Semtex" title="Semtex">Semtex</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phthalates&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Relatively minor amounts of some phthalates find use in personal-care items such as eye shadow, moisturizer, nail polish, liquid soap, and hair spray.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Low-molecular-weight phthalates like <a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_phthalate" title="Dimethyl phthalate">dimethyl phthalate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_phthalate" title="Diethyl phthalate">diethyl phthalate</a> are used as fixatives for perfumes.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dimethyl phthalate has been also used as an <a href="/wiki/Insect_repellent" title="Insect repellent">insect repellent</a> and is especially useful against <a href="/wiki/Ixodidae" title="Ixodidae">ixodid ticks</a> responsible for <a href="/wiki/Lyme_disease" title="Lyme disease">Lyme disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and species of mosquitoes such as <i><a href="/wiki/Anopheles_stephensi" title="Anopheles stephensi">Anopheles stephensi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culex_pipiens" title="Culex pipiens">Culex pipiens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aedes_aegypti" title="Aedes aegypti">Aedes aegypti</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diallyl phthalate is used to prepare <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_ester_resin" title="Vinyl ester resin">vinyl ester resins</a> with good electrical insulation properties. These resins are used to manufacture of electronics components. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phthalates&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development of <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_nitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellulose nitrate">cellulose nitrate</a> plastic in 1846 led to the patent of <a href="/wiki/Castor_oil" title="Castor oil">castor oil</a> in 1856 for use as the first plasticizer. In 1870, <a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">camphor</a> became the more favored plasticizer for cellulose nitrate. Phthalates were first introduced in the 1920s and quickly replaced the volatile and odorous camphor. In 1931, the commercial availability of <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">polyvinyl chloride</a> (PVC) and the development of <a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_phthalate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate">di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate</a> (DEHP) began the boom of the plasticizer PVC industry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phthalates&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phthalate <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">esters</a> usually refers to di<a href="/wiki/Alkyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkyl">alkyl</a> esters of <a href="/wiki/Phthalic_acid" title="Phthalic acid">phthalic acid</a> (also called 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, not be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Structural_isomer#Position_isomerism" title="Structural isomer">structurally</a> <a href="/wiki/Phthalic_acid#Isomers" title="Phthalic acid">isomeric</a> <a href="/wiki/Terephthalic_acid" title="Terephthalic acid">terephthalic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Isophthalic_acid" title="Isophthalic acid">isophthalic</a> acids); the name "phthalate" derives from <a href="/wiki/Phthalic_acid" title="Phthalic acid">phthalic acid</a>, which itself is derived from the word "<a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">naphthalene</a>". When added to plastics, phthalates allow the polyvinyl polymers to slide against one another. The phthalates have a clear syrupy liquid consistency and show low water solubility, high oil solubility, and low volatility. The polar <a href="/wiki/Carboxyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboxyl">carboxyl</a> group contributes little to the physical properties of the phthalates, except when R and R' are very small (such as ethyl or methyl groups). Phthalates are colorless, odorless liquids produced by the reaction of <a href="/wiki/Phthalic_anhydride" title="Phthalic anhydride">phthalic anhydride</a> with <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohols</a>. </p><p>The mechanism by which phthalates and related compounds plasticize polar polymers has been a subject of intense study since the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mechanism is one of polar interactions between the polar centres of the phthalate molecule (the C=O functionality) and the positively charged areas of the vinyl chain, typically residing on the carbon atom of the carbon-chlorine bond. For this to be established, the polymer must be heated in the presence of the plasticizer, first above the <a href="/wiki/Glass_transition_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass transition temperature">Tg</a> of the polymer and then into a melt state. This enables an intimate mix of polymer and plasticizer to be formed, and for these interactions to occur. When cooled, these interactions remain and the network of PVC chains cannot reform (as is present in unplasticized PVC, or PVC-U). The alkyl chains of the phthalate then screen the PVC chains from each other as well. They are blended within the plastic article as a result of the manufacturing process.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because they are not <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">chemically bonded</a> to the host <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a>, phthalates are released from the plastic article by relatively gentle means. For example, they can be extracted by extraction with organic solvents and, to some extent, by handling. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phthalates&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Alternatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Plasticiser_Market_Trends_2005_-_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/European_Plasticiser_Market_Trends_2005_-_2014.jpg/220px-European_Plasticiser_Market_Trends_2005_-_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/European_Plasticiser_Market_Trends_2005_-_2014.jpg/330px-European_Plasticiser_Market_Trends_2005_-_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/European_Plasticiser_Market_Trends_2005_-_2014.jpg/440px-European_Plasticiser_Market_Trends_2005_-_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2384" data-file-height="1942" /></a><figcaption>Market trend in decreasing use of low orthophthalates including DEHP</figcaption></figure> <p>Being inexpensive, nontoxic (in an acute sense), colorless, noncorrosive, biodegradable, and with easily tuned physical properties, phthalate esters are nearly ideal plasticizers. Among the numerous alternative <a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">plasticizers</a> are <a href="/wiki/Dioctyl_terephthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioctyl terephthalate">dioctyl terephthalate</a> (DEHT) (a <a href="/wiki/Terephthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Terephthalate">terephthalate</a> isomeric with DEHP) and <a href="/wiki/1,2-cyclohexane_dicarboxylic_acid_diisononyl_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester">1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester</a> (DINCH) (a hydrogenated version of DINP). Both DEHT and DINCH have been used in high volumes for a variety of products used in contact with humans as alternative plasticizers for DEHP and DINP. Some of these products include medical devices, toys, and <a href="/wiki/Food_packaging" title="Food packaging">food packaging</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DEHT and DINCH are more hydrophobic than other phthalate alternatives such as bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) and diisodecyl adipate (DIDA). Since alternative plasticizers such as DEHT and DINCH are more likely to bind to organic matter and airborne particles indoors, exposure occurs primarily through food consumption and contact with dust.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many bio-based plasticizers based on vegetable oil have been developed.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence_and_exposure">Occurrence and exposure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phthalates&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Occurrence and exposure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_exposure">Human exposure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phthalates&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Human exposure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the ubiquity of plasticized plastics, people are often exposed to phthalates. For example, most Americans tested by the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> have <a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolites</a> of multiple phthalates in their urine.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exposure to phthalates is more likely in women and people of color.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Differences were found between Mexican-Americans, blacks, and whites in terms of the overall risk of disturbance of glucose homeostasis. With Mexican-Americans having a fasting blood glucose (FBG) increase of 5.82 mg/dL, blacks having a fasting blood glucose increase of 3.63 mg/dL, and whites having a fasting blood glucose increase of 1.79 mg/dL, there was evidence of an increased risk for minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, the study concludes that phthalates may alter glucose homeostasis and <a href="/wiki/Insulin_sensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Insulin sensitivity">insulin sensitivity</a>. Higher levels of some phthalate metabolites were associated with elevated FBG, fasting insulin, and insulin resistance. Non-Hispanic black women and Hispanic women have higher levels of some phthalate metabolites.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Higher dust concentrations of DEHP were found in homes of children with asthma and allergies, compared with healthy children's homes.<sup id="cite_ref-dust_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dust-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The author of the study stated, "The concentration of DEHP was found to be significantly associated with wheezing in the last 12 months as reported by the parents."<sup id="cite_ref-dust_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dust-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phthalates were found in almost every sampled home in Bulgaria. The same study found that DEHP, BBzP, and DnOP were in significantly higher concentrations in dust samples collected in homes where polishing agents were used. Data on flooring materials was collected, but there was not a significant difference in concentrations between homes where no polish was used that have balatum (PVC or linoleum) flooring and homes with wood. High frequency of dusting did decrease the concentration.<sup id="cite_ref-dust_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dust-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, children's exposure to phthalates is greater than that of adults. In a 1990s Canadian study that modeled ambient exposures, it was estimated that daily exposure to DEHP was 9 μg/kg bodyweight/day in infants, 19 μg/kg bodyweight/day in toddlers, 14 μg/kg bodyweight/day in children, and 6 μg/kg bodyweight/day in adults.<sup id="cite_ref-phthalates_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phthalates-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infants and toddlers are at the greatest risk of exposure, because of their mouthing behavior. Body-care products containing phthalates are a source of exposure for infants. The authors of a 2008 study "observed that reported use of infant lotion, infant powder, and infant shampoo were associated with increased infant urine concentrations of [phthalate metabolites], and this association is strongest in younger infants. These findings suggest that dermal exposures may contribute significantly to phthalate body burden in this population." Although they did not examine health outcomes, they noted that "Young infants are more vulnerable to the potential adverse effects of phthalates given their increased dosage per unit body surface area, metabolic capabilities, and developing endocrine and reproductive systems."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Infants and hospitalized children are particularly susceptible to phthalate exposure. Medical devices and tubing may contain 20–40% Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) by weight, which "easily leach out of tubing when heated (as with warm saline / blood)".<sup id="cite_ref-Sathyanarayana_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sathyanarayana-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several medical devices contain phthalates including, but not limited to, IV tubing, gloves, nasogastric tubes, and respiratory tubing. The Food and Drug Administration did an extensive risk assessment of phthalates in the medical setting and found that neonates may be exposed to five times greater than the allowed daily tolerable intake. This finding led to the conclusion by the FDA that, "[c]hildren undergoing certain medical procedures may represent a population at increased risk for the effects of DEHP".<sup id="cite_ref-Sathyanarayana_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sathyanarayana-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) found a variety of phthalates in <a href="/wiki/Eraser" title="Eraser">erasers</a> and warned of health risks when children regularly suck and chew on them. The European Commission <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Committee_on_Health_and_Environmental_Risks" title="Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks">Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks</a> (SCHER), however, considers that, even in the case when children bite off pieces from erasers and swallow them, it is unlikely that this exposure leads to health consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Research Council">United States National Research Council</a> recommended that the cumulative effects of phthalates and other <a href="/wiki/Antiandrogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiandrogens">antiandrogens</a> be investigated. It criticized U.S. EPA guidances, which stipulate that, when examining cumulative effects, the chemicals examined should have similar mechanisms of action or similar structures, as too restrictive. It recommended instead that the effects of chemicals that cause similar adverse outcomes should be examined cumulatively.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the effect of phthalates should be examined together with other antiandrogens, which otherwise may have been excluded because their mechanisms or structure are different. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Food">Food</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phthalates&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phthalates are found in food,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially fast food items. Phthalate <a href="/wiki/Di-n-butyl_phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Di-n-butyl phthalate">DnBP</a> was detected in 81 percent of the samples, while <a href="/wiki/DEHP" class="mw-redirect" title="DEHP">DEHP</a> was found in 70 percent. <a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_terephthalate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate">Diethylhexyl terephthalate</a> (DEHT), the main alternative to DEHP, was detected in 86%.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2024 study by <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Reports" title="Consumer Reports">Consumer Reports</a> found phthalates in all but one of the grocery store products and fast foods they tested.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">Diet</a> is believed to be the main source of DEHP and other phthalates in the general population. Fatty foods such as milk, butter, and meats are a major source. Studies show that exposure to phthalates is greater from ingestion of certain foods, rather than exposure via water bottles, as is most often first thought of with plastic chemicals.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Low-molecular-weight phthalates such as DEP, DBP, <a href="/wiki/BBzP" class="mw-redirect" title="BBzP">BBzP</a> may be dermally absorbed. Inhalational exposure is also significant with the more volatile phthalates.<sup id="cite_ref-phthalates_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phthalates-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One study, conducted between 2003 and 2010 analysing data from 9,000 individuals, found that those who reported that they had eaten at a <a href="/wiki/Fast_food_restaurant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast food restaurant">fast food restaurant</a> had much higher levels of two separate phthalates—DEHP and DiNP—in their urine samples. Even small consumption of <a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">fast food</a> caused higher presence of phthalates. "People who reported eating only a little fast food had DEHP levels that were 15.5 percent higher and DiNP levels that were 25 percent higher than those who said they had eaten none. For people who reported eating a sizable amount, the increase was 24 percent and 39 percent, respectively."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air">Air</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phthalates&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Outdoor air concentrations are higher in <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">urban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburban</a> areas than in <a href="/wiki/Rural_area" title="Rural area">rural</a> and remote areas.<sup id="cite_ref-endo_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-endo-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also pose no acute toxicity.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common plasticizers such as <a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_phthalate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate">DEHP</a> are only weakly volatile. Higher air temperatures result in higher concentrations of phthalates in the air. <a href="/wiki/PVC" class="mw-redirect" title="PVC">PVC</a> flooring leads to higher concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Butyl_benzyl_phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Butyl benzyl phthalate">BBP</a> and DEHP, which are more prevalent in dust.<sup id="cite_ref-endo_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-endo-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2012 Swedish study of children found that phthalates from PVC flooring were taken up into their bodies, showing that children can ingest phthalates not only from food but also by breathing and through the skin.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_occurrence">Natural occurrence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phthalates&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Natural occurrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various plants and microorganisms produce small amounts of phthalate esters, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Endogenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogenous">endogenous</a> phthalates.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</a> is believed to involve a modified <a href="/wiki/Shikimate_pathway" title="Shikimate pathway">Shikimate pathway</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extent of this natural production is not fully known, but it may create a background of phthalate pollution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodegradation">Biodegradation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phthalates&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Biodegradation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phthalates do not persist due to rapid <a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">biodegradation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photodegradation" title="Photodegradation">photodegradation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion" title="Anaerobic digestion">anaerobic degradation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phthalates&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CBP_Seizes_Hazardous_Toy_Dolls_(10928300625).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/CBP_Seizes_Hazardous_Toy_Dolls_%2810928300625%29.jpg/220px-CBP_Seizes_Hazardous_Toy_Dolls_%2810928300625%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/CBP_Seizes_Hazardous_Toy_Dolls_%2810928300625%29.jpg/330px-CBP_Seizes_Hazardous_Toy_Dolls_%2810928300625%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/CBP_Seizes_Hazardous_Toy_Dolls_%2810928300625%29.jpg/440px-CBP_Seizes_Hazardous_Toy_Dolls_%2810928300625%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3960" data-file-height="2640" /></a><figcaption>Toy dolls manufactured in China and seized by <a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">U.S. Customs and Border Protection</a> in 2013 due to high phthalate levels</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor#Phthalates" title="Endocrine disruptor">Endocrine disruptor § Phthalates</a></div> <p>Phthalates are under research as a class of possible <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor" title="Endocrine disruptor">endocrine disruptors</a>, substances that may interfere with normal hormonal responses in varied environmental conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-liu_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liu-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zamkowska2018_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zamkowska2018-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bansal2018_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bansal2018-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concern has sparked demands to ban or restrict the use of phthalates in baby toys.<sup id="cite_ref-DiamantiKandarakis2009_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiamantiKandarakis2009-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2024 review indicated that exposure of mothers to environmental phthalates may have adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as a higher miscarriage rate and lower birth weights.<sup id="cite_ref-liu_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liu-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another review showed small reductions in lung function in adolescents and children who had been exposed to phthalates.<sup id="cite_ref-bois_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bois-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2017 review indicated ways to avoid exposure to phthalates:<sup id="cite_ref-Braun2017_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braun2017-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1) eating a balanced diet to avoid ingesting too many endocrine disruptors from a single source, (2) eliminating canned or packaged food in order to limit ingestion of <a href="/wiki/DEHP" class="mw-redirect" title="DEHP">DEHP</a> phthalates leached from plastics, and (3) eliminating use of any personal product such as moisturizer, perfume, or cosmetics that contain phthalates.<sup id="cite_ref-Braun2017_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braun2017-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exposure to phthalates may increase the risk of <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2018 study indicated that exposure to phthalates during developmental stages in childhood may negatively affect adipose tissue function and metabolic homeostasis, possibly increasing the risk of obesity.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phthalates&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Legal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The governments of Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the US, and California have determined that many phthalates are not harmful to human health or the environment in amounts typically found, and therefore are legally unregulated.<sup id="cite_ref-ausnz_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ausnz-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GovCan2_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GovCan2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ca21_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ca21-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cdc11_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc11-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The focus for regulation in these jurisdictions has been mainly on diethyl phthalate (DEHP), which is generally regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogenic</a> toxin requiring regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-GovCan2_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GovCan2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ca21_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ca21-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cdc11_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc11-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aus-dehp_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aus-dehp-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Chemicals_Agency" title="European Chemicals Agency">European Chemicals Agency</a> (European Union, EU) regards ortho-phthalates, such as DEHP, dibutyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, and benzyl butyl phthalate as potentially harmful to fertility, unborn babies, and the <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-echa_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-echa-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EU also regulates some phthalates to protect the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-echa_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-echa-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia_and_New_Zealand">Australia and New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phthalates&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Australia and New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2017 survey of foods and packaging in Australia and New Zealand led to recognition of DEHP and diisononyl phthalate as among possible contaminants posing a risk to human health, resulting in several regulations on these phthalates in both countries.<sup id="cite_ref-ausnz_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ausnz-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australia has a permanent <a href="/wiki/Ban_(law)" title="Ban (law)">ban</a> on certain children's products containing DEHP, which is considered poisonous if products containing it are placed in the mouths of children up to three years old.<sup id="cite_ref-aus-dehp_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aus-dehp-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phthalates&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1994, a <a href="/wiki/Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Health Canada</a> assessment found that DEHP and another phthalate product, B79P, were harmful to human health. The Canadian federal government responded by banning their use in cosmetics and restricting their use in other applications, such as soft toys and child-care products.<sup id="cite_ref-GovCan_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GovCan-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, DEHP was put on the national List of Toxic Substances, under the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Environmental_Protection_Act,_1999" title="Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999">Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999</a>, and in 2021, it was deemed a risk to the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-GovCan2_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GovCan2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-can-dehp_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-can-dehp-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is on the List of Ingredients that are Prohibited for Use in Cosmetic Products.<sup id="cite_ref-can-dehp_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-can-dehp-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Twenty of the 28 phthalate substances under national screening programs are considered possible risks to human health or the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-GovCan2_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GovCan2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2021, regulations to protect the environment against DEHP and B79P have not been enacted.<sup id="cite_ref-GovCan2_64-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GovCan2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phthalates&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Plasticisers_-_Classified_and_Non_Classified.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/European_Plasticisers_-_Classified_and_Non_Classified.jpg/220px-European_Plasticisers_-_Classified_and_Non_Classified.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/European_Plasticisers_-_Classified_and_Non_Classified.jpg/330px-European_Plasticisers_-_Classified_and_Non_Classified.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/European_Plasticisers_-_Classified_and_Non_Classified.jpg/440px-European_Plasticisers_-_Classified_and_Non_Classified.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3268" data-file-height="1876" /></a><figcaption>Update on non-classified plasticisers and the European REACH Candidate Classification including pending authorisation</figcaption></figure> <p>Some phthalates have been restricted in the European Union for use in children's toys since 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-echa_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-echa-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DEHP, <a href="/wiki/Butyl_benzyl_phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Butyl benzyl phthalate">BBP</a>, and DBP are restricted for all toys; DINP, DIDP, and DNOP are restricted only in toys that can be taken into the mouth. The restriction states that the amount of these phthalates may not be greater than 0.1% mass percent of the plasticized part of the toy. </p><p>Generally, the high molecular weight phthalates DINP, DIDP, and DPHP have been registered under <a href="/wiki/Registration,_Evaluation,_Authorisation_and_Restriction_of_Chemicals" title="Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals">REACH</a> and have demonstrated their safety for use in current applications. They are not classified for any health or environmental effects. </p><p>The low molecular weight products BBP, DEHP, DIBP, and DBP were added to the Candidate list of Substances for Authorisation under REACH in 2008–9, and added to the Authorisation list, Annex XIV, in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that from February 2015 they are not allowed to be produced in the EU unless authorisation has been granted for a specific use, although they may still be imported in consumer products.<sup id="cite_ref-echa_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-echa-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The creation of an Annex XV dossier, which could ban the import of products containing these chemicals, was being prepared jointly by the ECHA and Danish authorities, and expected to be submitted by April 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2021, the European Waste Framework Directive requires manufacturers, importers and distributors of products containing phthalates on the REACH Candidate List to notify the <a href="/wiki/European_Chemicals_Agency" title="European Chemicals Agency">European Chemicals Agency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-echa_68-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-echa-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2021, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> added endocrine disrupting properties to DEHP and other phthalates, meaning that companies must apply for REACH authorization for some uses that were previously exempted, including in food packaging, medical devices, and drug packaging.<sup id="cite_ref-echa_68-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-echa-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legislation,_additional"><span id="Legislation.2C_additional"></span>Legislation, additional</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phthalates&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Legislation, additional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date</th> <th>Action</th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td>December 14, 2005</td> <td>The European Union restricted phthalates from several children's toys.</td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 8, 2011</td> <td>Guarantees the sale of electronic products free of phthalates.</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>July 4, 2017</td> <td>Included in the candidate list referred to as substances toxic for reproduction.</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 23, 2021</td> <td>DIBP is declared as an <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor" title="Endocrine disruptor">endocrine disrupting chemical</a>.</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>August 11, 2021</td> <td>The European Parliament eliminates DIBP and other phthalates from sanitary products.</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phthalates&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During August 2008, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> passed and President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Product_Safety_Improvement_Act" title="Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act">Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act</a> (CPSIA), which became public law 110–314.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Section 108 of that law specified that as of February 10, 2009, "it shall be unlawful for any person to manufacture for sale, offer for sale, distribute in commerce, or import into the United States any children's toy or child care article that contains concentrations of more than 0.1 percent of" <a href="/wiki/DEHP" class="mw-redirect" title="DEHP">DEHP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dibutyl_phthalate" title="Dibutyl phthalate">DBP</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Benzyl_butyl_phthalate" title="Benzyl butyl phthalate">BBP</a> and "it shall be unlawful for any person to manufacture for sale, offer for sale, distribute in commerce, or import into the United States any children's toy that can be placed in a child's mouth or child care article that contains concentrations of more than 0.1 percent of" <a href="/wiki/DINP" class="mw-redirect" title="DINP">DINP</a>, <a href="/wiki/DIDP" class="mw-redirect" title="DIDP">DIDP</a>, and DnOP. Furthermore, the law requires the establishment of a permanent review board to determine the safety of other phthalates. Prior to this legislation, the Consumer Product Safety Commission had determined that voluntary withdrawals of DEHP and diisononyl phthalate (DINP) from teethers, pacifiers, and rattles had eliminated the risk to children, and advised against enacting a phthalate ban.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1986, California voters approved an initiative to address concerns about exposure to toxic chemicals. That initiative became the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986, also called Proposition 65.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2013, DINP was listed as a chemical "known to the State of California to cause cancer"<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in December 2014, companies with ten or more employees manufacturing, distributing or selling the product(s) containing DINP were required to provide a clear and reasonable warning for that product. The California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, charged with maintaining the Proposition 65 list and enforcing its provisions, has implemented a "No Significant Risk Level" of 146 μg/day for DINP.<sup id="cite_ref-ca21_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ca21-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">CDC</a> provided a 2011 public health statement on diethyl phthalate describing regulations and guidelines concerning its possible harmful health effects.<sup id="cite_ref-cdc11_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc11-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under laws for <a href="/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites" title="List of Superfund sites">Superfund sites</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> named diethyl phthalate as a hazardous substance. The <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> stated that the maximum amount of diethyl phthalate allowed in workroom air during an 8-hour workday, 40-hour workweek, is 5 milligrams per cubic meter.<sup id="cite_ref-cdc11_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc11-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identification_in_plastics">Identification in plastics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phthalates&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Identification in plastics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plastic-recyc-03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Plastic-recyc-03.svg/100px-Plastic-recyc-03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Plastic-recyc-03.svg/150px-Plastic-recyc-03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Plastic-recyc-03.svg/200px-Plastic-recyc-03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption>Some "Type 3" plastics contain Phthalates.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Phthalates are used in some, but not all, <a href="/wiki/PVC" class="mw-redirect" title="PVC">PVC</a> formulations, and there are no specific labeling requirements for phthalates. PVC plastics are typically used for various containers and hard packaging, medical tubing and bags, and are labeled "Type 3". However, the presence of phthalates rather than other plasticizers is not marked on PVC items. Only unplasticized PVC (uPVC), which is mainly used as a hard construction material, has no plasticizers. If a more accurate test is needed, chemical analysis, for example by <a href="/wiki/Gas_chromatography" title="Gas chromatography">gas chromatography</a> or <a href="/wiki/Liquid_chromatography" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid chromatography">liquid chromatography</a>, can establish the presence of phthalates. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate" title="Polyethylene terephthalate">Polyethylene terephthalate</a> (PET, PETE, Terylene, Dacron) is the main substance used to package <a href="/wiki/Bottled_water" title="Bottled water">bottled water</a> and many sodas. Products containing PETE are labeled "Type 1" (with a "1" in the recycle triangle). Although the word "phthalate" appears in the name, PETE does not use phthalates as plasticizers. The terephthalate polymer PETE and the phthalate ester plasticizers are chemically different substances.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, however, many studies have found phthalates, such as DEHP in bottled water and soda.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One hypothesis is that these may have been introduced during <a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">plastic recycling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phthalates&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xenoestrogen" title="Xenoestrogen">Xenoestrogen</a></li> <li>Non-phthalate plasticizers such as <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1,2-Cyclohexane_dicarboxylic_acid_diisononyl_ester" title="1,2-Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester">1,2-Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioctyl_terephthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioctyl terephthalate">Dioctyl terephthalate</a>, and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrate">Citrates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiandrogens_in_the_environment" title="Antiandrogens in the environment">Antiandrogens in the environment</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phthalates&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Learn+the+Facts+About+Food+Packaging+and+Phthalates&rft.pub=Plasticsmythbuster.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plasticsmythbuster.org%2Fs_mythbuster%2Fsec.asp%3FCID%3D1985%26DID%3D8371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhthalates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSax2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sax L (April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2854718">"Polyethylene terephthalate may yield endocrine disruptors"</a>. <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>. <b>118</b> (4): 445–448. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.0901253">10.1289/ehp.0901253</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2854718">2854718</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20368129">20368129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Polyethylene+terephthalate+may+yield+endocrine+disruptors&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=445-448&rft.date=2010-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2854718%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20368129&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.0901253&rft.aulast=Sax&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2854718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhthalates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phthalates&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTicknerSchettlerGuidottiMcCally2001" class="citation journal cs1">Tickner JA, Schettler T, Guidotti T, McCally M, Rossi M (January 2001). "Health risks posed by use of Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) in PVC medical devices: a critical review". <i>American Journal of Industrial Medicine</i>. <b>39</b> (1): 100–111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1097-0274%28200101%2939%3A1%3C100%3A%3AAID-AJIM10%3E3.0.CO%3B2-Q">10.1002/1097-0274(200101)39:1<100::AID-AJIM10>3.0.CO;2-Q</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11148020">11148020</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23676863">23676863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Industrial+Medicine&rft.atitle=Health+risks+posed+by+use+of+Di-2-ethylhexyl+phthalate+%28DEHP%29+in+PVC+medical+devices%3A+a+critical+review&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=100-111&rft.date=2001-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23676863%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11148020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F1097-0274%28200101%2939%3A1%3C100%3A%3AAID-AJIM10%3E3.0.CO%3B2-Q&rft.aulast=Tickner&rft.aufirst=JA&rft.au=Schettler%2C+T&rft.au=Guidotti%2C+T&rft.au=McCally%2C+M&rft.au=Rossi%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhthalates" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohnParhamMastenPortier2000" class="citation journal cs1">Kohn MC, Parham F, Masten SA, Portier CJ, Shelby MD, Brock JW, Needham LL (October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1240144">"Human exposure estimates for phthalates"</a>. <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>. <b>108</b> (10): A440–A442. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3435033">10.2307/3435033</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3435033">3435033</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1240144">1240144</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11097556">11097556</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Human+exposure+estimates+for+phthalates&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=A440-A442&rft.date=2000-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1240144%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11097556&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3435033%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3435033&rft.aulast=Kohn&rft.aufirst=MC&rft.au=Parham%2C+F&rft.au=Masten%2C+SA&rft.au=Portier%2C+CJ&rft.au=Shelby%2C+MD&rft.au=Brock%2C+JW&rft.au=Needham%2C+LL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1240144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhthalates" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenters_for_Disease_Control" class="citation web cs1">Centers for Disease Control. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20100104203206/http://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/data_tables/chemical_group_12.html">"National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. Updated Tables, February 2011"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/data_tables/chemical_group_12.html">the original</a> on 4 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Report+on+Human+Exposure+to+Environmental+Chemicals.+Updated+Tables%2C+February+2011&rft.au=Centers+for+Disease+Control&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fexposurereport%2Fdata_tables%2Fchemical_group_12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhthalates" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phthalates&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QH5PbE8wwMY"><span class="plainlinks">ACC Addresses Phthalates Safety</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>: video of Steve Risotto of the American Chemistry Council, 23 October 2009</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Template:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Template talk:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Health_issues_of_plastics_and_polyhalogenated_compounds_(PHCs)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Health issues of <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyhalogenated_compound" title="Polyhalogenated compound">polyhalogenated compounds</a> (PHCs)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">Plasticizers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalate">Phthalates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diisobutyl_phthalate" title="Diisobutyl phthalate">DIBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibutyl_phthalate" title="Dibutyl phthalate">DBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzyl_butyl_phthalate" title="Benzyl butyl phthalate">BBP</a> (BBzP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisoheptyl_phthalate" title="Diisoheptyl phthalate">DIHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_phthalate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate">DEHP</a> (DOP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisodecyl_phthalate" title="Diisodecyl phthalate">DIDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisononyl_phthalate" title="Diisononyl phthalate">DINP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous plasticizers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organophosphate" title="Organophosphate">Organophosphates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adipic_acid" title="Adipic acid">Adipates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_adipate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate">DEHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioctyl_adipate" title="Dioctyl adipate">DOA</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">Monomers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a> (BPA, in <a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">Polycarbonates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_chloride" title="Vinyl chloride">Vinyl chloride</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polybrominated_diphenyl_ethers" title="Polybrominated diphenyl ethers">PBDEs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">PCBs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organotin" class="mw-redirect" title="Organotin">Organotins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfluorinated_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfluorinated compounds">PFCs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perfluorooctanoic_acid" title="Perfluorooctanoic acid">Perfluorooctanoic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plastic#Toxicity" title="Plastic">Health issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teratogen" class="mw-redirect" 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