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data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla, Inc.</a>, an American <a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">electric car</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">solar panel</a> manufacturer, has more than 140,000 workers employed across its global operations as of January 2024,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tesla_and_unions&action=edit">[update]</a> almost none of whom are <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">unionized</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10K_2022-1">[1]</a> Despite allegations of <a href="/wiki/Occupational_injury" title="Occupational injury">high injury rates</a>, long hours, and below-industry pay, efforts to unionize the workforce have been largely unsuccessful. <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>, Tesla's CEO, <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk_and_unions" title="Elon Musk and unions">has commented negatively on trade unions</a> in relation to the company. Tesla has been involved in labor disputes in the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#United_States">United States</a>, <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Germany">Germany</a>, and <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Sweden">Sweden</a>, including an ongoing <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike</a> in Sweden. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla-workers-against-fascism.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt='At an outdoor demonstration, six Tesla workers are carrying a banner that says "Tesla Workers gegen Faschismus" ("Tesla workers against fascism"). There is an IG Metall flag in background, and also on the banner itself. The faces of people holding the banner are blurred.' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tesla-workers-against-fascism.jpg/220px-Tesla-workers-against-fascism.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tesla-workers-against-fascism.jpg/330px-Tesla-workers-against-fascism.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tesla-workers-against-fascism.jpg/440px-Tesla-workers-against-fascism.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></a><figcaption>Tesla workers at a 2025 protest in Germany, carrying an <a href="/wiki/IG_Metall" title="IG Metall">IG Metall</a> banner with the translated slogan "Tesla workers against fascism"</figcaption></figure> Tesla is the only major American automaker whose workforce is not represented by a <a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">union in the United States</a>. None of the union drives in <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Fremont_Factory" title="Tesla Fremont Factory">Tesla Fremont Factory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gigafactory_New_York" title="Gigafactory New York">Gigafactory New York</a> have been successful. In late 2023, <a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">United Auto Workers</a> announced renewed <a href="/wiki/Unionization" title="Unionization">unionization</a> efforts. In Germany, <a href="/wiki/Gigafactory_Berlin-Brandenburg" title="Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg">Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg</a>'s non-union status and lower wages compared to industry standards has weakened the structural power of the automotive union <a href="/wiki/IG_Metall" title="IG Metall">IG Metall</a>. Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg and <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Automation" title="Tesla Automation">Tesla Automation</a> have <a href="/wiki/Works_council" title="Works council">works councils</a>, without union <a href="/wiki/Collective_agreement_coverage" title="Collective agreement coverage">collective agreement coverage</a>. Tesla Automation signed a remuneration-related <a href="/wiki/Works_agreement" title="Works agreement">works agreement</a> with its works council, while refusing to sign a comparable <a href="/wiki/Collective_agreement" title="Collective agreement">collective agreement</a> with IG Metall. In Sweden, TM Sweden mechanics affiliated with <a href="/wiki/IF_Metall" title="IF Metall">IF Metall</a> have been on <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike</a> since October 2023, which expanded when other <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Nordic_Trade_Unions" title="Council of Nordic Trade Unions">Swedish, Danish and Norwegian unions</a> joined by initiating their own <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_action" title="Solidarity action">solidarity strikes</a>. This is the longest strike in Sweden since the 1938 <a href="/wiki/Saltsj%C3%B6baden_Agreement" title="Saltsjöbaden Agreement">Saltsjöbaden Agreement</a> and still ongoing as of January 2025.<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tesla_and_unions&action=edit">[update]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#United_States">1 United States</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Fremont_Factory">1.1 Fremont Factory</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Giga_New_York">1.2 Giga New York</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Germany">2 Germany</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Tesla_Automation">2.1 Tesla Automation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Giga_Berlin">2.2 Giga Berlin</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Sweden">3 Sweden</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#See_also">4 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References">5 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#External_links">6 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tesla_and_unions&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> 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.sidebar-title{font-size:110%;padding:0;line-height:150%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title-image{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:5px}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title>div{font-size:88%;line-height:normal}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-content{padding:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-navbar{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"> Tesla employs 70,000 workers across the United States as of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tesla_and_unions&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-2">[2]</a> Tesla is the only <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Automotive industry in the United States">American automaker</a> whose workers are not represented by a union in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-:13-3">[3]</a> None of the <a href="/wiki/Unionization" title="Unionization">unionization</a> efforts since 2017 have been successful. These efforts were led by <a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">United Auto Workers</a> (UAW) in <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Fremont_Factory" title="Tesla Fremont Factory">Fremont Factory</a> in 2017,<a href="#cite_note-:2-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Steelworkers" title="United Steelworkers">United Steelworkers</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Electrical_Workers" title="International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers">International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gigafactory_New_York" title="Gigafactory New York">Gigafactory New York</a> (Giga New York) in 2018,<a href="#cite_note-:6-5">[5]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Workers_United" title="Workers United">Workers United</a> in Giga New York in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-:7-6">[6]</a> Several months later, UAW announced renewed nation-wide organizing efforts.<a href="#cite_note-:12-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_union_busting_in_the_United_States" title="History of union busting in the United States">Employer opposition to unions is common</a> in the United States. In cases of illegal interference, such as <a href="/wiki/Unfair_labor_practice" title="Unfair labor practice">unfair labor practices</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board" title="National Labor Relations Board">National Labor Relations Board</a> (NLRB) has limited mechanisms to enforce the law under the <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1935" title="National Labor Relations Act of 1935">National Labor Relations Act</a> – which codifies <a href="/wiki/United_States_labor_law" title="United States labor law">worker rights</a>. Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a>, the NLRB cannot impose <a href="/wiki/Civil_penalty" title="Civil penalty">fines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Employees in a <a href="/wiki/Bargaining_unit" title="Bargaining unit">workplace</a> can form a union if a majority sign <a href="/wiki/Card_check" title="Card check">union cards</a> or vote in a <a href="/wiki/NLRB_election_procedures" title="NLRB election procedures">supervised election</a>. Despite overall low <a href="/wiki/Union_density" title="Union density">union density</a> (ratio of unionized to non-unionized workers), recent <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_strikes_in_2023" title="Timeline of strikes in 2023">organizing successes</a> have renewed public interest.<a href="#cite_note-:12-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-8">[8]</a> According to labor sociologist Joshua Mayor, unionization efforts sometimes fail not because workers are against unions, but because workers do not believe they can win.<a href="#cite_note-:14-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign">Presidential candidate Donald Trump</a> stated that he supported Musk's policies of <a href="/wiki/Union_busting" title="Union busting">union busting</a> during an interview with Musk. The <a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">United Auto Workers</a> later filed federal <a href="/wiki/Unfair_labor_practice" title="Unfair labor practice">labor charges</a> against <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a> and Musk.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fremont_Factory">Fremont Factory</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tesla_and_unions&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Fremont Factory" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Tesla acquired the formerly unionized <a href="/wiki/NUMMI" title="NUMMI">NUMMI</a> plant in Fremont, California in 2010, which became the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Fremont_Factory" title="Tesla Fremont Factory">Tesla Fremont Factory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Tesla employs 20,000 workers in the Fremont Factory.<a href="#cite_note-:12-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">United Auto Workers</a> (UAW) president <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Williams_(unionist)" title="Dennis Williams (unionist)">Dennis Williams</a> expressed interest in unionizing the factory in May 2016, shortly after Tesla announced increased local annual production targets of 500,000 vehicles by 2018, which would have placed it in the top ten sellers of new vehicles within the US.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In the fall of 2016, Jose Moran, a Fremont Factory employee, contacted UAW, going public with a "Fair Future at Tesla" campaign in February 2017, citing high injury rates, long hours and below industry pay as motivations.<a href="#cite_note-:2-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In October 2017, Tesla fired Richard Ortiz, who was involved with the organizing campaign, which the <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board" title="National Labor Relations Board">NLRB</a> later ruled to be <a href="/wiki/Union_busting" title="Union busting">illegal retaliation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-17">[17]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:220px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <table role="presentation" style="line-height: normal; width: 100%; background: transparent; color: inherit; display: table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Elon Musk <div style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); white-space: nowrap;">@elonmusk</div></td> <td style="text-align: right; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter"><noscript><img alt="Twitter logo, a stylized blue bird" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_of_Twitter.svg/18px-Logo_of_Twitter.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="421"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_of_Twitter.svg/18px-Logo_of_Twitter.svg.png" data-alt="Twitter logo, a stylized blue bird" data-width="18" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_of_Twitter.svg/27px-Logo_of_Twitter.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_of_Twitter.svg/36px-Logo_of_Twitter.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 95%;"> Replying to @dmatkins137 </div> <div style="text-align: left"> Nothing stopping Tesla team at our car plant from voting union. Could do so tmrw if they wanted. But why pay union dues & give up stock options for nothing? Our safety record is 2X better than when plant was UAW & everybody already gets healthcare. </div> <div style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">May 21, 2018<a href="#cite_note-Musk-2018-18">[18]</a> </div> </blockquote> </div> CEO <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> published a <a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">tweet</a> in May 2018,<a href="#cite_note-Musk-2018-18">[18]</a> that implied workers would lose <a href="/wiki/Stock" title="Stock">stocks</a> if they formed a union. Three years later, the NLRB ordered Musk to delete that tweet, and reinstate former employee Ortiz with full back pay.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-nlrb-20210325-decision-20">[20]</a> Additionally Tesla would have to put up a notice in all of its US factories addressing the unlawful tweet.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Tesla appealed the NLRB rulings to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fifth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit</a>, which in 2023 initially upheld the NLRB order.<a href="#cite_note-nyt33123-22">[22]</a> In a published response, Ortiz stated "I look forward to returning to work at Tesla and working with my co-workers to finish the job of forming a union".<a href="#cite_note-nyt33123-22">[22]</a> In a 2024 rehearing, the court reversed its decision, holding Musk's tweets to be <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of speech in the United States">constitutionally protected speech</a> and that the NLRB must reconsider its order to reinstate Ortiz.<a href="#cite_note-ap20241029-23">[23]</a> Four years after the initial tweet, Musk invited UAW, via another tweet, to hold a <a href="/wiki/NLRB_election_procedures" title="NLRB election procedures">union election</a> at their convenience without retaliation.<a href="#cite_note-20220303-boston-elliott-24">[24]</a> UAW president <a href="/wiki/Ray_Curry" title="Ray Curry">Ray Curry</a> responded that if Tesla was serious about supporting organizing, Tesla would acknowledge they broke the law when they fired Ortiz and Musk published the initial tweet.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Auto_Workers_Strike_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt='An outdoor strike rally. UAW members of all races are raising their fists, wearing bright red T-shirts, and holding picket signs with following messages: "UAW On Strike", "Stand Up / Record Profits / Record Contracts".' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/United_Auto_Workers_Strike_2023.jpg/220px-United_Auto_Workers_Strike_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/United_Auto_Workers_Strike_2023.jpg/220px-United_Auto_Workers_Strike_2023.jpg" data-alt='An outdoor strike rally. UAW members of all races are raising their fists, wearing bright red T-shirts, and holding picket signs with following messages: "UAW On Strike", "Stand Up / Record Profits / Record Contracts".' data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/United_Auto_Workers_Strike_2023.jpg/330px-United_Auto_Workers_Strike_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/United_Auto_Workers_Strike_2023.jpg/440px-United_Auto_Workers_Strike_2023.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>UAW members <a href="/wiki/Picketing" title="Picketing">picketing</a> at <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> in Michigan during the <a href="/wiki/2023_United_Auto_Workers_strike" title="2023 United Auto Workers strike">2023 strike</a> against the "<a href="/wiki/Big_Three_(automobile_manufacturers)" title="Big Three (automobile manufacturers)">Big Three</a>"</figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a> report in 2022 found that Tesla paid public relations firm <a href="/wiki/MikeWorldWide" title="MikeWorldWide">MikeWorldWide</a> to monitor a Tesla employee <a href="/wiki/Facebook_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Facebook group">Facebook group</a> and union organizers on social media from 2017 to 2018. MikeWorldWide monitored discussions regarding alleged <a href="/wiki/Unfair_labor_practice" title="Unfair labor practice">unfair labor practices</a> at Tesla and a <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">sexual harassment</a> lawsuit. Former and current Tesla employees told CNBC that they believed the company continued to monitor its workers on social media as of 2022.<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tesla_and_unions&action=edit">[update]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> UAW won <a href="/wiki/2023_United_Auto_Workers_strike" title="2023 United Auto Workers strike">30–160 percent salary increases</a> at the "<a href="/wiki/Big_Three_(automobile_manufacturers)" title="Big Three (automobile manufacturers)">Big Three</a>" in late 2023.<a href="#cite_note-:17-8">[8]</a> The new UAW president <a href="/wiki/Shawn_Fain" title="Shawn Fain">Shawn Fain</a> attributed previous unionizing failures to <a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers#Corruption_and_reform" title="United Auto Workers">internal corruption</a>, "coziness" with management and bad collective agreements.<a href="#cite_note-:12-2">[2]</a> UAW subsequently launched organizing drives at 13 non-union automakers, including Tesla,<a href="#cite_note-:12-2">[2]</a> with a combined organizing budget of US$40 million through 2026.<a href="#cite_note-:14-9">[9]</a> By contrast, UAW had spent $422,000 on Tesla alone in 2017 (equivalent to $525,000 in 2023<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-27">[27]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Giga_New_York">Giga New York</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tesla_and_unions&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Giga New York" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla_workers_united.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt='Five workers are standing together while smiling. They are holding signs that say "union" wrapped in hearts. Behind them, is a concrete stand emblazoned with the Tesla logo.' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Tesla_workers_united.jpg/180px-Tesla_workers_united.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 240px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Tesla_workers_united.jpg/180px-Tesla_workers_united.jpg" data-alt='Five workers are standing together while smiling. They are holding signs that say "union" wrapped in hearts. Behind them, is a concrete stand emblazoned with the Tesla logo.' data-width="180" data-height="240" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Tesla_workers_united.jpg/270px-Tesla_workers_united.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Tesla_workers_united.jpg/360px-Tesla_workers_united.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Tesla <a href="/wiki/Workers_United" title="Workers United">Workers United</a> going public at <a href="/wiki/Gigafactory_New_York" title="Gigafactory New York">Giga New York</a> with <a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day">Valentine's</a> themed signs</figcaption></figure> In December 2018, 300 workers at the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Solar_Roof" class="mw-redirect" title="Tesla Solar Roof">solar panel factory</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gigafactory_New_York" title="Gigafactory New York">Giga New York</a> in <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>, announced a <a href="/wiki/Unionization" title="Unionization">union drive</a> with the support of <a href="/wiki/United_Steelworkers" title="United Steelworkers">United Steelworkers</a> (USW) and <a href="/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Electrical_Workers" title="International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers">International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-5">[5]</a> USW filed a complaint with the <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board" title="National Labor Relations Board">NLRB</a> the following June, alleging that Tesla illegally surveilled workers and fired six of them in retaliation,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> but the case was withdrawn in August.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Workers who <a href="/wiki/Labeled_data" title="Labeled data">label data</a> for <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Autopilot" title="Tesla Autopilot">Tesla Autopilot</a> at Giga New York in Buffalo announced a union drive with <a href="/wiki/Workers_United" title="Workers United">Workers United</a> on February 14, 2023.<a href="#cite_note-:7-6">[6]</a> Workers United previously led the <a href="/wiki/Starbucks_Workers_United" class="mw-redirect" title="Starbucks Workers United">first successful union drive at Starbucks</a>, also in Buffalo, six miles (10 km) away.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> A day after the announcement, Workers United filed charges with the NLRB against Tesla for firing 37 workers (including one organizing committee member) in alleged retaliation for union activity and to allegedly discourage union organizing.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In November, the NLRB dismissed the retaliatory firing charge, but found merit in the other charges regarding workplace surveillance and <a href="/wiki/Captive_audience_meeting" title="Captive audience meeting">captive audience meetings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Following allegations raised by Workers United, the NLRB regional director in Buffalo, New York filed a complaint with the national board in April 2024 alleging that Tesla had unlawfully implemented company policies to prevent workers at its Buffalo plant from unionizing, including by implementing a corporate IT <a href="/wiki/Acceptable_use_policy" title="Acceptable use policy">acceptable use policy</a> that restricted <a href="/wiki/Protected_concerted_activity" title="Protected concerted activity">workplace organizing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Germany">Germany</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tesla_and_unions&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Germany" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IG_Metall_brochures_for_Tesla_employees.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt='Close up of brick wall with attached plastic container. Inside are English/German language brochures. The IG Metall trade union brochures in German and English say "Eure Gewerkschaft Tesla bei Tesla" and "Your trade union at Tesla". Behind them is a larger colorful (mostly red) magazine titled "metall: Dein Magazin" with the IG Metall logo.' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/IG_Metall_brochures_for_Tesla_employees.jpg/180px-IG_Metall_brochures_for_Tesla_employees.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 240px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/IG_Metall_brochures_for_Tesla_employees.jpg/180px-IG_Metall_brochures_for_Tesla_employees.jpg" data-alt='Close up of brick wall with attached plastic container. Inside are English/German language brochures. The IG Metall trade union brochures in German and English say "Eure Gewerkschaft Tesla bei Tesla" and "Your trade union at Tesla". Behind them is a larger colorful (mostly red) magazine titled "metall: Dein Magazin" with the IG Metall logo.' data-width="180" data-height="240" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/IG_Metall_brochures_for_Tesla_employees.jpg/270px-IG_Metall_brochures_for_Tesla_employees.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/IG_Metall_brochures_for_Tesla_employees.jpg/360px-IG_Metall_brochures_for_Tesla_employees.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/IG_Metall" title="IG Metall">IG Metall</a> brochures in English and German for Tesla employees near <a href="/wiki/Gigafactory_Berlin-Brandenburg" title="Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg">Giga Berlin</a></figcaption></figure> Tesla is one of the few automakers in Germany that has not signed any individual company collective agreements nor is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_German_Employers%27_Associations" title="Confederation of German Employers' Associations">Employer Association</a> in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesamtmetall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gesamtmetall (page does not exist)">Metal and Electronics Industry</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesamtmetall" class="extiw" title="de:Gesamtmetall">de</a>] as of 2024.<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tesla_and_unions&action=edit">[update]</a> The Metal and Electronics Industry refers to the network of companies that negotiate with <a href="/wiki/IG_Metall" title="IG Metall">IG Metall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/German_labour_law" title="German labour law">German labor representation</a> has a dual structure of <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Germany" title="Trade unions in Germany">trade unions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Works_council" title="Works council">works councils</a>. Trade unions like IG Metall negotiate <a href="/wiki/Collective_agreement" title="Collective agreement">collective agreements</a> with individual employers and <a href="/wiki/Sectoral_collective_bargaining" title="Sectoral collective bargaining">regional collective agreements</a> with employers associations (e.g textile or chemical industry). <a href="/wiki/Works_council" title="Works council">Works councils</a> are made up of elected employees in the workplace. They negotiate <a href="/wiki/Works_agreement" title="Works agreement">works agreements</a> and have various <a href="/wiki/Codetermination_in_Germany" title="Codetermination in Germany">co-determination</a>, participation and information rights. In theory works councils do not overlap with <a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">collective bargaining</a> regarding <a href="/wiki/Wage" title="Wage">wage</a> adjustments. While formally separate structures, many works council members are de-facto <a href="/wiki/Union_representative" title="Union representative">union representatives</a>. Unions are financed by membership <a href="/wiki/Union_dues" title="Union dues">dues</a> which are typically 1% of a member's salary. The more union members and the higher their wages (whether or not they are covered by a collective agreement), the more financial resources a union has.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Tesla poses a structural challenge to IG Metall in the automotive sector, because <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicle</a> production requires 30 percent fewer workers than traditional <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion-engine vehicles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-39">[39]</a> IG Metall membership (2005–2021) has declined by 9%, while the automotive <a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">labor market</a> has grown, especially in companies without regional collective agreements.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The overall trend toward <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_electric_vehicle" title="History of the electric vehicle">vehicle electrification</a> and a non-union Tesla weakens IG Metall's <a href="/wiki/Bargaining_power" title="Bargaining power">bargaining power</a> in the broader <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Germany" title="Automotive industry in Germany">German automotive sector</a> due to lower <a href="/wiki/Union_density" title="Union density">union density</a> (ratio of unionized to non-unionized workers).<a href="#cite_note-:1-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tesla_Automation">Tesla Automation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tesla_and_unions&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tesla Automation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Tesla acquired <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Automation" title="Tesla Automation">Grohmann Engineering</a> (now Tesla Automation) in January 2017, inheriting the existing <a href="/wiki/Works_council" title="Works council">works council</a>. According to IG Metall and the works council chair Uwe Herzig said that wages at Grohmann Engineering in April, after the acquisition, were 25–30 percent below the equivalent of the <a href="/wiki/Sectoral_collective_bargaining" title="Sectoral collective bargaining">regional collective agreements</a> in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesamtmetall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gesamtmetall (page does not exist)">Metal and Electronics Industry</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesamtmetall" class="extiw" title="de:Gesamtmetall">de</a>].<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In October, management and the works council concluded a <a href="/wiki/Works_agreement" title="Works agreement">works agreement</a> that brought employee wages in line with the regional collective agreement without explicitly signing a union collective agreement. IG Metall pushed for formal ratification, while acknowledging that there had been a "very good negotiation result". It credited the threat of <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strikes</a> with pressuring Tesla to sign the works agreements.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Giga_Berlin">Giga Berlin</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tesla_and_unions&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Giga Berlin" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla_IG_Metall_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A brick-style ground-level building with the red logo of IG Metall trade union attached to the side. Visible in the background are traffic lights and train tracks." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tesla_IG_Metall_building.jpg/220px-Tesla_IG_Metall_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tesla_IG_Metall_building.jpg/220px-Tesla_IG_Metall_building.jpg" data-alt="A brick-style ground-level building with the red logo of IG Metall trade union attached to the side. Visible in the background are traffic lights and train tracks." data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tesla_IG_Metall_building.jpg/330px-Tesla_IG_Metall_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tesla_IG_Metall_building.jpg/440px-Tesla_IG_Metall_building.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/IG_Metall" title="IG Metall">IG Metall</a> office at the <a href="/wiki/Fangschleuse_station" title="Fangschleuse station">train station</a> adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Gigafactory_Berlin-Brandenburg" title="Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg">Giga Berlin</a></figcaption></figure> According to IG Metall, in October 2021, Tesla offered employees at the new <a href="/wiki/Gigafactory_Berlin-Brandenburg" title="Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg">Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg</a> (Giga Berlin), wages that were 20 percent below the corresponding collective agreements provided at other automotive plants in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Seven non-union employees at Giga Berlin initiated the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Works_council_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Works council election (page does not exist)">works council election</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betriebsratswahl" class="extiw" title="de:Betriebsratswahl">de</a>] process in November 2021. Any employee with at least six months of tenure is eligible to run as a works council candidate. Tesla ultimately planned to hire a total of 12,000 employees. In the first six months, Tesla hired 1,800 employees, mostly middle-management. IG Metall expressed concern that the future works council would be dominated by management, as only those with six months' tenure would be eligible to run.<a href="#cite_note-:18-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In March 2022, employees elected their first works council. Nearly half voted for the manager-friendly "Gigavoice" slate.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> IG Metall called for an investigation in January 2023, after workers reported being forced to work longer hours, with less resting time between shifts. IG Metall also stated that workers were being forced to sign <a href="/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreement" title="Non-disclosure agreement">non-disclosure agreements</a> and therefore feared <a href="/wiki/Workplace_revenge" title="Workplace revenge">retaliation</a> if they openly discussed their working conditions.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Giga Berlin's initial workforce of 1,800 employees doubled quickly enough to trigger a rule requiring another works council election two years after the first one, instead of the usual four years.<a href="#cite_note-:18-45">[45]</a> The second works council election was scheduled initially for March 18–20, 2024. IG Metall petitioned the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)_Labour_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt (Oder) Labour Court">Frankfurt (Oder) Labor Court</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeitsgericht_Frankfurt_(Oder)" class="extiw" title="de:Arbeitsgericht Frankfurt (Oder)">de</a>] for a <a href="/wiki/Preliminary_injunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Preliminary injunction">preliminary injunction</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_board_(works_council)" title="Electoral board (works council)">electoral board's</a> proposed timeline. The original timeline set a deadline of February 15 for submitting candidate nominations lists. Given that Tesla factory production was suspended earlier for a month until February 11, due to <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_security" title="Supply chain security">supply chain disruptions</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis" title="Red Sea crisis">Houthi militia in the Red Sea</a>, this would have left each candidate list with only several work days to collect the mandatory 50 signatures from co-workers.<a href="#cite_note-:8-50">[50]</a> The Frankfurt (Oder) Labor Court granted IG Metall's petition, but the electoral board and Tesla appealed to the higher <a href="/wiki/Berlin-Brandenburg_State_Labour_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin-Brandenburg State Labour Court">Berlin-Brandenburg State Labor Court</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landesarbeitsgericht_Berlin-Brandenburg" class="extiw" title="de:Landesarbeitsgericht Berlin-Brandenburg">de</a>], which overturned the lower court and upheld the original election timeline.<a href="#cite_note-:11-51">[51]</a> The election concluded on March 20, with 234 candidates from 9 lists.<a href="#cite_note-:11-51">[51]</a> With 39% of the vote the "IG Metall Tesla Workers GFBB" list won the plurality of seats, with 16 out of 39, making them a major opposition. The remaining 23 seats were divided among four non-union affiliated lists; 15 seats for "Giga United", 5 seats for "One Team", 2 seats for "Giga Fair" and 1 seat for "Giga für Alle" (Giga for all).<a href="#cite_note-:16-52">[52]</a> Michaela Schmitz, the current works council chair, is vocally anti-union. During the final days of the works council election campaign, Schmitz ended a rally speech with "What we don't need, is a union!" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Was wir nicht brauchen, ist eine Gewerkschaft!).<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> On April 4, Schmitz was re-elected by the works council for a second term as chair. Schmitz comes from the "Giga United" list , which is composed mostly of managers.<a href="#cite_note-:15-54">[54]</a> In total, 8,917 Tesla workers voted,<a href="#cite_note-:16-52">[52]</a> out of 12,500 eligible to vote.<a href="#cite_note-:15-54">[54]</a> An IG Metall member of the works council was fired in October, in what IG Metall described as "aggressive tactics" against workers. IG Metall countered with its own lawsuit in December, to forcibly remove Michaela Schmitz as works council chair; claiming she had obstructed pro-union works council members.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Sweden">Sweden</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tesla_and_unions&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sweden" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Mechanics affiliated with <a href="/wiki/IF_Metall" title="IF Metall">IF Metall</a>, a Swedish trade union, initiated a <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike</a> against TM Sweden, a Tesla vehicle service subsidiary, on October 27, 2023, over the company's refusal to sign a collective agreement.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The ongoing strike is the longest ever in Sweden within the past 80 years. Strikes are very rare under the "Swedish model" of social partnership, which was codified in the 1938 <a href="/wiki/Saltsj%C3%B6baden_Agreement" title="Saltsjöbaden Agreement">Saltsjöbaden Agreement</a>, still in force today.<a href="#cite_note-:10-57">[57]</a> TM Sweden employs 130 mechanics in Sweden. About half of them are IF Metal members.<a href="#cite_note-:10-57">[57]</a> The strike, initially affecting mechanics at ten workshops servicing Tesla vehicles, later spread to other facilities servicing various car brands. While workers continued with their regular tasks, they refrained from servicing Tesla vehicles during the strike.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Strikebreaker" title="Strikebreaker">Strikebreakers</a> arrived at Tesla service centers, prompting concerns among the strikers about their impact on the <a href="/wiki/Labor_dispute" title="Labor dispute">labor dispute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-57">[57]</a> Strikers were <a href="/wiki/Lockout_(industry)" title="Lockout (industry)">banned from the company premises</a>. According to union leader <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kuhn" title="Gabriel Kuhn">Gabriel Kuhn</a>, Tesla contacted individual strikers after family members shared news of the strikes on social media, which discouraged non-union participation in the strike.<a href="#cite_note-:10-57">[57]</a> According to statistics from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_National_Mediation_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swedish National Mediation Office (page does not exist)">Swedish National Mediation Office</a> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medlingsinstitutet" class="extiw" title="sv:Medlingsinstitutet">sv</a>], one-third of the 130 mechanics participated in the original strike.<a href="#cite_note-:9-60">[60]</a> Non-union members and even some IF Metal union members did not participate in the strikes.<a href="#cite_note-:10-57">[57]</a> Other Swedish trade unions joined in a month later in November,<a href="#cite_note-:0-61">[61]</a> through <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_action" title="Solidarity action">sympathy (solidarity) strikes</a>, which are legal in Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-:4-62">[62]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Transport_Workers%27_Union" title="Swedish Transport Workers' Union">Swedish Transport Workers' Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: Svenska Transportarbetareförbundet) blocked the loading and unloading of Tesla cars,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> while dockworker, electrician and postal unions halted services to Tesla.<a href="#cite_note-:0-61">[61]</a> Elon Musk has reportedly instructed TM Sweden not to sign any collective agreements.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Union_for_Service_and_Communications_Employees" title="Swedish Union for Service and Communications Employees">Swedish Union for Service and Communications Employees</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: Service- och Kommunikationsfacket) expanded the strike by halting maintenance and installation of Tesla charging stations.<a href="#cite_note-:9-60">[60]</a> Over the next few months, solidarity strikes for the Swedish campaign spread to other <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a>, with port workers from the <a href="/wiki/United_Federation_of_Danish_Workers" title="United Federation of Danish Workers">United Federation of Danish Workers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>: Fagligt Fælles Forbund),<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="United Federation of Trade Unions">United Federation of Trade Unions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: Fellesforbundet)<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Transport_Workers%27_Union" title="Finnish Transport Workers' Union">Finnish Transport Workers' Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: Auto- ja Kuljetusalan Työntekijäliitto) joining the strikes.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Tesla maneuvered around the union blockade by moving vehicles by land instead of sea, and sold 1% more cars in 2024 than in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The strike led to the pension fund <a href="/w/index.php?title=PensionDanmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PensionDanmark (page does not exist)">PensionDanmark</a> [<a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/PensionDanmark" class="extiw" title="da:PensionDanmark">da</a>] to divest its Tesla <a href="/wiki/Share_(finance)" title="Share (finance)">shares</a> in protest.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In response to the escalations, Tesla posted a job opening for a Swedish government affairs specialist with "significant experience with Nordic legislative and regulatory advocacy", presumably to help with lobbying efforts.<a href="#cite_note-:5-72">[72]</a> In September 2024, a foreign delegation of <a href="/wiki/Ford_of_Europe" title="Ford of Europe">Ford Germany</a> works council members and <a href="/wiki/IG_Metall" title="IG Metall">IG Metall</a> deputies joined the <a href="/wiki/Picketing" title="Picketing">picket line</a> at Tesla service center in <a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a>, Sweden, as the strike continued.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> In January 2025, Tesla appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_courts_in_Sweden" title="Administrative courts in Sweden">Karlstad administrative court</a> to mandate the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Transport_Agency" title="Swedish Transport Agency">Swedish Transport Agency</a> provide license plates for newly sold vehicles, which is currently blocked by the postal union's sympathy strike.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tesla_and_unions&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_and_unions" title="Volkswagen and unions">Volkswagen and unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Tesla,_Inc.#Working_conditions" title="Criticism of Tesla, Inc.">Criticism of Tesla, Inc. § Working conditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk" title="Views of Elon Musk">Views of Elon Musk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk_salute_controversy" title="Elon Musk salute controversy">Elon Musk salute controversy</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tesla_and_unions&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10K_2022-1"><a href="#cite_ref-10K_2022_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1318605/000162828024002390/tsla-20231231.htm">"Annual Report Form 10-K 2023 Tesla Inc"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a>. January 26, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240129182309/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1318605/000162828024002390/tsla-20231231.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 29, 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+Form+10-K+2023+Tesla+Inc.&rft.pub=U.S.+Securities+and+Exchange+Commission&rft.date=2024-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sec.gov%2FArchives%2Fedgar%2Fdata%2F1318605%2F000162828024002390%2Ftsla-20231231.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_2-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHullEidelson2024" class="citation news cs1">Hull, Dana; Eidelson, Josh (January 11, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2024-01-11/tesla-boosts-pay-for-fremont-factory-workers-that-the-uaw-wants-to-unionize">"Tesla Boosts Pay for Fremont Factory Workers Whom the UAW Wants to Unionize"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725034045/https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2024-01-11/tesla-boosts-pay-for-fremont-factory-workers-that-the-uaw-wants-to-unionize">Archived</a> from the original on July 25, 2024. 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Retrieved December 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=UAW+Wants+Union+for+Tesla+Factory&rft.date=2016-05-19&rft.aulast=Bomey&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fmoney%2Fcars%2F2016%2F05%2F19%2Funited-auto-worker-uaw-tesla-motors%2F84585682%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoran2017" class="citation web cs1">Moran, Jose (February 9, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@moran2017j/time-for-tesla-to-listen-ab5c6259fc88">"Time for Tesla to Listen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Medium_(website)" title="Medium (website)">Medium</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240721180703/https://medium.com/@moran2017j/time-for-tesla-to-listen-ab5c6259fc88">Archived</a> from the original on July 21, 2024. Retrieved September 15, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Time+for+Tesla+to+Listen&rft.pub=Medium&rft.date=2017-02-09&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=Jose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40moran2017j%2Ftime-for-tesla-to-listen-ab5c6259fc88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-17"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheiber2021" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noam_Scheiber" title="Noam Scheiber">Scheiber, Noam</a> (March 25, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/25/business/musk-labor-board.html">"Tesla Employee's Firing and Elon Musk Tweet on Union Were Illegal, Labor Board Rules"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211224103957/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/25/business/musk-labor-board.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Tesla+Employee%27s+Firing+and+Elon+Musk+Tweet+on+Union+Were+Illegal%2C+Labor+Board+Rules.&rft.date=2021-03-25&rft.aulast=Scheiber&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F03%2F25%2Fbusiness%2Fmusk-labor-board.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Musk-2018-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Musk-2018_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Musk-2018_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElon_Musk2018" class="citation web cs1">Elon Musk [@elonmusk] (May 21, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/elonmusk/status/998454539941367808">"Nothing stopping Tesla team at our car plant from voting union. Could do so tmrw if they wanted. But why pay union dues & give up stock options for nothing? Our safety record is 2X better than when plant was UAW & everybody already gets healthcare"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nothing+stopping+Tesla+team+at+our+car+plant+from+voting+union.+Could+do+so+tmrw+if+they+wanted.+But+why+pay+union+dues+%26+give+up+stock+options+for+nothing%3F+Our+safety+record+is+2X+better+than+when+plant+was+UAW+%26+everybody+already+gets+healthcare.&rft.date=2018-05-21&rft.au=Elon+Musk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Felonmusk%2Fstatus%2F998454539941367808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolodny2021" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lora_Kolodny" title="Lora Kolodny">Kolodny, Lora</a> (March 25, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/25/tesla-elon-musk-anti-union-tweet-must-be-deleted-nlrb.html">"Tesla Ordered to Have Elon Musk Delete Anti-Union Tweet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240527074129/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/25/tesla-elon-musk-anti-union-tweet-must-be-deleted-nlrb.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 27, 2024. Retrieved December 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Tesla+Ordered+to+Have+Elon+Musk+Delete+Anti-Union+Tweet&rft.date=2021-03-25&rft.aulast=Kolodny&rft.aufirst=Lora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2021%2F03%2F25%2Ftesla-elon-musk-anti-union-tweet-must-be-deleted-nlrb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nlrb-20210325-decision-20"><a href="#cite_ref-nlrb-20210325-decision_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFerranEmanuelRing2021" class="citation report cs1">McFerran, Lauren; Emanuel, William J.; Ring, John F. (March 25, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.nlrb.gov/link/document.aspx/09031d45833d3fce">Tesla, Inc. And Michael Sanchez, Jonathan Galescu, Richard Ortiz and International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America, AFL–CIO</a> (decision and order). Decisions of the NLRB. <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board" title="National Labor Relations Board">National Labor Relations Board</a>. pp. 9, 10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211224104001/https://apps.nlrb.gov/link/document.aspx/09031d45833d3fce">Archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2022. <q>General Counsel argues that to remedy fully CEO Musk's unlawful May 20, 2018 tweet, which coercively threatened that employees would lose their stock options if they selected the Union as their representative, the Board should order the Respondent to have Musk delete that tweet and to post a notice addressing that violation at its facilities nationwide. ... (f) Direct its agent and supervisor, CEO Elon Musk, to delete his May 20, 2018 statement</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Tesla%2C+Inc.+And+Michael+Sanchez%2C+Jonathan+Galescu%2C+Richard+Ortiz+and+International+Union%2C+United+Automobile%2C+Aerospace+and+Agricultural+Implement+Workers+of+America%2C+AFL%E2%80%93CIO.&rft.series=Decisions+of+the+NLRB&rft.pages=9%2C+10&rft.pub=National+Labor+Relations+Board&rft.date=2021-03-25&rft.aulast=McFerran&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft.au=Emanuel%2C+William+J.&rft.au=Ring%2C+John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.nlrb.gov%2Flink%2Fdocument.aspx%2F09031d45833d3fce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2021" class="citation news cs1">Peters, Jay (March 25, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2021/3/25/22351157/tesla-elon-musk-delete-anti-union-tweet-national-labor-relations-board">"Tesla Has to Tell Elon Musk to Delete a 2018 Tweet, Labor Board Rules"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Verge" title="The Verge">The Verge</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211224103957/https://www.theverge.com/2021/3/25/22351157/tesla-elon-musk-delete-anti-union-tweet-national-labor-relations-board">Archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Tesla+Has+to+Tell+Elon+Musk+to+Delete+a+2018+Tweet%2C+Labor+Board+Rules&rft.date=2021-03-25&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2021%2F3%2F25%2F22351157%2Ftesla-elon-musk-delete-anti-union-tweet-national-labor-relations-board&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt33123-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt33123_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt33123_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheiber2023" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noam_Scheiber" title="Noam Scheiber">Scheiber, Noam</a> (March 31, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/31/business/tesla-union-musk-twitter.html">"Tesla and Musk Lose Ruling on Factory Union Issues"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230411065725/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/31/business/tesla-union-musk-twitter.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 11, 2023. Retrieved April 29, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Tesla+and+Musk+Lose+Ruling+on+Factory+Union+Issues&rft.date=2023-03-31&rft.aulast=Scheiber&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F03%2F31%2Fbusiness%2Ftesla-union-musk-twitter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ap20241029-23"><a href="#cite_ref-ap20241029_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGill2024" class="citation news cs1">McGill, Kevin (October 29, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/elon-musk-uaw-twitter-nlrb-tesla-5fab2a42b9543f7702deed80d79c7d02">"Elon Musk wins a court battle over a 2018 post during a labor dispute"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241029221955/https://apnews.com/article/elon-musk-uaw-twitter-nlrb-tesla-5fab2a42b9543f7702deed80d79c7d02">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2024. Retrieved October 30, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Elon+Musk+wins+a+court+battle+over+a+2018+post+during+a+labor+dispute&rft.date=2024-10-29&rft.aulast=McGill&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Felon-musk-uaw-twitter-nlrb-tesla-5fab2a42b9543f7702deed80d79c7d02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20220303-boston-elliott-24"><a href="#cite_ref-20220303-boston-elliott_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBostonElliott2022" class="citation news cs1">Boston, William; Elliott, Rebecca (March 3, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/elon-musk-invites-uaw-to-hold-union-vote-at-tesla-11646292963">"Elon Musk Invites UAW to Hold Union Vote at Tesla"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220303110155/https://www.wsj.com/articles/elon-musk-invites-uaw-to-hold-union-vote-at-tesla-11646292963">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2022. Retrieved March 3, 2022. <q>'Tesla will do nothing to stop them,' the chief executive says</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Elon+Musk+Invites+UAW+to+Hold+Union+Vote+at+Tesla&rft.date=2022-03-03&rft.aulast=Boston&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Elliott%2C+Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Felon-musk-invites-uaw-to-hold-union-vote-at-tesla-11646292963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaylandKolodny2022" class="citation news cs1">Wayland, Michael; <a href="/wiki/Lora_Kolodny" title="Lora Kolodny">Kolodny, Lora</a> (March 29, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/29/autos-union-chief-responds-to-elon-musk-inviting-uaw-to-organize-tesla-workers.html">"Tesla Should Accept That It Violated Labor Laws If Elon Musk Is Serious About Inviting the UAW to Organize Workers, Union Chief Ray Curry Says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230522222537/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/29/autos-union-chief-responds-to-elon-musk-inviting-uaw-to-organize-tesla-workers.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2023. Retrieved May 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Tesla+Should+Accept+That+It+Violated+Labor+Laws+If+Elon+Musk+Is+Serious+About+Inviting+the+UAW+to+Organize+Workers%2C+Union+Chief+Ray+Curry+Says&rft.date=2022-03-29&rft.aulast=Wayland&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Kolodny%2C+Lora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2022%2F03%2F29%2Fautos-union-chief-responds-to-elon-musk-inviting-uaw-to-organize-tesla-workers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolodny2022" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lora_Kolodny" title="Lora Kolodny">Kolodny, Lora</a> (June 3, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/02/tesla-paid-pr-firm-to-surveil-employees-on-facebook-in-2017-union-push.html">"Tesla Monitored Its Employees on Facebook with Help of PR Firm During 2017 Union Push"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220604054621/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/02/tesla-paid-pr-firm-to-surveil-employees-on-facebook-in-2017-union-push.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 4, 2022. Retrieved June 4, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Tesla+Monitored+Its+Employees+on+Facebook+with+Help+of+PR+Firm+During+2017+Union+Push&rft.date=2022-06-03&rft.aulast=Kolodny&rft.aufirst=Lora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2022%2F06%2F02%2Ftesla-paid-pr-firm-to-surveil-employees-on-facebook-in-2017-union-push.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-US-27"><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_27-0">^</a> 1634–1699: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf">How Much Is That in Real Money? 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J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf">How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517778.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> 1800–present: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" class="citation web cs1">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"</a>. Retrieved February 29, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Price+Index+%28estimate%29+1800%E2%80%93&rft.au=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmonetary-policy%2Finflation-calculator%2Fconsumer-price-index-1800-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLea2018" class="citation news cs1">Lea, Brittany De (April 10, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxbusiness.com/politics/tesla-corporate-campaign-costs-uaw-hundreds-of-thousands">"Tesla Corporate Campaign Costs UAW Hundreds of Thousands"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240622165204/https://www.foxbusiness.com/politics/tesla-corporate-campaign-costs-uaw-hundreds-of-thousands">Archived</a> from the original on June 22, 2024. Retrieved September 15, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+Business&rft.atitle=Tesla+Corporate+Campaign+Costs+UAW+Hundreds+of+Thousands&rft.date=2018-04-10&rft.aulast=Lea&rft.aufirst=Brittany+De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxbusiness.com%2Fpolitics%2Ftesla-corporate-campaign-costs-uaw-hundreds-of-thousands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRapier2019" class="citation news cs1">Rapier, Graham (June 21, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-workers-illegally-fired-for-unionizing-in-buffao-nlrb-complaint-2019-6">"Workers at Tesla's Buffalo Solar Tile Factory Say the Company Sabotaged Their Efforts to Find New Jobs After Trying to Unionize"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240117001826/https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-workers-illegally-fired-for-unionizing-in-buffao-nlrb-complaint-2019-6">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2024. Retrieved January 16, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Workers+at+Tesla%27s+Buffalo+Solar+Tile+Factory+Say+the+Company+Sabotaged+Their+Efforts+to+Find+New+Jobs+After+Trying+to+Unionize&rft.date=2019-06-21&rft.aulast=Rapier&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Ftesla-workers-illegally-fired-for-unionizing-in-buffao-nlrb-complaint-2019-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlrb.gov/case/03-CA-243522">"Tesla Case Number: 03-CA-243522"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board" title="National Labor Relations Board">National Labor Relations Board</a>. 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Retrieved February 8, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tesla+Case+Number%3A+03-CA-243522&rft.pub=National+Labor+Relations+Board&rft.date=2019-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlrb.gov%2Fcase%2F03-CA-243522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEidelson2023" class="citation news cs1">Eidelson, Josh (February 14, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-02-14/tesla-autopilot-workers-launch-union-campaign-in-buffalo-new-york-tsla">"Tesla Workers Launch Union Campaign in New York"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230214205156/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-02-14/tesla-autopilot-workers-launch-union-campaign-in-buffalo-new-york-tsla">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2023. 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Retrieved May 29, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Common+Dreams&rft.atitle=Tesla+Workers+Are+Organizing+a+Union+in+Buffalo%E2%80%94With+Help+From+Starbucks+Veterans&rft.date=2023-02-14&rft.aulast=Stancil&rft.aufirst=Kenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commondreams.org%2Fnews%2Ftesla-workers-union-campaign-buffalo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEidelson2023" class="citation news cs1">Eidelson, Josh (February 16, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-02-16/tesla-tsla-fires-unionizing-workers-after-labor-campaign-complaint-alleges">"Tesla Just Terminated Dozens in Response to New Union Campaign, Complaint Alleges"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230216134001/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-02-16/tesla-tsla-fires-unionizing-workers-after-labor-campaign-complaint-alleges">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2023. 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Retrieved May 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Tesla+Fired+Buffalo+Workers+Seeking+to+Organize%2C+Union+Says&rft.date=2023-02-16&rft.aulast=Ewing&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft.au=Scheiber%2C+Noam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F02%2F16%2Fbusiness%2Ftesla-buffalo-union.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlynn2023" class="citation news cs1">Glynn, Matt (November 28, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://buffalonews.com/news/local/business/nlrb-director-dismisses-claims-by-union-that-tesla-illegally-fired-workers/article_b58c901c-8d61-11ee-a07a-8fda2a6bafbc.html">"NLRB Director Dismisses Claims by Union That Tesla Illegally Fired Workers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo News">Buffalo News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240117001827/https://buffalonews.com/news/local/business/nlrb-director-dismisses-claims-by-union-that-tesla-illegally-fired-workers/article_b58c901c-8d61-11ee-a07a-8fda2a6bafbc.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2024. Retrieved January 17, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Buffalo+News&rft.atitle=NLRB+Director+Dismisses+Claims+by+Union+That+Tesla+Illegally+Fired+Workers&rft.date=2023-11-28&rft.aulast=Glynn&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuffalonews.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fbusiness%2Fnlrb-director-dismisses-claims-by-union-that-tesla-illegally-fired-workers%2Farticle_b58c901c-8d61-11ee-a07a-8fda2a6bafbc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolodny2024" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lora_Kolodny" title="Lora Kolodny">Kolodny, Lora</a> (May 9, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2024/05/09/tesla-accused-by-nlrb-of-chilling-worker-unionizing-efforts-in-buffalo.html">"Tesla Accused by NLRB of Creating Policies to Chill Workers' Unionizing Efforts in Buffalo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240515122833/https://www.cnbc.com/2024/05/09/tesla-accused-by-nlrb-of-chilling-worker-unionizing-efforts-in-buffalo.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2024. Retrieved May 15, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Tesla+Accused+by+NLRB+of+Creating+Policies+to+Chill+Workers%27+Unionizing+Efforts+in+Buffalo&rft.date=2024-05-09&rft.aulast=Kolodny&rft.aufirst=Lora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2024%2F05%2F09%2Ftesla-accused-by-nlrb-of-chilling-worker-unionizing-efforts-in-buffalo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbb24.de/wirtschaft/beitrag/2024/01/brandenburg-gruenheide-tesla-gegen-tarifbindung.html">"Tesla Lehnt Tarifverträge Für Beschäftigte Weiterhin Ab"</a> [Tesla continues to reject collective agreements for workers]. <a href="/wiki/Rundfunk_Berlin-Brandenburg" title="Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg">Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg</a> (in German). January 7, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240120172559/https://www.rbb24.de/wirtschaft/beitrag/2024/01/brandenburg-gruenheide-tesla-gegen-tarifbindung.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2024. Retrieved September 15, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rundfunk+Berlin-Brandenburg&rft.atitle=Tesla+Lehnt+Tarifvertr%C3%A4ge+F%C3%BCr+Besch%C3%A4ftigte+Weiterhin+Ab&rft.date=2024-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbb24.de%2Fwirtschaft%2Fbeitrag%2F2024%2F01%2Fbrandenburg-gruenheide-tesla-gegen-tarifbindung.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüllerSchulten2023" class="citation book cs1">Müller, Torsten; Schulten, Thorsten (June 14, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etui.org/sites/default/files/2023-06/Chapter12_Germany_Different%20worlds%20of%20trade%20unions_2023.pdf">"Chapter 12 Germany: Different worlds of trade unionism"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved September 15, 2024 – via <a href="/wiki/European_Trade_Union_Institute" title="European Trade Union Institute">European Trade Union Institute</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+12+Germany%3A+Different+worlds+of+trade+unionism&rft.btitle=Trade+Unions+in+the+European+Union&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E459-%3C%2Fspan%3E502&rft.pub=Peter+Lang+Verlag&rft.date=2023-06-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3726%2Fb20254&rft.isbn=978-2-87574-635-1&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Torsten&rft.au=Schulten%2C+Thorsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etui.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2023-06%2FChapter12_Germany_Different%2520worlds%2520of%2520trade%2520unions_2023.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2021" class="citation news cs1">Levin, Tim (April 3, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-gigafactory-berlin-union-battle-ig-metall-2021-4">"Tesla Is on a Collision Course with Germany's Biggest Union and Neither Side Is Likely to Back Down"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211224113607/https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-gigafactory-berlin-union-battle-ig-metall-2021-4">Archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Tesla+Is+on+a+Collision+Course+with+Germany%27s+Biggest+Union+and+Neither+Side+Is+Likely+to+Back+Down&rft.date=2021-04-03&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Ftesla-gigafactory-berlin-union-battle-ig-metall-2021-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupuisGreerKirschLechowski2024" class="citation journal cs1">Dupuis, Mathieu; Greer, Ian; Kirsch, Anja; Lechowski, Grzegorz; Park, Dongwoo; Zimmermann, Tobias (May 8, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00197939241250001">"A Just Transition for Auto Workers? Negotiating the Electric Vehicle Transition in Germany and North America"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ILR_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="ILR Review">ILR Review</a>. 77 (5): 770–798. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00197939241250001">10.1177/00197939241250001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-7939">0019-7939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ILR+Review&rft.atitle=A+Just+Transition+for+Auto+Workers%3F+Negotiating+the+Electric+Vehicle+Transition+in+Germany+and+North+America&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E770-%3C%2Fspan%3E798&rft.date=2024-05-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F00197939241250001&rft.issn=0019-7939&rft.aulast=Dupuis&rft.aufirst=Mathieu&rft.au=Greer%2C+Ian&rft.au=Kirsch%2C+Anja&rft.au=Lechowski%2C+Grzegorz&rft.au=Park%2C+Dongwoo&rft.au=Zimmermann%2C+Tobias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F00197939241250001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVetter2017" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vetter, Philipp (April 16, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article163735272/Nach-Uebernahme-droht-Tesla-ein-Streik-in-Deutschland.html">"Tesla: ÄRger Mit Dem Maschinenbauer Grohmann"</a> [Tesla: Trouble with the machine manufacturer Grohmann]. <a href="/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211224110920/https://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article163735272/Nach-Uebernahme-droht-Tesla-ein-Streik-in-Deutschland.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt&rft.atitle=Tesla%3A+%C3%84Rger+Mit+Dem+Maschinenbauer+Grohmann&rft.date=2017-04-16&rft.aulast=Vetter&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welt.de%2Fwirtschaft%2Farticle163735272%2FNach-Uebernahme-droht-Tesla-ein-Streik-in-Deutschland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVetter2017" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vetter, Philipp (October 18, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article169760888/Tesla-gibt-deutschen-Mitarbeitern-deutliche-Gehaltserhoehung.html">"Deutschland: Tesla Einigt Sich Auf Deutliche Gehaltssteigerung"</a> [Germany: Tesla agrees on significant salary increase]. <a href="/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180831121644/https://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article169760888/Tesla-gibt-deutschen-Mitarbeitern-deutliche-Gehaltserhoehung.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 31, 2018. Retrieved December 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt&rft.atitle=Deutschland%3A+Tesla+Einigt+Sich+Auf+Deutliche+Gehaltssteigerung&rft.date=2017-10-18&rft.aulast=Vetter&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welt.de%2Fwirtschaft%2Farticle169760888%2FTesla-gibt-deutschen-Mitarbeitern-deutliche-Gehaltserhoehung.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldersee2021" class="citation news cs1">Waldersee, Victoria (October 7, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/teslas-gigafactory-electrifies-california-germany-culture-clash-2021-10-07/">"Tesla's Gigafactory Electrifies California-Germany Culture Clash"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211224113607/https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/teslas-gigafactory-electrifies-california-germany-culture-clash-2021-10-07/">Archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Tesla%27s+Gigafactory+Electrifies+California-Germany+Culture+Clash&rft.date=2021-10-07&rft.aulast=Waldersee&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbusiness%2Fautos-transportation%2Fteslas-gigafactory-electrifies-california-germany-culture-clash-2021-10-07%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEddy2022" class="citation news cs1">Eddy, Nathan (January 3, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europe.autonews.com/automakers/german-union-steps-efforts-recruit-tesla-workers-office-near-berlin-plant">"German Union Steps up Efforts to Recruit Tesla Workers with Office Near Berlin Plant"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Automotive_News" title="Automotive News">Automotive News Europe</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220106225337/https://europe.autonews.com/automakers/german-union-steps-efforts-recruit-tesla-workers-office-near-berlin-plant">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2022. Retrieved January 6, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Automotive+News+Europe&rft.atitle=German+Union+Steps+up+Efforts+to+Recruit+Tesla+Workers+with+Office+Near+Berlin+Plant&rft.date=2022-01-03&rft.aulast=Eddy&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurope.autonews.com%2Fautomakers%2Fgerman-union-steps-efforts-recruit-tesla-workers-office-near-berlin-plant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:18_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnstorf2021" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Barnstorf, Phillip (November 25, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220101140657/https://www.rbb24.de/studiofrankfurt/wirtschaft/tesla/2021/11/gruenheide-tesla-ig-metall-betriebsrat-arbeiter.html">"IG Metall Fürchtet Strategie in Früh Gewähltem Tesla-Betriebsrat"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rundfunk_Berlin-Brandenburg" title="Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg">Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg</a> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbb24.de/studiofrankfurt/wirtschaft/tesla/2021/11/gruenheide-tesla-ig-metall-betriebsrat-arbeiter.html">the original</a> on January 1, 2022. Retrieved December 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rundfunk+Berlin-Brandenburg&rft.atitle=IG+Metall+F%C3%BCrchtet+Strategie+in+Fr%C3%BCh+Gew%C3%A4hltem+Tesla-Betriebsrat&rft.date=2021-11-25&rft.aulast=Barnstorf&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbb24.de%2Fstudiofrankfurt%2Fwirtschaft%2Ftesla%2F2021%2F11%2Fgruenheide-tesla-ig-metall-betriebsrat-arbeiter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldersee2021" class="citation news cs1">Waldersee, Victoria (November 24, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/german-union-fears-new-tesla-works-council-will-be-top-heavy-2021-11-24/">"German Union Fears New Tesla Works Council Will Be Top Heavy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211214190057/https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/german-union-fears-new-tesla-works-council-will-be-top-heavy-2021-11-24/">Archived</a> from the original on December 14, 2021. Retrieved December 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=German+Union+Fears+New+Tesla+Works+Council+Will+Be+Top+Heavy&rft.date=2021-11-24&rft.aulast=Waldersee&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbusiness%2Fautos-transportation%2Fgerman-union-fears-new-tesla-works-council-will-be-top-heavy-2021-11-24%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123135903/https://www.rbb24.de/studiofrankfurt/wirtschaft/tesla/2022/03/tesla-gruenheide-betriebsrat-wahl-oderspree.html">"Erster Betriebsrat Bei Tesla Steht Fest"</a> [The first works council at Tesla has been set]. <a href="/wiki/Rundfunk_Berlin-Brandenburg" title="Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg">Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg</a> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbb24.de/studiofrankfurt/wirtschaft/tesla/2022/03/tesla-gruenheide-betriebsrat-wahl-oderspree.html">the original</a> on January 23, 2023. Retrieved June 25, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rundfunk+Berlin-Brandenburg&rft.atitle=Erster+Betriebsrat+Bei+Tesla+Steht+Fest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbb24.de%2Fstudiofrankfurt%2Fwirtschaft%2Ftesla%2F2022%2F03%2Ftesla-gruenheide-betriebsrat-wahl-oderspree.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/business/tesla-under-fire-germany-over-union-concerns-working-hours-contracts-2023-01-16/">"Tesla Under Fire in Germany over Union Concerns on Working Hours, Contracts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. January 16, 2023. Retrieved January 16, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Tesla+Under+Fire+in+Germany+over+Union+Concerns+on+Working+Hours%2C+Contracts&rft.date=2023-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbusiness%2Ftesla-under-fire-germany-over-union-concerns-working-hours-contracts-2023-01-16%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhaimiya2023" class="citation news cs1">Bhaimiya, Sawdah (January 16, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/major-union-germany-says-workers-143603991.html">"A Major Union in Germany Says Workers at Tesla's Berlin Factory Face Unreasonable Working Hours and Fear Speaking Out"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yahoo_News" title="Yahoo News">Yahoo News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116231206/https://news.yahoo.com/major-union-germany-says-workers-143603991.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved January 16, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+News&rft.atitle=A+Major+Union+in+Germany+Says+Workers+at+Tesla%27s+Berlin+Factory+Face+Unreasonable+Working+Hours+and+Fear+Speaking+Out&rft.date=2023-01-16&rft.aulast=Bhaimiya&rft.aufirst=Sawdah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fmajor-union-germany-says-workers-143603991.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-50"><a href="#cite_ref-:8_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbb24.de/wirtschaft/beitrag/2024/02/tesla-betriebsrat-wahl-igmetall-gruenheide-produktionsstopp-lieferketten-gewerkschaft-brandenburg.html">"IG Metall Will Betriebsratswahl Bei Tesla in Grünheide Vorläufig Stoppen"</a> [IG Metall intends to temporarily stop Tesla's election of works council in Grünheide]. <a href="/wiki/Rundfunk_Berlin-Brandenburg" title="Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg">Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg</a> (in German). February 6, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240206141832/https://www.rbb24.de/wirtschaft/beitrag/2024/02/tesla-betriebsrat-wahl-igmetall-gruenheide-produktionsstopp-lieferketten-gewerkschaft-brandenburg.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 6, 2024. Retrieved February 6, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rundfunk+Berlin-Brandenburg&rft.atitle=IG+Metall+Will+Betriebsratswahl+Bei+Tesla+in+Gr%C3%BCnheide+Vorl%C3%A4ufig+Stoppen&rft.date=2024-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbb24.de%2Fwirtschaft%2Fbeitrag%2F2024%2F02%2Ftesla-betriebsrat-wahl-igmetall-gruenheide-produktionsstopp-lieferketten-gewerkschaft-brandenburg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbb24.de/wirtschaft/beitrag/2024/03/brandenburg-tesla-betriebsrat-wahl-elon-musk.html">"Tesla-Beschäftigte Haben Betriebsrat Gewählt – IG Metall Liegt Vorn"</a> [Tesla workers have voted a works council – IG Metall is ahead]. <a href="/wiki/Rundfunk_Berlin-Brandenburg" title="Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg">Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg</a> (in German). March 22, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240614234035/https://www.rbb24.de/wirtschaft/beitrag/2024/03/brandenburg-tesla-betriebsrat-wahl-elon-musk.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2024. Retrieved June 14, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rundfunk+Berlin-Brandenburg&rft.atitle=Tesla-Besch%C3%A4ftigte+Haben+Betriebsrat+Gew%C3%A4hlt+%E2%80%93+IG+Metall+Liegt+Vorn&rft.date=2024-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbb24.de%2Fwirtschaft%2Fbeitrag%2F2024%2F03%2Fbrandenburg-tesla-betriebsrat-wahl-elon-musk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerfürden2024" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Verfürden, Michael (March 20, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.handelsblatt.com/unternehmen/industrie/gigafactory-gruenheide-ig-metall-gewinnt-betriebsratswahl-bei-tesla/100026108.html">"IG Metall Gewinnt Betriebsratswahl Bei Tesla"</a> [IG Metall wins works council election at Tesla]. <a href="/wiki/Handelsblatt" title="Handelsblatt">Handelsblatt</a> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240916202040/https://www.handelsblatt.com/unternehmen/industrie/gigafactory-gruenheide-ig-metall-gewinnt-betriebsratswahl-bei-tesla/100026108.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2024. Retrieved September 16, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Handelsblatt&rft.atitle=IG+Metall+Gewinnt+Betriebsratswahl+Bei+Tesla&rft.date=2024-03-20&rft.aulast=Verf%C3%BCrden&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.handelsblatt.com%2Funternehmen%2Findustrie%2Fgigafactory-gruenheide-ig-metall-gewinnt-betriebsratswahl-bei-tesla%2F100026108.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerfürden2024" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Verfürden, Michael (March 19, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.handelsblatt.com/unternehmen/industrie/tesla-werk-betriebsratswahl-spaltet-teslas-belegschaft-in-gruenheide/100025048.html">"Betriebsratswahl Spaltet Teslas Belegschaft in Grünheide"</a> [Works council election splits Tesla's workforce in Grünheide]. <a href="/wiki/Handelsblatt" title="Handelsblatt">Handelsblatt</a> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240916202046/https://www.handelsblatt.com/unternehmen/industrie/tesla-werk-betriebsratswahl-spaltet-teslas-belegschaft-in-gruenheide/100025048.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2024. Retrieved September 16, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Handelsblatt&rft.atitle=Betriebsratswahl+Spaltet+Teslas+Belegschaft+in+Gr%C3%BCnheide&rft.date=2024-03-19&rft.aulast=Verf%C3%BCrden&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.handelsblatt.com%2Funternehmen%2Findustrie%2Ftesla-werk-betriebsratswahl-spaltet-teslas-belegschaft-in-gruenheide%2F100025048.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbb24.de/wirtschaft/beitrag/2024/04/brandenburg-gruenheide-tesla-betriebsrat-konstituierende-sitzung-schmitz-vorsitzende.html">"Neugewählter Tesla-Betriebsrat Bestätigt Michaela Schmitz Als Vorsitzende"</a> [Newly elected Tesla works council confirms Michaela Schmitz as chairwoman]. <a href="/wiki/Rundfunk_Berlin-Brandenburg" title="Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg">Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg</a> (in German). April 5, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240825144831/https://www.rbb24.de/wirtschaft/beitrag/2024/04/brandenburg-gruenheide-tesla-betriebsrat-konstituierende-sitzung-schmitz-vorsitzende.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2024. Retrieved August 25, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rundfunk+Berlin-Brandenburg&rft.atitle=Neugew%C3%A4hlter+Tesla-Betriebsrat+Best%C3%A4tigt+Michaela+Schmitz+Als+Vorsitzende&rft.date=2024-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbb24.de%2Fwirtschaft%2Fbeitrag%2F2024%2F04%2Fbrandenburg-gruenheide-tesla-betriebsrat-konstituierende-sitzung-schmitz-vorsitzende.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteitzWaldersee2024" class="citation news cs1">Steitz, Christoph; Waldersee, Victoria (December 17, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/tesla-castigates-german-union-over-attempt-oust-works-council-head-2024-12-17/">"Tesla castigates German union over attempt to oust works council head"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Tesla+castigates+German+union+over+attempt+to+oust+works+council+head&rft.date=2024-12-17&rft.aulast=Steitz&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft.au=Waldersee%2C+Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbusiness%2Fautos-transportation%2Ftesla-castigates-german-union-over-attempt-oust-works-council-head-2024-12-17%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/strejk-inledd-pa-tesla-i-sverige">"Strejk Inledd På Tesla I Sverige"</a> [Strike started at Tesla in Sweden]. <a href="/wiki/SVT_Nyheter" class="mw-redirect" title="SVT Nyheter">SVT Nyheter</a> (in Swedish). October 27, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231106145155/https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/strejk-inledd-pa-tesla-i-sverige">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2023. Retrieved November 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SVT+Nyheter&rft.atitle=Strejk+Inledd+P%C3%A5+Tesla+I+Sverige&rft.date=2023-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svt.se%2Fnyheter%2Finrikes%2Fstrejk-inledd-pa-tesla-i-sverige&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_57-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_57-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_57-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhn2024" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kuhn" title="Gabriel Kuhn">Kuhn, Gabriel</a> (May 8, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turningpointmag.org/2024/05/08/the-head-of-sac-tesla-faces-a-stalemate-in-sweden-as-the-longest-strike-in-decades-grinds-on/">"The Head of SAC: Tesla Faces a 'Stalemate' in Sweden as the Longest Strike in Decades Grinds On"</a>. Turning Point. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240614234038/https://turningpointmag.org/2024/05/08/the-head-of-sac-tesla-faces-a-stalemate-in-sweden-as-the-longest-strike-in-decades-grinds-on/">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2024. Retrieved June 14, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turning+Point&rft.atitle=The+Head+of+SAC%3A+Tesla+Faces+a+%27Stalemate%27+in+Sweden+as+the+Longest+Strike+in+Decades+Grinds+On&rft.date=2024-05-08&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fturningpointmag.org%2F2024%2F05%2F08%2Fthe-head-of-sac-tesla-faces-a-stalemate-in-sweden-as-the-longest-strike-in-decades-grinds-on%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBackman2023" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Backman, Wilma (November 3, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/strejken-mot-tesla-utvidgas-ser-ingen-annan-utvag">"Strejken Mot Tesla Och Klarna Utvidgas: 'Ser Ingen Annan Utväg'"</a> [The strike against Tesla and Klarna is extended: 'Sees no other way out']. <a href="/wiki/SVT_Nyheter" class="mw-redirect" title="SVT Nyheter">SVT Nyheter</a> (in Swedish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231107172449/https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/strejken-mot-tesla-utvidgas-ser-ingen-annan-utvag">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2023. Retrieved November 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SVT+Nyheter&rft.atitle=Strejken+Mot+Tesla+Och+Klarna+Utvidgas%3A+%27Ser+Ingen+Annan+Utv%C3%A4g%27&rft.date=2023-11-03&rft.aulast=Backman&rft.aufirst=Wilma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svt.se%2Fnyheter%2Finrikes%2Fstrejken-mot-tesla-utvidgas-ser-ingen-annan-utvag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tv4.se/artikel/19AlGSrRg7xtAUuC5LMe4s/facket-larmar-om-strejkbrytare-vid-tesla-folk-aer-livraedda">"Facket Larmar Om Strejkbrytare Vid Tesla: 'Folk ÄR Livrädda'"</a> [The union raises the alarm about strike breakers at Tesla: 'People are terrified']. <a href="/wiki/TV4_(Swedish_TV_channel)" title="TV4 (Swedish TV channel)">TV4</a> (in Swedish). October 27, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231106145156/https://www.tv4.se/artikel/19AlGSrRg7xtAUuC5LMe4s/facket-larmar-om-strejkbrytare-vid-tesla-folk-aer-livraedda">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2023. Retrieved November 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TV4&rft.atitle=Facket+Larmar+Om+Strejkbrytare+Vid+Tesla%3A+%27Folk+%C3%84R+Livr%C3%A4dda%27&rft.date=2023-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tv4.se%2Fartikel%2F19AlGSrRg7xtAUuC5LMe4s%2Ffacket-larmar-om-strejkbrytare-vid-tesla-folk-aer-livraedda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/sweden/article/2024/02/21/swedish-tesla-strike-expands-to-include-charging-stations_6546395_213.html">"Swedish Tesla Strike Expands to Include Charging Stations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a>. February 21, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240311041933/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/sweden/article/2024/02/21/swedish-tesla-strike-expands-to-include-charging-stations_6546395_213.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 11, 2024. Retrieved March 11, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Swedish+Tesla+Strike+Expands+to+Include+Charging+Stations&rft.date=2024-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2Fsweden%2Farticle%2F2024%2F02%2F21%2Fswedish-tesla-strike-expands-to-include-charging-stations_6546395_213.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/tesla-labour-dispute-ignites-nordic-sympathy-strikes-2023-12-07/">"Tesla Labour Dispute Ignites Nordic Sympathy Strikes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. December 7, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231210062434/https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/tesla-labour-dispute-ignites-nordic-sympathy-strikes-2023-12-07/">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2023. Retrieved September 27, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Tesla+Labour+Dispute+Ignites+Nordic+Sympathy+Strikes&rft.date=2023-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbusiness%2Fautos-transportation%2Ftesla-labour-dispute-ignites-nordic-sympathy-strikes-2023-12-07%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-62"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2023" class="citation news cs1">Stewart, Heather (December 1, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/dec/01/tesla-swedish-unions-elon-musk">"'We Can't Let Tesla Get Away with This': Why Swedish Unions Are Fighting Elon Musk"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240916202044/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/dec/01/tesla-swedish-unions-elon-musk">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2024. Retrieved December 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27We+Can%27t+Let+Tesla+Get+Away+with+This%27%3A+Why+Swedish+Unions+Are+Fighting+Elon+Musk&rft.date=2023-12-01&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2023%2Fdec%2F01%2Ftesla-swedish-unions-elon-musk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaye" class="citation web cs1">Kaye, Danielle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2023/11/17/1213157550/tesla-sweden-union-workers-boycott">"Swedish Dockworkers Are Refusing to Unload Teslas at Ports in Broad Boycott Move"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. Retrieved October 10, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Swedish+Dockworkers+Are+Refusing+to+Unload+Teslas+at+Ports+in+Broad+Boycott+Move&rft.aulast=Kaye&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F11%2F17%2F1213157550%2Ftesla-sweden-union-workers-boycott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Vynck" class="citation news cs1">De Vynck, Gerrit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/12/29/tesla-strike-sweden-elon-musk/">"Tesla Strike in Sweden Is Biggest Test yet of Elon Musk's Anti-Union Stance"</a>. Washington Post. Retrieved October 10, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Tesla+Strike+in+Sweden+Is+Biggest+Test+yet+of+Elon+Musk%27s+Anti-Union+Stance&rft.aulast=De+Vynck&rft.aufirst=Gerrit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2F12%2F29%2Ftesla-strike-sweden-elon-musk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEddy2023" class="citation news cs1">Eddy, Melissa (November 5, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/05/business/economy/tesla-sweden-unions.html">"Job Action Against Tesla Puts Sweden's Unions in Spotlight"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231106145156/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/05/business/economy/tesla-sweden-unions.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2023. 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December 6, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207100228/https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/norway-union-warns-it-may-block-tesla-cars-meant-sweden-2023-12-06/">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2023. 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December 7, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240206223536/https://www.akt.fi/uutiset/the-akt-executive-committee-decided-on-sympathy-actions-for-tesla/">Archived</a> from the original on February 6, 2024. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/tesla-raises-sweden-market-share-despite-labour-strike-2024-10-01/">the original</a> on October 2, 2024. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/danish-pension-fund-sell-its-tesla-shares-over-union-dispute-2023-12-06/">the original</a> on February 9, 2024. Retrieved February 20, 2025. <q>PensionDanmark, one of Denmark's largest pension funds, said on Wednesday it had decided to sell its holdings in Tesla (TSLA.O), opens new tab over the U.S. auto company's refusal to enter into agreements with labour unions. The decision is part of a growing Nordic movement to force Tesla to sign collective bargaining agreements with Swedish mechanics, who have been on strike since October.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Danish+pension+fund+to+sell+its+Tesla+shares+over+union+dispute&rft.date=2023-12-06&rft.aulast=Gronholt-Pedersen&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fsustainability%2Fdanish-pension-fund-sell-its-tesla-shares-over-union-dispute-2023-12-06%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-72"><a href="#cite_ref-:5_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellMilne2023" class="citation news cs1">Campbell, Peter; Milne, Richard (December 14, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/384a6ef6-1c8d-420a-8b8a-dc94d754b01b">"Wanted: Nordic Expert to Help Elon Musk Defuse Tesla Union Row"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231223122211/https://www.ft.com/content/384a6ef6-1c8d-420a-8b8a-dc94d754b01b">Archived</a> from the original on December 23, 2023. Retrieved December 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Wanted%3A+Nordic+Expert+to+Help+Elon+Musk+Defuse+Tesla+Union+Row&rft.date=2023-12-14&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Milne%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F384a6ef6-1c8d-420a-8b8a-dc94d754b01b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.industriall-union.org/solidarity-in-malmo-as-ford-workers-join-tesla-picket-line">"Solidarity in Malmö as Ford Workers Join Tesla Picket Line"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IndustriALL" class="mw-redirect" title="IndustriALL">IndustriALL</a>. September 12, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240920194158/https://www.industriall-union.org/solidarity-in-malmo-as-ford-workers-join-tesla-picket-line">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2024. Retrieved September 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Solidarity+in+Malm%C3%B6+as+Ford+Workers+Join+Tesla+Picket+Line&rft.pub=IndustriALL&rft.date=2024-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.industriall-union.org%2Fsolidarity-in-malmo-as-ford-workers-join-tesla-picket-line&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesla+and+unions" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/tesla-seeks-sweden-court-order-protracted-labour-union-conflict-2025-01-07/">"Tesla Seeks Sweden Court Order in Protracted Labour Union Conflict"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. January 7, 2025. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/mbOun">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2025. 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