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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sifat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sifat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sifat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sifat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Model_DNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Model_DNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Model DNA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Model_DNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ciri-ciri_utama_model_Watson_dan_Crick_ialah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ciri-ciri_utama_model_Watson_dan_Crick_ialah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ciri-ciri utama model Watson dan Crick ialah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ciri-ciri_utama_model_Watson_dan_Crick_ialah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pandangan_keseluruhan_tentang_struktur_molekul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pandangan_keseluruhan_tentang_struktur_molekul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pandangan keseluruhan tentang struktur molekul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pandangan_keseluruhan_tentang_struktur_molekul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peranan_turutan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peranan_turutan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Peranan turutan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peranan_turutan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penyalinan_DNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penyalinan_DNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Penyalinan DNA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penyalinan_DNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ciri-ciri_mekanikal_berkaitan_dengan_biologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ciri-ciri_mekanikal_berkaitan_dengan_biologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ciri-ciri mekanikal berkaitan dengan biologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ciri-ciri_mekanikal_berkaitan_dengan_biologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliografi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Isi Kandungan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Asid deoksiribonukleik</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 164 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-164" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">164 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS" title="DNS – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="DNS" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desoxyribonukleins%C3%A4ure" title="Desoxyribonukleinsäure – Jerman Switzerland" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Desoxyribonukleinsäure" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Switzerland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B2_%E1%8A%A4%E1%8A%95_%E1%8A%A4" title="ዲ ኤን ኤ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዲ ኤን ኤ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B5_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="حمض نووي ريبوزي منقوص الأكسجين – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمض نووي ريبوزي منقوص الأكسجين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acido_desoxirribonucleico" title="Acido desoxirribonucleico – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Acido desoxirribonucleico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%8F" title="ডি এন এ – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ডি এন এ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cidu_desoxirribonucleico" title="Ácidu desoxirribonucleico – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ácidu desoxirribonucleico" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNT" title="DNT – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="DNT" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="دی‌ان‌ائی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دی‌ان‌ائی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat" title="Asam deoksiribonukleat – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Asam deoksiribonukleat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat" title="Asam deoksiribonukleat – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Asam deoksiribonukleat" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%8F" title="ডিএনএ – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডিএনএ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat" title="Asam deoksiribonukleat – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Asam deoksiribonukleat" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%9A" title="ДНК – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="ДНК" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дэзоксірыбануклеінавая кіслата – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэзоксірыбануклеінавая кіслата" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Дэзоксырыбануклійная кісьля – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дэзоксырыбануклійная кісьля" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%8F" title="डीएनए – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="डीएनए" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezoksiribonukleinska_kiselina" title="Dezoksiribonukleinska kiselina – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dezoksiribonukleinska kiselina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenkenn_dezoksiribonukleek" title="Trenkenn dezoksiribonukleek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Trenkenn dezoksiribonukleek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Дезоксирибонуклеинова киселина – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеинова киселина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%85%D2%AF%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Дезоксирибонуклеинай хүшэл – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеинай хүшэл" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80cid_desoxiribonucleic" title="Àcid desoxiribonucleic – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àcid desoxiribonucleic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D3%B3%D2%AB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D3%97" title="Дезоксирибонуклеин йӳҫекӗ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеин йӳҫекӗ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desoxyribonukleins%C3%A4ure" title="Desoxyribonukleinsäure – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Desoxyribonukleinsäure" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_desoxirribonucleico" title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azido_desoxirribonukleiko" title="Azido desoxirribonukleiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Azido desoxirribonukleiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="دی‌ان‌ای – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دی‌ان‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acide_d%C3%A9soxyribonucl%C3%A9ique" title="Acide désoxyribonucléique – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acide désoxyribonucléique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Frisian Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aig%C3%A9ad_d%C3%AD-ocsairibean%C3%BAicl%C3%A9asach" title="Aigéad dí-ocsairibeanúicléasach – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aigéad dí-ocsairibeanúicléasach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Scots Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scots Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_desoxirribonucleico" title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дезоксирибонуклеина кислота – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеина кислота" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Cina Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Cina Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%86%D4%B9" title="ԴՆԹ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ԴՆԹ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="डीऑक्सीराइबो न्यूक्लिक अम्ल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डीऑक्सीराइबो न्यूक्लिक अम्ल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoksiribonukleinska_kiselina" title="Deoksiribonukleinska kiselina – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Deoksiribonukleinska kiselina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoksiribonukleiko_nga_asido" title="Deoksiribonukleiko nga asido – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Deoksiribonukleiko nga asido" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acido_deoxyribonucleic" title="Acido deoxyribonucleic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Acido deoxyribonucleic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ULibofuzo" title="ULibofuzo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ULibofuzo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%8E_-(DNA)" title="ಡಿಎನ್ಎ -(DNA) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಡಿಎನ್ಎ -(DNA)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="დეზოქსირიბონუკლეინის მჟავა – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დეზოქსირიბონუკლეინის მჟავა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%92" title="ڈی این اے – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ڈی این اے" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%9D%D2%9A" title="ДНҚ – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="ДНҚ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDN" title="TDN – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="TDN" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Дезоксирибонуклеин кислотасы – Kirghiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеин кислотасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirghiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid_d%C3%A9zoksoribonikl%C3%A9yik" title="Asid dézoksoribonikléyik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Asid dézoksoribonikléyik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%C3%AEda_deoks%C3%AEr%C3%AEbonukley%C3%AE" title="Asîda deoksîrîbonukleyî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Asîda deoksîrîbonukleyî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidum_desoxyribonucleicum" title="Acidum desoxyribonucleicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Acidum desoxyribonucleicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezoksiribonukle%C4%ABnsk%C4%81be" title="Dezoksiribonukleīnskābe – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dezoksiribonukleīnskābe" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%86%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%86%D3%80" title="Дезоксирибонуклеин цуруцӀ – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеин цуруцӀ" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoksiribonukleor%C5%ABg%C5%A1tis" title="Deoksiribonukleorūgštis – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Deoksiribonukleorūgštis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asida_desosiribonucleal" title="Asida desosiribonucleal – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Asida desosiribonucleal" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezoxiribonukleinsav" title="Dezoxiribonukleinsav – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dezoxiribonukleinsav" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%9A" title="ДНК – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="ДНК" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asidra_dez%C3%B4ksirib%C3%B4niokleika" title="Asidra dezôksiribôniokleika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Asidra dezôksiribôniokleika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BB.%E0%B4%8E" title="ഡി.എൻ.എ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡി.എൻ.എ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%8F" title="डीएनए – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="डीएनए" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9F%E1%83%94" title="დეზოქსირიბონუკლეინიშ ბჟე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დეზოქსირიბონუკლეინიშ ბჟე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%89" title="حمض نووى – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حمض نووى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Дезоксирибонуклейн хүчил – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклейн хүчил" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1" title="ဒီအန်အေ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒီအန်အေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_(biologie)" title="DNA (biologie) – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="DNA (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%8F" title="डीएनए – Nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="डीएनए" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F" title="डी एन ए – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="डी एन ए" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%9C%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="デオキシリボ核酸 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デオキシリボ核酸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Дезоксирибонуклеинан муьстал – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеинан муьстал" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Frisian Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_desoxiribonucle%C3%AFc" title="Acid desoxiribonucleïc – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Acid desoxiribonucleïc" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezoksiribonuklein_kislota" title="Dezoksiribonuklein kislota – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dezoksiribonuklein kislota" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80.%E0%A8%90%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A8.%E0%A8%8F." title="ਡੀ.ਐੱਨ.ਏ. – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡੀ.ਐੱਨ.ਏ." data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%92" title="ڈی این اے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ڈی این اے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B2%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1" title="ဒီအဲဉ်အေ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဒီအဲဉ်အေ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%89%D9%8A_%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="ډي آکسي رايبونيوکليک اسيد – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ډي آکسي رايبونيوکليک اسيد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaxiraibonyuukliik_asid" title="Diaxiraibonyuukliik asid – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Diaxiraibonyuukliik asid" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%81" title="ឌីអិនអេ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ឌីអិនអេ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desoxyribonukleins%C3%BCre" title="Desoxyribonukleinsüre – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Desoxyribonukleinsüre" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwas_deoksyrybonukleinowy" title="Kwas deoksyrybonukleinowy – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kwas deoksyrybonukleinowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_desoxirribonucleico" title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNK" title="DNK – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="DNK" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дезоксирибонуклеиновая кислота – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеиновая кислота" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Дезоксирибонуклеиннаах аһыыба – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеиннаах аһыыба" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desoxyribonukleins%C3%BC%C3%BCre" title="Desoxyribonukleinsüüre – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Desoxyribonukleinsüüre" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Sicili" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%93.%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A.%E0%B6%92." title="ඩී.එන්.ඒ. – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඩී.එන්.ඒ." data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8A%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="ڊي اين اي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڊي اين اي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyribonukleov%C3%A1_kyselina" title="Deoxyribonukleová kyselina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Deoxyribonukleová kyselina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoksiribonukleinska_kislina" title="Deoksiribonukleinska kislina – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Deoksiribonukleinska kislina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Silesia" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%86_%D8%A6%DB%95%DB%8C" title="دی ئێن ئەی – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دی ئێن ئەی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Дезоксирибонуклеинска киселина – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеинска киселина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNK" title="DNK – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="DNK" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF._%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D._%E0%AE%8F." title="டி. என். ஏ. – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டி. என். ஏ." data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Дезоксирибонуклеин кислотасы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеин кислотасы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82" title="డీఆక్సీరైబో కేంద్రక ఆమ్లం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="డీఆక్సీరైబో కేంద్రక ఆమ్లం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD" title="ดีเอ็นเอ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดีเอ็นเอ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Кислотаи дезоксирибонуклеат – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кислотаи дезоксирибонуклеат" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дезоксирибонуклеїнова кислота – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеїнова кислота" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%92" title="ڈی این اے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈی این اے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%90%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%DB%87%D9%83%D9%84%DB%90%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%83_%D9%83%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="دېئوكسىرىبونۇكلېئىك كىسلاتا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="دېئوكسىرىبونۇكلېئىك كىسلاتا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Venetia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seur_dezocsiribonucleyike" title="Seur dezocsiribonucleyike – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Seur dezocsiribonucleyike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%AB%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脫氧核糖核酸 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="脫氧核糖核酸" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%AB%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脫氧核糖核酸 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="脫氧核糖核酸" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%AB%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脫氧核糖核酸 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="脫氧核糖核酸" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNR" title="DNR – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="DNR" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脱氧核糖核酸 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="脱氧核糖核酸" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat" title="Asam deoksiribonukleat – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Asam deoksiribonukleat" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7430#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Asid_deoksiribonukleik" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Asid_deoksiribonukleik" 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data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Dilencongkan daripada <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:DNA_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/DNA_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="181" height="313" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption>Animasi menunjukkan struktur sebahagian heliks kembar asid deoksiribonukleik</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Asid deoksiribonukleik</b> (juga dikenali dengan kependekan bahasa Inggerisnya <b>DNA</b> daripada <i>deoxyiribonucleic acid</i>) merupakan komponen <a href="/wiki/Biokimia" title="Biokimia">kimia</a> utama <a href="/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom">kromosom</a> dan merupakan bahan yang menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">gen</a>. Ia kadangkalanya juga dipanggil <b>molekul warisan</b> atas keadaannya yang boleh mewariskan sifat-sifat daripada organisma induk. Dalam proses <a href="/wiki/Pembiakan" title="Pembiakan">pembiakan</a>, DNA bereplikasi dan hasilnya dipindahkan kepada zuriat. </p><p>Dalam <a href="/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria">bakteria</a>, organisma sel prokariot, dan organisma rendah yang lain, DNA tersebar di dalam keseluruhan sel. Bagi sel rumit atau sel <a href="/wiki/Eukariot" title="Eukariot">eukariotik</a> yang membentuk <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan">tumbuhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haiwan" title="Haiwan">haiwan</a> dan organisma pelbagai-sel yang lain, kebanyakan DNA terdapat di dalam <a href="/wiki/Nukleus_sel" title="Nukleus sel">nukleus sel</a>. Organel penjana tenaga seperti <a href="/wiki/Kloroplas" title="Kloroplas">kloroplas</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Mitokondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitokondria">mitokondria</a> dan kebanyakan <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virus</a> juga mengandungi DNA. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sifat">Sifat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_deoksiribonukleik&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Sifat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_deoksiribonukleik&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sifat"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DNA merupakan <a href="/wiki/Polimer" title="Polimer">polimer</a> panjang yang terhasil daripada unit <a href="/wiki/Nukleotida" title="Nukleotida">nukleotida</a> yang berulang-ulang.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alberts_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alberts-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strukturnya yang anjal berkebolehan melingkar menjadi gelung ketat serta bentuk yang lain.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam semua spesies, DNA terdiri daripada dua rantaian heliks yang diikat satu sama lain melalui <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_hidrogen" title="Ikatan hidrogen">ikatan hidrogen</a>. Kedua-dua rantaian ini melingkar pada paksi yang sama serta mempunyai jarak benang sebanyak 34 <a href="/wiki/Angstrom" title="Angstrom">ångström</a> (3.4 <a href="/wiki/Nanometer" title="Nanometer">nanometer</a>). Radius pasangan rantaian ini berukuran sebanyak 10 ångström (1.0 nanometer).<sup id="cite_ref-FWPUB_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWPUB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam organisma hidup, DNA tidak biasanya wujud sebagai molekul tunggal melainkan sebagai sepasang molekul yang diikat bersama..<sup id="cite_ref-FWPUB_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWPUB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-berg_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bebenang ini saling melingkar seperti gain (<i>vine</i>) dalam bentuk pilin kembar. Nukleotidanya mempunyai segmen tulang belakang molekul DNA (yang menghubungkan bebenang bersama) dan nukleobes (yang berinteraksi dengan DNA lain dalam heliks). Nukleobes yang berhubung dengan gula dipanggil <a href="/wiki/Nukleosida" title="Nukleosida">nukleosida</a> manakala bes yang diikat bersama gula serta satu atau lebih kumpulan fosfat dipanggil <a href="/wiki/Nukleotida" title="Nukleotida">nukleotida</a>. Polimer yang terdiri daripada banyak nukleotida (seperti DNA) yang berhubung dikenali sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polinukleotida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polinukleotida (laman tidak wujud)">polinukleotida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IUPAC_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUPAC-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heliks kembar DNA distabilkan oleh dua daya utama: <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_hidrogen" title="Ikatan hidrogen">ikatan hidrogen</a> antara nukleotida dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stacking_(chemistry)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stacking (chemistry) (laman tidak wujud)">base-stacking</a> interactions among <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aromatic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aromatic (laman tidak wujud)">aromatic</a> nucleobases.<sup id="cite_ref-Yakovchuk2006_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yakovchuk2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam persekitaran sel yang akueus, ikatan <span class="texhtml">π</span> konjugat bes nukleotida tersusun berseranjang dengan paksi molekul DNA mengurangkan interaksi bes-bes ini dengan petala pensolvatan (<i>solvation shell</i>). Terdapat empat bes yang dijumpai pada DNA iaitu <a href="/wiki/Adenina" title="Adenina">adenina</a> (A), <a href="/wiki/Sitosina" title="Sitosina">sitosina</a> (C), <a href="/wiki/Guanina" title="Guanina">guanina</a> (G) and <a href="/wiki/Tiamina" title="Tiamina">tiamina</a> (T). Keempat-empat bes ini melekat pada fosfat gula membentuk nukleotida yang sempurna, sepertimana yang ditunjukkan pada struktur <a href="/wiki/Adenosina_monofosfat" title="Adenosina monofosfat">adenosina monofosfat</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adenina" title="Adenina">Adenina</a> berpasangan dengan <a href="/wiki/Tiamina" title="Tiamina">tiamina</a> manakala <a href="/wiki/Guanina" title="Guanina">guanina</a> berpasangan dengan <a href="/wiki/Sitosina" title="Sitosina">sitosina</a> di mana ia diwakili oleh pasangan bes A-T dan G-C.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Model_DNA">Model DNA</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_deoksiribonukleik&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Model DNA" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_deoksiribonukleik&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Model DNA"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:DNA_orbit_animated.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/DNA_orbit_animated.gif/250px-DNA_orbit_animated.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/DNA_orbit_animated.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Gambaran bentuk helix DNA.</figcaption></figure> <p>Model Struktur DNA yang dicadangkan oleh James Watson dan Francis Crick (1953) adalah seperti berikut. </p><p>Asid nukliek terdiri daripada subunit-subunit kecil nukleotida iaitu :- </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>kumpulan fosfat</li> <li>nukleotida tanpa kumpulan fosfat dikenali sebagai nukleotida</li> <li>kumpulan gula pentosa, gula ribosa dan deoksiribosa</li> <li>bes nitrogen purin dan pirimidina</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>4 komponen bes <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> pada DNA iaitu :- </p> <ol><li>Adenina (A)</li> <li>Tiamina (T)</li> <li>Sitosina (C)</li> <li>Guanina (G)</li></ol> <ul><li>Pada RNA, timina diganti dengan Urasil (U).</li> <li>Purin (ada 2 cincin) terdiri daripada adenina dan guanina.</li> <li>Pirimidina (1 cincin) terdiri daripada sitosina, timina dan urasil.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ciri-ciri_utama_model_Watson_dan_Crick_ialah">Ciri-ciri utama model Watson dan Crick ialah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_deoksiribonukleik&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Ciri-ciri utama model Watson dan Crick ialah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_deoksiribonukleik&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Ciri-ciri utama model Watson dan Crick ialah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>DNA terdiri daripada 2 bebenang polinukleotida yang bergelung untuk menghasilkan bentuk dwi-heliks.</li> <li>Dua bebenang polinukleotida tersusun dalam arah yang bertentangan (5’-3’ dengan 3’-5’).</li> <li>DNA mempunyai tulang belakang gula-fosfat ikatan fosfodiester dan pada bahagian tengahnya terdapat pasangan-pasangan bes A-T dan G-C. Pasangan ini diikat oleh ikatan hidrogen.</li> <li>Dupleks DNA mempunyai diameter 20 Å. Pasangan bes pada DNA disusun dalam jarak 3.4 Å antara satu sama lain. Satu pusingan penuh heliks berjarak 34 Å dan mengandungi 10 bes.</li> <li>Segmen molekul DNA mempunyai alur major yang berselang dengan alur minor.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pandangan_keseluruhan_tentang_struktur_molekul">Pandangan keseluruhan tentang struktur molekul</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_deoksiribonukleik&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Pandangan keseluruhan tentang struktur molekul" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_deoksiribonukleik&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pandangan keseluruhan tentang struktur molekul"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Walaupun kadangkala dikenali sebagai "molekul warisan", perca DNA sebagaimana dikenali oleh orang ramai bukannya satu molekul. Sebaliknya DNA adalah sepasang molekul yang berpaut seperti sulur paut untuk membentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heliks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heliks (laman tidak wujud)">heliks</a> berkembar. </p><p>Setiap molekul merupakan seurat DNA: rantaian <a href="/wiki/Nukleotida" title="Nukleotida">nukleotida</a> yang bersambung secara kimia, setiap satunya mengandungi <a href="/wiki/Gula" title="Gula">gula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat">fosfat</a> dan satu dari empat jenis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aromatik_hidrokarbon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aromatik hidrokarbon (laman tidak wujud)">aromatik</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berasaskan_Nitrogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berasaskan Nitrogen (laman tidak wujud)">berasaskan Nitrogen</a> (<i>Nitrogenous base</i>). Oleh kerana utasan DNA terdiri daripada sub-unit nukleotida, DNA adalah <a href="/wiki/Polimer" title="Polimer">polimer</a>. </p><p>Kepelbagaian asas bererti terdapat empat jenis nukleotida, yang biasanya dikenali dengan asas mereka. Ini adalah <a href="/wiki/Adenina" title="Adenina">adenina</a> (A), <a href="/wiki/Tiamina" title="Tiamina">tiamina</a> (T), <a href="/wiki/Sitosina" title="Sitosina">sitosina</a> (C), and <a href="/wiki/Guanina" title="Guanina">guanina</a> (G). </p><p>Dalam heliks DNA berkembar, dua rantaian polinukleotida bergabung melalui pasangan bes, yang terdiri daripada <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_hidrogen" title="Ikatan hidrogen">ikatan hidrogen</a>. Setiap asas cenderung untuk membentuk ikatan hidrogen hanya dengan pasangannya. -- A kepada T dan C kepada G -- jadi pengenalpastian pada asas satu untaian menentukan asas pada untaian pasangan. Oleh itu keseluruhan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urutan_utama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urutan utama (laman tidak wujud)">urutan utama</a> nukleotida bagi setiap untaian menurut kepada yang lain, dan apabila dipisahkan, setiap satu mampu bertindak sebagai acuan kepada mana <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salinan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salinan (laman tidak wujud)">salinan</a> kepada yang asal yang lengkap dapat disalin dengan sempurna. </p><p>Oleh kerana berpasangan, ia menyebabkan asas nukleotida untuk menghadap teras heliks, kumpulan nukleotida gula dan fosfat selari di luar, dan dua rantaian yang dibentuk kadang kala dipanggil tulang belakang heliks. Malah, ikatan kimia antara fosfat dan gula yang mengikat setiap nukleotida kepada untaian DNA seterusnya. </p><p>Setiap nukleotida terdiri daripada gula, bes dan fosfat. Ikatan antara sitosina dan guanina berupa dua rantai hidrogen, sedangkan untuk adenina dan tiamina hanya berupa satu ikatan rantai hiodrogen. Rantai DNA yang satu merupakan komplemen bagi rantai yang lainnya dengan arah 5'-3' dan 3'-5'. DNA dapat bereplikasi, ada 3 model replikasi DNA iaitu konservatif, semi konservatif, dan dispersiv, tetapi yang sering dipakai adalah yang model semi konservativ. Struktur DNA pada eukariot berbentuk linier sedangkan pada prokariot berbentuk sirkuler. Kerana rantai DNA sangat panjang maka nanti akan mengalami pengepakan dengan bantuan <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> histon. Kedudukan DNA diantara kromosom adalah sebagai berikut : kromosom menipis menjadi benang kromatin yang terdiri dari rangkaian nukleosom dimana setiap nukleosom terdiri dari 8 protein histon. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peranan_turutan">Peranan turutan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_deoksiribonukleik&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Peranan turutan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_deoksiribonukleik&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Peranan turutan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Di dalam gen, urutan nukleotida sepanjang untaian DNA menentukan rantaian serta jenis protein, yang akan dihasilkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Organisma" title="Organisma">organisma</a> atau pengekpresan gen pada satu atau beberapa titik pada hayatnya menggunakan maklumat urutan ini. aitan antara urutan nukleotida dan urutan <a href="/wiki/Asid_amino" title="Asid amino">asid amino</a> protein ditentukan oleh hukum selular (<i>cellular</i>) mudah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi_terjemahan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biologi terjemahan (laman tidak wujud)">terjemahan</a>, dikenali keseluruhannya sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kod_genetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kod genetik (laman tidak wujud)">kod genetik</a>. Membaca sepanjang urutan "pengkod protein", setiap urutan tiga nukleotida berikutnya (dikenali sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kodon (laman tidak wujud)">kodon</a>) menentukan atau "mengkodkan" satu asid amino. </p><p>Dalam kebanyakan <a href="/wiki/Spesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Spesis">spesis</a> organisma, hanya sebahagian kecil dari seluruh urutan <a href="/wiki/Genom" title="Genom">genom</a> kelihatan mengandungi kod protein. Fungsi yang selebihnya menjadi spekulasi. Ia diketahui bahawa urutan nukleotida tertentu mempunyai kecenderungan untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein_pengikat_DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protein pengikat DNA (laman tidak wujud)">protein pengikat DNA</a>, yang memainkan pelbagai peranan luas, khususnya melalui penyalinan terkawal dan transkripsi. Urutan ini selalunya dipanggil <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urutan_pengawal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urutan pengawal (laman tidak wujud)">urutan pengawal</a>(<i>regulatory sequence</i>), dan penyelidik menjangkakan bahawa setakat ini mereka hanya mengenal pasti hanya sebahagian kecil daripada sepenuhnya. "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sampah_DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sampah DNA (laman tidak wujud)">Sampah DNA</a>" mewakili urutan yang masih belum kelihatan mengandungi gen atau mempunyai fungsi. </p><p>Urutan juga menentukan bahagian DNA yang cenderung kepada belahan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim_pendam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enzim pendam (laman tidak wujud)">enzim pendam</a>, maklumat terpenting dalam bidang <a href="/wiki/Kejuruteraan_genetik" title="Kejuruteraan genetik">kejuruteraan genetik</a>. Kedudukan tapak belahan (<i>cleavage sites</i>) sepanjang genom seseorang menentukan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cap_jari_DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cap jari DNA (laman tidak wujud)">cap jari DNA</a> seseorang. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penyalinan_DNA">Penyalinan DNA</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_deoksiribonukleik&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Penyalinan DNA" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_deoksiribonukleik&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Penyalinan DNA"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i> Untuk rencana lanjutan, lihat <a href="/wiki/Penyalinan_DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Penyalinan DNA">Penyalinan DNA</a></i> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ciri-ciri_mekanikal_berkaitan_dengan_biologi">Ciri-ciri mekanikal berkaitan dengan biologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_deoksiribonukleik&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Ciri-ciri mekanikal berkaitan dengan biologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_deoksiribonukleik&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Ciri-ciri mekanikal berkaitan dengan biologi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ikatan <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> antara untaian heliks berkembar cukup lemah sehinggakan ia dapat diuraikan dengan mudah oleh <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzim</a>. <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">Enzim</a> dikenali sebagai <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helicase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helicase (laman tidak wujud)">helicase</a></i> mengurai untaian-untaian DNA untuk memudahkan kemajuan enzim pembaca urutan seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polimerase_DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polimerase DNA (laman tidak wujud)">Polimerase DNA</a>. Uraian ikatan memerlukan enzim <i>helicase</i> untuk membelah secara kimia tulang belakang fosfat salah satu untaian agar ia dapat berpusing mengelilingi yang lain. Untaian juga dapat diuraikan dengan pemanasan perlahan, seperti digunakan dalam prosedur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tindakbalas_rantai_polimerase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tindakbalas rantai polimerase (laman tidak wujud)">tindakbalas rantai polimerase</a>, bergantung ia mempunyai kurang daripada 10,000 pasangan bes ((10 pasangan kilobes (<i>kilobase pairs</i>), atau 10 kbp). Pembelitan untaian DNA menyebabkan bahagian panjang sukar dipisahkan. </p><p>Apabila hujung untaian DNA heliks berkembar bersambung membentuk bulatan, seperti dalam DNA <a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">plasmid</a>, untaian adalah kusut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teori_knot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori knot (laman tidak wujud)">topologi</a>. Ini bererti ia tidak dapat dipisahkan melalui pemanasan perlahan sahaja atau sebarang proses yang tidak membabitkan memutuskan untaian. Tugas menguraikan untaian DNA bersambung secara topologi dilakukan oleh enzim yang dikenali sebagai <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topoisomerase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Topoisomerase (laman tidak wujud)">topoisomerase</a></i>. Sesetengah enzim menguraikan bulatan DNA dengan membelah dua untaian agar segmen untaian berkembar yang lain dapat lalu. Penguraian diperlukan untuk penyalinan bulatan DNA dan juga untuk pelbagai jenis gabungan dalam DNA lurus. </p> <div style="float:right;width:150px;margin-left:5px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Dna-helix.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Model pengisi ruang seksion molekul DNA."><img alt="Model pengisi ruang seksion molekul DNA." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Dna-helix.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="72" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="72" /></a></span><br /><i>Model pengisi ruang seksion molekul DNA</i></div> <p>Heliks DNA boleh membentuk satu dari tiga jenis geometri yang berlainan sedikit, yang mana bentuk "B" digambarkan oleh <a href="/wiki/James_D._Watson" title="James D. Watson">James D. Watson</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> dipercayai didapati secara meluas di dalam sel. Ia adalah selebar 2 <a href="/wiki/Nanometer" title="Nanometer">nanometer</a> dan mengunjur 3.4 nanometer setiap 10 bp urutan. Ini juga merupakan anggaran panjang urutan dalam mana heliks membuat satu pusingan di sekeliling teras (<i>axis</i>). Kekerapan pusingan ini (dikenali sebagai nada heliks (<i>helical pitch</i>)) bergantung kepada tenaga tindih (<i>stacking forces</i>) yang setiap asas kenakan pada jirannya dalam rantaian DNA. </p><p>Kesempitan heliks berkembar menjadikannya mustahil untuk dikesan melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikroskop_pemancar_elektron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikroskop pemancar elektron (laman tidak wujud)">mikroskop elektron</a> biasa, kecuali melalui pewarna pekat. Pada masa yang sama, DNA di kebanyakan sel boleh jadi sepanjang makroskopik (<i>macroscopic</i>) -- anggaran 5 sentimeter panjang untuk untaian dalam kromosom manusia. Oleh itu, sel mestilah memampatkan atau membungkus DNA untuk dibawa bersama. Ini adalah salah satu fungsi kromosom, yang mengandungi protein berbentuk gelung yang dikenali sebagai protein histone, yang mana DNA bergelung disekelilingnya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografi">Bibliografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_deoksiribonukleik&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bahagian: Bibliografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_deoksiribonukleik&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Bibliografi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>DNA: The Secret of Life</i>, by James D. Watson. <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0375415467" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-375-41546-7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_deoksiribonukleik&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_deoksiribonukleik&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6415981">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6405196">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFSaenger1984" class="citation book cs1">Saenger, Wolfram (1984). <i>Principles of Nucleic Acid Structure</i>. New York: Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-387-90762-9" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-387-90762-9"><bdi>0-387-90762-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Nucleic+Acid+Structure&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-387-90762-9&rft.aulast=Saenger&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AAsid+deoksiribonukleik" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|name-list-format=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alberts-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alberts_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFAlbertsJohnsonLewisRaff2002" class="citation book cs1">Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Peter, Walters (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21054/"><i>Molecular Biology of the Cell</i></a> (ed. ke-4). New York, London: Garland Science. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-8153-3218-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-8153-3218-1"><bdi>0-8153-3218-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/145080076">145080076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+Biology+of+the+Cell&rft.place=New+York%2C+London&rft.edition=ke-4&rft.pub=Garland+Science&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F145080076&rft.isbn=0-8153-3218-1&rft.aulast=Alberts&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Julian&rft.au=Raff%2C+Martin&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Keith&rft.au=Peter%2C+Walters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK21054%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AAsid+deoksiribonukleik" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|name-list-format=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFIrobalievaFoggCataneseCatanese2015" class="citation journal cs1">Irobalieva RN, Fogg JM, Catanese DJ, Catanese DJ, Sutthibutpong T, Chen M, Barker AK, Ludtke SJ, Harris SA, Schmid MF, Chiu W, Zechiedrich L (Oktober 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4608029">"Structural diversity of supercoiled DNA"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>6</b>: 8440. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatCo...6E8440I">2015NatCo...6E8440I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms9440">10.1038/ncomms9440</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4608029">4608029</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26455586">26455586</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Structural+diversity+of+supercoiled+DNA&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=8440&rft.date=2015-10&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4608029%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26455586&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms9440&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NatCo...6E8440I&rft.aulast=Irobalieva&rft.aufirst=RN&rft.au=Fogg%2C+JM&rft.au=Catanese%2C+DJ&rft.au=Catanese%2C+DJ&rft.au=Sutthibutpong%2C+T&rft.au=Chen%2C+M&rft.au=Barker%2C+AK&rft.au=Ludtke%2C+SJ&rft.au=Harris%2C+SA&rft.au=Schmid%2C+MF&rft.au=Chiu%2C+W&rft.au=Zechiedrich%2C+L&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4608029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AAsid+deoksiribonukleik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FWPUB-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FWPUB_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FWPUB_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFWatsonCrick1953" class="citation journal cs1">Watson JD, Crick FH (April 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/watsoncrick.pdf">"Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>171</b> (4356): 737–8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953Natur.171..737W">1953Natur.171..737W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F171737a0">10.1038/171737a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13054692">13054692</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Molecular+structure+of+nucleic+acids%3B+a+structure+for+deoxyribose+nucleic+acid&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=4356&rft.pages=737-8&rft.date=1953-04&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13054692&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F171737a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1953Natur.171..737W&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=JD&rft.au=Crick%2C+FH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fdna50%2Fwatsoncrick.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AAsid+deoksiribonukleik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-berg-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-berg_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berg J., Tymoczko J., & Stryer L. (2002) <i>Biochemistry.</i> W. H. Freeman and Company <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-7167-4955-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-7167-4955-6">0-7167-4955-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUPAC-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUPAC_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/misc/naabb.html">Abbreviations and Symbols for Nucleic Acids, Polynucleotides and their Constituents</a> IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (CBN). Dicapai pada 3 Januari 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yakovchuk2006-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yakovchuk2006_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFYakovchukProtozanovaFrank-Kamenetskii2006" class="citation journal cs1">Yakovchuk P, Protozanova E, Frank-Kamenetskii MD (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1360284">"Base-stacking and base-pairing contributions into thermal stability of the DNA double helix"</a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Research</i>. <b>34</b> (2): 564–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkj454">10.1093/nar/gkj454</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1360284">1360284</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16449200">16449200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Research&rft.atitle=Base-stacking+and+base-pairing+contributions+into+thermal+stability+of+the+DNA+double+helix&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=564-74&rft.date=2006&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1360284%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16449200&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkj454&rft.aulast=Yakovchuk&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Protozanova%2C+E&rft.au=Frank-Kamenetskii%2C+MD&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1360284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AAsid+deoksiribonukleik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burton E. Tropp – <i>"Molecular Biology"</i>- Jones and Barlett Learning, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-7637-8663-2" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-7637-8663-2">978-0-7637-8663-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Watson-Crick_Model.html">"Watson-Crick Structure of DNA – 1953"</a>. <i>Steven Carr</i>. Memorial University of Newfoundland<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">13 Julai</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Steven+Carr&rft.atitle=Watson-Crick+Structure+of+DNA+%E2%80%93+1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mun.ca%2Fbiology%2Fscarr%2FWatson-Crick_Model.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AAsid+deoksiribonukleik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_deoksiribonukleik&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_deoksiribonukleik&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nist.rcsb.org/pdb/molecules/pdb23_1.html">DNA: molekul PDB bulan ini</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060107000252/http://nist.rcsb.org/pdb/molecules/pdb23_1.html">Diarkibkan</a> 2006-01-07 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Google: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://directory.google.com/Top/Science/Biology/Biochemistry_and_Molecular_Biology/Biomolecules/Nucleic_Acids/">Nucleic Acids</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040406095142/http://directory.google.com/Top/Science/Biology/Biochemistry_and_Molecular_Biology/Biomolecules/Nucleic_Acids/">Diarkibkan</a> 2004-04-06 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2949629.stm">17 April, 2003, BBC News: Most ancient DNA ever?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myfirstbookaboutdna.com">Buku pertama saya mengenai DNA</a></li> <li>Watson, James, and Francis Crick, "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biocrs.biomed.brown.edu/Books/Chapters/Ch%208/DH-Paper.html">Molecular structure of nucleic acids</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050514080521/http://biocrs.biomed.brown.edu/Books/Chapters/Ch%208/DH-Paper.html">Diarkibkan</a> 2005-05-14 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, A structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid</i>". April 2, 1953. (paper on the structure of DNA)</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diambil daripada "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asid_deoksiribonukleik&oldid=5301793">https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asid_deoksiribonukleik&oldid=5301793</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Kategori" title="Khas:Kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:DNA" title="Kategori:DNA">DNA</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori-kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_errors:_unsupported_parameter" title="Kategori:CS1 errors: unsupported parameter">CS1 errors: unsupported parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pautan_wayback_templat_webarchive" title="Kategori:Pautan wayback templat webarchive">Pautan wayback templat webarchive</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Laman_menggunakan_pautan_ajaib_ISBN" title="Kategori:Laman menggunakan pautan ajaib ISBN">Laman menggunakan pautan ajaib ISBN</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Laman ini kali terakhir disunting pada 05:51, 23 September 2021.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks disediakan di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ms">Lesen Creative Commons Pengiktirafan/Perkongsian Serupa</a>; terma tambahan mungkin digunapakai. 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cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>164 bahasa</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Tambah topik</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-658b85fd8d-4jdkn","wgBackendResponseTime":136,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.195","walltime":"0.238","ppvisitednodes":{"value":590,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":16204,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":279,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":10,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":25011,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 178.955 1 -total"," 87.68% 156.902 1 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