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You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">==History of occupation== In antiquity, the Sakarya river flowed on the east side of the Citadel Mound, just beyond the Küçük Höyük fort. Its course changed several times, ultimately moving to the west side of the mound, where it is now. This was a relatively recent change, most likely occurring during the 19th century.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marsh |first1=Ben |title=Alluvial Burial of Gordion, An Iron-Age City in Anatolia |journal=Journal of Field Archaeology |date=1999 |volume=26 |pages=163–176}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Geomorphology |url=https://www.penn.museum/sites/gordion/geomorphology/ |website=The Gordion Archaeological Project |publisher=Penn Museum}}</ref> {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ Gordion Chronology ! Period Name ! Approximate Dates |- | Early Bronze Age | 3000–2000 BCE |- | Middle Bronze Age | 2000–1600 BCE |- | Late Bronze Age | 1600–1200 BCE |- | Early Iron Age | 1200–900 BCE |- | Early Phrygian Period | 900–800 BCE |- | Middle Phrygian Period | 800–540 BCE |- | Late Phrygian Period | 540–330 BCE |- | Hellenistic Period | 330–1st century BCE |- | Roman | 1st–5th century CE |- | Medieval | 13th–14th century CE |- | Modern Gordion | 1920s–present |} ===Bronze Age=== Gordion was inhabited from at least the [[Early Bronze Age]], c. 2300 BCE. By the end of this period it displayed ceramic commonalities with communities as far west as the [[Troad]] and as far east as [[Cilicia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bronze Age Gordion |url=https://www.penn.museum/sites/gordion/bronze-age-gordion/ |website=The Gordion Archaeological Project |publisher=Penn Museum}}</ref> During the [[Middle Bronze Age]], Gordion came under the influence of the [[Hittites]], with administrative seals evident at the site. There is an extensive necropolis attested on the Northeast Ridge, with burials of the MH III-IV periods.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mellink |first1=Machteld J. |title=A Hittite Cemetery at Gordion |date=1956 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |location=Philadelphia |isbn=9780934718059}}</ref> [[Late Bronze Age]] Gordion was part of the Hittite Empire and located at the western edge of its heartland.<ref>{{cite book |last=Seeher |first=Jürgen |editor-last1=McMahon |editor-first1=Gregory |editor-last2=Steadman |editor-first2=Sharon |title=The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000–323 BCE) |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2011 |pages=376–392 |chapter=The Plateau: The Hittites |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0016}}</ref> ===Early Iron Age === There is a cultural change at Gordion in the [[Early Iron Age]], with distinct differences from the [[Late Bronze Age]] in regard to architecture and ceramics. Ceramic and linguistic links with [[southeastern Europe]] point to an influx of [[Balkan]] migrants at this time, possibly the [[Bryges|Brygians]].<ref name="Iron Age Gordion">{{cite web |title=Iron Age Gordion |url=https://www.penn.museum/sites/gordion/iron-age-gordion/ |website=The Gordion Archaeological Project |publisher=Penn Museum}}</ref> ===Early Phrygian period === [[File:Gordion Citadel Mound aerial overview 2017.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Aerial overview of the Citadel Mound of Gordion]] [[File:Gordion Early Phrygian East Citadel Gate Tumulus W 2019.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|View through the Early Phrygian East Citadel Gate at Gordion looking at Tumulus W (c. 850 BCE)]] There were several monumental construction projects on the citadel during the 10th and 9th centuries, the Early Phrygian period, resulting in a circuit wall around the Citadel Mound with an extensive gate complex. The East Citadel Gate provided both increased defense and a projection of power; it is still preserved to a height of ten meters, making it the best preserved example in Anatolia. Around the same time, c. 850 BCE, Tumulus W was constructed, the first known example of a tumulus burial in Anatolia and a marker of elite prominence at Gordion. Beyond the East Citadel Gate, a series of elite buildings occupied the eastern side of the mound. These included several [[megaron]]-plan buildings and the large interconnected Terrace Building Complex. The Megarons at Gordion likely served an administrative function, with the largest, Megaron 3, perhaps serving as an audience hall. The Megarons include several pebble mosaic floors with elaborate geometric designs, among the earliest known examples of their type.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Young |first1=Rodney S. |title=Early Mosaics at Gordion |journal=Expedition |date=1965 |volume=7 |pages=4–13}}</ref> The Terrace Building, a complex of eight interconnected buildings stretching over one hundred meters in length, was a locus of grinding, cooking, and weaving, as well as storage. The remains of the Early Phrygian period were preserved due to a conflagration on the eastern side of the Citadel Mound, likely dating to c. 800 BCE. This destruction level and the subsequent rebuilding of the site above it preserved the architecture and many of the finds from the Early Phrygian period. The Early Phrygian period at the site is thus better understood than the Middle Phrygian. ====Early Phrygian Destruction Level ==== [[File:Gordion Citadel Mound overview.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|View of the Citadel Mound at Gordion. Early Phrygian Terrace Building Complex in the foreground with the East Citadel Gate behind it. Tumulus MM in the background to the left.]] There is ample evidence of widespread burning of the eastern portion of the Citadel Mound of Gordion, in a level referred to by the initial excavator, [[Rodney Young (archaeologist)|Rodney S. Young]], as the Destruction Level. This event, and the subsequent deposition of up to five meters of clay above the burnt level, sealed and preserved many buildings and hundreds of objects from the Early Phrygian phase, providing an astonishing insight into the character of the elite district of an [[Iron Age]] citadel, unique in Anatolian archaeology. As such, the Early Phrygian Destruction Level provides well-dated comparative material for other sites in the region and constitutes a key fixed point in Central Anatolian chronology.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chronology |url=https://www.penn.museum/sites/gordion/chronology/ |website=The Gordion Archaeological Project |publisher=Penn Museum}}</ref> Archaeologists at first interpreted the Destruction Level as the remains of a [[Cimmerians|Cimmerian attack]], c. 700 BCE, an event referred to much later by [[Strabo]] and [[Eusebius]] as resulting in the death of [[#King Midas|King Midas]]. Initial radiocarbon data analyzed by Young cast some doubt on this interpretation, but the date of 700 BCE was widely used. Beginning in 2000, a renewed program of [[radiocarbon dating]], [[dendrochronology|dendrochronological analysis]], and a closer examination of the objects in the Destruction Level began. Three factors were of particular importance: the establishment of the date of [[#Tumulus MM|Tumulus MM]] at c. 740 BCE based on dendrochronology; the comparison of Destruction Level objects with those in Tumulus MM and other independently dated assemblages in the [[#Tumuli|Gordion tumuli]]; and the study of well-known 8th century Greek ceramics in post-Destruction Level contexts. Taken altogether, this research indicated that the date of the conflagration was approximately one hundred years earlier than previously thought, c. 800 BCE.<ref name="University of Pennsylvania Museum">{{cite book |editor1-last=Rose |editor1-first=C. Brian |editor2-last=Darbyshire |editor2-first=Gareth |title=The New Chronology of Iron Age Gordion |date=2011 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Museum|location=Philadelphia}}</ref> Initial criticism of the radiocarbon analysis<ref name="informath.org">D.J. Keenan, "[http://www.informath.org/pubs/AWE04a.pdf Radiocarbon dates from Iron Age Gordion are confounded]", ''Ancient West & East'' 3, 100–103 (2004).</ref> focused on the preliminary publication of five samples<ref>[[Keith DeVries|K. DeVries]] et al., "[https://web.archive.org/web/20080404034146/http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/devries/devries.html New dates for the destruction levels at Gordion]", ''Antiquity'' '''77''' (June 2003)</ref> but was subsequently refuted by the publication of fifteen more short-lived samples, each the average of dozens of barley, lentil, and flax seeds from the Destruction Level. These all indicated a range c. 840–795 BCE, most likely between 830/815 and 810/800 BCE, and were in no way compatible with a c. 700 BCE date, even with extreme adjustments to the outliers within the data.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Manning |first1=Sturt W. |last2=Kromer |first2=Bernd |editor-last1=Rose |editor-first1=C. Brian |editor-last2=Darbyshire |editor-first2=Gareth |title=The New Chronology of Iron Age Gordion |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Museum |date=2011 |pages=123–153 |chapter=Radiocarbon Dating Iron Age Gordion, and the Early Phrygian Destruction in Particular |jstor=j.ctt3fhpv4.13 |isbn=9781934536445 }}</ref> Consequently, the fire can no longer be associated with a Cimmerian incursion and was probably accidental in nature, with no indications of a military attack. A date of c. 800 BCE for the Early Phrygian Destruction Level has been widely accepted by scholars working throughout Central Anatolia,<ref>M.M. Voigt, "Old Problems and New Solutions: Recent Excavations at Gordion", in: L. Kealhofer (Ed.) ''The Archaeology of Midas and the Phrygians'' (Philadelphia, 2005), 28–31.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Genz |first1=Hermann |title=Review of The New Chronology of Iron Age Gordion |journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |date=2013 |volume=369 |pages=235–237 |doi=10.5615/bullamerschoorie.369.0235 |jstor=10.5615/bullamerschoorie.369.0235 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Summers |first1=Geoffrey D. |title=Review of The New Chronology of Iron Age Gordion |journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies |date=2013 |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=289–292 |doi=10.1086/671456 |jstor=10.1086/671456 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aslan |first1=Carolyn C. |title=Review of The New Chronology of Iron Age Gordion |journal=The Classical Review |date=2013 |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=564–566 |doi=10.1017/S0009840X13001212|url=http://cdm21054.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/IR/id/1146 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kealhofer |first1=Lisa |last2=Grave |first2=Peter |editor-last1=McMahon |editor-first1=Gregory |editor-last2=Steadman |editor-first2=Sharon |title=The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000–323 BCE) |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2011 |pages=415–442 |chapter=The Iron Age on the Central Anatolian Plateau |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0018}}</ref> with objections voiced only by Muscarella and Keenan.<ref>O.W. Muscarella, "The date of the destruction of the Early Phrygian Period at Gordion", ''Ancient West & East'' 2, 225–252 (2003).</ref><ref name="informath.org"/> ===Middle Phrygian Period === [[File:Iron Age Gordion overview map.png|thumb|upright=1.75|right|Overview of the main settlement and cemetery areas at Iron Age Gordion (after Rose and Darbyshire 2011 fig. 0.1, Rose 2017 fig. 9)]] The c. 800 BCE destruction level marks the change from the Early Phrygian period to the Middle Phrygian.<ref name="Iron Age Gordion"/> After the fire, the inhabitants of Gordion completed a massive construction program on the Citadel Mound that included the laying of up to five meters of clay to raise the height of the mound. The citadel was rebuilt on a largely similar plan, a process of monumentality that required an immense amount of labor and planning. The fortifications at Gordion at this time expanded to include a pair of forts to the north and south of the Citadel Mound connected by a circuit wall that enclosed an area over twenty-five hectares, the Lower Town. Beyond the Lower Town, settlement continued in the Outer Town, protected by a further wall and ditch.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rose |first1=C. Brian |title=Fieldwork at Phrygian Gordion, 2013-2015 |journal=American Journal of Archaeology |date=2017 |volume=121 |issue=1 |pages=143–147 |doi=10.3764/aja.121.1.0135 |jstor=10.3764/aja.121.1.0135 }}</ref> Settlement stretched onto the Northeast Ridge, where a series of houses were destroyed in an attack by an unknown enemy around 700 BCE. During the Middle Phrygian period, Gordion grew to its largest size, encompassing an area of settlement of approximately one hundred hectares. At this time the political influence of Phrygia in Anatolia increased substantially. During the 9th and 8th centuries BCE, the city grew into the capital of a [[Monarchy|kingdom]] that controlled much of [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]] west of the [[Halys River|river Halys]]. In the course of the 6th century BCE, the kingdom of [[Lydia]], Phrygia's neighbor to the southwest, began to exert influence within Anatolia, likely at the expense of Phrygian control. The incursion of [[Cyrus the Great]] and the Achaemenid Empire into Anatolia, beginning in 546 BCE, spelled the end of any Lydian control and of Phrygian autonomy at Gordion. ====King Midas==== [[File:Gordion97.JPG|thumb|Gordion Archeological site during the spring]] The most famous king of Phrygia was [[Midas]], who reigned during the Middle Phrygian period at Gordion. He was likely on the throne at Gordion by c. 740 BCE, based on the completion of [[#Tumulus MM|Tumulus MM]] around that time. Contemporary [[Assyria]]n sources dating between c. 718 and 709 BCE call him ''Mit-ta-a''. According to the Greek historian [[Herodotus]], King Midas was the first foreigner to make an offering at the sanctuary of Delphi's [[Temple of Apollo (Delphi)|Temple of Apollo]], dedicating the throne from which he gave judgment.<ref>[[Histories (Herodotus)|''Histories'' (Herodotus)]] 1.14.</ref> During his reign, according to [[Strabo]], the nomadic [[Cimmerians]] invaded Asia Minor, and in 710/709 BCE, Midas was forced to ask for help from the Assyrian king [[Sargon II]]. In Strabo's account, King Midas committed suicide by drinking [[bull's blood]] when the Cimmerians overran the city.<ref>[[Strabo]] 1.3.21. L. Roller, "The Legend of Midas", ''[[Classical Antiquity (journal)|Classical Antiquity]]'' 2(1983): 299–313.</ref> ====Tumuli==== There are over one hundred [[tumuli]] in the vicinity of Gordion, dating from the 9th to the 6th centuries BCE. The largest of these burial mounds have traditionally been associated with kings, especially Tumulus MM. There are two main necropoleis, the Northeast Ridge and the South Ridge. Tumulus W at Gordion, dating to c. 850 BCE, is the earliest known at the site and the first known anywhere in Anatolia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rose |first1=C. Brian |title=Fieldwork at Phrygian Gordion, 2013-2015 |journal=American Journal of Archaeology |date=2017 |volume=121 |issue=1 |page=171}}</ref> Tumuli are associated with inhumation burials at Gordion until the late 7th century, when cremation began at the site. The two traditions then coexisted through the 6th century BCE. =====Tumulus MM===== [[File:Turkey-1428_(2216632594).jpg|thumb|The [[Midas]] Mound Tumulus at Gordion, dated c. 740 BCE.]] Tumulus MM (for "Midas Mound"), the Great Tumulus, is the largest burial mound at Gordion, standing over fifty meters high today, with a diameter of about three hundred meters. It was built c. 740 BCE,<ref name="University of Pennsylvania Museum"/> and at that time was the largest tumulus in Anatolia, only surpassed c. 200 years later by the [[Alyattes of Lydia#Tomb|Tumulus of Alyattes]] in Lydia. Tumulus MM was excavated in 1957 by Young's team, revealing the remains of the royal occupant, resting on purple and golden textiles in an open log coffin, surrounded by a vast array of magnificent objects. The burial goods included pottery and bronze vessels containing organic residues, bronze fibulae (ancient safety pins), leather belts with bronze attachments, and an extraordinary collection of carved and inlaid [[Gordion Furniture and Wooden Artifacts|wooden furniture]], exceptional for its state of preservation. The Tumulus MM funeral ceremony has been reconstructed, and scientists have determined that the guests at the banquet ate lamb or goat stew and drank a mixed [[fermented beverage]].<ref>E. Simpson, “Midas’ Bed and a Royal Phrygian Funeral”, ''Journal of Field Archaeology'', 17(1990): 69–87.</ref><ref>P. McGovern, D. Glusker, R. Moreau, A. Nuñez, C. Beck, E. Simpson, E. Butrym, L. Exner, and E. Stout, “A Funerary Feast Fit for King Midas”, [[Nature (journal)|''Nature'']] 402(1999): 863–864.</ref> Now generally assumed to be the tomb of Midas' father [[Gordias]], it was probably the first monumental project of Midas after his accession.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Liebhart |first1=Richard |last2=Darbyshire |first2=Gareth |last3=Erder |first3=Evin |last4=Marsh |first4=Ben |editor-last1=Henry |editor-first1=Olivier |editor-last2=Kelp |editor-first2=Ute |title=Tumulus as Sema: Space, Politics, Culture and Religion in the First Millennium BC |publisher=De Gruyter |date=2016 |pages=627–636 |chapter=A Fresh Look at the Tumuli of Gordion}}</ref> ===Late Phrygian Period === [[File:Gordion87.JPG|300px|thumb|The fort at Küçük Höyük, destroyed in the Persian attack of 546 BCE]] Following the campaigns of [[Cyrus the Great]] in Anatolia in the 540s BCE, Gordion became part of the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid Persian Empire]]. There is extensive evidence for the Persian siege of 546 BCE at Gordion, mainly associated with the fort at Küçük Höyük. The Persian attackers built a large siege ramp to assault the fortress, still visible today. After its conquest, Gordion became part of the satrapy of [[Hellespontine Phrygia]], which had [[Dascylium|Daskyleion]] on the [[Sea of Marmara]], not Gordion, as its capital. Despite its relegation in status, Gordion initially continued to prosper under the Achaemenids, with tumulus burials and monumental buildings maintained through the 6th century. Around 500 BCE, a semi-subterranean structure, the Painted House, was added to the east side of the Citadel Mound. It featured a program of wall frescoes showing the procession of women. It is perhaps associated with cultic activity, although the nature of this is uncertain.<ref>{{cite web |title=Achaemenid Gordion |url=https://www.penn.museum/sites/gordion/achaemenid-gordion/ |website=The Gordion Archaeological Project |publisher=Penn Museum |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210128081201/https://www.penn.museum/sites/gordion/achaemenid-gordion/ |archive-date= Jan 28, 2021 }}</ref> The 4th century BCE at Gordion began with the combination of an earthquake and the attack of the Spartan king [[Agesilaus II#Invasion of Asia Minor (396–394 BC)|Agesilaos]]. The subsequent century saw an absence of monumental buildings on the Citadel Mound, and, in fact, stone from many of the earlier structures was used for smaller buildings elsewhere around the site. ===Hellenistic Period === The advent of [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]] in 333 BCE precipitated a major change at the site, with worship of Greek deities, inscriptions in Greek, and Greek pottery all replacing their Phrygian predecessors at the site.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hellenistic Gordion |url=https://www.penn.museum/sites/gordion/hellenistic-gordion/ |website=The Gordion Archaeological Project |publisher=Penn Museum |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128040300/https://www.penn.museum/sites/gordion/hellenistic-gordion/ |archive-date= Jan 28, 2021 }}</ref> The middle of the 3rd century BCE saw the arrival of the [[Galatians (people)|Galatians]], a [[Celts|Celtic]] people who first came to Anatolia as mercenaries hired by [[Nicomedes I of Bithynia]]. The Galatians ultimately settled in Phrygia, including at Gordion. The settlement at Gordion during the Hellenistic period shows a distinctly residential character, with large houses built over the public buildings on the Citadel Mound and no evidence of habitation in the Lower or Outer Towns. In 189 BCE, the Roman consul [[Gnaeus Manlius Vulso (consul 189 BC)|Gnaeus Manlius Vulso]] campaigned through Galatia, forcing the inhabitants of Gordion to temporarily abandon the site. Gordion was briefly reinhabited but abandoned again sometime during the 1st century BCE. ====Gordian Knot==== According to ancient tradition, in 333 BCE [[Alexander the Great]] cut (or otherwise unfastened) the [[Gordian Knot]]: this intricate knot joined the yoke to the pole of a Phrygian wagon that stood on the [[acropolis]] of the city. The wagon was associated with Midas or Gordias (or both) and was connected with the dynasty's rise to power. A local prophecy had decreed that whoever could loosen the knot was destined to become the ruler of Asia.<ref>L. Roller, "Midas and the Gordian Knot". ''[[Classical Antiquity (journal)|Classical Antiquity]]'' 3(1984): 256–271.</ref> ===Roman Period === The Roman period at Gordion stretches from the 1st century CE through the 4th century, with a series of occupations and abandonments on the western part of the Citadel Mound.<ref>{{cite web |title=Roman Gordion |url=https://www.penn.museum/sites/gordion/roman-gordion/ |website=The Gordion Archaeological Project |publisher=Penn Museum |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128024836/https://www.penn.museum/sites/gordion/roman-gordion/ |archive-date= Jan 28, 2021 }}</ref> The Roman road between [[Ancyra]] and [[Pessinus]] passed through Gordion, which may have been known as Vindia or Vinda at this time. The Roman buildings at Gordion were oriented to cardinal directions and built as part of a deliberate refoundation that included leveling the surface of the western part of the mound. The area of the Common Cemetery includes Roman burials from the 2nd to 4th centuries CE. ===Medieval Period === Evidence for the Medieval Period at Gordion is sparse but suggests habitation during the 13th and 14th centuries CE with at least some fortification.<ref>{{cite web |title=Medieval Gordion |url=https://www.penn.museum/sites/gordion/medieval-gordion/ |website=The Gordion Archaeological Project |publisher=Penn Museum |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129055033/https://www.penn.museum/sites/gordion/medieval-gordion/ |archive-date= Jan 29, 2021 }}</ref> Recent excavations have revealed lime-coated pits and ovens on the western side of the Citadel Mound, signalling food preparation and storage.<ref>{{cite web |title=Season Report 2015 |url=https://www.penn.museum/sites/gordion/season-report-2015/ |website=The Gordion Archaeological Project |publisher=Penn Museum |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210128165501/https://www.penn.museum/sites/gordion/season-report-2015/ |archive-date= Jan 28, 2021 }}</ref> ===Modern === Gordion lay along the front lines of the 1921 [[Battle of the Sakarya]], the turning point of the [[Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Modern Gordion |url=https://www.penn.museum/sites/gordion/modern-gordion/ |website=The Gordion Archaeological Project |publisher=Penn Museum |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128102906/https://www.penn.museum/sites/gordion/modern-gordion/ |archive-date= Jan 28, 2021 }}</ref> The Citadel Mound and several of the tumuli were used as defensive positions during the three weeks of fighting. The village of Bebi, located to the west of the Citadel Mound, was the main site of habitation in the area during the 19th and 20th centuries but was destroyed during the course of the battle. The modern village of [[Yassıhüyük, Polatlı|Yassıhöyük]] was established in the aftermath of the [[Turkish War of Independence]]. It is part of the [[Polatlı]] district.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yassıhöyük Mahallesi |url=http://polatli.gov.tr/yassihoyuk-mahallesi |website=T.C. Polatlı Kaymakamlığı |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128092252/http://polatli.gov.tr/yassihoyuk-mahallesi |archive-date= Jan 28, 2021 }}</ref> </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/Gordion" title="Gordion">Gordion</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordion">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordion</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gordion&action=edit&section=2&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7fc47fc68d-hkfl5","wgBackendResponseTime":281,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.060","walltime":"0.092","ppvisitednodes":{"value":418,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":17740,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6556,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":469,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 66.128 1 -total"," 99.89% 66.052 2 Template:Blocked_text"," 42.81% 28.307 2 Template:Replace"," 40.58% 26.838 1 Template:Colocationwebhost"," 35.92% 23.755 1 Template:Hidden"," 14.38% 9.506 1 Template:Tlx"," 14.25% 9.421 1 Template:Hidden_begin"," 2.46% 1.625 1 Template:Hidden_end"," 2.30% 1.523 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake"," 1.91% 1.260 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake-email-steward"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.012","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1043258,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7fc47fc68d-hkfl5","timestamp":"20241128201638","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>