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(presented at the 1994 Network Services Conference in London<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) calling on all authors of "esoteric" research writings to archive their articles for free for everyone online (in <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_FTP" class="mw-redirect" title="Anonymous FTP">anonymous FTP</a> archives or websites). It initiated a series of online exchanges, many of which were collected and published as a book in 1995: <i>Scholarly Journals at the Crossroads: A Subversive Proposal for Electronic Publishing</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to the creation in 1997 of <a href="/wiki/Cogprints" class="mw-redirect" title="Cogprints">Cogprints</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> archive for self-archived articles in the <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive sciences</a> and in 1998 to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Global_Open_Access_Forum" title="Global Open Access Forum">American Scientist Open Access Forum</a> (initially called the "September98 Forum"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Open_Access_Initiative" title="Budapest Open Access Initiative">Budapest Open Access Initiative</a> which first coined the term "open access"). The Subversive Proposal also led to the development of the <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> <a href="/wiki/EPrints" title="EPrints">EPrints</a> software used for creating <a href="/wiki/Open_Archives_Initiative" title="Open Archives Initiative">OAI</a>-compliant <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> <a href="/wiki/Institutional_repository" title="Institutional repository">institutional repositories</a>, and inspired <a href="/wiki/CiteSeer" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeer">CiteSeer</a>, a tool to locate and index the resulting <a href="/wiki/Eprint" title="Eprint">eprints</a>. </p><p>The proposal was updated gradually across the years, as summarized in the American Scientist Open Access Forum on its 10th anniversary.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A retrospective was written by Richard Poynder.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A self-critique<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was posted on its 15th anniversary in 2009. An online interview<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Stevan_Harnad" title="Stevan Harnad">Stevan Harnad</a> was conducted by Richard Poynder on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the subversive proposal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subversive_Proposal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://groups.google.ca/group/bit.listserv.vpiej-l/browse_thread/thread/682843612b4ff4d/62b3bd13407dc1d8?hl=en&ie=UTF-8&q=%22We+have+heard+many+predictions+about+the+demise+of+paper+publishing%22">Subversive Proposal</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/groups?q=harnad+%22subversive+proposal%22&start=0&scoring=d&hl=en&filter=0">Discussion Archive of Subversive Proposal</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://list.uvm.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=serialst;8e89574c.9409">1994 Network Services Conference, London</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Shumelda_Okerson" title="Ann Shumelda Okerson">Ann Shumelda Okerson</a> & <a href="/wiki/James_J._O%27Donnell" title="James J. O'Donnell">James J. O'Donnell</a> (Eds.) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015034923758;view=1up;seq=5">Scholarly Journals at the Crossroads: A Subversive Proposal for Electronic Publishing</a></i>. Washington, DC., <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Research_Libraries" title="Association of Research Libraries">Association of Research Libraries</a>, June 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://listserver.sigmaxi.org/sc/wa.exe?A0=september98-forum">Archives of SEPTEMBER98-FORUM@LISTSERVER.SIGMAXI.ORG</a>. American Scientist Open Access Forum.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://listserver.sigmaxi.org/sc/wa.exe?A2=ind04&L=american-scientist-open-access-forum&D=1&O=D&F=l&S=&P=58204">"June 27, 2004: The 1994 'Subversive Proposal' at 10"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infotoday.com/IT/oct04/poynder.shtml">Ten Years After</a>" <a href="/wiki/Information_Today,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Information Today, Inc.">Information Today</a> 21(9) October 1, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100714115228/http://openaccess.eprints.org/index.php?/archives/669-guid.html">The 1994 'Subversive Proposal' at 15: A Critique</a> (archived July 14, 2010, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openaccess.eprints.org/index.php?/archives/669-guid.html">the original</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://poynder.blogspot.co.uk/2014/06/the-subversive-proposal-at-20.html">The Subversive Proposal at 20</a>"</span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li>Bosc, Hélène <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tours.inra.fr/prc/internet/documentation/communication_scientifique/comsci.htm">Les idées et la technique : une rétrospective de ces 15 dernières années</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subversive_Proposal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Harnad" title="Stevan Harnad">Harnad, Stevan</a> (1995): <dl><dd>(2001/2003/2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cogprints.org/1639/">For Whom the Gate Tolls?</a> Published as:</dd> <dd>(2003) Open Access to Peer-Reviewed Research Through Author/Institution Self-Archiving: Maximizing Research Impact by Maximizing Online Access. In: Law, Derek & Judith Andrews, Eds. Digital Libraries: Policy Planning and Practice. Ashgate Publishing 2003.</dd> <dd>(2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpgmonline.com/article.asp?issn=0022-3859;year=2003;volume=49;issue=4;spage=337;epage=342;aulast=Harnad">Journal of Postgraduate Medicine 49: 337–342.</a></dd> <dd>(2004) Historical Social Research (HSR) 29:1</dd> <dd>(2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.text-e.org/conf/index.cfm?ConfText_ID=7">Ciélographie et ciélolexie: Anomalie post-gutenbergienne et comment la résoudre</a> in: Origgi, G. & Arikha, N. (eds) Le texte à l'heure de l'Internet. Bibliothèque Centre Pompidou: Pp. 77–103.</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Shumelda_Okerson" title="Ann Shumelda Okerson">Okerson, Ann Shumelda</a> & <a href="/wiki/James_J._O%27Donnell" title="James J. O'Donnell">O'Donnell, James J.</a> (1995) (Eds.) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015034923758;view=1up;seq=5">Scholarly Journals at the Crossroads: A Subversive Proposal for Electronic Publishing</a></i>. Washington, DC., <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Research_Libraries" title="Association of Research Libraries">Association of Research Libraries</a>, June 1995.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Suber" title="Peter Suber">Suber, Peter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427200734/http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/timeline.htm">Timeline of the Open Access Movement</a> (February 2009; archived copy from 2016)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subversive_Proposal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617184402/http://amsci-forum.amsci.org/archives/American-Scientist-Open-Access-Forum.html">American Scientist Open Access Forum</a> Official Site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mailman.ecs.soton.ac.uk/mailman/listinfo/goal">Global Open Access Forum</a> Official Site</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_open_access" title="History of open access">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_open-access_movement" title="Timeline of the open-access movement">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre"><i>Gratis</i> versus <i>libre</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subscription_business_model" title="Subscription business model">Subscription business model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subscribe_to_Open" title="Subscribe to Open">Subscribe to Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall">Paywall</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Budapest_Open_Access_Initiative" title="Budapest Open Access Initiative">Budapest Open Access Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Declaration_on_Open_Access_to_Knowledge_in_the_Sciences_and_Humanities" title="Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities">Berlin Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethesda_Statement_on_Open_Access_Publishing" title="Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing">Bethesda Statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Declaration_on_Research_Assessment" title="San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment">DORA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Statement_on_Open_Access_to_Legal_Scholarship" title="Durham Statement on Open Access to Legal Scholarship">Durham Statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Declaration_on_the_Future_of_the_World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization">Geneva 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href="/wiki/Initiative_for_Open_Citations" title="Initiative for Open Citations">Initiative for Open Citations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Access_Scholarly_Publishing_Association" title="Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association">Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAIRE" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenAIRE">OpenAIRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Archives_Initiative" title="Open Archives Initiative">Open Archives Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Knowledge_Foundation" title="Open Knowledge Foundation">Open Knowledge Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations" title="Open Society Foundations">Open Society Foundations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_S" title="Plan S">Plan S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Library_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Library of Science">Public Library of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Knowledge_Project" title="Public Knowledge Project">Public 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