CINXE.COM

Department of Information and Communications Engineering | Aalto University

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"NRJS-db714826d6dc6f30ac6",applicationID:"439323269"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.274.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>g,gD:()=>h,xN:()=>p});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function g(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=g(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.274.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>d,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,d=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=h(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=m()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:v,listeners:h,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=m();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!m()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=h(e).concat(t)}function h(e){return n[e]||[]}function v(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function m(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log";n.K7.logging},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(2614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>P});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),g=r(384),p=r(6344);const h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],v=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var m=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993);var w=r(2646),A=r(3434);function R(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,A.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);return a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",a),i}function E(){const e=(0,g.pV)();h.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const x={};function _(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const h={};var w=s.ee.get(e),A=w.get("tracer");x[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{x[e]=t}));var E="api-",_=E+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(E,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function T(){}h.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,m.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},h.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),R(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},v.forEach((e=>{h[e]=j(E,e,!0,"api")})),h.addPageAction=j(E,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(E,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},h.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},h.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},h[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h.interaction=function(e){return(new T).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const S=T.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(_+"tracer",[(0,m.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(A.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,m.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw A.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{A.emit("fn-end",[(0,m.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,m.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function k(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{S[e]=j(_,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),h.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(_,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(E,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),h.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,m.t)(),!1,r,!!x[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>k()),!0):k(),h}var N=r(9417),T=r(8122);const S={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},j={};var k=r(5284);const I=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let O=!1;function P(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:l={},exposed:f=!0}=t;l.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,N.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");j[e]=(0,T.a)(t,S);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=j[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const h=(0,N.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),v=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];O||(h.proxy.assets&&(I(h.proxy.assets),v.push(h.proxy.assets)),h.proxy.beacon&&v.push(h.proxy.beacon),E(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",k.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===h.soft_navigations.enabled&&h.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),l.denyList=[...h.ajax.deny_list||[],...h.ajax.block_internal?v:[]],l.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,l),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=_(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),O=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.274.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.274.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-gkYkZDAwQ9PwaDXs2YM+rNIdRej1Ac1mupWobRJ8eahQcXz6/sunGZCKklrzi5kWxhOGRZr2tn0rEKuLTXzfAA=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={840:0,374:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(7603);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),g=i(5289),p=i(6154),h=i(384);const v=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function m(e){return!!(0,h.dV)().o.MO&&v(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(6389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(v(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,3861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return m(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(6630);class A extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(9908),E=i(2843),x=i(3878),_=i(782),N=i(1863);class T extends y{static featureName=_.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,_.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,R.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,x.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,R.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var S=i(3969);class j extends y{static featureName=S.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,S.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,h.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(A),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,h.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[A,T,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <script type="text/javascript" id="Cookiebot" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="7439002e-4a7e-4422-bda9-d575b2a8d8ce" async="async" data-culture="en"></script> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];</script> <meta name="description" content="The department of Information and Communications Engineering has a strong focus in the ICT area varying from ICT technology to core electrical engineering and its basic phenomena." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.aalto.fi/en/department-of-information-and-communications-engineering" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.aalto.fi/en/department-of-information-and-communications-engineering" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Department of Information and Communications Engineering | Aalto University" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The department of Information and Communications Engineering has a strong focus in the ICT area varying from ICT technology to core electrical engineering and its basic phenomena." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.aalto.fi/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_91_1200w_630h_n/public/2021-06/Aalto_University_Anechoic_Chambers_at_Acoustics_Labs_photo_Mikko_Raskinen.jpg?h=41f55a5b&amp;itok=ryVLhT1q" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="630" /> <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2022-11-08T10:38:49+02:00" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="The department of Information and Communications Engineering has a strong focus in the ICT area varying from ICT technology to core electrical engineering and its basic phenomena." /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@AaltoUniversity" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Department of Information and Communications Engineering | Aalto University" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.aalto.fi/en/department-of-information-and-communications-engineering" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.aalto.fi/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_91_1200w_630h_n/public/2021-06/Aalto_University_Anechoic_Chambers_at_Acoustics_Labs_photo_Mikko_Raskinen.jpg?h=41f55a5b&amp;itok=ryVLhT1q" /> <meta name="twitter:image:height" content="630" /> <meta name="twitter:image:width" content="1200" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://www.aalto.fi/en/department-of-information-and-communications-engineering" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="fi" href="https://www.aalto.fi/fi/informaatio-ja-tietoliikennetekniikan-laitos" /> <title>Department of Information and Communications Engineering | Aalto University</title> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/favicons/apple-touch-icon.png"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/favicons/favicon-32x32.png"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/favicons/favicon-16x16.png"/> <link rel="manifest" href="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/favicons/site.webmanifest"/> <link rel="mask-icon" href="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/favicons/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5e9bce"/> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#ffffff"/> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/css/css_uAEetioEXD8bgUSCHtPSdrrQyw1YdZWEn_JRTGysJYQ.css?delta=0&amp;language=en&amp;theme=aalto_aaltofi&amp;include=eJxVjVEOAjEIRC_U3R6poSzaulgaoIne3rh2Nf6Q4WUyD0X2SgmlOTVPmQV30ogHXiZeJg72NKd7zGAUANglHfdS498XUJTipqMDr3CDR_jsZfH4TaGDwlWhFzurP7KO1kfmaoW2aXpLp6aQSkJQGUb8AvyzTDg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/css/css_a5xz3hiwHTcsTBqt_csoaAYCvfsBhT-movHGTWSkyUI.css?delta=1&amp;language=en&amp;theme=aalto_aaltofi&amp;include=eJxVjVEOAjEIRC_U3R6poSzaulgaoIne3rh2Nf6Q4WUyD0X2SgmlOTVPmQV30ogHXiZeJg72NKd7zGAUANglHfdS498XUJTipqMDr3CDR_jsZfH4TaGDwlWhFzurP7KO1kfmaoW2aXpLp6aQSkJQGUb8AvyzTDg" /> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"en\/","currentPath":"node\/848471","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en","themeUrl":"\/themes\/custom\/aalto_aaltofi"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"gtm":{"tagId":null,"settings":{"data_layer":"dataLayer","include_environment":false},"tagIds":["GTM-N6WP2H"]},"gtag":{"tagId":"","consentMode":false,"otherIds":[],"events":[],"additionalConfigInfo":[]},"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"eJx1kVFywyAMRC9kmyMxAmSsGCMKIm1uX1wzSWunP0L7dpmRRgBBWMNeZ1LwWw1duY2irkKB5KHesJ4zULDbC2bWFjLXguFqf1Sya0HIdrmahRxGuF8N4XTitIFHzeaGVvRM0j3LvBK2JxaMot7BnnQgEOCBWT277rRoZKGZLAhxVCfdUwGir_sM5ZPEtq3VP7zn7xVVhs3B8BpH2jjaBLZr-37gseOx4542LOrZDZ7ZB9QCXvlWznqCG3z9hduQIIPPkJaiXK4JwvQiU42pmkBlQTckZ45Vxp9bjcex1MwsbZzyKIKb2m_wDRDt4ks","theme":"aalto_aaltofi","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":[],"aaltoDataLayer":{"aalto_datalayer":{"contType":"hub","contLang":"en","contRestriction":"public","contPublished":"21.11.2022","contHome":"Department of Information and Communications Engineering","hubName":"Department of Information and Communications Engineering"}},"aalto_datalayer_user_metadata_path":"https:\/\/user-metadata.aalto.workers.dev\/","aaltoIENotification":{"notification_text":{"value":"\u003Ch2\u003EOutdated brower detected\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOur system has detected that you are using Internet Explorer or another outdated browser. You can continue to use the site however, we cannot guarantee that the site will work as intended. We recommend that you switch to the supported browser such as Firefox, Chrome, Edge or Safari for a better experience.\u003C\/p\u003E","format":"rich_text"},"notification_button":"I am fully aware of this","banner_text":{"value":"\u003Cp\u003EIf you continue to use Internet Explorer the site may not work as intended.\u003C\/p\u003E","format":"simple_text"},"cookie_name":"aalto_ie_notification","cookie_expiry_days":7},"site":{"enabledLanguages":["fi","sv","en"]},"aaltoEnv":"live","cookieContentBlocker":{"consentAwareness":{"accepted":{"event":{"name":"cookiebotConsentAcceptPreferences","selector":"window"},"cookie":{"operator":"===","name":"cookiebot-consent--preferences","value":"1"}},"declined":{"event":{"name":"cookiebotConsentDeclinePreferences","selector":"window"},"cookie":{"operator":"===","name":"cookiebot-consent--preferences","value":"0"}},"change":{"event":{"name":"","selector":""}}},"categories":[]},"cookiebot":{"message_placeholder_cookieconsent_optout_marketing_show":false,"message_placeholder_cookieconsent_optout_marketing":"\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cookiebot cookieconsent-optout-marketing\u0022\u003E\n\t\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cookieconsent-optout-marketing__inner\u0022\u003E\n\t\t\u003Cdiv class=\u0022aalto-user-generated-content\u0022\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPlease \u003Ca href=\u0022!cookiebot_renew\u0022\u003Eaccept marketing-cookies\u003C\/a\u003E to view this embedded content from \u003Ca href=\u0022!cookiebot_from_src_url\u0022\u003E!cookiebot_from_src_url\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\n\t\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"languageSwitcher":{"modalContent":[]},"pdbVue":{"developmentMode":false},"aalto_authenticated":false,"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"b85d72e4199f75b27ac18b8fe5506e6ab0a74ba835cdd0cff522b3f1c632d78e"}}</script> <script src="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/js/js_DfCkfMOQ7GD_oBJrEg5kf3Q72Pc__euBJrpAIsGwbAs.js?scope=header&amp;delta=0&amp;language=en&amp;theme=aalto_aaltofi&amp;include=eJx1j1FywyAMBS9klyMxzyATxRilRqTN7UsC4zRx-8PorYaVBEQVC79yskU5st4MjmxozEMRcaPN7FXvMNkkyjM7KEsyb3lwIktlTpJSUjtFcUvVNDx2PHbcnRMyGV4RyMp0Jqd2Zu29xzuzeUlDEAmRrCKYoOtrRHjPHzjju_ue--W6iPkL9hsmUbNX_XdECuW-Z_5idad62D_892WtrLAOwiYlUzy2M3tKuA4XPzUyfhZ2y5gJmzuZWUR367WQ2bB6HDUql7vlwB-y5voBu5HNfA"></script> </head> <body class="node--type-hub node--848471"> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-N6WP2H" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <div class="layout-container"> <header id="header" role="banner" class="header--with-top-nav"> <a href="#main-content" class="aalto-skip-link"> Skip to main content </a> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> <div id="black-overlay"></div> <div class="block block-topnav navigation aalto-header"> <div id="top-nav-sticky-header" class="aalto-header__fixed-container aalto-header__floating-notifications aalto-header--at-top"> <div class="aalto-header__container"> <div class="aalto-header__logo-container"> <a href="/en" class="aalto-header__logo-link" title=Home aria-label=Home rel="home"> <svg class="aalto-header__logo aalto-logo" viewBox="0 0 143 101" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_base/images/aalto_logo.svg#logo"/> </svg> </a> </div> <nav class="aalto-topnav" id="aalto-topnav" aria-labelledby="aalto-topnav-button-text"> <ul class="aalto-topnav__navigation-items aalto-list-unstyled"> <li class="aalto-topnav__apply"> <a href="/en/study-at-aalto" class="aalto-topnav__button topnav-identifier--link-with-icon"> <svg class="aalto-inline-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-form"/> </svg> Apply to Aalto </a> </li> <li class="aalto-topnav__support"> <a href="/en/makewaves" class="aalto-topnav__button topnav-identifier--link-with-icon"> <svg class="aalto-inline-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-heart"/> </svg> Support us </a> </li> <li class="aalto-topnav__break"></li> <li class="aalto-topnav__language"> <div class="aalto-dropdown-container js-menu-container aalto-dropdown-container--toggle-hidden-header-mobile aalto-dropdown-container--language"> <button type="button" aria-expanded="false" class="js-menu-toggle aalto-dropdown__toggle aalto-dropdown__toggle--with_chevron"><span class="aalto-dropdown__toggle-custom-icon"><svg class="aalto-inline-icon" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-globe_v2"/></svg></span><span class="aalto-visually-hidden"><span lang="fi">Valitse sivuston kieli</span> / <span lang="sv">Välj webbplatsens språk</span> / <span lang="en">Select site language</span></span><span class="aalto-dropdown__toggle-text " aria-hidden="true">EN</span></button><ul class="aalto-list-unstyled aalto-dropdown__menu"><li><a href="/fi/informaatio-ja-tietoliikennetekniikan-laitos" class="aalto-dropdown__link" lang="fi"><abbr title="Suomeksi">FI</abbr><span>Suomeksi</span></a></li><li><a href="/sv/institutionen-for-informations-och-kommunikationsteknik" class="aalto-dropdown__link" lang="sv"><abbr title="Svenska">SV</abbr><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li><a href="/en/department-of-information-and-communications-engineering" class="aalto-dropdown__link" aria-current="true" lang="en"><abbr title="English">EN</abbr><span>English</span></a></li></ul></div> </li> <li class="aalto-topnav__search"> <div id="aalto-search-button-container"> <button type="button" class="aalto-topnav__button aalto-search__toggle-button" id="aalto-search-button" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Search"> <svg class="aalto-inline-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-magnifier_lens"/> </svg> <span class="aalto-search-button__label">Search</span> </button> </div> </li> <li class="aalto-topnav__user"> <a href="/en/saml_login" class="aalto-topnav__button topnav-identifier--link-with-icon"> <svg class="aalto-inline-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-arrow_login"/> </svg> Log in </a> </li> <li class="aalto-topnav__menu-items" id="aalto-topnav-items-container"> <button type="button" class="aalto-topnav__button" id="aalto-topnav-button" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="aalto-topnav__button-expand"> <svg class="aalto-topnav__button-icon aalto-inline-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-menu_burger"/> </svg> <span class="aalto-topnav__button-text" id="aalto-topnav-button-text">Menu</span> </span> <span class="aalto-topnav__button-collapse"> <svg class="aalto-topnav__button-icon aalto-inline-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-close"/> </svg> <span class="aalto-topnav__button-text">Close menu</span> </span> </button> <div class="aalto-topnav__items" id="aalto-topnav__items"> <ul class="aalto-topnav__item-container aalto-list-unstyled"> <li class="aalto-topnav__action-item aalto-topnav__action-item--desktop"> <a href="/en/student-guide" class="aalto-topnav__button aalto-topnav__action--desktop topnav-identifier--link-with-icon" tabindex="-1"> <svg class="aalto-inline-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-level"/> </svg> <span>Student Guide</span> </a> </li> <li class="aalto-topnav__action-item aalto-topnav__action-item--desktop"> <a href="/en/for-personnel" class="aalto-topnav__button aalto-topnav__action--desktop topnav-identifier--link-with-icon"> <svg class="aalto-inline-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-lock_closed"/> </svg> <span>For personnel</span> </a> </li> <li class="aalto-topnav__action-request aalto-topnav__action-item--desktop"> <svg class="aalto-inline-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-info"/> </svg> <span>Aalto community members please <a href="/en/saml_login" class="aalto-topnav__action-request--link aalto-topnav__action--desktop" tabindex="-1">log in</a> to see internal content</span> </li> <li class="aalto-topnav__navigation-item"> <div class="accordion__header is-closed"> <button type="button" class="aalto-topnav__navigation-heading accordion__title is-collapsed" aria-expanded="false"> Admissions and studies </button> </div> <div class="aalto-topnav__submenu accordion__content is-collapsed"> <a href="/en/study-at-aalto" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Apply to Aalto </a> <a href="/en/study-options" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Find a study programme </a> <a href="/en/admissions" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> How to apply </a> <a href="/en/admission-services/scholarships-and-tuition-fees" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Scholarships and tuition fees </a> <a href="/en/admission-services/applying-to-bachelors-programmes" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Bachelor&#039;s admissions </a> <a href="/en/study-at-aalto/applying-to-masters-programmes" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Master&#039;s admissions </a> <a href="/en/doctoral-education/how-to-apply-for-doctoral-studies" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Doctoral admissions </a> <a href="/en/study-at-aalto/studying-at-the-aalto-campus" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Campus life </a> <a href="/en/study-at-aalto/fairs-and-events-for-applicants" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Events for applicants </a> <a href="/en/study-at-aalto/chat-with-aalto-students" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Chat with students </a> <a href="https://aaltouniversity.leadfamly.com/sign-up-for-our-newsletter" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Subscribe to newsletter<svg class="aalto-inline-icon magazine__link-external-link" aria-label="(external link)"><use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-external_link"/></svg> </a> <a href="/en/admission-services/contact-information-for-aalto-university-admission-services" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Contact admission services </a> <a href="/en/lifewide-learning" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Lifewide Learning </a> <a href="/en/international-students/incoming-exchange-students" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Exchange students </a> </div> </li> <li class="aalto-topnav__navigation-item"> <div class="accordion__header is-closed"> <button type="button" class="aalto-topnav__navigation-heading accordion__title is-collapsed" aria-expanded="false"> Research and art </button> </div> <div class="aalto-topnav__submenu accordion__content is-collapsed"> <a href="/en/research-art" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> About our research and art </a> <a href="/en/tenure-track" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Tenure track career system </a> <a href="/en/doctoral-education" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Doctoral education </a> <a href="/en/research-and-learning-infrastructures" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Research and learning infrastructures </a> <a href="https://research.aalto.fi/" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Research portal research.aalto.fi<svg class="aalto-inline-icon magazine__link-external-link" aria-label="(external link)"><use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-external_link"/></svg> </a> <a href="/en/aalto-university/rankings" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Rankings </a> </div> </li> <li class="aalto-topnav__navigation-item"> <div class="accordion__header is-closed"> <button type="button" class="aalto-topnav__navigation-heading accordion__title is-collapsed" aria-expanded="false"> Schools and departments </button> </div> <div class="aalto-topnav__submenu accordion__content is-collapsed"> <span class="aalto-topnav__submenu-heading">Schools</span> <a href="/en/school-of-arts-design-and-architecture" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> School of Arts, Design and Architecture </a> <a href="/en/school-of-business" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> School of Business </a> <a href="/en/school-of-chemical-engineering" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> School of Chemical Engineering </a> <a href="/en/school-of-electrical-engineering" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> School of Electrical Engineering </a> <a href="/en/school-of-engineering" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> School of Engineering </a> <a href="/en/school-of-science" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> School of Science </a> <div class="aalto-topnav__submenu-group"> <span class="aalto-topnav__submenu-heading">Departments</span> <a href="/en/department-of-accounting-business-law" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Accounting &amp; Business Law </a> <a href="/en/department-of-applied-physics" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Applied Physics </a> <a href="/en/department-of-architecture" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Architecture </a> <a href="/en/department-of-art-and-media" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Art and Media </a> <a href="/en/department-of-bioproducts-and-biosystems" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Bioproducts and Biosystems </a> <a href="/en/department-of-built-environment" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Built Environment </a> <a href="/en/department-of-chemical-and-metallurgical-engineering" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering </a> <a href="/en/department-of-chemistry-and-materials-science" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Chemistry and Materials Science </a> <a href="/en/department-of-civil-engineering" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Civil Engineering </a> <a href="/en/department-of-computer-science" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Computer Science </a> <a href="/en/department-of-design" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Design </a> <a href="/en/department-of-economics" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Economics </a> <a href="/en/department-of-electrical-engineering-and-automation" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Electrical Engineering and Automation </a> <a href="/en/department-of-electronics-and-nanoengineering" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Electronics and Nanoengineering </a> <a href="/en/department-of-film-elo" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Film, Television and Scenography </a> <a href="/en/department-of-finance" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Finance </a> <a href="/en/department-of-industrial-engineering-and-management" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Industrial Engineering and Management </a> <a href="/en/department-of-information-and-communications-engineering" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link selected aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="page"> Information and Communications Engineering </a> <a href="/en/department-of-information-and-service-management" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Information and Service Management </a> <a href="/en/department-of-management-studies" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Management Studies </a> <a href="/en/department-of-marketing" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Marketing </a> <a href="/en/department-of-mathematics-and-systems-analysis" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Mathematics and Systems Analysis </a> <a href="/en/department-of-energy-and-mechanical-engineering" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Energy and Mechanical Engineering </a> <a href="/en/department-of-neuroscience-and-biomedical-engineering" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="aalto-topnav__navigation-item"> <div class="accordion__header is-closed"> <button type="button" class="aalto-topnav__navigation-heading accordion__title is-collapsed" aria-expanded="false"> Collaboration </button> </div> <div class="aalto-topnav__submenu accordion__content is-collapsed"> <a href="/en/collaboration" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Collaborate with us </a> <a href="/en/for-alumni" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> For alumni </a> <a href="/en/corporate-collaboration" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Corporate collaboration </a> <a href="/en/aalto-networking-platform" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Aalto networking platform </a> <a href="/en/advancing-entrepreneurship-and-innovations" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Entrepreneurship and innovations </a> <a href="/en/collaboration/international-academic-collaboration" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> International collaboration </a> <a href="/en/collaboration/collaboration-with-cities-and-regions" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Collaboration with cities and regions </a> <a href="/en/give-for-the-future" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Support us </a> </div> </li> <li class="aalto-topnav__navigation-item"> <div class="accordion__header is-closed"> <button type="button" class="aalto-topnav__navigation-heading accordion__title is-collapsed" aria-expanded="false"> News and events </button> </div> <div class="aalto-topnav__submenu accordion__content is-collapsed"> <a href="/en/news-and-events" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Highlights </a> <a href="/en/news" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> News </a> <a href="/en/events" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Events </a> <a href="/en/aalto-university/aalto-university-magazine" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Aalto University Magazine </a> <a href="https://ourblogs.aalto.fi/" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> OurBlogs<svg class="aalto-inline-icon magazine__link-external-link" aria-label="(external link)"><use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-external_link"/></svg> </a> <a href="/en/podcasts" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Podcasts </a> <a href="/en/for-the-media" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> For the media </a> </div> </li> <li class="aalto-topnav__navigation-item"> <div class="accordion__header is-closed"> <button type="button" class="aalto-topnav__navigation-heading accordion__title is-collapsed" aria-expanded="false"> About us </button> </div> <div class="aalto-topnav__submenu accordion__content is-collapsed"> <a href="/en/aalto-university" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> About Aalto University </a> <a href="/en/strategy" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Our strategy </a> <a href="/en/sustainability" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Sustainability </a> <a href="/en/aalto-university/code-of-conduct-values-into-practice" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Code of Conduct </a> <a href="/en/aalto-handbook" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Aalto Handbook </a> <a href="/en/campus" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Campus </a> <a href="/en/people" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> People and contact information </a> <a href="/en/careers-at-aalto" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Careers </a> </div> </li> <li class="aalto-topnav__navigation-item"> <div class="accordion__header is-closed"> <button type="button" class="aalto-topnav__navigation-heading accordion__title is-collapsed" aria-expanded="false"> Tools and services </button> </div> <div class="aalto-topnav__submenu accordion__content is-collapsed"> <a href="/en/services/quicklinks-to-tools" highlight="1" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-highlighted aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> All tools (requires login) </a> <a href="/en/services" highlight="1" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-highlighted aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> All services </a> <div class="aalto-topnav__submenu-group"> <span class="aalto-topnav__submenu-heading">Most used tools</span> <a href="https://ada.aalto.fi/" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Ada<svg class="aalto-inline-icon magazine__link-external-link" aria-label="(external link)"><use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-external_link"/></svg> </a> <a href="https://booking.aalto.fi" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Asio (booking.aalto.fi)<svg class="aalto-inline-icon magazine__link-external-link" aria-label="(external link)"><use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-external_link"/></svg> </a> <a href="https://halli.aalto.fi/" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Halli<svg class="aalto-inline-icon magazine__link-external-link" aria-label="(external link)"><use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-external_link"/></svg> </a> <a href="https://www-sanakirja-fi.libproxy.aalto.fi/" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> MOT Kielipalvelu (language service)<svg class="aalto-inline-icon magazine__link-external-link" aria-label="(external link)"><use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-external_link"/></svg> </a> <a href="https://neo.aalto.fi/" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Neo<svg class="aalto-inline-icon magazine__link-external-link" aria-label="(external link)"><use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-external_link"/></svg> </a> <a href="/en/people" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> People hub </a> <a href="http://phonebook.aalto.fi/" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Phone book<svg class="aalto-inline-icon magazine__link-external-link" aria-label="(external link)"><use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-external_link"/></svg> </a> <a href="https://reportfinder.aalto.fi" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> PowerBI report finder<svg class="aalto-inline-icon magazine__link-external-link" aria-label="(external link)"><use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-external_link"/></svg> </a> <a href="https://report.aalto.fi/qlikview/login.htm?_ga=2.168724130.2086739987.1546842233-124934716.1526555948" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Qlikview<svg class="aalto-inline-icon magazine__link-external-link" aria-label="(external link)"><use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-external_link"/></svg> </a> <a href="https://aalto.rondoservice.fi/dcv-gui/" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> DataCycle360 (Rondo)<svg class="aalto-inline-icon magazine__link-external-link" aria-label="(external link)"><use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-external_link"/></svg> </a> <a href="https://www.tiima.com/cognito/aalto" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Tiima<svg class="aalto-inline-icon magazine__link-external-link" aria-label="(external link)"><use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-external_link"/></svg> </a> <a href="https://outlook.office.com/" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Webmail<svg class="aalto-inline-icon magazine__link-external-link" aria-label="(external link)"><use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-external_link"/></svg> </a> <a href="http://survey.aalto.fi/" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Webropol<svg class="aalto-inline-icon magazine__link-external-link" aria-label="(external link)"><use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-external_link"/></svg> </a> <a href="https://wd3.myworkday.com/aalto/d/home.htmld" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Workday<svg class="aalto-inline-icon magazine__link-external-link" aria-label="(external link)"><use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-external_link"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="aalto-topnav__submenu-group"> <span class="aalto-topnav__submenu-heading">Most used services</span> <a href="/en/services/hr-services" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> HR services </a> <a href="/en/it-services" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> IT Services </a> <a href="/en/services/learning-services" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Learning services </a> <a href="/en/learning-centre" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Library - Learning Centre </a> <a href="/en/services/occupational-health-care" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Occupational health </a> <a href="/en/services/printing-at-aalto-university" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Printing </a> <a href="/en/services/research-and-innovation-services" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Research and innovation services </a> <a href="/en/teaching-and-learning" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Teaching and learning services </a> <a href="/en/services/travel-services" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Travel services </a> </div> <div class="aalto-topnav__submenu-group"> <span class="aalto-topnav__submenu-heading">For students</span> <a href="https://sisu.aalto.fi" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Sisu<svg class="aalto-inline-icon magazine__link-external-link" aria-label="(external link)"><use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-external_link"/></svg> </a> <a href="https://mycourses.aalto.fi/" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> MyCourses<svg class="aalto-inline-icon magazine__link-external-link" aria-label="(external link)"><use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-external_link"/></svg> </a> <a href="https://mystudies.aalto.fi" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> MyStudies<svg class="aalto-inline-icon magazine__link-external-link" aria-label="(external link)"><use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-external_link"/></svg> </a> <a href="https://courses.aalto.fi/" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Browse all courses<svg class="aalto-inline-icon magazine__link-external-link" aria-label="(external link)"><use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-external_link"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="aalto-topnav__submenu-group"> <span class="aalto-topnav__submenu-heading">Other</span> <a href="/en/services/aalto-space-mobile-application" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Aalto Space </a> <a href="https://shop.aalto.fi/" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Aalto University Shop<svg class="aalto-inline-icon magazine__link-external-link" aria-label="(external link)"><use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-external_link"/></svg> </a> <a href="https://brand.aalto.fi" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Brand library and design system<svg class="aalto-inline-icon magazine__link-external-link" aria-label="(external link)"><use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-external_link"/></svg> </a> <a href="https://www.lounaat.info/otaniemi" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Lunch menus<svg class="aalto-inline-icon magazine__link-external-link" aria-label="(external link)"><use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-external_link"/></svg> </a> </div> <div class="aalto-topnav__submenu-group"> <span class="aalto-topnav__submenu-heading">Safety and emergencies</span> <a href="/en/security" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Emergencies </a> <a href="/en/services/incident-report" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Incident report </a> <a href="/en/cyber-security" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Cyber Security </a> <a href="/en/cyber-security/report-an-information-security-incident" class="aalto-topnav__submenu-link aalto-topnav__submenu-link-text" tabindex="-1" aria-current="false"> Cyber Security incident report </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="aalto-topnav__language-item aalto-topnav__action-item--mobile"> <svg class="aalto-inline-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-globe" /> </svg> <a href="/en/department-of-information-and-communications-engineering" class="aalto-button aalto-topnav__action--mobile" tabindex="-1" aria-current="true" lang="en"> <abbr title="English">EN</abbr> </a> </li> <li class="aalto-topnav__language-item aalto-topnav__action-item--mobile"> <a href="/fi/informaatio-ja-tietoliikennetekniikan-laitos" class="aalto-button aalto-topnav__action--mobile" tabindex="-1" lang="fi"> <abbr title="Suomeksi">FI</abbr> </a> </li> <li class="aalto-topnav__language-item aalto-topnav__action-item--mobile"> <a href="/sv/institutionen-for-informations-och-kommunikationsteknik" class="aalto-button aalto-topnav__action--mobile" tabindex="-1" lang="sv"> <abbr title="Svenska">SV</abbr> </a> </li> <li class="aalto-topnav__action-item aalto-topnav__action-item--first aalto-topnav__action-item--mobile"> <a href="/en/study-at-aalto" class="aalto-topnav__action-item--link aalto-topnav__action--mobile topnav-identifier--link-with-icon" tabindex="-1"> <svg class="aalto-inline-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-form" /> </svg> Apply to Aalto </a> </li> <li class="aalto-topnav__action-item aalto-topnav__action-item--mobile"> <a href="/en/makewaves" class="aalto-topnav__action-item--link aalto-topnav__action--mobile topnav-identifier--link-with-icon" tabindex="-1"> <svg class="aalto-inline-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-heart"/> </svg> Support us </a> </li> <li class="aalto-topnav__action-item aalto-topnav__action-item--mobile"> <a href="/en/student-guide" class="aalto-topnav__action-item--link aalto-topnav__action--mobile topnav-identifier--link-with-icon" tabindex="-1"> <svg class="aalto-inline-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-level" /> </svg> Student Guide </a> </li> <li class="aalto-topnav__action-item aalto-topnav__action-item--mobile"> <a href="/en/for-personnel" class="aalto-topnav__action-item--link aalto-topnav__action--mobile topnav-identifier--link-with-icon" tabindex="-1"> <svg class="aalto-inline-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-lock_closed"/> </svg> For personnel </a> </li> <li class="aalto-topnav__action-request aalto-topnav__action-item--mobile"> <svg class="aalto-inline-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-info"/> </svg> <span>Aalto community members please log in to see internal content</span> </li> <li class="aalto-topnav__action-item aalto-topnav__action-item--mobile"> <a href="/en/saml_login" class="aalto-button aalto-button--primary aalto-topnav__action--mobile" tabindex="-1"> Log in </a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> </nav> <div id="aalto-search"> <div class="aalto-search__container aalto-search__container--hidden" id="search-container"> <div class="aalto-search__header content-container"> <label class="aalto-search__label" for="aalto-search__input">Search</label> <button type="button" class="aalto-search__close" id="aalto-search-close" aria-label="Close search"> <svg class="aalto-inline-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-close"/> </svg> </button> </div> <div id="aalto-quicksearch"></div> </div> <div class="aalto-search__overlay" id="aalto-search-overlay"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="top-nav-sticky-header-dummy"></div> </div> </header> <div class="layout-content "> <main> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="region region--content"> <div id="block-aalto-aaltofi-aaltoquicksearch" class="block block-pdb-vue block-vue-componentaalto-quick-search"> <div class="aalto-quick-search" id="aaceb49e-86a1-4234-b62c-d5f3a856aeef"><div id="aalto-quicksearch2"></div> </div> </div> <div id="aalto-sidenav-title" class="aalto-sidenav-title aalto-header--at-top"> <button class="aalto-sidenav__toggle" id="hide-sidenav" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="sidenav"> <svg class="aalto-inline-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-side_panel_hide" /> </svg> <span class="visually-hidden">Close side navigation</span> </button> <button class="aalto-sidenav__toggle hidden" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav" id="show-sidenav"> <svg class="aalto-inline-icon" aria-hidden="true"> <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-side_panel_show" /> </svg> <span class="visually-hidden">Open side navigation</span> </button> <h1>Department of Information and Communications Engineering</h1> </div> <div class="content-wrapper"> <div id="aalto-sidenav" class="aalto-sidenav open"> <ul class="aalto-list-unstyled is-collapsed aalto-sidenav__links"> <li class="is-active active-trail aalto-sidenav__no-submenu"> <a href="/en/department-of-information-and-communications-engineering" aria-current="page"> Homepage </a> </li> <li class="aalto-sidenav__no-submenu"> <a href="/en/department-of-information-and-communications-engineering/our-research-and-research-groups" > Research </a> </li> <li class="aalto-sidenav__no-submenu"> <a href="/en/department-of-information-and-communications-engineering/studies" > Studies </a> </li> <li class="aalto-sidenav__no-submenu"> <a href="/en/department-of-information-and-communications-engineering/get-to-know-us" > Get to know us </a> </li> <li class="aalto-sidenav__no-submenu"> <a href="/en/department-of-information-and-communications-engineering/research-facilities" > Facilities </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="aalto-hub aalto-hub--with-sidenav"> <div class="aalto-magazine-wrapper aalto-magazine--black" data-aalto-slider="true"> <section class="hero-carousel splide"> <div class="splide__track"> <div class="splide__list magazine__items"> <div class="magazine__single-item splide__slide"><div class="aalto-magazine"> <div class="magazine__text-wrap magazine__text-wrap--carousel"> <div class="magazine__text-container"> <h2 class="magazine__header">Department of lnformation and Communications Engineering</h2> <p class="magazine__summary">The department has a strong focus in the ICT area varying from ICT technology to core electrical engineering and its basic phenomena.</p> <ul class="aalto-list-unstyled"> <li class="magazine__link-item"> <a class="magazine__link" href="/en/department-of-information-and-communications-engineering/our-research-and-research-groups"> <svg class="magazine__link-icon" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-arrow_right" /></svg> Read more </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="splide__arrows"> <div class="magazine__carousel-container"> <button class="aalto-slider__chevron magazine__previous-item splide__arrow splide__arrow--prev" type="button" aria-label="Previous"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="aalto-slider__chevron__icon aalto-slider__chevron__icon--prev aalto-inline-icon"><use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-arrow_chevron_up" /></svg> </button> <div class="aalto-slider__nav-dots-container"> <ul class="splide__pagination"></ul> </div> <button class="aalto-slider__chevron magazine__next-item splide__arrow splide__arrow--next" type="button" aria-label="Next"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="aalto-slider__chevron__icon aalto-inline-icon"><use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-arrow_chevron_up" /></svg> </button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="aalto-magazine-image-container"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_464w_464h_d/public/2021-06/Aalto_University_Anechoic_Chambers_at_Acoustics_Labs_photo_Mikko_Raskinen.jpg?h=41f55a5b&amp;itok=kmXLrOCA 464w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_684w_684h_d/public/2021-06/Aalto_University_Anechoic_Chambers_at_Acoustics_Labs_photo_Mikko_Raskinen.jpg?itok=iXH73DB2 684w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_798w_798h_d/public/2021-06/Aalto_University_Anechoic_Chambers_at_Acoustics_Labs_photo_Mikko_Raskinen.jpg?itok=p1RBRRHQ 798w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_1064w_1064h_d/public/2021-06/Aalto_University_Anechoic_Chambers_at_Acoustics_Labs_photo_Mikko_Raskinen.jpg?itok=y9_LRuHc 1064w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_1368w_1368h_d/public/2021-06/Aalto_University_Anechoic_Chambers_at_Acoustics_Labs_photo_Mikko_Raskinen.jpg?itok=kZs-Bn9s 1368w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_1596w_1596h_d/public/2021-06/Aalto_University_Anechoic_Chambers_at_Acoustics_Labs_photo_Mikko_Raskinen.jpg?itok=jgb5RQNy 1596w" media="all and (min-width: 900px)" type="image/jpeg" sizes="calc((100vw - 80px - 80px) / 2)" width="798" height="798"/> <source srcset="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_464w_464h_d/public/2021-06/Aalto_University_Anechoic_Chambers_at_Acoustics_Labs_photo_Mikko_Raskinen.jpg?h=41f55a5b&amp;itok=kmXLrOCA 464w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_684w_684h_d/public/2021-06/Aalto_University_Anechoic_Chambers_at_Acoustics_Labs_photo_Mikko_Raskinen.jpg?itok=iXH73DB2 684w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_798w_798h_d/public/2021-06/Aalto_University_Anechoic_Chambers_at_Acoustics_Labs_photo_Mikko_Raskinen.jpg?itok=p1RBRRHQ 798w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_1064w_1064h_d/public/2021-06/Aalto_University_Anechoic_Chambers_at_Acoustics_Labs_photo_Mikko_Raskinen.jpg?itok=y9_LRuHc 1064w" media="all and (max-width: 899px)" type="image/jpeg" sizes="(min-width: 745px) calc((100vw - 40px - 40px) / 2), (min-width: 320px) calc(100vw - 16px - 16px), 320px" width="798" height="798"/> <img loading="eager" data-original-width="2500" data-original-height="1667" src="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_464w_464h_d/public/2021-06/Aalto_University_Anechoic_Chambers_at_Acoustics_Labs_photo_Mikko_Raskinen.jpg?h=41f55a5b&amp;itok=kmXLrOCA" width="464" height="464" alt=" Äänen viivettä on tutkittu Suomen hiljaisimmassa huoneessa Otaniemessä sijaitsevassa kaiuttomassa huoneessa. Kuva: Aalto-yliopisto / Mikko Raskinen" /> </picture> </div> </div> </div> <div class="magazine__single-item splide__slide"><div class="aalto-magazine"> <div class="magazine__text-wrap magazine__text-wrap--carousel"> <div class="magazine__text-container"> <h2 class="magazine__header">Aalto nextG</h2> <p class="magazine__summary">Aalto nextG is an infrastructure supporting research on future mobile networks.</p> <ul class="aalto-list-unstyled"> <li class="magazine__link-item"> <a class="magazine__link" href="/en/aalto-nextg"> <svg class="magazine__link-icon" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-arrow_right" /></svg> Read more </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="splide__arrows"> <div class="magazine__carousel-container"> <button class="aalto-slider__chevron magazine__previous-item splide__arrow splide__arrow--prev" type="button" aria-label="Previous"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="aalto-slider__chevron__icon aalto-slider__chevron__icon--prev aalto-inline-icon"><use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-arrow_chevron_up" /></svg> </button> <div class="aalto-slider__nav-dots-container"> <ul class="splide__pagination"></ul> </div> <button class="aalto-slider__chevron magazine__next-item splide__arrow splide__arrow--next" type="button" aria-label="Next"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="aalto-slider__chevron__icon aalto-inline-icon"><use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-arrow_chevron_up" /></svg> </button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="aalto-magazine-image-container"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_464w_464h_d/public/2022-12/AALTO_SCI-ELEC_TUAS_building_aerial_22-8-2018_photo_Mikko_Raskinen_002_Original.jpg?h=e6822f9a&amp;itok=jUZS2pcd 464w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_684w_684h_d/public/2022-12/AALTO_SCI-ELEC_TUAS_building_aerial_22-8-2018_photo_Mikko_Raskinen_002_Original.jpg?itok=5cWmbm9l 684w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_798w_798h_d/public/2022-12/AALTO_SCI-ELEC_TUAS_building_aerial_22-8-2018_photo_Mikko_Raskinen_002_Original.jpg?itok=wA5TXPkx 798w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_1064w_1064h_d/public/2022-12/AALTO_SCI-ELEC_TUAS_building_aerial_22-8-2018_photo_Mikko_Raskinen_002_Original.jpg?itok=-twK46FZ 1064w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_1368w_1368h_d/public/2022-12/AALTO_SCI-ELEC_TUAS_building_aerial_22-8-2018_photo_Mikko_Raskinen_002_Original.jpg?itok=mI7HgQdU 1368w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_1596w_1596h_d/public/2022-12/AALTO_SCI-ELEC_TUAS_building_aerial_22-8-2018_photo_Mikko_Raskinen_002_Original.jpg?itok=1uNhGvgg 1596w" media="all and (min-width: 900px)" type="image/jpeg" sizes="calc((100vw - 80px - 80px) / 2)" width="798" height="798"/> <source srcset="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_464w_464h_d/public/2022-12/AALTO_SCI-ELEC_TUAS_building_aerial_22-8-2018_photo_Mikko_Raskinen_002_Original.jpg?h=e6822f9a&amp;itok=jUZS2pcd 464w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_684w_684h_d/public/2022-12/AALTO_SCI-ELEC_TUAS_building_aerial_22-8-2018_photo_Mikko_Raskinen_002_Original.jpg?itok=5cWmbm9l 684w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_798w_798h_d/public/2022-12/AALTO_SCI-ELEC_TUAS_building_aerial_22-8-2018_photo_Mikko_Raskinen_002_Original.jpg?itok=wA5TXPkx 798w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_1064w_1064h_d/public/2022-12/AALTO_SCI-ELEC_TUAS_building_aerial_22-8-2018_photo_Mikko_Raskinen_002_Original.jpg?itok=-twK46FZ 1064w" media="all and (max-width: 899px)" type="image/jpeg" sizes="(min-width: 745px) calc((100vw - 40px - 40px) / 2), (min-width: 320px) calc(100vw - 16px - 16px), 320px" width="798" height="798"/> <img loading="eager" data-original-width="5464" data-original-height="3070" src="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_464w_464h_d/public/2022-12/AALTO_SCI-ELEC_TUAS_building_aerial_22-8-2018_photo_Mikko_Raskinen_002_Original.jpg?h=e6822f9a&amp;itok=jUZS2pcd" width="464" height="464" alt="TUAS" /> </picture> </div> </div> </div> <div class="magazine__single-item splide__slide"><div class="aalto-magazine"> <div class="magazine__text-wrap magazine__text-wrap--carousel"> <div class="magazine__text-container"> <h2 class="magazine__header">Aalto Acoustics Lab</h2> <p class="magazine__summary">Aalto Acoustics Lab is a multidisciplinary research centre of Aalto University.</p> <ul class="aalto-list-unstyled"> <li class="magazine__link-item"> <a class="magazine__link" href="/en/aalto-acoustics-lab"> <svg class="magazine__link-icon" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-arrow_right" /></svg> Read more </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="splide__arrows"> <div class="magazine__carousel-container"> <button class="aalto-slider__chevron magazine__previous-item splide__arrow splide__arrow--prev" type="button" aria-label="Previous"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="aalto-slider__chevron__icon aalto-slider__chevron__icon--prev aalto-inline-icon"><use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-arrow_chevron_up" /></svg> </button> <div class="aalto-slider__nav-dots-container"> <ul class="splide__pagination"></ul> </div> <button class="aalto-slider__chevron magazine__next-item splide__arrow splide__arrow--next" type="button" aria-label="Next"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="aalto-slider__chevron__icon aalto-inline-icon"><use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-arrow_chevron_up" /></svg> </button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="aalto-magazine-image-container"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_464w_464h_d/public/2023-01/Aalto_ELEC_Acoustics_marketing_photos_3-6-2020_photo_Mikko_Raskinen_001.jpg?h=ac778ff2&amp;itok=cwapAF6B 464w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_684w_684h_d/public/2023-01/Aalto_ELEC_Acoustics_marketing_photos_3-6-2020_photo_Mikko_Raskinen_001.jpg?itok=61UwWKYh 684w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_798w_798h_d/public/2023-01/Aalto_ELEC_Acoustics_marketing_photos_3-6-2020_photo_Mikko_Raskinen_001.jpg?itok=iYLtDDJq 798w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_1064w_1064h_d/public/2023-01/Aalto_ELEC_Acoustics_marketing_photos_3-6-2020_photo_Mikko_Raskinen_001.jpg?itok=IfB43l8N 1064w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_1368w_1368h_d/public/2023-01/Aalto_ELEC_Acoustics_marketing_photos_3-6-2020_photo_Mikko_Raskinen_001.jpg?itok=5JORBMVg 1368w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_1596w_1596h_d/public/2023-01/Aalto_ELEC_Acoustics_marketing_photos_3-6-2020_photo_Mikko_Raskinen_001.jpg?itok=wgfmyk6h 1596w" media="all and (min-width: 900px)" type="image/jpeg" sizes="calc((100vw - 80px - 80px) / 2)" width="798" height="798"/> <source srcset="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_464w_464h_d/public/2023-01/Aalto_ELEC_Acoustics_marketing_photos_3-6-2020_photo_Mikko_Raskinen_001.jpg?h=ac778ff2&amp;itok=cwapAF6B 464w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_684w_684h_d/public/2023-01/Aalto_ELEC_Acoustics_marketing_photos_3-6-2020_photo_Mikko_Raskinen_001.jpg?itok=61UwWKYh 684w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_798w_798h_d/public/2023-01/Aalto_ELEC_Acoustics_marketing_photos_3-6-2020_photo_Mikko_Raskinen_001.jpg?itok=iYLtDDJq 798w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_1064w_1064h_d/public/2023-01/Aalto_ELEC_Acoustics_marketing_photos_3-6-2020_photo_Mikko_Raskinen_001.jpg?itok=IfB43l8N 1064w" media="all and (max-width: 899px)" type="image/jpeg" sizes="(min-width: 745px) calc((100vw - 40px - 40px) / 2), (min-width: 320px) calc(100vw - 16px - 16px), 320px" width="798" height="798"/> <img loading="eager" data-original-width="4000" data-original-height="2667" src="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_464w_464h_d/public/2023-01/Aalto_ELEC_Acoustics_marketing_photos_3-6-2020_photo_Mikko_Raskinen_001.jpg?h=ac778ff2&amp;itok=cwapAF6B" width="464" height="464" alt="Acoustics students at the Aalto Acoustics Lab." /> </picture> </div> </div> </div> <div class="magazine__single-item splide__slide"><div class="aalto-magazine"> <div class="magazine__text-wrap magazine__text-wrap--carousel"> <div class="magazine__text-container"> <h2 class="magazine__header">Become a doctoral student</h2> <p class="magazine__summary">Doctoral education will prepare you for the most demanding expert positions in your field.</p> <ul class="aalto-list-unstyled"> <li class="magazine__link-item"> <a class="magazine__link" href="/en/school-of-electrical-engineering/become-a-doctoral-researcher-at-the-school-of-electrical-engineering"> <svg class="magazine__link-icon" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-arrow_right" /></svg> Read more </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="splide__arrows"> <div class="magazine__carousel-container"> <button class="aalto-slider__chevron magazine__previous-item splide__arrow splide__arrow--prev" type="button" aria-label="Previous"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="aalto-slider__chevron__icon aalto-slider__chevron__icon--prev aalto-inline-icon"><use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-arrow_chevron_up" /></svg> </button> <div class="aalto-slider__nav-dots-container"> <ul class="splide__pagination"></ul> </div> <button class="aalto-slider__chevron magazine__next-item splide__arrow splide__arrow--next" type="button" aria-label="Next"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="aalto-slider__chevron__icon aalto-inline-icon"><use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-arrow_chevron_up" /></svg> </button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="aalto-magazine-image-container"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_464w_464h_d/public/2022-11/CYBER_Aki-Pekka_Sinikoski019.jpg?h=d08f423e&amp;itok=YZVVTWjA 464w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_684w_684h_d/public/2022-11/CYBER_Aki-Pekka_Sinikoski019.jpg?itok=fM694S7E 684w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_798w_798h_d/public/2022-11/CYBER_Aki-Pekka_Sinikoski019.jpg?itok=Pk8ZYnzk 798w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_1064w_1064h_d/public/2022-11/CYBER_Aki-Pekka_Sinikoski019.jpg?itok=Ki4dgSTn 1064w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_1368w_1368h_d/public/2022-11/CYBER_Aki-Pekka_Sinikoski019.jpg?itok=8CWf_bLn 1368w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_1596w_1596h_d/public/2022-11/CYBER_Aki-Pekka_Sinikoski019.jpg?itok=WOYIYYz8 1596w" media="all and (min-width: 900px)" type="image/jpeg" sizes="calc((100vw - 80px - 80px) / 2)" width="798" height="798"/> <source srcset="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_464w_464h_d/public/2022-11/CYBER_Aki-Pekka_Sinikoski019.jpg?h=d08f423e&amp;itok=YZVVTWjA 464w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_684w_684h_d/public/2022-11/CYBER_Aki-Pekka_Sinikoski019.jpg?itok=fM694S7E 684w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_798w_798h_d/public/2022-11/CYBER_Aki-Pekka_Sinikoski019.jpg?itok=Pk8ZYnzk 798w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_1064w_1064h_d/public/2022-11/CYBER_Aki-Pekka_Sinikoski019.jpg?itok=Ki4dgSTn 1064w" media="all and (max-width: 899px)" type="image/jpeg" sizes="(min-width: 745px) calc((100vw - 40px - 40px) / 2), (min-width: 320px) calc(100vw - 16px - 16px), 320px" width="798" height="798"/> <img loading="eager" data-original-width="1800" data-original-height="1350" src="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_464w_464h_d/public/2022-11/CYBER_Aki-Pekka_Sinikoski019.jpg?h=d08f423e&amp;itok=YZVVTWjA" width="464" height="464" alt="UCT-DC Datacenter innovation" /> </picture> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="aalto-component-wrapper aalto-component aalto-component-wrapper--manual-liftup-small aalto-manual-liftup-small " lang="en" style=""> <div class="component-container"> <div class="aalto-manual-liftup__header"> <div class="aalto-manual-liftup__header-content"> <h2 class="aalto-manual-liftup__header-title" id="liftup-title-id-1720579688"> Research based on excellent cooperation </h2> <div class="aalto-manual-liftup__header-body"> <div class="aalto-user-generated-content"><p>The department of Information and Communications Engineering has strong competence in ICT. Our research and teaching span from ICT technology to core electrical engineering and its basic phenomena. Department carries out research in the following areas:&nbsp;<a href="/en/department-of-information-and-communications-engineering/our-research-and-research-groups#0-human-centric-technology">Human-centric Technology</a>,&nbsp;<a href="/en/department-of-information-and-communications-engineering/our-research-and-research-groups#1-communications-and-networked-systems">Communications and Networked System</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="/en/department-of-information-and-communications-engineering/our-research-and-research-groups#2-fundamentals-of-information-and-communications-engineering">Fundamentals of Information and Communications Engineering</a>.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="manual-liftup-small__horizontal-cards"> <div class="manual-liftup-small__horizontal-card"> <div class="manual-liftup-small__horizontal-card--text-container"> <h3 class="manual-liftup-small__horizontal-card--title"> <a class="aalto-liftup__link" href="/en/department-of-information-and-communications-engineering/our-research-and-research-groups" title="Our research and research groups"> Our research and research groups </a> </h3> <div class="manual-liftup-small__horizontal-card--paragraph-container"> <p class="manual-liftup-small__horizontal-card--paragraph"> The department carries out research in the areas of Fundamentals of Information and Communications Engineering, Human-centric Technology and Communications and Networked Systems. </p> </div> </div> <div class="manual-liftup-small__horizontal-card--image-container"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_120w_120h_d/public/2023-01/CYBER_Aki-Pekka_Sinikoski019.jpg?h=cb6b7465&amp;itok=98VB9sZy 120w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_160w_160h_d/public/2023-01/CYBER_Aki-Pekka_Sinikoski019.jpg?h=cb6b7465&amp;itok=vUODLiuM 160w" media="all" type="image/jpeg" sizes="(min-width: 1200px) 160px, (min-width: 600px) 120px, 80px" width="160" height="160"/> <img loading="lazy" data-original-width="1800" data-original-height="1350" src="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_120w_120h_d/public/2023-01/CYBER_Aki-Pekka_Sinikoski019.jpg?h=cb6b7465&amp;itok=98VB9sZy" width="120" height="120" alt="Photo: Aki-Pekka Sinikoski" /> </picture> </div> </div> <div class="manual-liftup-small__horizontal-card"> <div class="manual-liftup-small__horizontal-card--text-container"> <h3 class="manual-liftup-small__horizontal-card--title"> <a class="aalto-liftup__link" href="/en/department-of-information-and-communications-engineering/research-facilities" title="Research facilities"> Research facilities </a> </h3> <div class="manual-liftup-small__horizontal-card--paragraph-container"> <p class="manual-liftup-small__horizontal-card--paragraph"> Discover the infrastructure the Department of Information and Communications Engineering offers its researchers and students </p> </div> </div> <div class="manual-liftup-small__horizontal-card--image-container"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_120w_120h_d/public/2022-08/Otaniemi_Lehmuskuja_12-6-2020_photo_Mikko_Raskinen_002.jpg?h=e5565190&amp;itok=_4zb0i_Q 120w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_160w_160h_d/public/2022-08/Otaniemi_Lehmuskuja_12-6-2020_photo_Mikko_Raskinen_002.jpg?h=e5565190&amp;itok=L7loq-zR 160w" media="all" type="image/jpeg" sizes="(min-width: 1200px) 160px, (min-width: 600px) 120px, 80px" width="160" height="160"/> <img loading="lazy" data-original-width="2499" data-original-height="1665" src="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_120w_120h_d/public/2022-08/Otaniemi_Lehmuskuja_12-6-2020_photo_Mikko_Raskinen_002.jpg?h=e5565190&amp;itok=_4zb0i_Q" width="120" height="120" alt="Otaniemi campus in summer" /> </picture> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="aalto-component-wrapper aalto-component aalto-component-wrapper--image-with-text-default" lang="en" style=""> <div class="image-with-text-default image-with-text-default--media-on-right "> <div class="image-with-text-wrapper"> <figure class="image-with-text-default__image-container"> <div class=""> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/o_567w_ah_n/public/2022-12/_DSC8323.jpg?itok=ThTpB83j 567w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/o_690w_ah_n/public/2022-12/_DSC8323.jpg?itok=RAbqwOBy 690w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/o_819w_ah_n/public/2022-12/_DSC8323.jpg?itok=elWIPGi2 819w" media="all" type="image/jpeg" sizes="(min-width: 1540px) 690px, (min-width: 900px) calc(50vw - 80px), (min-width: 600px) calc(100vw - 40px), (min-width: 320px) calc(100vw - 32px), 288px" width="819" height="461"/> <img loading="lazy" data-original-width="2500" data-original-height="1408" src="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/o_567w_ah_n/public/2022-12/_DSC8323.jpg?itok=ThTpB83j" width="567" height="319" alt="ELEC students" /> </picture> </div> </figure> <div class="image-with-text-default__text"> <div class="aalto-user-generated-content"><h2>High-quality education for topical fields</h2> <p>The Department of Information and Communications Engineering provides education on Bachelor, Master and Doctoral levels.&nbsp;Our master's education is focused on the four majors of the Computer, Communication and Information Sciences programme. All our master's degree programmes are international and taught in English.</p> <p>Read more: <a href="/en/node/217886">Studies</a></p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--content-liftups-auto-news paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="aalto-component-wrapper aalto-component aalto-component-wrapper--automatic-liftup aalto-component-wrapper--automatic-liftup-news" style=""> <div class="aalto-tiles-layout aalto-tiles-layout--automatic-liftups "> <div class="aalto-tiles-layout__top content-container"> <div class="aalto-tiles-layout__top-column"> <h2 class="aalto-tiles-layout__header">Read the news</h2> </div> <div class="aalto-tiles-layout__top-column aalto-tiles-layout__top-column--text"> <a class="aalto-button aalto-tiles-layout__button--see-all" href="/en/listing/834566">See all</a> </div> </div> <div class="aalto-tiles-layout__items-container"> <div class="aalto-tile-container"> <div class="aalto-tile aalto-tile--news"> <div class="aalto-tile__top-wrapper"> <div class="aalto-tile__top-container"> <div class="aalto-tile__image-container"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/2_3_288w_125h_d/public/2024-11/workshop-tutorial.jpg?h=2f2a19df&amp;itok=O6CRb2kL 288w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/2_3_567w_247h_d/public/2024-11/workshop-tutorial.jpg?h=2f2a19df&amp;itok=ZOaewtBt 567w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/2_3_690w_300h_d/public/2024-11/workshop-tutorial.jpg?h=2f2a19df&amp;itok=8kkV30AI 690w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/2_3_819w_356h_d/public/2024-11/workshop-tutorial.jpg?h=2f2a19df&amp;itok=SFUHx6-q 819w" media="all" type="image/jpeg" sizes="(min-width: 900px) calc(33vw - 160px), (min-width: 600px) calc(100vw - 40px), (min-width: 320px) calc(100vw - 32px), 288px" width="819" height="356"/> <img loading="lazy" data-original-width="1700" data-original-height="1280" src="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/2_3_288w_125h_d/public/2024-11/workshop-tutorial.jpg?h=2f2a19df&amp;itok=O6CRb2kL" width="288" height="125" alt="People working and interacting in a classroom setting with large windows and a concrete ceiling." /> </picture> </div> </div> </div> <div class="aalto-tile__text-container aalto-tile__text-container--news"> <div class="aalto-tile__meta"> <span class="aalto-tile__meta-item aalto-tile__meta-item--category"> Studies </span> <span class="aalto-tile__meta-item aalto-tile__meta-item--label"> Published: <time datetime="2024-11-21T14:56:27+02:00">21.11.2024</time> </span> </div> <div class="aalto-tile__overflow-container aalto-tile__overflow-container--news"> <h3 class="aalto-tile__title"> <a class="aalto-tile__link" href="/en/news/gaming-gloves-and-a-hugging-shirt-aalto-researchers-held-a-smart-wearables-workshop-for-chilean" title="Gaming gloves and a hugging shirt – Aalto researchers held a smart wearables workshop for Chilean students "> Gaming gloves and a hugging shirt – Aalto researchers held a smart wearables workshop for Chilean students </a> </h3> <span class="aalto-tile__summary"> Watch the videos of the students&#039; creative projects! </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="aalto-tile-container"> <div class="aalto-tile aalto-tile--news"> <div class="aalto-tile__top-wrapper"> <div class="aalto-tile__top-container"> <div class="aalto-tile__image-container"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/2_3_288w_125h_d/public/2024-11/CYBER_Aki-Pekka_Sinikoski015.jpg?h=d08f423e&amp;itok=Isw1Bs3- 288w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/2_3_567w_247h_d/public/2024-11/CYBER_Aki-Pekka_Sinikoski015.jpg?h=d08f423e&amp;itok=9j3Dy6Rf 567w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/2_3_690w_300h_d/public/2024-11/CYBER_Aki-Pekka_Sinikoski015.jpg?h=d08f423e&amp;itok=weFLjVTO 690w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/2_3_819w_356h_d/public/2024-11/CYBER_Aki-Pekka_Sinikoski015.jpg?h=d08f423e&amp;itok=bmG8j2xT 819w" media="all" type="image/jpeg" sizes="(min-width: 900px) calc(33vw - 160px), (min-width: 600px) calc(100vw - 40px), (min-width: 320px) calc(100vw - 32px), 288px" width="819" height="356"/> <img loading="lazy" data-original-width="1800" data-original-height="1350" src="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/2_3_288w_125h_d/public/2024-11/CYBER_Aki-Pekka_Sinikoski015.jpg?h=d08f423e&amp;itok=Isw1Bs3-" width="288" height="125" alt="Cyber Security. Photo: Aki-Pekka Sinikoski / Aalto University" /> </picture> </div> </div> </div> <div class="aalto-tile__text-container aalto-tile__text-container--news"> <div class="aalto-tile__meta"> <span class="aalto-tile__meta-item aalto-tile__meta-item--category"> Cooperation, Studies </span> <span class="aalto-tile__meta-item aalto-tile__meta-item--label"> Published: <time datetime="2024-11-14T14:04:36+02:00">14.11.2024</time> </span> </div> <div class="aalto-tile__overflow-container aalto-tile__overflow-container--news"> <h3 class="aalto-tile__title"> <a class="aalto-tile__link" href="/en/news/partnering-with-nokia-bell-labs-to-support-diversity-in-postgraduate-studies" title="Partnering with Nokia Bell Labs to support diversity in postgraduate studies"> Partnering with Nokia Bell Labs to support diversity in postgraduate studies</a> </h3> <span class="aalto-tile__summary"> Nokia Bell Labs scholarships were awarded to women pursuing postgraduate studies in the School of Electrical Engineering and in the School of Science. </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="aalto-tile-container"> <div class="aalto-tile aalto-tile--news"> <div class="aalto-tile__top-wrapper"> <div class="aalto-tile__top-container"> <div class="aalto-tile__image-container"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/2_3_288w_125h_d/public/2024-10/IMG_0586.jpg?h=b086164c&amp;itok=38n-CUk9 288w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/2_3_567w_247h_d/public/2024-10/IMG_0586.jpg?h=b086164c&amp;itok=OA7Oom2m 567w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/2_3_690w_300h_d/public/2024-10/IMG_0586.jpg?h=b086164c&amp;itok=AkhKrooM 690w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/2_3_819w_356h_d/public/2024-10/IMG_0586.jpg?h=b086164c&amp;itok=ZfrN7xrx 819w" media="all" type="image/jpeg" sizes="(min-width: 900px) calc(33vw - 160px), (min-width: 600px) calc(100vw - 40px), (min-width: 320px) calc(100vw - 32px), 288px" width="819" height="356"/> <img loading="lazy" data-original-width="5807" data-original-height="3871" src="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/2_3_288w_125h_d/public/2024-10/IMG_0586.jpg?h=b086164c&amp;itok=38n-CUk9" width="288" height="125" alt="Esko Valtaoja esittelemässä yleisölle radio-observatiivisen tutkimuksen historiaa" /> </picture> </div> </div> </div> <div class="aalto-tile__text-container aalto-tile__text-container--news"> <div class="aalto-tile__meta"> <span class="aalto-tile__meta-item aalto-tile__meta-item--category"> Campus, Research &amp; Art </span> <span class="aalto-tile__meta-item aalto-tile__meta-item--label"> Published: <time datetime="2024-10-15T08:33:47+03:00">15.10.2024</time> </span> </div> <div class="aalto-tile__overflow-container aalto-tile__overflow-container--news"> <h3 class="aalto-tile__title"> <a class="aalto-tile__link" href="/en/news/the-first-tahtitiistai-took-place-in-marsio-watch-the-recording-of-the-event-and-join-the-next" title="The first Tähtitiistai took place in Marsio – watch the recording of the event and join the next lectures!"> The first Tähtitiistai took place in Marsio – watch the recording of the event and join the next lectures!</a> </h3> <span class="aalto-tile__summary"> The first Tähtitiistai was held on October 8 in the cinema of the Marsio building, the first lecture drew crowds in large numbers to the venue. Didn&#039;t get to follow the lecture? No worries! Watch the recording of the event online. </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="aalto-tile-container"> <div class="aalto-tile aalto-tile--news"> <div class="aalto-tile__top-wrapper"> <div class="aalto-tile__top-container"> <div class="aalto-tile__image-container"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/2_3_288w_125h_d/public/2024-09/Aalto_University_Shaking-Up-Tech_12-10-2023_photo_by_Mikko_Raskinen_032.jpg?h=ac778ff2&amp;itok=0W1_i1zv 288w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/2_3_567w_247h_d/public/2024-09/Aalto_University_Shaking-Up-Tech_12-10-2023_photo_by_Mikko_Raskinen_032.jpg?h=ac778ff2&amp;itok=Tv_ddZi8 567w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/2_3_690w_300h_d/public/2024-09/Aalto_University_Shaking-Up-Tech_12-10-2023_photo_by_Mikko_Raskinen_032.jpg?h=ac778ff2&amp;itok=6E9dv5Uz 690w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/2_3_819w_356h_d/public/2024-09/Aalto_University_Shaking-Up-Tech_12-10-2023_photo_by_Mikko_Raskinen_032.jpg?h=ac778ff2&amp;itok=aeqfA0ct 819w" media="all" type="image/jpeg" sizes="(min-width: 900px) calc(33vw - 160px), (min-width: 600px) calc(100vw - 40px), (min-width: 320px) calc(100vw - 32px), 288px" width="819" height="356"/> <img loading="lazy" data-original-width="4000" data-original-height="2668" src="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/2_3_288w_125h_d/public/2024-09/Aalto_University_Shaking-Up-Tech_12-10-2023_photo_by_Mikko_Raskinen_032.jpg?h=ac778ff2&amp;itok=0W1_i1zv" width="288" height="125" alt="Shaking up tech 2023" /> </picture> </div> </div> </div> <div class="aalto-tile__text-container aalto-tile__text-container--news"> <div class="aalto-tile__meta"> <span class="aalto-tile__meta-item aalto-tile__meta-item--category"> Campus, Research &amp; Art, Studies </span> <span class="aalto-tile__meta-item aalto-tile__meta-item--label"> Published: <time datetime="2024-09-30T09:50:58+03:00">30.9.2024</time> </span> </div> <div class="aalto-tile__overflow-container aalto-tile__overflow-container--news"> <h3 class="aalto-tile__title"> <a class="aalto-tile__link" href="/en/news/shaking-up-tech-welcomes-high-school-students-to-campuses-in-january" title="Shaking up Tech welcomes high school students to campuses in January"> Shaking up Tech welcomes high school students to campuses in January</a> </h3> <span class="aalto-tile__summary"> The keynote speaker this time is neuroscientist Minna Huotilainen. The purpose of the event is to introduce the field of technology to underrepresented groups.<br /> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="aalto-tile-container aalto-tile-container--see-all"> <div class="aalto-tile aalto-tile--see-all"> <div class="aalto-tile__see-all-icon-container"><svg class="aalto-tile__see-all-icon aalto-inline-icon"><use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_aaltofi/images/icons.svg#16-arrow_chevron_up" /></svg></div> <a class="aalto-tile__see-all-text" href="/en/listing/834566">See all</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="aalto-component-wrapper aalto-component aalto-component-wrapper--single-liftup-medium" lang="en" style=""> <section class="aalto-single-liftup aalto-single-liftup--m component-container" aria-labelledby="liftup-title-id-2102925817"> <div class="aalto-single-liftup__container aalto-single-liftup__container--text-left" style=""> <div class="aalto-single-liftup__column aalto-single-liftup__column--text-left"> <div class="aalto-single-liftup__text-container"> <div class="aalto-single-liftup__body"> <h2 id="liftup-title-id-2102925817">Get to know us</h2> <p>On this page, you can find the contact information of the Head of Department, professors, lecturers and communications services.</p> </div> <a href="/en/department-of-information-and-communications-engineering/get-to-know-us" class="highlight">Read more</a> </div> </div> <div class="aalto-single-liftup__column aalto-single-liftup__column--image"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_6_288w_180h_d/public/2022-12/Otaniemi_Campus_summer_random_16-5-2018_photo_Mikko_Raskinen_046.jpg?itok=OvKfHSNz 288w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_6_410w_256h_d/public/2022-12/Otaniemi_Campus_summer_random_16-5-2018_photo_Mikko_Raskinen_046.jpg?h=41f55a5b&amp;itok=Ff4_yNow 410w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_6_567w_354h_d/public/2022-12/Otaniemi_Campus_summer_random_16-5-2018_photo_Mikko_Raskinen_046.jpg?h=41f55a5b&amp;itok=VjVowpbz 567w, /sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_6_690w_431h_d/public/2022-12/Otaniemi_Campus_summer_random_16-5-2018_photo_Mikko_Raskinen_046.jpg?h=41f55a5b&amp;itok=YaWCTWE6 690w" media="all" type="image/jpeg" sizes="(min-width: 1540px) 690px, (min-width: 900px) calc(50vw - 80px), (min-width: 600px) calc(50vw - 40px), (min-width: 320px) calc(100vw - 32px), 288px" width="288" height="180"/> <img loading="lazy" data-original-width="2500" data-original-height="1667" src="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/styles/1_6_288w_180h_d/public/2022-12/Otaniemi_Campus_summer_random_16-5-2018_photo_Mikko_Raskinen_046.jpg?itok=OvKfHSNz" width="288" height="180" alt="Otaniemi campus on summer. " /> </picture> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="aalto-component-wrapper aalto-component aalto-component-wrapper--manual-liftup-mini aalto-component-wrapper--manual-liftup-mini-- aalto-manual-liftup-mini " lang="en" style=""> <div class="component-container"> <div class="aalto-manual-liftup__header"> <div class="aalto-manual-liftup__header-content"> <h2 class="aalto-manual-liftup__header-title" id="liftup-title-id-469576881"> Where to find us? </h2> <div class="aalto-manual-liftup__header-body"> <div class="aalto-user-generated-content"><p>We operate in many different buildings around the Otaniemi campus.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="manual-liftups-mini manual-liftups-mini__justified"> <div class="manual-liftup-mini"> <div class="manual-liftup-mini__text-container"> <h3 class="manual-liftup-mini__title"> <a class="aalto-liftup__link" href="/en/locations/kide"> <span class="manual-liftup-mini__text"> <span class="manual-liftup-mini__label"> Kide</span> </span> <span class="manual-liftup-mini__arrow">&nbsp;</span> </a> </h3> </div> </div> <div class="manual-liftup-mini"> <div class="manual-liftup-mini__text-container"> <h3 class="manual-liftup-mini__title"> <a class="aalto-liftup__link" href="/en/locations/maarintie-8"> <span class="manual-liftup-mini__text"> <span class="manual-liftup-mini__label"> Maarintie 8</span> </span> <span class="manual-liftup-mini__arrow">&nbsp;</span> </a> </h3> </div> </div> <div class="manual-liftup-mini"> <div class="manual-liftup-mini__text-container"> <h3 class="manual-liftup-mini__title"> <a class="aalto-liftup__link" href="/en/locations/startup-hub-a-grid"> <span class="manual-liftup-mini__text"> <span class="manual-liftup-mini__label"> Startup Hub A Grid</span> </span> <span class="manual-liftup-mini__arrow">&nbsp;</span> </a> </h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="aalto-content-bottom-wrapper content-container"> <div class="aalto-content-bottom-container"> <div class="aalto-content-bottom__updated"> <ul class="aalto-list-unstyled"> <li> Published: <time datetime="2022-11-21T14:59:25+02:00">21.11.2022</time> </li> <li> Updated: <time datetime="2024-11-07T15:37:26+02:00">7.11.2024</time> </li> </ul> </div> <div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="region region--footer"> <footer class="aalto-footer content-container"> <div class="aalto-footer__breadcrumb"> </div> <div class="aalto-footer__container"> <div class="aalto-footer__footer-column aalto-footer__footer-navigation-column"> <div class="aalto-footer__aalto-logo-container"> <a href="/en" class="aalto-footer__aalto-logo-link" title=Home aria-label=Home rel="home"> <svg class="aalto-footer__aalto-logo aalto-logo" viewBox="0 0 143 101"> <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/aalto_base/images/aalto_logo.svg#logo"/> </svg> </a> </div> <div class="aalto-footer__address-container"> <div id="block-footeraddress" class="block block-block-content block-block-content9655a26e-c6be-4275-81a6-fb05dce0b6e1"> <div class="aalto-user-generated-content"> <p>Aalto University<br><br> P.O. Box 11000 (Otakaari 1B)<br><br> FI-00076 AALTO<br><br> Switchboard: +358 9 47001</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="aalto-footer__navigation-group"> <h2 class="aalto-footer__navigation-sub-header">Follow us:</h2> <ul class="aalto-footer__some-link-container aalto-list-unstyled"> <li> <a class="aalto-footer__some-link aalto-some__link-icon aalto-some__link-icon--facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/aaltouniversity"> <span class="aalto-visually-hidden">Facebook</span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="aalto-footer__some-link aalto-some__link-icon aalto-some__link-icon--linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/school/aalto-university/"> <span class="aalto-visually-hidden">LinkedIn</span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="aalto-footer__some-link aalto-some__link-icon aalto-some__link-icon--twitter" href="https://twitter.com/aaltouniversity"> <span class="aalto-visually-hidden">X (formerly Twitter)</span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="aalto-footer__some-link aalto-some__link-icon aalto-some__link-icon--instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/aaltouniversity/"> <span class="aalto-visually-hidden">Instagram</span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="aalto-footer__some-link aalto-some__link-icon aalto-some__link-icon--youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/aaltouniversity"> <span class="aalto-visually-hidden">Youtube</span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="aalto-footer__some-link aalto-some__link-icon aalto-some__link-icon--snapchat" href="/snapchat"> <span class="aalto-visually-hidden">Snapchat</span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="aalto-footer__some-link aalto-some__link-icon aalto-some__link-icon--blogs" href="https://ourblogs.aalto.fi/"> <span class="aalto-visually-hidden">Blogs</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="aalto-footer__footer-column aalto-footer__footer-navigation-column"> <div class="aalto-footer__navigation-group"> <h2 class="aalto-footer__navigation-sub-header">Quicklinks</h2> <ul class="aalto-list-unstyled"> <li class="aalto-footer__navigation-item"><a class="aalto-footer__navigation-item-link" href="/en/research-art">Research and artistic outputs</a></li> <li class="aalto-footer__navigation-item"><a class="aalto-footer__navigation-item-link" href="/en/learning-centre">Library – Learning Centre</a></li> <li class="aalto-footer__navigation-item"><a class="aalto-footer__navigation-item-link" href="/en/study-at-aalto">Admissions</a></li> <li class="aalto-footer__navigation-item"><a class="aalto-footer__navigation-item-link" href="/en/for-alumni">Alumni</a></li> <li class="aalto-footer__navigation-item"><a class="aalto-footer__navigation-item-link" href="/en/for-the-media">Media</a></li> <li class="aalto-footer__navigation-item"><a class="aalto-footer__navigation-item-link" href="/en/it-services">IT services</a></li> <li class="aalto-footer__navigation-item"><a class="aalto-footer__navigation-item-link" href="/en/aalto-university-open-university">Open University</a></li> <li class="aalto-footer__navigation-item"><a class="aalto-footer__navigation-item-link" href="https://shop.aalto.fi/">Aalto University Shop</a></li> <li class="aalto-footer__navigation-item"><a class="aalto-footer__navigation-item-link" href="/en/site-index">Site index</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="aalto-footer__navigation-group"> <h2 class="aalto-footer__navigation-sub-header">Latest</h2> <ul class="aalto-list-unstyled"> <li class="aalto-footer__navigation-item"><a class="aalto-footer__navigation-item-link" href="/en/news">News</a></li> <li class="aalto-footer__navigation-item"><a class="aalto-footer__navigation-item-link" href="/en/events">Events</a></li> <li class="aalto-footer__navigation-item"><a class="aalto-footer__navigation-item-link" href="/en/open-positions">Careers</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="aalto-footer__footer-column aalto-footer__footer-navigation-column"> <div class="aalto-footer__navigation-group"> <h2 class="aalto-footer__navigation-sub-header">Contact</h2> <ul class="aalto-list-unstyled"> <li class="aalto-footer__navigation-item"><a class="aalto-footer__navigation-item-link" href="/en/campus/campus-maps-addresses-and-opening-hours-in-otaniemi">Campus maps</a></li> <li class="aalto-footer__navigation-item"><a class="aalto-footer__navigation-item-link" href="/en/aalto-university/aalto-university-contact-information">Contact information</a></li> <li class="aalto-footer__navigation-item"><a class="aalto-footer__navigation-item-link" href="/en/aalto-university/ethical-channel">Ethical channel – Whistleblowing</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="aalto-footer__navigation-group"> <h2 class="aalto-footer__navigation-sub-header">For students</h2> <ul class="aalto-list-unstyled"> <li class="aalto-footer__navigation-item"><a class="aalto-footer__navigation-item-link" href="/en/student-guide">Student Guide</a></li> <li class="aalto-footer__navigation-item"><a class="aalto-footer__navigation-item-link" href="https://outlook.office.com">Webmail</a></li> <li class="aalto-footer__navigation-item"><a class="aalto-footer__navigation-item-link" href="https://mycourses.aalto.fi/?lang=fi">MyCourses</a></li> <li class="aalto-footer__navigation-item"><a class="aalto-footer__navigation-item-link" href="https://mystudies.aalto.fi">MyStudies</a></li> <li class="aalto-footer__navigation-item"><a class="aalto-footer__navigation-item-link" href="https://sis-aalto.funidata.fi/">Sisu</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="aalto-footer__footer-column"> <div class="aalto-footer__liftup-box"> <h2 class="aalto-footer__liftup-title"> Together towards a better world. </h2> <p class="aalto-footer__liftup-text">Support new ideas, research, work and leadership development towards a stronger Finland.</p> <a class="aalto-button" href="/en/give-for-the-future">Donate to Aalto University</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="aalto-footer__bottom-container"> <div class="aalto-footer__bottom-links-container"> <div class="aalto-footer__bottom-links"> <ul class="aalto-footer__bottom-links-list aalto-list-unstyled"> <li class="aalto-footer__bottom-link-item"><a class="aalto-footer__bottom-link" href="/en/aalto-handbook/privacy-notice-for-aaltofi">Privacy notice</a></li> <li class="aalto-footer__bottom-link-item"><a class="aalto-footer__bottom-link" href="/en/aalto-handbook/cookie-policy">Cookie policy</a></li> <li class="aalto-footer__bottom-link-item"><a class="aalto-footer__bottom-link" href="/en/services/feedback-on-aaltofi">Feedback</a></li> <li class="aalto-footer__bottom-link-item"><a class="aalto-footer__bottom-link" href="/en/aalto-handbook/accessibility-statement-aalto-university">Accessibility statement</a></li> <li class="aalto-footer__bottom-link-item"> <a class="aalto-footer__bottom-link" href="javascript: Cookiebot.renew()">Cookie settings</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="aalto-footer__bottom-links-container aalto-footer__bottom-links-container--language"> <div class="aalto-footer__bottom-links"> <ul class="aalto-list-unstyled"> <li class="aalto-footer__bottom-link-item aalto-subsite-footer__language-link-item"> <a href="/fi/informaatio-ja-tietoliikennetekniikan-laitos" class="aalto-footer__bottom-link aalto-subsite-footer__language-link" lang="fi"><span>Suomeksi</span></a> </li> <li class="aalto-footer__bottom-link-item aalto-subsite-footer__language-link-item"> <a href="/sv/institutionen-for-informations-och-kommunikationsteknik" class="aalto-footer__bottom-link aalto-subsite-footer__language-link" lang="sv"><span>Svenska</span></a> </li> <li class="aalto-footer__bottom-link-item aalto-subsite-footer__language-link-item"> <a href="/en/department-of-information-and-communications-engineering" aria-current="true" class="aalto-footer__bottom-link aalto-subsite-footer__language-link" lang="en"><span>English</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div data-metadata="71e6ff3 2024-11-21 18:26:31 +0200" style="display:none;"></div> <script> (function(){ try{ var metadata = document.querySelector('div[data-metadata]'); var now = new Date(); var changed = new Date(now.getTime() + ((new Date(now.toLocaleString('en-US', {timeZone: 'Europe/Helsinki'}))) - (new Date(now.toLocaleString('en-US', {timeZone: 'GMT'}))))); metadata.setAttribute('data-timestamp',changed.toISOString().replace('T',' ').replace(/\.\d+Z/,' ') + metadata.getAttribute('data-metadata').replace(/.*\d+:\d+:\d+ /,'')); }catch(e){} })() </script> <script src="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/js/js_7KYBIHKQUw4ho7tBrdTuU2YarerroElHwB0_HgNOIoY.js?scope=footer&amp;delta=0&amp;language=en&amp;theme=aalto_aaltofi&amp;include=eJx1j1FywyAMBS9klyMxzyATxRilRqTN7UsC4zRx-8PorYaVBEQVC79yskU5st4MjmxozEMRcaPN7FXvMNkkyjM7KEsyb3lwIktlTpJSUjtFcUvVNDx2PHbcnRMyGV4RyMp0Jqd2Zu29xzuzeUlDEAmRrCKYoOtrRHjPHzjju_ue--W6iPkL9hsmUbNX_XdECuW-Z_5idad62D_892WtrLAOwiYlUzy2M3tKuA4XPzUyfhZ2y5gJmzuZWUR367WQ2bB6HDUql7vlwB-y5voBu5HNfA"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/google_tag/js/gtm.js?snb905"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/google_tag/js/gtag.js?snb905"></script> <script src="/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/js/js_cBxvN9meClB2Heshx8mbUsvJ9_U8KVF94CCW3-J_EPE.js?scope=footer&amp;delta=3&amp;language=en&amp;theme=aalto_aaltofi&amp;include=eJx1j1FywyAMBS9klyMxzyATxRilRqTN7UsC4zRx-8PorYaVBEQVC79yskU5st4MjmxozEMRcaPN7FXvMNkkyjM7KEsyb3lwIktlTpJSUjtFcUvVNDx2PHbcnRMyGV4RyMp0Jqd2Zu29xzuzeUlDEAmRrCKYoOtrRHjPHzjju_ue--W6iPkL9hsmUbNX_XdECuW-Z_5idad62D_892WtrLAOwiYlUzy2M3tKuA4XPzUyfhZ2y5gJmzuZWUR367WQ2bB6HDUql7vlwB-y5voBu5HNfA"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRJS-db714826d6dc6f30ac6","applicationID":"439323269","transactionName":"YVADYUZVDUNRBRYIDlgaIFZAXQxeHxYDBgRpVgBWXFE=","queueTime":3,"applicationTime":67,"atts":"TRcAFw5PHk0=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10