CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Sacred Harp - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f3cc93ef-1fd0-4b64-abed-10a014bd8f36","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Sacred_Harp","wgTitle":"Sacred Harp","wgCurRevisionId":1212603392,"wgRevisionId":1212603392,"wgArticleId":337743,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using deprecated score attributes","Pages using the Score extension","Harv and Sfn no-target errors","All articles with incomplete citations","Articles with incomplete citations from August 2021","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with unsourced quotes","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from March 2020", "Articles with hAudio microformats","Wikipedia external links cleanup from August 2021","Sacred Harp","American styles of music","American Christian hymns","Christian music genres","Musical notation","Shape note","Four-part harmony"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Sacred_Harp","wgRelevantArticleId":337743,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[], "wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7397088","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.score.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.score.popup","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.score.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Windham.PNG/1200px-Windham.PNG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="940"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Windham.PNG/800px-Windham.PNG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="627"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Windham.PNG/640px-Windham.PNG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="502"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Sacred Harp - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Harp"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Harp&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Harp"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Sacred_Harp rootpage-Sacred_Harp skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sacred+Harp" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sacred+Harp" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sacred+Harp" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sacred+Harp" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-The_music_and_its_notation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_music_and_its_notation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>The music and its notation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_music_and_its_notation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singing_Sacred_Harp_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singing_Sacred_Harp_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Singing Sacred Harp music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Singing_Sacred_Harp_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Singing Sacred Harp music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Singing_Sacred_Harp_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Venues_for_singing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venues_for_singing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Venues for singing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venues_for_singing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sacred_Harp_music_as_participatory_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacred_Harp_music_as_participatory_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Sacred Harp music as participatory music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacred_Harp_music_as_participatory_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_Sacred_Harp_singing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_Sacred_Harp_singing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History of Sacred Harp singing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_Sacred_Harp_singing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of Sacred Harp singing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_Sacred_Harp_singing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_arrival_of_The_Sacred_Harp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_arrival_of_The_Sacred_Harp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>The arrival of <i>The Sacred Harp</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_arrival_of_The_Sacred_Harp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_of_the_modern_editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_the_modern_editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Origin of the modern editions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_the_modern_editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Sacred_Harp_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Sacred_Harp_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Other Sacred Harp books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Sacred_Harp_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_spread_of_Sacred_Harp_singing_in_modern_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_spread_of_Sacred_Harp_singing_in_modern_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>The spread of Sacred Harp singing in modern times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_spread_of_Sacred_Harp_singing_in_modern_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_U.S._beyond_the_South" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_U.S._beyond_the_South"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>The U.S. beyond the South</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_U.S._beyond_the_South-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sacred_Harp_Singing_beyond_the_US" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacred_Harp_Singing_beyond_the_US"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Sacred Harp Singing beyond the US</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacred_Harp_Singing_beyond_the_US-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_popular_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_popular_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Use in popular works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_popular_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_of_the_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_the_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Origins of the music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_the_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_books_with_the_title_Sacred_Harp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_books_with_the_title_Sacred_Harp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other books with the title <i>Sacred Harp</i></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_books_with_the_title_Sacred_Harp-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other books with the title <i>Sacred Harp</i> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_books_with_the_title_Sacred_Harp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comedic_parody" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comedic_parody"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Comedic parody</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comedic_parody-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Online_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Online media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sacred Harp</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Harp" title="Sacred Harp – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sacred Harp" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Harp" title="Sacred Harp – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sacred Harp" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Harp" title="Sacred Harp – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sacred Harp" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Harp" title="Sacred Harp – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sacred Harp" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Harp" title="Sacred Harp – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sacred Harp" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Harp" title="Sacred Harp – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sacred Harp" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpa_Sagrada" title="Harpa Sagrada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Harpa Sagrada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Harp" title="Sacred Harp – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sacred Harp" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7397088#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Harp" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Sacred_Harp" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Harp"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Harp&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Harp&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Harp"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Harp&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Harp&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Sacred_Harp" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Sacred_Harp" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Harp&oldid=1212603392" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Harp&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Sacred_Harp&id=1212603392&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSacred_Harp"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSacred_Harp"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Sacred_Harp&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Harp&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sacred_Harp" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7397088" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tradition of sacred choral music</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the system of notation with which Sacred Harp music is associated, see <a href="/wiki/Shape_note" title="Shape note">Shape note</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Alabama_Sacred_Harp_Singers_-_Sherburne.ogg" title="File:Alabama Sacred Harp Singers - Sherburne.ogg">"186 (Sherburne)" from the <i>Sacred Harp</i></a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="106" data-mwtitle="Alabama_Sacred_Harp_Singers_-_Sherburne.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Alabama_Sacred_Harp_Singers_-_Sherburne.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Alabama_Sacred_Harp_Singers_-_Sherburne.ogg/Alabama_Sacred_Harp_Singers_-_Sherburne.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Performed by the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Sacred_Harp_Singers" title="Alabama Sacred Harp Singers">Alabama Sacred Harp Singers</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windham.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Windham.PNG/400px-Windham.PNG" decoding="async" width="400" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Windham.PNG/600px-Windham.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Windham.PNG/800px-Windham.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1382" data-file-height="1083" /></a><figcaption>Windham (38b) from the <i>Sacred Harp</i>, showing the four-shape notation and the traditional oblong layout</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sacred Harp</b> singing is a tradition of sacred choral music that originated in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> and was later perpetuated and carried on in the <a href="/wiki/American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="American South">American South</a>. The name is derived from <i>The Sacred Harp</i>, a ubiquitous and historically important tunebook printed in <a href="/wiki/Shape_notes" class="mw-redirect" title="Shape notes">shape notes</a>. The work was first published in 1844 and has reappeared in multiple editions ever since. Sacred Harp music represents one branch of an older tradition of American music that developed over the period 1770 to 1820 from roots in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, with a significant, related development under the influence of "revival" services around the 1840s. This music was included in, and became profoundly associated with, books using the <a href="/wiki/Shape_note" title="Shape note">shape note</a> style of notation popular in America in the 18th and early 19th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sacred Harp music is performed <i><a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a></i> (voice only, without instruments) and originated as <a href="/wiki/Protestant_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant music">Protestant music</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_music_and_its_notation">The music and its notation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Harp&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The music and its notation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name of the tradition comes from the title of the shape-note book from which the music is sung, <i>The Sacred Harp</i>. This book exists today in various editions, discussed below. </p><p>In shape-note music, notes are printed in special shapes that help the reader identify them on the <a href="/wiki/Scale_(music)" title="Scale (music)">musical scale</a>. There are two prevalent systems, one using four shapes, and one using seven. In the four-shape system used in <i>The Sacred Harp</i>, each of the four shapes is connected to a particular syllable, <i>fa</i>, <i>sol</i>, <i>la</i>, or <i>mi</i>, and these syllables are employed in singing the notes,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> just as in the more familiar system that uses <i>do</i>, <i>re</i>, <i>mi</i>, etc. (see <a href="/wiki/Solfege" class="mw-redirect" title="Solfege">solfege</a>). The four-shape system is able to cover the full musical scale because each syllable-shape combination other than <i>mi</i> is assigned to two distinct notes of the scale. For example, the C major scale would be notated and sung as follows: </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TheShapesOfShapeNoteSinging_4ShapeSystem.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="The C major scale in shape notes"><img alt="The C major scale in shape notes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/TheShapesOfShapeNoteSinging_4ShapeSystem.gif/600px-TheShapesOfShapeNoteSinging_4ShapeSystem.gif" decoding="async" width="600" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/TheShapesOfShapeNoteSinging_4ShapeSystem.gif/900px-TheShapesOfShapeNoteSinging_4ShapeSystem.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/TheShapesOfShapeNoteSinging_4ShapeSystem.gif/1200px-TheShapesOfShapeNoteSinging_4ShapeSystem.gif 2x" data-file-width="1528" data-file-height="227" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=C_major_scale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C major scale (page does not exist)">C major scale</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shape_notes" class="mw-redirect" title="Shape notes">shape notes</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The shape for <i>fa</i> is a triangle, <i>sol</i> an oval, <i>la</i> a rectangle, and <i>mi</i> a diamond. </p><p>In Sacred Harp singing, pitch is not absolute. The shapes and notes designate degrees of the scale, not particular pitches. Thus for a song in the key of C, <i>fa</i> designates C and F; for a song in G, <i>fa</i> designates G and C, and so on; hence it is called a <i>moveable "do"</i> system. </p><p>When Sacred Harp singers begin a song, they normally start by singing it with the appropriate syllable for each pitch, using the shapes to guide them. For those in the group not yet familiar with the song, the shapes help with the task of <a href="/wiki/Sight_reading" class="mw-redirect" title="Sight reading">sight reading</a>. The process of reading through the song with the shapes also helps fix the notes in memory. Once the shapes have been sung, the group then sings the verses of the song with their printed words. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Singing_Sacred_Harp_music">Singing Sacred Harp music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Harp&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Singing Sacred Harp music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HollowSquareInSacredHarp.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/HollowSquareInSacredHarp.PNG/220px-HollowSquareInSacredHarp.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/HollowSquareInSacredHarp.PNG/330px-HollowSquareInSacredHarp.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/HollowSquareInSacredHarp.PNG/440px-HollowSquareInSacredHarp.PNG 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption>The hollow-square seating arrangement for Sacred Harp singing</figcaption></figure> <p>Sacred Harp groups always sing <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a>, that is to say, without accompanying instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The singers arrange themselves in a hollow square, with rows of chairs or pews on each side assigned to each of the four parts: treble, <a href="/wiki/Alto_(voice)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alto (voice)">alto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bass_(vocal_range)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass (vocal range)">bass</a>. The treble and tenor sections are usually mixed, with men and women singing the notes an octave apart. </p><p>There is no single leader or conductor; rather, the participants take turns in leading. The leader for a particular round selects a song from the book, and "calls" it by its page number. Leading is done in an open-palm style, standing in the middle of the square facing the tenors. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a> at which the music is sung is relative; there is no instrument to give the singers a starting point. The leader, or else some particular singer assigned to the task, finds a good pitch with which to begin and intones it to the group. The singers reply with the opening notes of their own parts, and then the song begins immediately. </p><p>The music is usually sung not literally as it is printed in the book, but with certain deviations established by custom. </p><p>As the name implies, Sacred Harp music is <a href="/wiki/Sacred_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred music">sacred music</a> and originated as Protestant Christian music. Many of the songs in the book are <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a> that use words, meters, and stanzaic forms familiar from elsewhere in Protestant <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymnody</a>. However, Sacred Harp songs are quite different from "mainstream" Protestant hymns in their musical style: some tunes, known as <a href="/wiki/Fuguing_tune" title="Fuguing tune">fuguing tunes</a>, contain sections that are <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphonic</a> in texture, and the <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a> tends to deemphasize the interval of the <a href="/wiki/Interval_(music)" title="Interval (music)">third</a> in favor of <a href="/wiki/Perfect_fourth" title="Perfect fourth">fourths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perfect_fifth" title="Perfect fifth">fifths</a>. In their melodies, the songs often use the <a href="/wiki/Pentatonic_scale" title="Pentatonic scale">pentatonic scale</a> or similar "gapped" (fewer than seven-note) scales. </p><p>In their <a href="/wiki/Musical_form" title="Musical form">musical form</a>, Sacred Harp songs fall into three basic types. Many are ordinary <i><a href="/wiki/Hymn_tune" title="Hymn tune">hymn tunes</a></i>, mostly composed in four-bar phrases and sung in multiple verses. <i>Fuguing tunes</i> contain a prominent passage about 1/3 of the way through in which each of the four choral parts enters in succession, in a way resembling a <a href="/wiki/Fugue" title="Fugue">fugue</a>. <i>Anthems</i> are longer songs, less regular in form, that are sung through just once rather than in multiple verses.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venues_for_singing">Venues for singing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Harp&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Venues for singing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sacred Harp singing normally occurs not in church services, but in special gatherings or "singings" arranged for the purpose. Singings can be local, regional, statewide, or national. Small singings are often held in homes, with perhaps only a dozen singers. Large singings have been known to have more than a thousand participants. The more ambitious singings include an ample potluck dinner in the middle of the day, traditionally called "dinner on the grounds". </p><p>Some of the largest and oldest annual singings are called "conventions". The oldest Sacred Harp convention was the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Musical_Convention" title="Southern Musical Convention">Southern Musical Convention</a>, organized in <a href="/wiki/Upson_County,_Georgia" title="Upson County, Georgia">Upson County, Georgia</a> in 1845. The two oldest surviving Sacred Harp singing conventions are the <a href="/wiki/Chattahoochee_Musical_Convention" title="Chattahoochee Musical Convention">Chattahoochee Musical Convention</a> (organized in <a href="/wiki/Coweta_County,_Georgia" title="Coweta County, Georgia">Coweta County, Georgia</a> in 1852), and the <a href="/wiki/East_Texas" title="East Texas">East Texas</a> Sacred Harp Convention (organized as the <a href="/wiki/East_Texas_Musical_Convention" title="East Texas Musical Convention">East Texas Musical Convention</a> in 1855). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sacred_Harp_music_as_participatory_music">Sacred Harp music as participatory music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Harp&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sacred Harp music as participatory music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sacred_Harp_192_Schenectady.webm/220px--Sacred_Harp_192_Schenectady.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="128" data-mwtitle="Sacred_Harp_192_Schenectady.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Sacred_Harp_192_Schenectady.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/Sacred_Harp_192_Schenectady.webm/Sacred_Harp_192_Schenectady.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/Sacred_Harp_192_Schenectady.webm/Sacred_Harp_192_Schenectady.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Sacred_Harp_192_Schenectady.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/Sacred_Harp_192_Schenectady.webm/Sacred_Harp_192_Schenectady.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/Sacred_Harp_192_Schenectady.webm/Sacred_Harp_192_Schenectady.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/Sacred_Harp_192_Schenectady.webm/Sacred_Harp_192_Schenectady.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Performance in Alabama of the tune "Schenectady", 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>Sacred Harp singers view their tradition as a participatory one, not a passive one. Those who gather for a singing sing for themselves and for each other, and not for an audience. This can be seen in several aspects of the tradition. </p><p>First, the seating arrangement (four parts in a square, facing each other) is clearly intended for the singers, not for external listeners. Non-singers are always welcome to attend a singing, but typically they sit among the singers in the back rows of the tenor section, rather than in a designated separate audience location. </p><p>The leader, being equidistant from all sections, in principle hears the best sound. The often intense sonic experience of standing in the center of the square is considered one of the benefits of leading, and sometimes a guest will be invited as a courtesy to stand next to the leader during a song. </p><p>The music itself is also meant to be participatory. Most forms of choral composition place the melody on the top (treble) line, where it can be best heard by an audience, with the other parts written so as not to obscure the melody. In contrast, Sacred Harp composers have aimed to make each musical part singable and interesting in its own right, thus giving every singer in the group an absorbing task.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorn197086_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorn197086-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, "bringing out the melody" is not a high priority in Sacred Harp composition, and indeed it is customary to assign the melody not to the trebles but to the tenors. Fuguing tunes, in which each section gets its moment to shine, also illustrate the importance in Sacred Harp of maintaining the independence of each vocal part. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_Sacred_Harp_singing">History of Sacred Harp singing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Harp&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History of Sacred Harp singing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marini (2003) traces the earliest roots of Sacred Harp to the "country parish music" of early 18th century England. This form of rural church music evolved a number of the distinctive traits that were passed on from tradition to tradition, until they ultimately became part of Sacred Harp singing. These traits included the assignment of the melody to the tenors, harmonic structure emphasizing fourths and fifths, and the distinction between the ordinary four-part hymn ("plain tune"), the anthem, and the fuguing tune. Several composers of this school, including <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stephenson_(composer)" title="Joseph Stephenson (composer)">Joseph Stephenson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Williams_(composer)" title="Aaron Williams (composer)">Aaron Williams</a>, are represented in the 1991 Edition of <i>The Sacred Harp</i>. For further information on the English roots of Sacred Harp music, see <i><a href="/wiki/West_gallery_music" title="West gallery music">West gallery music</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the mid-18th century, the forms and styles of English country parish music were introduced to America, notably in a new tunebook called <i>Urania</i>, published 1764 by the singing master <a href="/wiki/James_Lyon_(composer)" title="James Lyon (composer)">James Lyon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarini200378_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarini200378-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This stimulus soon led to the development of a robust native school of composition, signaled by the 1770 publication of <a href="/wiki/William_Billings" title="William Billings">William Billings</a>'s <i>The New England Psalm Singer</i>, and then by a great number of new compositions by Billings and those who followed in his path. The work of these composers, sometimes called the "<a href="/wiki/Yankee_tunesmiths" title="Yankee tunesmiths">First New England School</a>", forms a major part of the Sacred Harp to this day. </p><p>Billings and his followers worked as singing masters, who led <a href="/wiki/Singing_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Singing schools">singing schools</a>. The purpose of these schools was to train young people in the correct singing of sacred music. This pedagogical movement flourished, and led ultimately to the invention of <a href="/wiki/Shape_note" title="Shape note">shape notes</a>, which originated as a way to make the teaching of singing easier. The first shape note tunebook appeared in 1801: <i>The Easy Instructor</i><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by William Smith and William Little. At first, Smith and Little's shapes competed with a rival system, created by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Law_(composer)" title="Andrew Law (composer)">Andrew Law</a> (1749–1821) in his <i>The Musical Primer</i> of 1803. Although this book came out two years later than Smith and Little's book, Law claimed earlier invention of shape notes. In his system, a square indicated <i>fa</i>, a circle <i>sol</i>, a triangle <i>la</i> and a diamond, <i>mi</i>. Law used the shaped notes without a musical staff. The Smith and Little shapes ultimately prevailed. </p><p>Shape notes became very popular, and during the first part of the nineteenth century, a <a href="/wiki/List_of_shape-note_tunebooks" title="List of shape-note tunebooks">whole series</a> of shape note tunebooks appeared, many of which were widely distributed. As the population spread west and south, the tradition of shape note singing expanded geographically. Composition flourished, with the new music often drawing on the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk song</a> for tunes and inspiration. Probably the most successful shape note book prior to <i>The Sacred Harp</i> was <a href="/wiki/William_Walker_(composer)" title="William Walker (composer)">William Walker</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Harmony" title="Southern Harmony">Southern Harmony</a></i>, published in 1835 and still in use today.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even as they flourished and spread, shape notes and the kind of participatory music which they served came under attack. The critics were from the urban-based "better music" movement, spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Lowell_Mason" title="Lowell Mason">Lowell Mason</a>, which advocated a more "scientific" style of sacred music, more closely based on the <a href="/wiki/Harmony_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmony (music)">harmonic</a> styles of contemporaneous European music. The new style gradually prevailed. Shape notes and their music disappeared from the cities prior to the Civil War, and from the rural areas of the Northeast and Midwest in the following decades. However, they retained a haven in the rural South, which remained a fertile territory for the creation of new shapenote publications.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_arrival_of_The_Sacred_Harp">The arrival of <i>The Sacred Harp</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Harp&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The arrival of The Sacred Harp"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sacred Harp singing came into being with the 1844 publication of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_White" title="Benjamin Franklin White">Benjamin Franklin White</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elisha_J._King" title="Elisha J. King">Elisha J. King</a>'s <i>The Sacred Harp</i>. It was this book, now distributed in several different versions, that came to be the shape note tradition with the largest number of participants. </p><p>B. F. White (1800–1879) was originally from <a href="/wiki/Union_County,_South_Carolina" title="Union County, South Carolina">Union County, South Carolina</a>, but since 1842 had been living in <a href="/wiki/Harris_County,_Georgia" title="Harris County, Georgia">Harris County, Georgia</a>. He prepared <i>The Sacred Harp</i> in collaboration with a younger man, E. J. King, (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1821</span>–44), who was from <a href="/wiki/Talbot_County,_Georgia" title="Talbot County, Georgia">Talbot County, Georgia</a>. Together they compiled, transcribed, and composed tunes, and published a book of over 250 songs. </p><p>King died soon after the book was published, and White was left to guide its growth. He was responsible for organizing <a href="/wiki/Singing_school" title="Singing school">singing schools</a> and conventions at which <i>The Sacred Harp</i> was used as the songbook. During his lifetime, the book became popular and would go through three revisions (1850, 1859, and 1869), all produced by committees consisting of White and several colleagues working under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Musical_Convention" title="Southern Musical Convention">Southern Musical Convention</a>. The first two new editions simply added appendices of new songs to the back of the book. The 1869 revision was more extensive, removing some of the less popular songs and adding new ones in their places. From the original 262 pages, the book was expanded by 1869 to 477. This edition was reprinted and continued in use for several decades. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_the_modern_editions">Origin of the modern editions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Harp&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Origin of the modern editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around the turn of the 20th century, Sacred Harp singing entered a period of conflict over the issue of traditionalism. The conflict ultimately split the community.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>B. F. White had died in 1879 before completing a fourth revision of his book; thus the version that Sacred Harp participants were singing from was by the turn of the century over three decades old. During this time, the musical tastes of Sacred Harp's traditional adherents, the inhabitants of the rural South, had changed in important ways. Notably, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Gospel">gospel music</a> – syncopated and chromatic, often with piano accompaniment – had become popular, along with a number of church hymns of the "mainstream" variety, such as "Rock of Ages". Seven-shape notation systems had appeared and won adherents away from the older four-shape system (see <a href="/wiki/Shape_note" title="Shape note">shape note</a> for details). As time passed, Sacred Harp singers doubtless became aware that what they were singing had become quite distinct from contemporary tastes. </p><p>The natural path to take—and the one ultimately taken—would be to assert the archaic character of Sacred Harp as an outright virtue. In this view, Sacred Harp should be treasured as a time-tested musical tradition, standing above current trends of fashion. The difficulty with adopting traditionalism as a guiding doctrine was that different singers had different opinions about just what form the stable, traditionalized version of Sacred Harp would take. </p><p>The first move was made by <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Marion_Cooper" title="Wilson Marion Cooper">W. M. Cooper</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Dothan,_Alabama" title="Dothan, Alabama">Dothan, Alabama</a>, a leading Sacred Harp teacher in his own region, but not part of the inner circle of B. F. White's old colleagues and descendants. In 1902 Cooper prepared a revision of <i>The Sacred Harp</i> that, while retaining most of the old songs, also added new tunes that reflected more contemporary music styles.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cooper made other changes, too: </p> <ul><li>He retitled many old songs. These songs were formerly named by their tune, using arbitrarily chosen place names ("New Britain", "Northfield", "Charlestown"). The new names were based on the text; thus "New Britain" became "Amazing Grace", "Northfield" became "How Long, Dear Savior", and so on. The old system was intended in colonial times to permit mixing and matching of tunes and texts, but was unnecessary in a system where the pairing of tune and text was fixed.</li> <li>He transposed some songs into new keys. This is thought to have brought the notation closer to actual performing practice.</li> <li>He wrote new alto parts for the many songs that originally just had three vocal lines.</li></ul> <p>The Cooper revision was a success, being widely adopted in many areas of the South, such as Florida, southern Alabama, and Texas, where it has continued as the predominant Sacred Harp book to this day. The "Cooper book", as it is now often called, was revised by Cooper himself in 1907 and 1909. His son-in-law published the book in 1927, including an appendix compiled by revision committee. The Sacred Harp Book Company was formed in 1949, and subsequent revision has been supervised by editorial committees under its instruction. New editions were issued in 1950, 1960, 1992, 2000, 2006 and 2012. </p><p>In the original core geographic area of Sacred Harp singing, northern Alabama and Georgia, the singers did not in general take to the Cooper book, as they felt it deviated too far from the original tradition. Obtaining a new book for these singers was made more difficult by the fact that B. F. White's son <a href="/wiki/James_Landrum_White" title="James Landrum White">James L. White</a>, who would have been the natural choice to prepare a new edition, was a non-traditionalist. His "fifth edition" (1909)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> won little support among singers, while his "fourth edition with supplement" (1911) enjoyed some success in a few areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECobb200198–110_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECobb200198–110-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, a committee headed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stephen_James" title="Joseph Stephen James">Joseph Stephen James</a> produced an edition entitled <i>Original Sacred Harp</i> (1911) that largely satisfied the wishes of this community of singers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECobb200194–98_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECobb200194–98-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photo_of_Original_Sacred_Harp_(Denson_edition)_songbook.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Photo_of_Original_Sacred_Harp_%28Denson_edition%29_songbook.jpg/220px-Photo_of_Original_Sacred_Harp_%28Denson_edition%29_songbook.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Photo_of_Original_Sacred_Harp_%28Denson_edition%29_songbook.jpg/330px-Photo_of_Original_Sacred_Harp_%28Denson_edition%29_songbook.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Photo_of_Original_Sacred_Harp_%28Denson_edition%29_songbook.jpg/440px-Photo_of_Original_Sacred_Harp_%28Denson_edition%29_songbook.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>"Original Sacred Harp (Denson Revision)"</figcaption></figure> <p>The James edition was further revised in 1936 by a committee under the leadership of the brothers <a href="/wiki/Seaborn_McDaniel_Denson" title="Seaborn McDaniel Denson">Seaborn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jackson_Denson" title="Thomas Jackson Denson">Thomas Denson</a>, both influential <a href="/wiki/Singing_school" title="Singing school">singing school</a> teachers. Both died shortly before the project was complete, and the remaining work was overseen by Paine Denson, son of Thomas. This book was entitled <i>Original Sacred Harp, Denson Revision</i>, and was itself revised 1960, 1967, and 1971;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECobb2001110–117_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECobb2001110–117-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a more thorough revision and remodeling of this book, overseen by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_McGraw" title="Hugh McGraw">Hugh McGraw</a>, is known simply as the "1991 Edition", though some singers still call it the "Denson book". </p><p>Even the highly traditionalist James and Denson books followed Cooper in adding alto parts to most of the old three-part songs (these alto parts led to an unsuccessful lawsuit by Cooper).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECobb200195–96_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECobb200195–96-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some people (see for instance the reference by Buell Cobb given below) believe that the new alto parts imposed an esthetic cost by filling in the former stark open harmonies of the three-part songs. Wallace McKenzie argues to the contrary, basing his view on a systematic study of representative songs.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any event, there is little support today for abandoning the added alto parts, since most singers give a high priority to giving every side of the square its own part to sing. </p><p>It was thus that the traditionalism debate split the Sacred Harp community, and there seems little prospect that it will ever reunite under a single book. However, there have been no further splits. Both the Denson and the Cooper groups adopted traditionalist views for the particular form of Sacred Harp they favored, and these forms have now been stable for about a century. </p><p>The strength of traditionalism can be seen in the front matter of the two hymnbooks. The Denson book is forthrightly Biblical in its defense of tradition: </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>DEDICATED TO<br /> All lovers of Sacred Harp Music, and to the memory of the illustrious and venerable patriarchs who established the Traditional Style of Sacred Harp singing and admonished their followers to "seek the old paths and walk therein".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>The Cooper book also shows a warm appreciation of tradition: </p> <blockquote><p>May God bless everyone as we endeavor to promote and enjoy Sacred Harp music and to continue the rich tradition of those who have gone before us.</p></blockquote> <p>To say that both communities are traditionalist does not mean they discourage the creation of new songs. To the contrary, it is part of the tradition that musically creative Sacred Harp singers should become composers themselves and add to the canon. The new compositions are prepared in traditional styles, and could be considered a kind of tribute to the older material. New songs have been incorporated into editions of <i>The Sacred Harp</i> throughout the 20th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Sacred_Harp_books">Other Sacred Harp books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Harp&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other Sacred Harp books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two other books are currently used by Sacred Harp singers. A few singers in north Georgia employ the "White book", an expanded version of the 1869 B. F. White edition edited by <a href="/wiki/James_Landrum_White" title="James Landrum White">J. L. White</a>. <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African-American</a> Sacred Harp singers, although primarily users of the Cooper book, also make use of a supplementary volume, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Colored_Sacred_Harp" class="mw-redirect" title="The Colored Sacred Harp">The Colored Sacred Harp</a></i>, produced by <a href="/wiki/Judge_Jackson" title="Judge Jackson">Judge Jackson</a> (1883–1958) in 1934 and later revised in two subsequent editions. In his book <i>Judge Jackson and The Colored Sacred Harp</i>, Joe Dan Boyd identified four regions of Sacred Harp singing among African-Americans: eastern Texas (Cooper book), northern Mississippi (Denson book), south Alabama and Florida (Cooper book), and New Jersey (Cooper book). The <i>Colored Sacred Harp</i> is limited to the New Jersey and south Alabama–Florida groups. Sacred Harp was "exported" from south Alabama to New Jersey. It appears to have died out among the African-Americans in eastern Texas. </p><p>In summary, three revisions of and one companion book to <i>The Sacred Harp</i> are currently in use in Sacred Harp singing: </p> <ul><li><i>The Sacred Harp, 1991 edition</i> (the "Denson book"). Carrollton, Georgia: Sacred Harp Publishing Company.</li> <li><i>The Sacred Harp, Revised Cooper Edition, 2012</i>. Samson, Alabama: The Sacred Harp Book Company.</li> <li><i>The Sacred Harp, J. L. White Fourth Edition, with Supplement</i> (the "White book"). Atlanta, Georgia: J. L. White. Released 1911; republished 2007.</li> <li><i>The Colored Sacred Harp</i>. Ozark, Alabama: Judge Jackson. [3rd revised edition (1992) includes rudiments by H. J. Jackson (son of J. Jackson) and an autobiography of Judge Jackson].</li></ul> <p>Sacred Harp books generally contain a section on <a href="/wiki/Rudiments_of_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudiments of music">rudiments</a>, describing the basics of music and Sacred Harp singing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_spread_of_Sacred_Harp_singing_in_modern_times">The spread of Sacred Harp singing in modern times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Harp&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The spread of Sacred Harp singing in modern times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In recent years, Sacred Harp singing has experienced a resurgence in popularity, as it is discovered by new participants who did not grow up in the tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New singers typically strive to follow the original southern customs at their singings. Traditional singers have responded to this need by providing help in orienting the newcomers. For instance, the Rudiments section of the 1991 Denson edition includes information on how to hold a singing; this information would be superfluous in a traditional context, but is important for a group starting up on its own. The tradition of the singing master is still carried on today, and singing masters from traditional Sacred Harp regions often travel outside the South to teach. In recent years an annual summer camp has been established, at which newcomers can learn to sing Sacred Harp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClawson2011163_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClawson2011163-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_U.S._beyond_the_South">The U.S. beyond the South</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Harp&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The U.S. beyond the South"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are now strong Sacred Harp singing communities in most major urban areas of the United States, and in many rural areas, as well.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first groups of singers formed outside the traditional Southern home region of Sacred Harp singing was in the Chicago area.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Illinois convention was held in 1985, with enthusiastic and strongly proactive support by prominent Southern traditional singers.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Midwest Convention is now acknowledged to be one of the major American conventions, attracting hundreds of singers from all over the US and abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the Sacred Harp singing community in western New England has become a prominent one in recent years; the late songleader <a href="/wiki/Larry_Gordon_(musician)" title="Larry Gordon (musician)">Larry Gordon</a> has been credited with re-popularizing Sacred Harp singing in northern New England.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2008, the 2008 Western Massachusetts Sacred Harp Convention attracted over 300 singers from 25 states and a number of foreign countries.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other prominent singing conventions outside the South include, for example, the Keystone Convention in Pennsylvania, the Missouri Convention, and the Minnesota State Convention, which began in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sacred_Harp_Singing_beyond_the_US">Sacred Harp Singing beyond the US</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Harp&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sacred Harp Singing beyond the US"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In more recent times Sacred Harp singing has spread beyond the borders of the United States. </p><p>The United Kingdom has had an active Sacred Harp community since the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first UK Sacred Harp convention took place in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are regular singings in London,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Home Counties, the Midlands, Yorkshire,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lancashire, Manchester, Brighton,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newcastle,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> southwest England,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bristol,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canada has a decades-long tradition of Sacred Harp singing, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario" title="Southern Ontario">Southern Ontario</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Townships" title="Eastern Townships">Eastern Townships</a> of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>. Singings have been organized weekly in <a href="/wiki/Montreal,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreal, Quebec">Montreal, Quebec</a> since 2011, as well as a monthly afternoon sing, and the first Montreal all-day sing took place in the spring of 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sacred Harp singing has happened on a monthly basis for years in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>. </p><p>Australia has had Sacred Harp singing since 2001, and singings are held regularly in Melbourne,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sydney,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canberra<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Blackwood.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Australian All Day Singing was held in Sydney in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2009, Sacred Harp singing was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, by Juniper Hill of <a href="/wiki/University_College_Cork" title="University College Cork">University College Cork</a>, spreading quickly from a class module into the wider community. In March 2011 U.C.C. hosted the first annual Ireland Sacred Harp Convention, and the Cork community held their first All-Day Singing on 22 October 2011. There are now also growing Sacred Harp communities in Belfast and Dublin.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the most recent development, Sacred Harp singing has expanded beyond the limits of English-speaking countries to mainland Europe. In 2008 a singing community was established in Poland (which hosted the first Camp Fasola Europe in September 2012).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Germany there are regular weekly or monthly singings in Bremen,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamburg,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berlin,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cologne<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Munich, most of them with their own annual All-Day singings. Elsewhere in Germany, singers meet irregularly in Frankfurt, Gießen and Nürnberg. Recently groups have started up in Amsterdam,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paris and Clermont-Ferrand,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oslo, Norway, and Uppsala, Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the Swedish and Norwegian groups have arranged all-day singings; the 8th Oslo All-Day Singing was held on June 1, 2024 (starting on Friday night May 31, and ending Sunday afternoon June 2). </p><p>Regular singings also take place in Israel,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in April 2016, an all-day singing was held in Paris, France.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_popular_works">Use in popular works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Harp&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Use in popular works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sacred Harp singing appears as <a href="/wiki/Diegetic_music" title="Diegetic music">diegetic music</a> in the films <i><a href="/wiki/Cold_Mountain_(film)" title="Cold Mountain (film)">Cold Mountain</a></i> (2004)<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lawless_(film)" title="Lawless (film)">Lawless</a></i> (2012), and as background music in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ladykillers_(2004_film)" title="The Ladykillers (2004 film)">The Ladykillers</a></i> (2004).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2010 song "<a href="/wiki/Tell_Me_Why_(M.I.A._song)" title="Tell Me Why (M.I.A. song)">Tell Me Why</a>" by <a href="/wiki/M.I.A._(rapper)" title="M.I.A. (rapper)">M.I.A.</a> includes a sample of "The Last Words of Copernicus" by <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Lancaster_(composer)" title="Sarah Lancaster (composer)">Sarah Lancaster</a>, recorded at the 1959 United Sacred Harp Convention in <a href="/wiki/Fyffe,_Alabama" title="Fyffe, Alabama">Fyffe, Alabama</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Lomax" title="Alan Lomax">Alan Lomax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The album version of <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Death_to_My_Hometown" title="Death to My Hometown">Death to My Hometown</a>" (2012) also samples this recording.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Electronic musician <a href="/wiki/Holly_Herndon" title="Holly Herndon">Holly Herndon</a>'s 2019 track "Frontier" includes a performance of Herndon's music by a singing class in Berlin, Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2014 animated miniseries <i><a href="/wiki/Over_the_Garden_Wall" title="Over the Garden Wall">Over the Garden Wall</a></i> features an original Sacred Harp composition in the second episode, "Hard Times at the Huskin' Bee".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_of_the_music">Origins of the music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Harp&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Origins of the music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Harp_hymnwriters_and_composers" title="Sacred Harp hymnwriters and composers">Sacred Harp hymnwriters and composers</a></div> <p>The music used in Sacred Harp singing is eclectic. Most of the songs can be assigned to one of four historical layers. </p> <div><ol><li>The oldest of these layers comes from 18th century New England, and represents a rendition in shape notes of the work of outstanding early American composers such as <a href="/wiki/William_Billings" title="William Billings">William Billings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Read" title="Daniel Read">Daniel Read</a>, who worked as singing masters.</li><li>A second layer comes from the decades around 1830, following the migration of the shape note tradition to the rural South. Many of the songs in this layer are believed to be originally secular <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk tunes</a>, harmonized in parts and given religious lyrics. As one would expect from the folk origin of such music, it often emphasizes the notes of the <a href="/wiki/Pentatonic_scale" title="Pentatonic scale">pentatonic scale</a>. They often employ stark, vivid harmonies based on open fifths. Most of the songs of this layer were originally composed in just three parts (treble, tenor, bass), with the altos added later, as noted above. <p>The sound of this musical layer, as well as to some extent <i>The Sacred Harp</i> in general, can be observed by comparing versions of the well-known hymn "<a href="/wiki/Amazing_Grace" title="Amazing Grace">Amazing Grace</a>", which is familiar to many Americans in a form such as the following: </p> <div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/o/g/ognfyapnna595q89qllnarkl4xsbs5j/ognfyapn.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/o/g/ognfyapnna595q89qllnarkl4xsbs5j/ognfyapn.png" width="757" height="344" alt="
<< <<
\new Staff { \clef treble \time 3/4 \partial 4 \key c \major \set Staff.midiInstrument = "piano"
 \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \override Score.BarNumber #'transparent = ##t
 \relative c''
 << { g4 | c2 e8 c | e2 d4 | c2 a4 | g2 g4 | c2 e8 c | e2 d8 e | g2 \bar"" \break
 d8 e | g2 e8 c | e2 e8 d | c2 a4 | g2 g4 | c2 e8 c | e2 d4 | c2 \bar"|." } \\
 { e,4 | e2 g4 | bes2 bes4 | f2 f4 | e2 e4 | e2 g4 | c2 g4 | g2
 g4 | e2 g4 | bes2 bes4 | f2 f4 | e2 e4 | e2 g4 | c2 f,4 | e2 } >>
}
\new Lyrics \lyricmode {
A4 -- maz2 -- ing4 grace!2 How4 sweet2 the4 sound,2
That4 sav'd2 a4 wretch2 like4 me!2
I4 once2 was4 lost,2 but4 now2 am4 found,2
was4 blind,2 but4 now2 I4 see.2
}
\new Staff { \clef bass \key c \major \set Staff.midiInstrument = "piano" \relative c'
 << { g4 | c2 c4 | c2 c4 | a2 a4 | c2 c4 | g2 g4 | c2 c4 | b2
 g4 | g2 c4 | c2 c4 | a2 a4 | c2 c4 | g2 g4 | c2 b4 | c2 } \\
 { c,4 | c2 g'4 | c,2 g'4 | f2 f4 | c2 g'4 | c,2 e4 | g2 c4 | g2
 g4 | c,2 g'4 | c,2 g'4 | f2 f4 | c2 g'4 | c,2 c4 | g'2 g4 | c,2 } >>
}
>> >>
\layout { indent = #0 }
\midi { \tempo 4 = 80 }
" /><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="31" data-mwtitle="AmazingGraceFamiliarStyle.OGG" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/AmazingGraceFamiliarStyle.OGG" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/AmazingGraceFamiliarStyle.OGG/AmazingGraceFamiliarStyle.OGG.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <p>In <i>The Sacred Harp</i> (1991 edition), "Amazing Grace" is harmonized quite differently. Note that the "air", or melody, is in the tenor. </p> <div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/o/w/owhcf1tly76z65t4iq4t6eccl79slv4/owhcf1tl.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/o/w/owhcf1tly76z65t4iq4t6eccl79slv4/owhcf1tl.png" width="757" height="529" alt="
<< <<
\new Staff { \clef treble \time 3/4 \partial 4 \key c \major \set Staff.midiInstrument = "flute" %sopran
 \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \override Score.BarNumber #'transparent = ##t
 \relative c'' { \sacredHarpHeads
 c4 | e2 e4 | g2 g4 | e2 e4 | d2 d4 | e2 c8 e | g2 f8 e | d2 \bar"||" \break
 d4 | c2 c4 | e2 g4 | e2 e8 d | c2 c4 | g2 c4 | e2 d4 | e2 \bar"|." }
}
\new Staff { \clef treble \key c \major \set Staff.midiInstrument = "flute" %alt
 \relative c' { \sacredHarpHeads
 e4 | a2 c4 | c2 b4 | a2 a4 | b2 b4 | g2 c4 | c2 b8 a | g2
 b4 | c2 c4 | c2 c4 | g2 c8 a | g2 g4 | e2 a4 | c2 b4 | g2 }
}
\new Lyrics \lyricmode {
A4 -- maz2 -- ing4 grace!2 How4 sweet2 the4 sound,2
That4 sav'd2 a4 wretch2 like4 me!2
I4 once2 was4 lost,2 but4 now2 am4 found,2
was4 blind,2 but4 now2 I4 see.2
}
\new Staff { \clef "treble_8"
 \key c \major \set Staff.midiInstrument = "oboe" %tenor
 \relative c' { \sacredHarpHeads
 g4 | c2 e8 c | e2 d4 | c2 a4 | g2 g4 | c2 e8 c | e2 d8 e | g2
 d8 e | g2 e8 c | e2 e8 d | c2 a4 | g2 g4 | c2 e8 c | e2 d4 | c2 }
}
\new Staff { \clef bass \key c \major \set Staff.midiInstrument = "flute" %bass
 \relative c { \sacredHarpHeads
 c4 | c2 g'4 | e2 g4 | c,2 e4 | g2 g4 | c,2 g'8 a | c2 a4 | g2
 g4 | c2 a4 | g2 e4 | g2 e8 d | c2 c4 | c2 e8 g | a2 g4 | c,2 }
}
>> >>
\layout { indent = #0 }
\midi { \tempo 4 = 80 }
" /><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/o/w/owhcf1tly76z65t4iq4t6eccl79slv4/owhcf1tl.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" /><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/o/w/owhcf1tly76z65t4iq4t6eccl79slv4/owhcf1tl.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></li><li>A third layer of <i>Sacred Harp</i> music is from the mid nineteenth century and represents the popular sensibility of that era. A number of these mid-century works have an almost primal simplicity—the harmony is essentially a single extended major chord, and the parts a decoration in slow tempo of that chord.</li><li>The most recent layer consists of the songs that were added to the books during the twentieth century. These are the work of musically creative participants in the Sacred Harp tradition, who strove to create songs that would fit into the existing tradition by adopting the style of one of the earlier periods. About a sixth of the Denson edition is taken up with such compositions, dating from as recently as 1990. The twentieth-century composers often have recycled their lyrics from earlier Sacred Harp songs (or from their sources, such as the work of the 18th-century hymnodist <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Watts" title="Isaac Watts">Isaac Watts</a>). A number of these modern compositions have become favorites of the singing community, and it is anticipated that future editions of <i>The Sacred Harp</i> will also include new songs.</li></ol></div> <p>There are a few additional songs in <i>The Sacred Harp, 1991 edition</i> that cannot be assigned to any of these four main layers. There are some very old songs of European origin, as well as songs from the English rural tradition that inspired the early New England composers. There are also a handful of songs by European <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical</a> composers (<a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Pleyel" title="Ignaz Pleyel">Ignaz Pleyel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arne" title="Thomas Arne">Thomas Arne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Rowley_Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Rowley Bishop">Henry Rowley Bishop</a>). The book even includes five hymns by <a href="/wiki/Lowell_Mason" title="Lowell Mason">Lowell Mason</a>, long ago the implacable enemy of the tradition that <i>The Sacred Harp</i> has preserved to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The description just given is based on <i>The Sacred Harp, 1991 edition</i>, also known as the Denson edition. The widely used "Cooper" edition overlaps considerably (about 60%) in content, but also includes many later songs. A detailed comparison of the two editions has been made by Sacred Harp scholar Gaylon L. Powell.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_books_with_the_title_Sacred_Harp">Other books with the title <i>Sacred Harp</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Harp&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other books with the title Sacred Harp"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>The Sacred Harp</i> was a popular name for 19th century hymn and tune books, with no fewer than four bearing the title. The first of these was compiled by John Hoyt Hickok and printed in <a href="/wiki/Lewistown,_Pennsylvania" title="Lewistown, Pennsylvania">Lewistown, Pennsylvania</a> in 1832. The second was compiled by Lowell and Timothy Mason and printed in <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati, Ohio</a> in 1834, as part of the "better music" movement mentioned above. The publisher released their book as a <a href="/wiki/Shape_note" title="Shape note">shape note</a> edition, while they preferred to urbanize their audience by releasing a round note edition.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould185355_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould185355-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third <i>Sacred Harp</i> was the one by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_White" title="Benjamin Franklin White">B. F. White</a> and E. J. King (1844), the origin of today's Sacred Harp singing tradition. </p><p>Lastly, according to W. J. Reynolds, writing in <i>Hymns of Our Faith</i>, there was yet a fourth <i>Sacred Harp</i> – <i>The Sacred Harp</i> published by J. M. D. Cates in <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a> in 1867. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comedic_parody">Comedic parody</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Harp&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Comedic parody"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to increase accessibility to the Sacred Harp tunes, <i>Jo Puma – Wild Choir Music</i> was published by the Machinists Union Press in 2013, combining the unaltered Sacred Harp arrangements with new secular lyrics by Secretary Michael.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Harp&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Awake,_My_Soul:_The_Story_of_the_Sacred_Harp" title="Awake, My Soul: The Story of the Sacred Harp">Awake, My Soul: The Story of the Sacred Harp</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattahoochee_Musical_Convention" title="Chattahoochee Musical Convention">Chattahoochee Musical Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Texas_Musical_Convention" title="East Texas Musical Convention">East Texas Musical Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shape-note_tunebooks" title="List of shape-note tunebooks">List of shape-note tunebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Harp_hymnwriters_and_composers" title="Sacred Harp hymnwriters and composers">Sacred Harp hymnwriters and composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shape_note" title="Shape note">Shape note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Texas_Sacred_Harp_Singing_Convention" title="Southwest Texas Sacred Harp Singing Convention">Southwest Texas Sacred Harp Singing Convention</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Harp&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Warren Steel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/A2252332">"Shape-note hymnody"</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i> (Oxford University Press: article updated 16 October 2013) Subscription required</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is a simplified version of Guidonian solmization which was also used in Elizabethan England: see <a href="/wiki/Solf%C3%A8ge#Origin" title="Solfège">Solfège#Origin</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In particular, no <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harps</a> are present. The term "Sacred Harp" is sometimes taken by singers to be a metaphor for the human voice <a href="#CITEREFAnon.1940">Anon. 1940</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On a number of early historical recordings, a piano or parlor organ accompanied the singers. In the ensuing decades, the practice of using such instruments has evidently died out.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The harmony and form of Sacred Harp music are discussed in <a href="#CITEREFCobb1978">Cobb 1978</a>, ch. 2<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCobb1978 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT"><span title="More information is required to link this short citation to its long citation. (August 2021)">incomplete short citation</span></a></i>]</sup> and in more technical detail in <a href="#CITEREFHorn1970">Horn 1970</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorn197086-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorn197086_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorn1970">Horn 1970</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sources for this paragraph: <a href="#CITEREFMarini2003">Marini 2003</a>, p. 77, <a href="#CITEREFTemperley1983">Temperley 1983</a>, and the essay <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fasola.org/introduction/English_Roots.html">"Distant Roots of Shape Note Music"</a> by Keith Willard, posted at the fasola.org web site <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516095903/http://www.fasola.org/introduction/English_Roots.html">Archived</a> 16 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarini200378-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarini200378_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarini2003">Marini 2003</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dick Hulan writes, "My copy of William Smith's <i>Easy Instructor, Part II</i> (1803) attributes the invention [of shape notes] to 'J. Conly of Philadelphia'."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (August 2021)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> According to David Warren Steel, in <i>John Wyeth and the Development of Southern Folk Hymnody</i>, "This notation was invented by Philadelphia merchant John Connelly, who on 10 March 1798 signed over his rights to the system to Little and Smith."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Law_(composer)" title="Andrew Law (composer)">Andrew Law</a> also laid claim to the invention of the shape note system.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The shape note systems continued to evolve throughout the 19th century; for a more complete history, see <a href="/wiki/Shape_note" title="Shape note">shape note</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Source for this paragraph: <a href="#CITEREFMarini2003">Marini 2003</a>, p. 81. Evidence that Americans outside the rural South were slow, even reluctant, to give up their old music is given in <a href="#CITEREFHorn1970">Horn 1970</a>, ch. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The primary source for this section is <a href="#CITEREFCobb2001">Cobb 2001</a>, ch. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2004">Miller 2004</a> characterizes Cooper book style thus: it "contains a greater proportion of "camp meeting" songs than the Denson book, with more compressed part-writing, chromatic harmonies, and choruses characterized by call-and-response rather than "fuging" style. Denson book singers generally say that the Cooper book sounds more like "new book or gospel singing".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This edition may be viewed in digital form at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://originalsacredharp.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/j-l-white-sacred-harp-fifth-edition.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919073123/http://originalsacredharp.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/j-l-white-sacred-harp-fifth-edition.pdf">Archived</a> 19 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECobb200198–110-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECobb200198–110_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCobb2001">Cobb 2001</a>, pp. 98–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECobb200194–98-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECobb200194–98_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCobb2001">Cobb 2001</a>, pp. 94–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECobb2001110–117-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECobb2001110–117_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCobb2001">Cobb 2001</a>, pp. 110–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECobb200195–96-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECobb200195–96_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCobb2001">Cobb 2001</a>, pp. 95–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKenzie1989">McKenzie 1989</a> further judges that the Cooper alto parts were more successful than the Denson ones in retaining the original harmonic style.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The passage quotes <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> 6:16: "Thus saith the LORD, Stand ye in the ways, and see, and ask for the old paths, where is the good way, and walk therein, and ye shall find rest for your souls."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an extended narrative of this spread, see <a href="#CITEREFBealle1997">Bealle 1997</a>, ch. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClawson2011163-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClawson2011163_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClawson2011">Clawson 2011</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A guide to singings that demonstrates this dramatic spread may be found at the "fasola.org" web site, under <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://fasola.org/singings/">http://fasola.org/singings/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080221192139/http://fasola.org/singings/">Archived</a> 21 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2004">Miller 2004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLueck2017" class="citation journal cs1">Lueck, Ellen (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/abdfe9ee5795e3dff178630fcf93c56a">"Sacred Harp Singing in Europe: Its Pathways, Spaces, and Meanings"</a>. <i>Dissertation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dissertation&rft.atitle=Sacred+Harp+Singing+in+Europe%3A+Its+Pathways%2C+Spaces%2C+and+Meanings&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Lueck&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2Fabdfe9ee5795e3dff178630fcf93c56a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masslive.com/metrowest/republican/index.ssf?/base/news-13/120504721045690.xml&coll=1">"Sacred Harp sing draws followers"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409120746/http://www.masslive.com/metrowest/republican/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews-13%2F120504721045690.xml&coll=1">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sacred+Harp+sing+draws+followers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.masslive.com%2Fmetrowest%2Frepublican%2Findex.ssf%3F%2Fbase%2Fnews-13%2F120504721045690.xml%26coll%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freude.com/mnfasola/convention.html">"22nd Annual Minnesota State Sacred Harp Singing Convention"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202414/http://www.freude.com/mnfasola/convention.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=22nd+Annual+Minnesota+State+Sacred+Harp+Singing+Convention&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freude.com%2Fmnfasola%2Fconvention.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sacredharp.uk/">"UK Sacred Harp Calendar"</a>. <i>UK Sacred Harp Calendar</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+Sacred+Harp+Calendar&rft.atitle=UK+Sacred+Harp+Calendar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsacredharp.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukshapenote.org.uk/ukconvns.html">"Conventions"</a>. <i>United Kingdom Sacred Harp & Shapenote Singing</i>. Edwin and Sheila Macadam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140804063524/http://ukshapenote.org.uk/ukconvns.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Kingdom+Sacred+Harp+%26+Shapenote+Singing&rft.atitle=Conventions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukshapenote.org.uk%2Fukconvns.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://londonsacredharp.org/">"London Sacred Harp"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160323014547/http://londonsacredharp.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=London+Sacred+Harp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flondonsacredharp.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://londonsacredharp.bandcamp.com/">"Music"</a>. <i>London Sacred Harp</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160322223228/https://londonsacredharp.bandcamp.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+Sacred+Harp&rft.atitle=Music&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flondonsacredharp.bandcamp.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sheffieldsacredharp.weebly.com/">"Sheffield & South Yorkshire Sacred Harp"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414214814/http://sheffieldsacredharp.weebly.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sheffield+%26+South+Yorkshire+Sacred+Harp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsheffieldsacredharp.weebly.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brightonshapenote.weebly.com/">"Brighton Shape Note Singing"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160628234741/http://brightonshapenote.weebly.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brighton+Shape+Note+Singing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrightonshapenote.weebly.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newcastlesacredharp.co.uk">"Newcastle Sacred Harp"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newcastle+Sacred+Harp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewcastlesacredharp.co.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://southwestshapenote.weebly.com/">"South West Shape Note (Cornwall, Devon, Somerset, Dorset and Wiltshire)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+West+Shape+Note+%28Cornwall%2C+Devon%2C+Somerset%2C+Dorset+and+Wiltshire%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsouthwestshapenote.weebly.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bristolsacredharp.org/">"Bristol Sacred Harp"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160809055911/http://www.bristolsacredharp.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bristol+Sacred+Harp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bristolsacredharp.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shapenotescotland.weebly.com/">"Shapenote Scotland"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414222528/http://shapenotescotland.weebly.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shapenote+Scotland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshapenotescotland.weebly.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/montrealsacredharpsingers/">"Montreal Sacred Harp Singers"</a>. <i>Facebook</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facebook&rft.atitle=Montreal+Sacred+Harp+Singers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fgroups%2Fmontrealsacredharpsingers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/147368602037141/">"Facebook"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facebook&rft.atitle=Facebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fgroups%2F147368602037141%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/surryhillsshapenotesingers/">"Facebook"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facebook&rft.atitle=Facebook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fgroups%2Fsurryhillsshapenotesingers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/Canberrashapenote/">"Facebook"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facebook&rft.atitle=Facebook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fgroups%2FCanberrashapenote%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/Blackwood-Academy/121582631252295">"Blackwood Academy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facebook&rft.atitle=Blackwood+Academy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fpages%2FBlackwood-Academy%2F121582631252295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timberandsteel.wordpress.com/2012/09/17/australias-first-ever-sacred-harp-singing-convention-hits-sydney/">"Australia's First Ever Sacred Harp Singing Convention Hits Sydney"</a>. <i>Timber and Steel</i>. 17 September 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161013173648/https://timberandsteel.wordpress.com/2012/09/17/australias-first-ever-sacred-harp-singing-convention-hits-sydney/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Timber+and+Steel&rft.atitle=Australia%27s+First+Ever+Sacred+Harp+Singing+Convention+Hits+Sydney&rft.date=2012-09-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimberandsteel.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F09%2F17%2Faustralias-first-ever-sacred-harp-singing-convention-hits-sydney%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://corksacredharp.com/">"Cork Sacred Harp"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414051219/http://corksacredharp.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cork+Sacred+Harp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcorksacredharp.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://campfasola.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Camp-Fasola-Application-Europe-2012.pdf">"Application form for Camp Fasola Europe"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130610062825/http://campfasola.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Camp-Fasola-Application-Europe-2012.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Application+form+for+Camp+Fasola+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcampfasola.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F12%2FCamp-Fasola-Application-Europe-2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sacredharpbremen.org/en/home/">"Sacred Harp Bremen"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160328170134/http://www.sacredharpbremen.org/english">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sacred+Harp+Bremen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsacredharpbremen.org%2Fen%2Fhome%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sacredharphamburg.weebly.com/">"Sacred Harp Singing in Hamburg – Sacred Harp Hamburg Singing School – Home"</a>. <i>Sacred Harp Singing in Hamburg</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160327072111/http://sacredharphamburg.weebly.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sacred+Harp+Singing+in+Hamburg&rft.atitle=Sacred+Harp+Singing+in+Hamburg+%E2%80%93+Sacred+Harp+Hamburg+Singing+School+%E2%80%93+Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsacredharphamburg.weebly.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacredharpberlin.de">"Sacred Harp Berlin"</a>. <i>Sacred Harp Berlin</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170928101308/http://sacredharpberlin.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sacred+Harp+Berlin&rft.atitle=Sacred+Harp+Berlin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacredharpberlin.de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacredharpcologne.com">"Sacred Harp Cologne"</a>. <i>Sacred Harp Cologne</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180820111528/http://www.sacredharpcologne.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sacred+Harp+Cologne&rft.atitle=Sacred+Harp+Cologne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacredharpcologne.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amsterdam.sacredharp.nl/">"Sacred Harp Amsterdam"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181117083139/https://amsterdam.sacredharp.nl/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sacred+Harp+Amsterdam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famsterdam.sacredharp.nl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/sacredharpauvergne">"Sacred Harp Auvergne"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facebook&rft.atitle=Sacred+Harp+Auvergne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fsacredharpauvergne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://originalsacredharp.com/2015/12/31/406-and-more-in-sweden/">"406 and More, in Sweden"</a>. <i>The Sacred Harp Publishing Company</i>. 31 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160320225053/http://originalsacredharp.com/2015/12/31/406-and-more-in-sweden/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sacred+Harp+Publishing+Company&rft.atitle=406+and+More%2C+in+Sweden&rft.date=2015-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foriginalsacredharp.com%2F2015%2F12%2F31%2F406-and-more-in-sweden%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/523129294493213/">"Facebook"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facebook&rft.atitle=Facebook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fgroups%2F523129294493213%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/events/889389147819151/">"Sacred Harp Paris – 1st All Day Singing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facebook&rft.atitle=Sacred+Harp+Paris+%E2%80%93+1st+All+Day+Singing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fevents%2F889389147819151%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurst2004" class="citation news cs1">Wurst, Nancy Henderson (4 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2004-01-04-0401040417-story.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Cold Mountain' shows off sacred singing"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=%27Cold+Mountain%27+shows+off+sacred+singing&rft.date=2004-01-04&rft.aulast=Wurst&rft.aufirst=Nancy+Henderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fct-xpm-2004-01-04-0401040417-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurghart2004" class="citation news cs1">Burghart, Tara (13 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.boston.com/news/globe/living/articles/2004/02/13/via_cold_mountain_old_music_is_revived/">"Via 'Cold Mountain', old music is revived"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>. Associated Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Via+%27Cold+Mountain%27%2C+old+music+is+revived&rft.date=2004-02-13&rft.aulast=Burghart&rft.aufirst=Tara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fglobe%2Fliving%2Farticles%2F2004%2F02%2F13%2Fvia_cold_mountain_old_music_is_revived%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sacredharpaustralia.com/resources/sacred-harp-in-contemporary-music/">"Sacred Harp in contemporary culture"</a>. <i>Sacred Harp Australia</i>. 16 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sacred+Harp+Australia&rft.atitle=Sacred+Harp+in+contemporary+culture&rft.date=2015-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsacredharpaustralia.com%2Fresources%2Fsacred-harp-in-contemporary-music%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Tinkham2012" class="citation web cs1">Chris Tinkham (22 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.undertheradarmag.com/reviews/wrecking_ball/">"Bruce Springsteen: Wrecking Ball (Columbia) | Under the Radar – Music Magazine"</a>. undertheradarmag.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bruce+Springsteen%3A+Wrecking+Ball+%28Columbia%29+%26%23124%3B+Under+the+Radar+%E2%80%93+Music+Magazine&rft.pub=undertheradarmag.com&rft.date=2012-03-22&rft.au=Chris+Tinkham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.undertheradarmag.com%2Freviews%2Fwrecking_ball%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlunkettKarlsberg2012" class="citation journal cs1">Plunkett, John; Karlsberg, Jesse P. (28 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://originalsacredharp.com/2012/03/28/sightings-bruce-springsteens-sacred-harp-sample/">"Bruce Springsteen's Sacred Harp Sample"</a>. <i>The Sacred Harp Publishing Company Newsletter</i>. <b>1</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sacred+Harp+Publishing+Company+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Bruce+Springsteen%27s+Sacred+Harp+Sample&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2012-03-28&rft.aulast=Plunkett&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Karlsberg%2C+Jesse+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foriginalsacredharp.com%2F2012%2F03%2F28%2Fsightings-bruce-springsteens-sacred-harp-sample%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2019" class="citation web cs1">Gray, Julia (2 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stereogum.com/2042093/holly-herndon-frontier/music/">"Holly Herndon – "Frontier"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Stereogum</i>. Prometheus Global Media.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stereogum&rft.atitle=Holly+Herndon+%E2%80%93+%22Frontier%22&rft.date=2019-05-02&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stereogum.com%2F2042093%2Fholly-herndon-frontier%2Fmusic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResler2022" class="citation thesis cs1">Resler, Chloe (2022). <i>Musical Narrative and Cultural Context in the Animated Miniseries Over the Garden Wall</i> (Thesis). University of North Colorado.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Musical+Narrative+and+Cultural+Context+in+the+Animated+Miniseries+Over+the+Garden+Wall&rft.inst=University+of+North+Colorado&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Resler&rft.aufirst=Chloe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the online Index to the Denson edition: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://fasola.org/indexes/1991/?v=composer">http://fasola.org/indexes/1991/?v=composer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151011041217/http://fasola.org/indexes/1991/?v=composer">Archived</a> 11 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Powell" class="citation web cs1">L. Powell, Gaylon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resources.texasfasola.org/tunecomparisonindex.html">"Comparison Tune Index"</a>. <i>resources.texasfasola.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=resources.texasfasola.org&rft.atitle=Comparison+Tune+Index&rft.aulast=L.+Powell&rft.aufirst=Gaylon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresources.texasfasola.org%2Ftunecomparisonindex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson (1933b, 395)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould185355-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould185355_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGould1853">Gould 1853</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://machinistsunion.org/jo_puma.html">"Jo Puma - Wild Choir Music"</a>. <i>machinistsunion.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=machinistsunion.org&rft.atitle=Jo+Puma+-+Wild+Choir+Music&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmachinistsunion.org%2Fjo_puma.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Harp&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFAnon.1940">Anon. (1940) <i>Georgia: A guide to its towns and countryside</i>. Compiled and written by workers of the Writers' Program of the <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a>. University of Georgia Press.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBealle1997" class="citation book cs1">Bealle, John (1997). <i>Public Worship, Private Faith: Sacred Harp and American Folksong</i>. University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8203-1988-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8203-1988-0"><bdi>0-8203-1988-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Worship%2C+Private+Faith%3A+Sacred+Harp+and+American+Folksong&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8203-1988-0&rft.aulast=Bealle&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClawson2011" class="citation book cs1">Clawson, Laura (15 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K8bua5aSIDMC&pg=PA163"><i>I Belong to This Band, Hallelujah!: Community, Spirituality, and Tradition Among Sacred Harp Singers</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-10959-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-10959-6"><bdi>978-0-226-10959-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Belong+to+This+Band%2C+Hallelujah%21%3A+Community%2C+Spirituality%2C+and+Tradition+Among+Sacred+Harp+Singers&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2011-09-15&rft.isbn=978-0-226-10959-6&rft.aulast=Clawson&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK8bua5aSIDMC%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2001" class="citation book cs1">Cobb, Buell E. (2001). <i>The Sacred Harp: A Tradition and Its Music</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sacred+Harp%3A+A+Tradition+and+Its+Music&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Buell+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould1853" class="citation book cs1">Gould, Nathaniel Duren (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historychurchmu00goulgoog"><i>History of Church Music in America</i></a>. Gould and Lincoln. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historychurchmu00goulgoog/page/n61">55</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Church+Music+in+America&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Gould+and+Lincoln&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel+Duren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorychurchmu00goulgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorn1970" class="citation book cs1">Horn, Dorothy D. (1970). <i>Sing to me of Heaven: A Study of Folk and Early American Materials in Three Old Harp Books</i>. University of Florida Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sing+to+me+of+Heaven%3A+A+Study+of+Folk+and+Early+American+Materials+in+Three+Old+Harp+Books&rft.pub=University+of+Florida+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Horn&rft.aufirst=Dorothy+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarini2003" class="citation book cs1">Marini, Stephen A. (2003). <i>Sacred Song in America: Religion, Music, and Public Culture</i>. University of Illinois Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Song+in+America%3A+Religion%2C+Music%2C+and+Public+Culture&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Marini&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span> See chapter 3, "Sacred Harp singing".</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenzie1989" class="citation journal cs1">McKenzie, Wallace (1989). "The Alto Parts in the 'True Dispersed Harmony' of <i>The Sacred Harp</i> Revisions". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Quarterly" title="The Musical Quarterly">The Musical Quarterly</a></i>. <b>73</b> (73): 153–171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmq%2F73.2.153">10.1093/mq/73.2.153</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Alto+Parts+in+the+%27True+Dispersed+Harmony%27+of+The+Sacred+Harp+Revisions&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=73&rft.pages=153-171&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmq%2F73.2.153&rft.aulast=McKenzie&rft.aufirst=Wallace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2004" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Kiri (Winter 2004). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'First Sing the Notes': Oral and Written Traditions in Sacred Harp Transmission". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Music_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Music (journal)">American Music</a></i>. <b>22</b> (4): 475–501. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3592990">10.2307/3592990</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3592990">3592990</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Music&rft.atitle=%27First+Sing+the+Notes%27%3A+Oral+and+Written+Traditions+in+Sacred+Harp+Transmission&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=475-501&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3592990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3592990%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Kiri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemperley1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Temperley" title="Nicholas Temperley">Temperley, Nicholas</a> (1983). <i>The Music of the English Parish Church</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27457-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27457-9"><bdi>978-0-521-27457-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Music+of+the+English+Parish+Church&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-521-27457-9&rft.aulast=Temperley&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Harp&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Boyd, Joe Dan (2002) <i>Judge Jackson and The Colored Sacred Harp</i>. Alabama Folklife Association. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9672672-5-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9672672-5-0">0-9672672-5-0</a></li></ul> <p>See also the bibliographic entries under <a href="/wiki/Shape_note" title="Shape note">Shape note</a>. </p> <ul><li>Campbell, Gavin James (1997) " 'Old Can Be Used Instead of New': Shape-Note Singing and the Crisis of Modernity in the New South, 1880–1920." <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_American_Folklore" title="Journal of American Folklore">Journal of American Folklore</a></i> 110:169–188.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Cobb, Buell E. (1989). <i>The Sacred Harp: A Tradition and Its Music</i>. University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8203-2371-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8203-2371-3"><bdi>0-8203-2371-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sacred+Harp%3A+A+Tradition+and+Its+Music&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-8203-2371-3&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Buell+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Cobb, Buell (2013). <i>Like Cords Around My Heart: A Sacred Harp Memoir</i>. Outskirts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4787-0462-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4787-0462-1"><bdi>978-1-4787-0462-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Like+Cords+Around+My+Heart%3A+A+Sacred+Harp+Memoir&rft.pub=Outskirts+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4787-0462-1&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Buell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Eastburn, Kathryn (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/product/A-Sacred-Feast,673390.aspx"><i>A Sacred Feast: Reflections on Sacred Harp Singing and Dinner on the Ground</i></a> University of Nebraska Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1831-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1831-4">978-0-8032-1831-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pullen_Jackson" title="George Pullen Jackson">Jackson, George Pullen</a> (1933a) <i>White Spirituals in the Southern Uplands</i>. University of North Carolina Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-21425-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-21425-7">0-486-21425-7</a></li> <li>Jackson, George Pullen (1933b) "Buckwheat notes", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Quarterly" title="The Musical Quarterly">The Musical Quarterly</a></i> XIX(4):393–400.</li> <li>Miller, Kiri (ed.) (2002) <i>The Chattahoochee Musical Convention, 1852–2002: A Sacred Harp Historical Sourcebook</i>. The Sacred Harp Museum. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-887617-13-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-887617-13-2">1-887617-13-2</a></li> <li>Miller, Kiri (2007) <i>Traveling Home: Sacred Harp Singing and American Pluralism</i>. University of Illinois Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-03214-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-03214-4">0-252-03214-4</a></li> <li>Sommers, Laurie Kay (2010) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southernspaces.org/2010/hoboken-style-meaning-and-change-okefenokee-sacred-harp-singing">Hoboken Style: Meaning and Change in Okefenokee Sacred Harp Singing</a>" <i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Spaces" title="Southern Spaces">Southern Spaces</a></i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1551-2754">1551-2754</a></li> <li>Steel, David Warren with Richard H. Hulan (2010) <i>The Makers of the Sacred Harp</i>. University of Illinois Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07760-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07760-9">978-0-252-07760-9</a></li> <li>Wallace, James B. (2007) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southernspaces.org/2007/stormy-banks-and-sweet-rivers-sacred-harp-geography">Stormy Banks and Sweet Rivers: A Sacred Harp Geography</a>" <i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Spaces" title="Southern Spaces">Southern Spaces</a></i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1551-2754">1551-2754</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Harp&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Harp&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fasola.org/">Fasola Home Page</a>, a web site dedicated to Sacred Harp music</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sacredharpbremen.org/en/home/">"Sacred Harp Bremen"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sacred+Harp+Bremen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsacredharpbremen.org%2Fen%2Fhome%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span> Includes all the songs in the Sacred Harp book: lyrics, sheet music and the individual parts sung by a synthesised voice, and a beginners guide. In English and German.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.olemiss.edu/~mudws/harp.html">Sacred Harp Singing</a> by Warren Steel, another web site on the Sacred Harp</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.olemiss.edu/~mudws/resource/">Sacred Harp and Related Shape-Note Music Resources</a>, a large and well-annotated collection of resources on shape-note music</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.originalsacredharp.com">Sacred Harp Publishing Company</a>, songbooks and other resources</li> <li>Public-domain editions: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imslp.org/wiki/The_Sacred_Harp_%28Various%29"><i>The Sacred Harp</i> (1860)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/11394316.4428.emory.edu">(1911, rev. J. S. James et al.)</a> (for other shape note tunebooks see <a href="/wiki/Shape_note#Public-domain_shape-note_tunebooks" title="Shape note">these links</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130108081934/http://www.arts.state.al.us/actc/compilation/pisgah.html">"Wiregrass Sacred Harp Singers Era 1980"</a>. <i>Musics of Alabama: A Compilation</i>. Alabama Center for Traditional Culture. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arts.state.al.us/actc/compilation/pisgah.html">the original</a> on 8 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Musics+of+Alabama%3A+A+Compilation&rft.atitle=Wiregrass+Sacred+Harp+Singers+Era+1980&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arts.state.al.us%2Factc%2Fcompilation%2Fpisgah.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.floridamemory.com/learn/classroom/learning-units/shapenote/">"Shape Note Singing in Florida"</a>. <i>Florida Memory</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Florida+Memory&rft.atitle=Shape+Note+Singing+in+Florida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.floridamemory.com%2Flearn%2Fclassroom%2Flearning-units%2Fshapenote%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacred+Harp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/xbsdd">Sacred Harp Music</a>, article on Sacred Harp from the Handbook of Texas online</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texasfasola.org/">Sacred Harp singing in Texas</a>, includes composer sketches, including one of B. F. White</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031008162711/http://www.mit.edu:8001/people/ijs/sn/sn-hist.html">Shape Note Historical Background</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/historical_markers/county/carroll/sacred-harp-singing">Sacred Harp Singing</a> historical marker</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_media">Online media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Harp&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Online media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bostonsing.org/recordings/">BostonSing</a>, a large collection of shape-note recordings</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01p40h5">BBC Radio 4 programme about Sacred Harp music</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christian_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_music" title="Template:Christian music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_music" title="Template talk:Christian music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christian_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Christian music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roots and beginnings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homophony" title="Homophony">Homophony</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Polyphony#European_polyphony" title="Polyphony">Polyphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorale" title="Chorale">Chorale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn_tune#The_Reformation" title="Hymn tune">Hymn tune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_psalmody" title="Exclusive psalmody">Exclusive psalmody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_music" title="Jesus music">Jesus music</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sacred Harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shape_note" title="Shape note">Shape note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituals" title="Spirituals">Spirituals</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChristianitySymbolWhite.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ChristianitySymbolWhite.svg/75px-ChristianitySymbolWhite.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ChristianitySymbolWhite.svg/113px-ChristianitySymbolWhite.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ChristianitySymbolWhite.svg/150px-ChristianitySymbolWhite.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_adult_contemporary" title="Christian adult contemporary">Christian adult contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">Contemporary Christian music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_worship_music" title="Contemporary worship music">Contemporary worship music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Geistliches_Lied" title="Neues Geistliches Lied">Neues Geistliches Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)" title="Mass (music)">Mass (music)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fusion genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_country_music" title="Christian country music">Christian country music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_electronic_dance_music" title="Christian electronic dance music">Christian electronic dance music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_hip_hop" title="Christian hip hop">Christian hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_R%26B" title="Christian R&B">Christian R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_rock" title="Christian rock">Christian rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_alternative_rock" title="Christian alternative rock">Christian alternative rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_metal" title="Christian metal">Christian metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unblack_metal" title="Unblack metal">Unblack metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_punk" title="Christian punk">Christian punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_hardcore" title="Christian hardcore">Christian hardcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ska" title="Christian ska">Christian ska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_blues" title="Gospel blues">Gospel blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_reggae" title="Gospel reggae">Gospel reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Christian_music" title="Latin Christian music">Latin Christian music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_gospel" title="Southern gospel">Southern gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Gospel_music" title="Black Gospel music">Black Gospel music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_black_gospel" title="Traditional black gospel">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_contemporary_gospel" title="Urban contemporary gospel">Urban contemporary gospel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chant" title="Template:Chant"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chant" title="Template talk:Chant"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chant" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chant"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christian_liturgical_chant" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Christian liturgical</a> <a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">chant</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_chant" title="Armenian chant">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_music" title="Coptic music">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_chant" title="Ethiopian chant">Ethiopian and Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_chant" title="Galician chant">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obikhod" title="Obikhod">Obikhod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_chant" title="Kievan chant">Kievan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostopinije" title="Prostopinije">Prostopinije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian chant">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Znamenny_chant" title="Znamenny chant">Znamenny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Western</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Plainsong" title="Plainsong">Plainsong</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_chant" title="Ambrosian chant">Ambrosian</a> (Milanese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_chant" title="Anglican chant">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_chant" title="Beneventan chant">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_chant" title="Celtic chant">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallican_chant" title="Gallican chant">Gallican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelineau_psalmody" title="Gelineau psalmody">Gelineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_chant" title="Mozarabic chant">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Roman_chant" title="Old Roman chant">Old Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravenna_chant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ravenna chant (page does not exist)">Ravenna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglican_church_composers" title="List of Anglican church composers">Anglican church composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_bands_and_artists_by_genre" title="List of Christian bands and artists by genre">Christian bands and artists by genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_country_artists" title="List of Christian country artists">Christian country artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_hardcore_bands" title="List of Christian hardcore bands">Christian hardcore bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_rock_bands" title="List of Christian rock bands">Christian rock bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_metal_artists" title="List of Christian metal artists">Christian metal artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_hip_hop_artists" title="List of Christian hip hop artists">Christian hip hop artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_punk_bands" title="List of Christian punk bands">Christian punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_ska_bands" title="List of Christian ska bands">Christian ska bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_record_labels" title="List of Christian record labels">Christian record labels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_vocal_artists" title="List of Christian vocal artists">Christian vocal artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_worship_music_artists" title="List of Christian worship music artists">Christian worship music artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gospel_musicians" title="List of gospel musicians">Gospel musicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Anglican church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_media" title="Christian media">Christian media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music_festival" title="Christian music festival">Christian music festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music_industry" title="Christian music industry">Christian music industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_music" title="Church music">Church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Catholic_liturgical_music" title="Contemporary Catholic liturgical music">Contemporary Catholic liturgical music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_music" title="Category:Christian music">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Christian_music" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Christian music">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Harp&oldid=1212603392">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Harp&oldid=1212603392</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sacred_Harp" title="Category:Sacred Harp">Sacred Harp</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_styles_of_music" title="Category:American styles of music">American styles of music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Christian_hymns" title="Category:American Christian hymns">American Christian hymns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_music_genres" title="Category:Christian music genres">Christian music genres</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Musical_notation" title="Category:Musical notation">Musical notation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Shape_note" title="Category:Shape note">Shape note</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Four-part_harmony" title="Category:Four-part harmony">Four-part harmony</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_deprecated_score_attributes" title="Category:Pages using deprecated score attributes">Pages using deprecated score attributes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Score_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Score extension">Pages using the Score extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors">Harv and Sfn no-target errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_August_2021" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from August 2021">Articles with incomplete citations from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_quotes" title="Category:Articles with unsourced quotes">Articles with unsourced quotes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2020">Use dmy dates from March 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_external_links_cleanup_from_August_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia external links cleanup from August 2021">Wikipedia external links cleanup from August 2021</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 March 2024, at 18:26<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Harp&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-wgncf","wgBackendResponseTime":207,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.902","walltime":"1.600","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5900,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":131052,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5495,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":212977,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1451.965 1 -total"," 28.02% 406.871 1 Template:Ordered_list"," 27.99% 406.406 1 Template:Reflist"," 10.78% 156.454 2 Template:Navbox"," 9.67% 140.420 37 Template:Cite_web"," 7.48% 108.646 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.40% 107.399 1 Template:Christian_music"," 6.77% 98.283 4 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.63% 81.791 4 Template:Fix"," 5.40% 78.460 8 Template:Sfn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.527","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8220907,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAnon.1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBealle1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurghart2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChris_Tinkham2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClawson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCobb2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGould1853\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorn1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFL._Powell\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLueck2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarini2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKenzie1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlunkettKarlsberg2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFResler2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTemperley1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWurst2004\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Christian music\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite quote\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 37,\n [\"External links\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 12,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 6,\n [\"ISSN\"] = 2,\n [\"Incomplete short citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Ordered list\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 8,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n [\"Wikicite\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-7649cfcddd-h7cz4","timestamp":"20241127121922","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Sacred Harp","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sacred_Harp","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7397088","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7397088","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-10-10T04:13:21Z","dateModified":"2024-03-08T18:26:08Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/91\/Windham.PNG","headline":"tradition of sacred choral music, originating in New England in the 18th century and carried on in the Southern U.S., using tunebooks printed in shape notes"}</script> </body> </html>