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vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Karakteristike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karakteristike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Karakteristike</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Karakteristike-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Karakteristike</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Karakteristike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zajednička_svojstva" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zajednička_svojstva"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Zajednička svojstva</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zajednička_svojstva-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jedinstvena_svojstva" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jedinstvena_svojstva"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Jedinstvena svojstva</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jedinstvena_svojstva-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raznovrsnost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raznovrsnost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Raznovrsnost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raznovrsnost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Građa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Građa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Građa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Građa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekologija_gljiva" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekologija_gljiva"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ekologija gljiva</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekologija_gljiva-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Podjela_gljiva_po_načinu_života" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Podjela_gljiva_po_načinu_života"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Podjela gljiva po načinu života</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Podjela_gljiva_po_načinu_života-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Razmnožavanje_gljiva" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Razmnožavanje_gljiva"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Razmnožavanje gljiva</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Razmnožavanje_gljiva-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galerija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galerija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Galerija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galerija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spoljašnje_veze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spoljašnje_veze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Spoljašnje veze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spoljašnje_veze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gljiva</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prijedi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupno je na 183 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-183" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">183 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swam" title="Swam — Afrikanerski" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Swam" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikanerski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilze" title="Pilze — Švajcarsko nemački" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pilze" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Švajcarsko nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%88%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%88%E1%88%B5" title="ፈንገስ — Amharski" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፈንገስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi — Aragonežanski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonežanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="फफूंदी — Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="फफूंदी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B7%D8%B1" title="فطر — Arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فطر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B7%D8%B1" title="فطر — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فطر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0" title="ভেঁকুৰ — Asemijski" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভেঁকুৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Asemijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi — Asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocockweto" title="Ocockweto — atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Ocockweto" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6b%C9%99l%C9%99kl%C9%99r" title="Göbələklər — Azerbejdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Göbələklər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbejdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A4%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B1" title="گؤبه‌لکلر — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گؤبه‌لکلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%99%D1%88%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80" title="Бәшмәктәр — Baškir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бәшмәктәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baškir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi — Balinezijski" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwammal" title="Schwammal — Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schwammal" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%ABba" title="Grība — Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Grība" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus — Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Грыбы — Beloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грыбы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Beloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Грыбы — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Грыбы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8A%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Гъби — Bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гъби" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="ছত্রাক — Bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ছত্রাক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi — Bretonski" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gljive" title="Gljive — Bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gljive" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%8F%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Һархяаг — Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Һархяаг" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fongs" title="Fongs — Katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fongs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%ADng-k%E1%B9%B3%CC%84ng" title="Cĭng-kṳ̄ng — Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cĭng-kṳ̄ng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abungawg-uhong" title="Abungawg-uhong — Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Abungawg-uhong" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%AD%E1%8E%BE%E1%8E%A9" title="ᏭᎾᎩ — Čeroki" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏭᎾᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Čeroki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="کوارگ — centralnokurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کوارگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralnokurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungu" title="Fungu — Korzikanski" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Fungu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korzikanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opap%C4%B1%C5%9Flar" title="Opapışlar — Krimeanski turski" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Opapışlar" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Krimeanski turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houby" title="Houby — Češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Houby" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grz%C3%ABb%C3%AB" title="Grzëbë — Kašubijanski" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Grzëbë" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kašubijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Кăмпасем — Čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кăмпасем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Čuvaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffwng" title="Ffwng — Velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffwng" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Velški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svampe" title="Svampe — Danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Svampe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C9%9B%C9%A3u" title="Malɛɣu — Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Malɛɣu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobar članak"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilze" title="Pilze — Nemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pilze" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griby" title="Griby — Niski Sorbijanski" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Griby" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Niski Sorbijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Μύκητας — Grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μύκητας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fun%C5%9B" title="Funś — Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Funś" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus — Engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungoj" title="Fungoj — Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fungoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi — Španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seened" title="Seened — Estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Seened" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onddo" title="Onddo — Baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Onddo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi — Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86" title="قارچ — Persijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قارچ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sienet" title="Sienet — Finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sienet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siin" title="Siin — Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Siin" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soppar" title="Soppar — Farski" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Soppar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Farski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi — Francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaampen_(Fungi)" title="Swaampen (Fungi) — Severno-frizijski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Swaampen (Fungi)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Severno-frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skimmels" title="Skimmels — Frizijski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skimmels" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungas" title="Fungas — Irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fungas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi — Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungas" title="Fungas — Škotski Galski" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Fungas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Škotski Galski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungo_(biolox%C3%ADa)" title="Fungo (bioloxía) — Galski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fungo (bioloxía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="ميش — Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ميش" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urupe" title="Urupe — Gvarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Urupe" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Gvarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungys" title="Fungys — Manks" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Fungys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%B9%B3%CC%82n-khi%C3%B9n" title="Chṳ̂n-khiùn — hakka kineski" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chṳ̂n-khiùn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="פטריות — Hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פטריות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6" title="फफूंद — Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फफूंद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus — Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gljive" title="Gljive — Hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gljive" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hriby" title="Hriby — Gornji sorbijski" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Hriby" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Gornji sorbijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanpiyon" title="Chanpiyon — Haićanski" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Chanpiyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haićanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobar članak"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomb%C3%A1k" title="Gombák — Mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gombák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AF" title="Սունկ — Jermenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սունկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Jermenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungo" title="Fungo — Interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Fungo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi — Indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungo" title="Fungo — Interlingve" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Fungo" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingve" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus — Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88" title="ЖӀаленускалаш — Ingušetski" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ЖӀаленускалаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingušetski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveppir" title="Sveppir — Islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sveppir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi — Italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%8C%E9%A1%9E" title="菌類 — Japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="菌類" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonggos" title="Fonggos — Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Fonggos" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi — Javanski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="სოკოები — Gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სოკოები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi — Kikuju" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D2%A3%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D2%9B%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Саңырауқұлақтар — Kozački" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Саңырауқұлақтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kozački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಶಿಲೀಂಧ್ರ — Kanada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶಿಲೀಂಧ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kanada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%A0%EA%B3%84" title="균계 — Korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="균계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuv" title="Kuv — Kurdski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kuv" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fong" title="Fong — Korniški" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Fong" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Korniški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Козу карындар — Kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Козу карындар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi — Latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilzer%C3%A4ich" title="Pilzeräich — Luksemburški" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pilzeräich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Къарникъуз — Lezgian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Къарникъуз" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungo" title="Fungo — Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Fungo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4%C3%B6me" title="Käöme — Limburgiš" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Käöme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi — ligurski" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligurski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonch" title="Fonch — Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Fonch" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi — lombardski" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liy%C9%9Bb%C3%BA" title="Liyɛbú — Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Liyɛbú" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grybai" title="Grybai — Litvanski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Grybai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litvanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%93nes" title="Sēnes — Letonski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sēnes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Панга — Mokša" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Панга" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Mokša" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holatra" title="Holatra — Malagazijski" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Holatra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagazijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Габа — Makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Габа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BD" title="പൂപ്പൽ — Malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പൂപ്പൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80" title="बुरशी — Marati" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बुरशी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulat" title="Kulat — Malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kulat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF" title="မှို — Burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မှို" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82" title="Пангт — Erzija" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Пангт" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzija" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%DA%A9" title="گوشک — mazanderanski" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گوشک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanacatl" title="Nanacatl — Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Nanacatl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi — Neapolitanski" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sw%C3%A4mme" title="Swämme — Niski nemački" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Swämme" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Niski nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="ढुसी — Nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ढुसी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="फुसा — Nevari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="फुसा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Nevari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schimmels" title="Schimmels — Holandski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schimmels" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Holandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopp" title="Sopp — Norveški njorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sopp" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norveški njorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopper" title="Sopper — Norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sopper" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%CA%BCosh_doo_yit%CA%BC%C3%ADinii_dl%C3%A1%C3%A1d%C3%AD_d%C3%B3%C3%B3_%C3%81bishjaa%CA%BC" title="Chʼosh doo yitʼíinii dláádí dóó Ábishjaaʼ — Navaho" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Chʼosh doo yitʼíinii dláádí dóó Ábishjaaʼ" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navaho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycota" title="Mycota — Provansalski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mycota" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Provansalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sienet" title="Sienet — Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Sienet" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faangasii" title="Faangasii — Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Faangasii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BE%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Зокъотæ — Osetski" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Зокъотæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Osetski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80" title="ਉੱਲੀ — Pandžabski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉੱਲੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandžabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus — Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzyby" title="Grzyby — Poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grzyby" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="الی — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%BC%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="چڼاس — Paštunski" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چڼاس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Paštunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi — Portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27allampa" title="K'allampa — Kvenča" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="K'allampa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Kvenča" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnul_Fungi" title="Regnul Fungi — Rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regnul Fungi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Грибы — Ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Грибы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Грибы — Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Грибы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="कवकम् — Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कवकम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Тэллэйдэр — Jakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тэллэйдэр" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi — Sardinijski" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funci" title="Funci — Sicilijanski" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Funci" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus — Škotski" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Škotski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3" title="فنگس — Sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فنگس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guobbarat" title="Guobbarat — Severni sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Guobbarat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Severni sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takuffit_n_u%C9%9Baqqay" title="Takuffit n uɛaqqay — tahelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Takuffit n uɛaqqay" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tahelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BB" title="දිලීර — Singaleski" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දිලීර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singaleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huby" title="Huby — Slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Huby" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glive" title="Glive — Slovenački" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Glive" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuobb%C3%A2reh" title="Kuobbâreh — Inari sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kuobbâreh" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi — Somalski" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ABrpudhat" title="Kërpudhat — Albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kërpudhat" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%99%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Гљиве — Srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гљиве" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poagenstoule_(Riek)" title="Poagenstoule (Riek) — Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Poagenstoule (Riek)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suung" title="Suung — Sudanski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Suung" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sudanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svampar" title="Svampar — Švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Svampar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvu" title="Kuvu — Svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kuvu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grziby" title="Grziby — Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Grziby" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88" title="பூஞ்சை — Tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பூஞ்சை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81" title="ಲಾಂಬು — Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಲಾಂಬು" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="శిలీంధ్రం — Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శిలీంధ్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D3%AF%D1%80%D1%83%D2%93%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Занбӯруғҳо — Tađik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Занбӯруғҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tađik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="เห็ดรา — Tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เห็ดรา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halamang-singaw" title="Halamang-singaw — Tagalski" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Halamang-singaw" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talingelinga" title="Talingelinga — Tonga" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Talingelinga" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantarlar" title="Mantarlar — Turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mantarlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%A9%D0%BC%D0%B1%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Гөмбәләр — Tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гөмбәләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Губи — Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Губи" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%87%D8%B1%DB%87%D8%BA" title="زەمبۇرۇغ — Ujgurski" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="زەمبۇرۇغ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Ujgurski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Гриби — Ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гриби" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%BE%D9%BE%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" title="پھپھوند — Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پھپھوند" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamburug%CA%BBlar" title="Zamburugʻlar — Uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zamburugʻlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi — venecijanski" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venecijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BA%A5m" title="Nấm — Vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nấm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funig" title="Funig — Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Funig" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchampion" title="Tchampion — Valun" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tchampion" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Valun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus — Varej" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Varej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌 — Wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="真菌" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Теңгрин ки — Kalmik" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Теңгрин ки" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Fungi" title="I-Fungi — Khosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Fungi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Khosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="სოკოეფი — Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სოკოეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9D" title="שוואם — Jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שוואם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88bu" title="Èbu — Jorubanski" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èbu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Jorubanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caen%27gin" title="Caen'gin — Zuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Caen'gin" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌 — Kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="真菌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌 — Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="真菌" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin-kh%C3%BAn" title="Chin-khún — min nan kineski" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chin-khún" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌 — kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="真菌" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukhunta" title="Ukhunta — Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ukhunta" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q764#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi međujezične poveznice" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi veze</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gljiva" title="Vidi stranicu sadržaja [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razgovor:Gljiva&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Razgovarajte o sadržini ove stranice (stranica ne postoji) [t]" 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Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><div id="mw-content-subtitle" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Gljiva </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Fungi_collage.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A collage of five fungi (clockwise from top-left): a mushroom with a flat, red top with white-spots, and a white stem growing on the ground; a red cup-shaped fungus growing on wood; a stack of green and white moldy bread slices on a plate; a microscopic, spherical grey semitransparent cell, with a smaller spherical cell beside it; a microscopic view of an elongated cellular structure shaped like a microphone, attached to the larger end is a number of smaller roughly circular elements that collectively form a mass around it"><img alt="A collage of five fungi (clockwise from top-left): a mushroom with a flat, red top with white-spots, and a white stem growing on the ground; a red cup-shaped fungus growing on wood; a stack of green and white moldy bread slices on a plate; a microscopic, spherical grey semitransparent cell, with a smaller spherical cell beside it; a microscopic view of an elongated cellular structure shaped like a microphone, attached to the larger end is a number of smaller roughly circular elements that collectively form a mass around it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fungi_collage.jpg/280px-Fungi_collage.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fungi_collage.jpg/420px-Fungi_collage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fungi_collage.jpg/560px-Fungi_collage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1062" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">U smeru kazaljki na satu od gore levo: <i><a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Amanita muscaria">Amanita muscaria</a></i>, basidiomicete; <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarcoscypha_coccinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarcoscypha coccinea (stranica ne postoji)">Sarcoscypha coccinea</a></i>, askomicete; hleb pokriven plesnima; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chytridiomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chytridiomycota (stranica ne postoji)">chytrid</a>; <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspergillus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aspergillus (stranica ne postoji)">Aspergillus</a></i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konidioforama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konidioforama (stranica ne postoji)">konidioforama</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Sistematika" title="Sistematika">Naučna klasifikacija</a> </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Domena: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a><br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Carstvo: </td> <td><b>Fungi</b><br /><small></small> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Gljive</b> su članovi velike grupe <a href="/wiki/Eukariote" title="Eukariote">eukariotskih</a> organizama koji obuhvataju mikroorganizme kao što su <a href="/wiki/Kvasac" title="Kvasac">kvasci</a> i <a href="/wiki/Bu%C4%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Buđ">plesni</a>, kao i bolje poznate <a href="/wiki/Pe%C4%8Durka" title="Pečurka">pečurke</a>. Ti organizmi se klasifikuju kao <a href="/wiki/Carstvo_(taksonomija)" title="Carstvo (taksonomija)">carstvo</a>, <i>gljive</i>, koje je zasebno od <a href="/wiki/Biljke" title="Biljke">biljki</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivotinje" title="Životinje">životinja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protist" class="mw-redirect" title="Protist">protista</a>, i <a href="/wiki/Bakterija" title="Bakterija">bakterija</a>. Jedna od glavnih razlika je da gljivični <a href="/wiki/%C4%86elijski_zid" title="Ćelijski zid">ćelijski zidovi</a> sadrže <a href="/wiki/Hitin" title="Hitin">hitin</a>, za razliku od ćelijskih zidova biljki i nekih protista, koji sadrže <a href="/wiki/Celuloza" title="Celuloza">celulozu</a>, i za razliku od ćelijskih zidova bakterija. Ova i niz drugih razlika pokazuju da su gljive zasebna grupa srodnih organizama, koja se naziva <i>Eumycota</i> (<i>prave gljive</i> ili <i>Eumycetes</i>), koji imaju <a href="/wiki/Zajedni%C4%8Dko_poreklo" title="Zajedničko poreklo">zajedničkog pretka</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Monofiletska_evolucija" title="Monofiletska evolucija">monofiletska</a> grupa</i>). Ova gljivična grupa je različita od strukturno sličnih <a href="/wiki/Eumycetozoa" title="Eumycetozoa">miksomiceta</a> (sluzave plesni) i <a href="/wiki/Alga%C5%A1ice" title="Algašice">oomiceta</a> (vodene presni). Grana <a href="/wiki/Biologija" title="Biologija">biologije</a> posvećena izučavanju gljiva je poznata kao <a href="/wiki/Mikologija" title="Mikologija">mikologija</a> (od <a href="/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Grčki jezik">grčkog</a> μύκης, mukēs, sa značenjem „gljiva“). Mikologija se često smatra granom <a href="/wiki/Botanika" title="Botanika">botanike</a>, mada je ona zasebno carstvo u biološkoj <a href="/wiki/Taksonomija" title="Taksonomija">taksonomija</a>. Genetičke studije su pokazale da su gljive srodnije sa životinjama, nego sa biljkama. </p><p>Gljive po broju vrsta spadaju u najrasprostranjenije organizme na <a href="/wiki/Zemlja" title="Zemlja">Zemlji</a>, i predstavljaju posebno carstvo <a href="/wiki/Eukariote" title="Eukariote">eukariota</a>. Zajedničko za gljive i biljke su biljni hormoni, a zajedničko za gljive i životinje su hitinski ćelijski zid, pigment melanin i enzimi prisutni u mitohondrijama. Danas je poznato oko 100.000 vrsta gljiva, a pretpostavlja se da ih ima 15 puta više. Nauka o gljivama — mikologija (od grčkog μύκης - gljiva, λόγος - nauka) — prošla je dug razvojni put. Njenim rodonačelnikom smatra se grčki filozof <a href="/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel">Aristotel</a>, koji je dao prve opise gljiva.<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson1979_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson1979-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Struck2006_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Struck2006-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gljive su rasprostranjene širom sveta, ali je uprkos toga većina njih neupadljiva zbog male veličine njihovih struktura, i njihovog skrivenog životnog stila u zemljištu, na mrtvoj materiji, i u <a href="/wiki/Simbioza" title="Simbioza">simbiozi</a> sa biljkama, životinjama, ili drugim gljivama. One postaju uočljive tokom <a href="/wiki/Karpofor" title="Karpofor">zrenja</a>, bilo kao pečurke ili buđ. Gljive imaju esencijalnu ulogu u dekompoziciji organske materije, kao i fundamentalne uloge u <a href="/wiki/Biogeohemijski_ciklus" class="mw-redirect" title="Biogeohemijski ciklus">prehrambenom ciklusus</a> i razmeni. One su dugo korištene kao direktan izvor hrane, kao što su pečurke i <a href="/wiki/Tartufi" title="Tartufi">tartufi</a>, kao <a href="/wiki/Kvasac" title="Kvasac">kvasac</a> u hlebu, i u <a href="/wiki/Fermentacija_(hrana)" title="Fermentacija (hrana)">fermentaciji</a> raznih prehrambenih produkata, kao što je <a href="/wiki/Vino" title="Vino">vino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pivo" title="Pivo">pivo</a>, i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sos_od_soje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sos od soje (stranica ne postoji)">sos od soje</a>. Od 1940-tih, gljive se koriste za produkciju <a href="/wiki/Antibiotik" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotik">antibiotika</a>. Od nedavno razni <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzimi</a> proizvedeni gljivama nalaze <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">industrijsku</a> primenu i koriste se kao komponenta <a href="/wiki/Proteaza" title="Proteaza">deterdženata</a>. Gljive se takođe koriste kao <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biopesticid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biopesticid (stranica ne postoji)">biološki pesticidi</a> za kontrolu korova, biljnih bolesti i instektnih štetočina. Mnoge vrste proizvode <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biolo%C5%A1ka_aktivnost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biološka aktivnost (stranica ne postoji)">bioaktivna</a> jedinjenja zvana <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikotoksin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikotoksin (stranica ne postoji)">mikotoksini</a>, kao što su <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloidi</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poliketid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poliketid (stranica ne postoji)">poliketidi</a>, koji su toksični za životinje i ljude. Plodonosne strukture nekih vrsta sadrže <a href="/wiki/Psihoaktivni_lek" title="Psihoaktivni lek">psihotropna</a> jedinjenja i konzumiraju se <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rekreativna_upotreba_lekova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rekreativna upotreba lekova (stranica ne postoji)">rekreaciono</a> ili u tradicionalnim <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enteogeni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enteogeni (stranica ne postoji)">duhovnim svečanostima</a>. Gljive mogu da razlažu proivedene materijale i zgrade, i da postanu značajni <a href="/wiki/Patogene_gljivice" title="Patogene gljivice">patogeni</a> za ljude i životinje. Gubitak useva usled gljivičnih bolesti (e.g., <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnaporthe_grisea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnaporthe grisea (stranica ne postoji)">Magnaporthe grisea</a>) ili kvarenje hrane mogu da imaju veliki uticaj na ljudske zalihe hrane i lokalne ekonomije. </p><p>Carstvo gljiva se sastoji od enormno različitih <a href="/wiki/Takson" title="Takson">taksona</a> sa raznolikim ekologijama, strategijama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reproduktivni_cikljus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reproduktivni cikljus (stranica ne postoji)">životnih ciklusa</a>, i <a href="/wiki/Morfologija_(biologija)" title="Morfologija (biologija)">morfologijama</a> u opsegu od jednoćelijskih vodenih <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chytridiomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chytridiomycota (stranica ne postoji)">Chytridiomycota</a></i> do velikh pečurki. Međutim, malo je poznato o istinskoj <a href="/wiki/Bioraznolikost" title="Bioraznolikost">bioraznolikosti</a> carstva gljiva, koje se procenjuje na 1,5 miliona do 5 miliona vrsta, pri čemu je oko 5% njih formalno klasifikovano. Još od pionirskih <a href="/wiki/Taksonomija" title="Taksonomija">taksonomskih</a> radova naučnika <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Hendrik_Persoon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Hendrik Persoon (stranica ne postoji)">Christian Hendrik Persoon</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elias_Magnus_Fries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elias Magnus Fries (stranica ne postoji)">Elias Magnus Fries</a> tokom 18. i 19. veka, gljive su bile <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biolo%C5%A1la_klasifikacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biološla klasifikacija (stranica ne postoji)">klasifikovane</a> na osnovu njihove morfologije (e.g., karakteristika kao što su boja spora ili mikroskopskih svojstava) ili <a href="/wiki/Fiziologija" title="Fiziologija">fiziologije</a>. Napretci u <a href="/wiki/Molekularna_genetika" class="mw-redirect" title="Molekularna genetika">molekularnoj genetici</a> su omogućili inkorporaciju <a href="/wiki/DNK_sekvenciranje" title="DNK sekvenciranje">DNK analize</a> u taksonomiju, koja povremeno dovodi u pitanje istorijska grupisanja bazirana na morfologiji i drugim svojstvima. <a href="/wiki/Filogenetika" class="mw-redirect" title="Filogenetika">Filogenetičke</a> studije objavljene tokom zadnje dekade su pomogle u preobličavanju klasifikacija carstva gljiva, koje se deli u jedno <a href="/wiki/Taksonomski_rang" title="Taksonomski rang">podcarstvo</a>, sedam <a href="/wiki/Koljeno_(taksonomija)" title="Koljeno (taksonomija)">fila</a>, i deset potfila. </p><p>Grupa svih gljiva prisutnih u datoj oblasti ili geografskom regionu je poznata pod nazivom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikobiota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikobiota (stranica ne postoji)">mikobiota</a>, e.g., "mikobiota Irske".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Karakteristike">Karakteristike</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gljiva&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odjeljak Karakteristike" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gljiva&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Karakteristike"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:HYPHAE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/HYPHAE.png/220px-HYPHAE.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/HYPHAE.png/330px-HYPHAE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/HYPHAE.png/440px-HYPHAE.png 2x" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption><b>Ćelije gljivične hife</b><br /> 1- Hifalni zid 2- <a href="/wiki/Septum" class="mw-disambig" title="Septum">Septum</a> 3- <a href="/wiki/Mitohondrija" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitohondrija">Mitohondrija</a> 4- <a href="/wiki/Vakuola" title="Vakuola">Vakuola</a> 5- <a href="/wiki/Ergosterol" title="Ergosterol">Ergosterolni</a> kristal 6- <a href="/wiki/Ribozom" title="Ribozom">Ribozom</a> 7- Nukleus 8- <a href="/wiki/Endoplazmi%C4%8Dni_retikulum" class="mw-redirect" title="Endoplazmični retikulum">Endoplazmični retikulum</a> 9- <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipidno_telo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lipidno telo (stranica ne postoji)">Lipidno telo</a> 10- <a href="/wiki/%C4%86elijska_membrana" title="Ćelijska membrana">Ćelijska membrana</a> 11- <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spitzenk%C3%B6rper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spitzenkörper (stranica ne postoji)">Spitzenkörper</a> 12- <a href="/wiki/Gold%C5%BEjev_aparat" class="mw-redirect" title="Goldžjev aparat">Goldžjev aparat</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pre uvođenja <a href="/wiki/Molekularna_filogenija" title="Molekularna filogenija">molekularnih metoda</a> za filogenetičku analizu, <a href="/wiki/Taksonomija" title="Taksonomija">taksonomisti</a> su smatrali da su gljive član <a href="/wiki/Biljke" title="Biljke">biljnog carstva</a> zbog sličnosti životnih stilova: gljive i bilje su uglavnom nepokretne, i postoje sličnosti u pogledu opšte morfologije i staništa. Poput biljki, gljive obično rastu u zemljištu, i u slučaju <a href="/wiki/Pe%C4%8Durka" title="Pečurka">pečurki</a> formiraju upadljiva <a href="/wiki/Karpofor" title="Karpofor">voćna tela</a>, koja ponekad podsećaju na biljke, kao na primer kod <a href="/wiki/Mahovina" title="Mahovina">mahovine</a>. Gljive se danas smatraju zasebnim carstvom, jasno razdvojenim od biljaka i životinja, od kojih izgleda da su se <a href="/wiki/Geneti%C4%8Dka_divergencija" title="Genetička divergencija">odvojile</a> pre oko jedne milijarde godine.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruns2006_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruns2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baldauf1993_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baldauf1993-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neka morfološka, biohemijska, i genetička svojstva su zajednička sa drugim organizmima, dok su druga jedinstvena za gljive, što ih jasno odvaja od drugih carstava: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zajednička_svojstva"><span id="Zajedni.C4.8Dka_svojstva"></span>Zajednička svojstva</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gljiva&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odjeljak Zajednička svojstva" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gljiva&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Zajednička svojstva"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sa drugim <a href="/wiki/Eukariote" title="Eukariote">eukariotama</a>: Poput drugih eukariota, ćelije gljiva sadrže membranom obavijeno <a href="/wiki/Jezgra_(stanica)" title="Jezgra (stanica)">jedro</a> sa <a href="/wiki/Hromozom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hromozom">hromozomima</a> koji sadrže DNK sa <a href="/wiki/Nekodiraju%C4%87a_DNK" title="Nekodirajuća DNK">nekodirajućim regionima</a> zvanim <a href="/wiki/Intron" title="Intron">introni</a> i kodirajućim regionima zvanim <a href="/wiki/Ekson" title="Ekson">eksoni</a>. Gljive imaju membranom okružene citoplazmične <a href="/wiki/Organela" title="Organela">organele</a>, kao što su <a href="/wiki/Mitohondrija" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitohondrija">mitohondrija</a>, membrane koje sadrže <a href="/wiki/Sterol" title="Sterol">sterol</a>, i <a href="/wiki/Ribozom" title="Ribozom">ribozomi</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=80S&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="80S (stranica ne postoji)">80S</a> tipa.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One imaju karakteristični opseg rastvornih ugljenih hidrata i skadišnih jedinjenja, uključujući <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0e%C4%87erni_alkohol" title="Šećerni alkohol">šećerne alkohole</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Manitol" title="Manitol">manitol</a>), <a href="/wiki/Disaharid" title="Disaharid">disaharide</a>, (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Trehaloza" title="Trehaloza">trehaloza</a>), i <a href="/wiki/Polisaharid" class="mw-redirect" title="Polisaharid">polisaharide</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Glikogen" title="Glikogen">glikogen</a>, koji su isto tako prisutnin kod životinja<sup id="cite_ref-Deacon4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deacon4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).</li> <li>Sa životinjama: Gljivama nedostaju <a href="/wiki/Hloroplast" title="Hloroplast">hloroplasti</a> i one su <a href="/wiki/Heterotrofni_organizmi" title="Heterotrofni organizmi">heterotrofni</a> organizmi i stoga su im neophodne pripremljena <a href="/wiki/Organsko_jedinjenje" title="Organsko jedinjenje">organska jedinjenja</a> kao izvor energije.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sa biljkama: Gljive imaju ćelijski zid<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i <a href="/wiki/Vakuola" title="Vakuola">vakuole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoji2006_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoji2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One mogu da se reprodukuju na seksualni i aseksualni način, i poput bazalnih biljnih grupa (kao što su <a href="/wiki/Paprat" class="mw-redirect" title="Paprat">paprati</a> i <a href="/wiki/Mahovina" title="Mahovina">mahovine</a>) proizvode <a href="/wiki/Spora" class="mw-redirect" title="Spora">spore</a>. Slično mahovini i algama, gljive tipično imaju <a href="/wiki/Haploid" title="Haploid">haploidna</a> jedra.<sup id="cite_ref-Deacon58_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deacon58-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sa <a href="/wiki/Euglenoidne_alge" title="Euglenoidne alge">euglenoidnim algema</a> i bakterijama: Više gljive, euglenoidi, i neke bakterije proizvode <a href="/wiki/Aminokiselina" title="Aminokiselina">aminokiselinu</a> <small>L</small>-lizin sledeći specifični niz <a href="/wiki/Biosinteza" title="Biosinteza">biosintetičkih</a> koraka, zvani <a href="/wiki/Homoizocitrinska_kiselina" title="Homoizocitrinska kiselina">α-aminoadipatni put</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zabriskie2000_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zabriskie2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Xu2006_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xu2006-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ćelije većine gljiva rastu kao cevaste, izdužene, i koncima slične (filamentozne) strukture i nazivaju se <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hifa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hifa (stranica ne postoji)">hife</a>, koje mogu da sadrže višestruka jedra i da budu proširene na vrhovima. Svaki vrh sadrži set agregiranih <a href="/wiki/Vezikula" title="Vezikula">vezikula</a> — ćelijskih struktura koje sadrže <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipid">lipide</a>, i druge organske molekule — zvane <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spitzenk%C3%B6rper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spitzenkörper (stranica ne postoji)">Spitzenkörper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gljive i <a href="/wiki/Alga%C5%A1ice" title="Algašice">oomicete</a> rastu kao filamentozne hifalne ćelije.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U kontrastu s tim, organizmi sličnog izgleda, poput filamentoznih <a href="/wiki/Zelene_alge" title="Zelene alge">zelenih algi</a>, rastu putem ponavljajućih ćelijskih deoba unutar ćelijskog lanca.<sup id="cite_ref-Deacon4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deacon4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Više od 70 vrsta gljiva, kao i neke biljke i životinje, manifestuju fenomen <a href="/wiki/Bioluminiscencija" title="Bioluminiscencija">bioluminiscencije</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Desjardin_2010_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Desjardin_2010-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jedinstvena_svojstva">Jedinstvena svojstva</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gljiva&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odjeljak Jedinstvena svojstva" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gljiva&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Jedinstvena svojstva"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Neke vrste rastu kao jenoćelijski kvasci koji se reprodukuju <a href="/wiki/Okuliranje" title="Okuliranje">pupljenjem</a> ili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Binarna_deoba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Binarna deoba (stranica ne postoji)">binarnom deobom</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimorfne_gljive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimorfne gljive (stranica ne postoji)">Dimorfne gljive</a> mogu da pređu između faze kvasca i faze hifa u responsu na prmene uslova životne sredine.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexopoulos_et_al.,_p._30_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexopoulos_et_al.,_p._30-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gljivični ćelijski zid se sastoji od <a href="/wiki/Glukan" title="Glukan">glukana</a> i <a href="/wiki/Hitin" title="Hitin">hitina</a>. Dok je glukan isto tako prisutan u biljkama, a hitin u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Egzoskelet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egzoskelet (stranica ne postoji)">egzoskeletu</a> <a href="/wiki/Zglavkari" title="Zglavkari">zglavkara</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bowman2006_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowman2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gljive su jedini organizma koji kombinuje ta dva strukturna molekula u svom ćelijskom zidu. Za razliku od ćelijskih zidova biljki i oomiceta, ćelijski zidovi gljiva ne sadrže celulozu.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Omphalotus_nidiformis_Binnamittalong_2_email.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A whitish fan or funnel-shaped mushroom growing at the base of a tree." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Omphalotus_nidiformis_Binnamittalong_2_email.jpg/220px-Omphalotus_nidiformis_Binnamittalong_2_email.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Omphalotus_nidiformis_Binnamittalong_2_email.jpg/330px-Omphalotus_nidiformis_Binnamittalong_2_email.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Omphalotus_nidiformis_Binnamittalong_2_email.jpg/440px-Omphalotus_nidiformis_Binnamittalong_2_email.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omphalotus_nidiformis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omphalotus nidiformis (stranica ne postoji)">Omphalotus nidiformis</a></i>, bioluminescentna pečurka</figcaption></figure> <p>Većina gljiva nema efektivan sistem za transport na daljinu vode i nutrijenata, kao što je <a href="/wiki/Ksilem" title="Ksilem">ksilem</a> i <a href="/wiki/Floem" title="Floem">floem</a> kod mnogih biljaka. Da bi prevazišle ta ograničenja, neke gljive, kao što je <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armillaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armillaria (stranica ne postoji)">Armillaria</a></i>, formiraju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Micelijalno_vlakno_cord&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Micelijalno vlakno cord (stranica ne postoji)">rizomorfe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mikhail2005_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mikhail2005-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> koji podsećaju na korene biljki i izvode slične funkcije. Još jedna karakteristika koja je zajednička sa biljkama je <a href="/wiki/Metaboli%C4%8Dki_putevi" title="Metabolički putevi">biosintetički put</a> za proizvodnju <a href="/wiki/Terpen" title="Terpen">terpena</a> koji koristi <a href="/wiki/Mevalonska_kiselina" title="Mevalonska kiselina">mevalonsku kiselinu</a> i <a href="/wiki/Pirofosfat" title="Pirofosfat">pirofosfat</a> kao <a href="/wiki/Prekursor_(hemija)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prekursor (hemija)">hemijske gradivne blokove</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Keller2005_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keller2005-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Međutim, biljke imaju dodatne terpenske puteve na njihovim hloroplastima, strukturama koje nedostaju gljivama.<sup id="cite_ref-Wu2007_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu2007-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gljive proizvode nekoliko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekundarni_metabolit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekundarni metabolit (stranica ne postoji)">sekundarnih metabolita</a> koji su slični ili identični po strukturi sa biljnim metabolitima.<sup id="cite_ref-Keller2005_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keller2005-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mnogi biljni i gljivični enzimi koji formiraju ta jedinjenja se međusobno razlikuju u <a href="/wiki/Peptidna_sekvenca" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptidna sekvenca">sekvenci</a> i drugim karakteristikama, što ukazuje na različito poreklo i evoluciju tih enzima kod gljiva i biljki.<sup id="cite_ref-Keller2005_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keller2005-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tudzynski2005_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tudzynski2005-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Raznovrsnost">Raznovrsnost</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gljiva&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odjeljak Raznovrsnost" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gljiva&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Raznovrsnost"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Fungus_in_a_Wood.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Fungus_in_a_Wood.JPG/220px-Fungus_in_a_Wood.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Fungus_in_a_Wood.JPG/330px-Fungus_in_a_Wood.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Fungus_in_a_Wood.JPG/440px-Fungus_in_a_Wood.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Gljive na panju</figcaption></figure> <p>Gljive su rasprostranjene širom sveta, i rastu u širokom opsegu staništa, uključujući ekstremna okruženja, kao što su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pustinjsek_gljive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pustinjsek gljive (stranica ne postoji)">pustinje</a> ili oblasti sa visokim koncentracijama soli<sup id="cite_ref-Vaupotic2008_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaupotic2008-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ili <a href="/wiki/Ioniziraju%C4%87e_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Ionizirajuće zračenje">jonizujuće radijacije</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dadachova2007_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dadachova2007-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kao i na sedimentima u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Duboko_more&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duboko more (stranica ne postoji)">dubokom moru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Raghukumar1998_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raghukumar1998-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neke mogu da prežive intenzivnu <a href="/wiki/Ultraljubi%C4%8Dasto_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Ultraljubičasto zračenje">UV</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake" title="Kozmičke zrake">kosmičku radijaciju</a> prisutnu pri svemirskom putovanju.<sup id="cite_ref-Sancho2007_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sancho2007-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Većina raste u kopnenim okruženjima, mada nekoliko vrsta žive delom ili u potpunosti u vodenim staništima, kao što je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chytridiomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chytridiomycota (stranica ne postoji)">Chytridiomycota</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batrachochytrium_dendrobatidis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (stranica ne postoji)">Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Parazit" title="Parazit">parazit</a> koji je odgovoran za pad širom sveta među <a href="/wiki/Vodozemac" class="mw-redirect" title="Vodozemac">vodozemačkim</a> populacijama. Taj organizam provodi deo svog životnog ciklusa kao pokretna <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoospora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoospora (stranica ne postoji)">zoospora</a>, što mu omogućava da se pokreće kroz vodu i da uđe u vodozemnog domaćina.<sup id="cite_ref-Brem2008_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brem2008-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drugi primeri vodenih gljiva su one koje žive u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrotermalna_cirkulacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrotermalna cirkulacija (stranica ne postoji)">hidrotermalnim</a> oblastima okeana.<sup id="cite_ref-LeCalvez2009_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeCalvez2009-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Taksonomija" title="Taksonomija">Taksonomi</a> su formalno opisali oko 100.000 vrsta gljiva,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mada globalna bioraznovrsnost gljivičnog carstva nje u potpunosti izučena.<sup id="cite_ref-Mueller2006_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mueller2006-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Na bazi poređenja odnosa broja vrsta gljiva i biljki u datim okruženjima, procenjuje se da carstvo gljiva sadrži oko 1.5 miliona vrsta.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawksworth2006b_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawksworth2006b-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nedavne (2011) procene sugerišu da verovatno ima preko 5 miliona vrsta.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell2011_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell2011-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U mikologiji, vrste su istorijski razlikovane putem različitih metoda i koncepata. Klasifikacija bazirana na <a href="/wiki/Morfologija_(biologija)" title="Morfologija (biologija)">morfološkim</a> karakteristikama, kao što su veličina i oblik spora ili plodonosnih struktura, je tradicionalno dominirala gljivičnom taksonomijom.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirk_et_al.,_p._489_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirk_et_al.,_p._489-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vrste se isto tako mogu razlikovat po njihovim <a href="/wiki/Biohemija" title="Biohemija">biohemijskim</a> i <a href="/wiki/Fiziologija" title="Fiziologija">fiziološkim</a> karakteristikama, kao što je njihova sposobnost da metabolizuju određene biohemikalije, ili njihovoj reakciji na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemijski_testovi_u_identifikaciji_pe%C4%8Durki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hemijski testovi u identifikaciji pečurki (stranica ne postoji)">hemijske testove</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vrsta" title="Vrsta">Koncept bioloških vrsta</a> razlikuje vrste na osnovu njihove sposobnosti da se pare. Primena <a href="/wiki/Molekularna_biologija" title="Molekularna biologija">molekularnih</a> alata, kao što je <a href="/wiki/DNK_sekvenciranje" title="DNK sekvenciranje">DNK sekvenciranje</a> i filogenetička analiza, u izučavanju raznovrstnosti je znatno unapredila rezoluciju i unela robustnost u procene <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geneti%C4%8Dka_raznovrsnost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetička raznovrsnost (stranica ne postoji)">genetičke raznovrsnosti</a> unutar raznih taksonomskih grupa.<sup id="cite_ref-Hibbett2007_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hibbett2007-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Aa_black_and_white_fungi_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Aa_black_and_white_fungi_2.jpg/220px-Aa_black_and_white_fungi_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Aa_black_and_white_fungi_2.jpg/330px-Aa_black_and_white_fungi_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Aa_black_and_white_fungi_2.jpg/440px-Aa_black_and_white_fungi_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1381" data-file-height="923" /></a><figcaption>Dva tipa jestivih gljiva</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Građa"><span id="Gra.C4.91a"></span>Građa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gljiva&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odjeljak Građa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gljiva&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Građa"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gljive su jednoćelijski ili višećelijski eukariotski organizmi čije somatsko telo može da bude: </p> <ol><li>celularno (kod primitivnih sluzavih gljiva)</li> <li>plazmodijalno (kod složenijih sluzavih gljiva)</li> <li>nemicelijsko (kod kvasaca)</li> <li>micelijsko (kod tzv. pravih gljiva).</li></ol> <p>U prvu vrstu gljiva sa celularnim somatskim telom spadaju primitivne sluzave gljive. To je najprimitivnija organizacija gljiva koja ima široko rasprostranjenje. To su jednoćelijski organizmi sa jedrom i bez ćelijskog zida. Tipična vrsta ovih gljiva su miksamebe. Gljive sa celularnim somatskim telom u svim fazama svog razvoja zadržavaju individualnost ćelija. Za razliku od njih kod složenijih sluzavih gljiva sa plazmodijalnim somatskim telom dolazi do udruživanja ćelija u krupnu, višejedarnu protoplazmatičnu masu u kojoj pojedinačne ćelije gube svoju individualnost, usled nedostatka ćelijskog zida. Ta masa naziva se plazmodijum. Tipičan primer je rod Physamum. Nemicelijsko telo kod kvasaca odlikuju ćelije koja na površini svog tela imaju diferenciran, nežan omotač. Ponekad, procesom somatskog razmnožavanja koje se označava kao pupljenje nastaju relativno kratki nizovi ćelija koje se još nisu odvojile jedne od drugih i takva tvorevina označava se kao prividna micelija („pseudomicelija“). Upravo zbog gljiva sa nemicelijskim somatskim telom dolazi do dizanja testa, tako da ova vrsta gljiva ima široku upotrebu. </p><p>Gljive obuhvataju jednoćelijske i višećelijske organizme, koji se razmnožavaju polno i bespolno, ili isključivo bespolno. Telo višećelijskih gljiva organizovano je u vidu micelija ili pseudomicelija. <b>Micelija (micelijum)</b> je mreža hifa koja poput paukove mreže, prorasta <a href="/wiki/Supstrat" class="mw-disambig" title="Supstrat">supstrat</a> i može se prostirati na više <a href="/wiki/Hektar" title="Hektar">hektara</a> površine (kao kod vrste <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armillaria_ostoyae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armillaria ostoyae (stranica ne postoji)">Armillaria ostoyae</a></i>). Hifa je niz ćelija gljive. Na vrhu hife kod parazitskih oblika nalaze se zaobljeni izdanci zvani haustorije koji prodiru u ćelije, upijaju hranu i njome hrane gljivu. Plodišta razvijaju gljive (makromicete) da bi se bespolno razmnožavale. Svako plodište oslobađa <a href="/wiki/Spora" class="mw-redirect" title="Spora">spore</a>. Jedno plodište livadske pečurke proizvede oko 16 milijardi spora. Klijanjem <a href="/wiki/Spora" class="mw-redirect" title="Spora">spora</a> na odgovarajućoj podlozi nastaje nova micelija. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekologija_gljiva">Ekologija gljiva</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gljiva&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odjeljak Ekologija gljiva" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gljiva&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Ekologija gljiva"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gljive predstavljaju zaseban oblik života na zemlji koji je razvio tri osnovne strategije preživljavanja u prirodi: </p> <ul><li>Gljive <i>simbionti</i> koje žive u zajednici sa mnogim biljnim vrstama i međusobno se ispomažu. Gljive zadržavaju vodu u miceliju, a tu vodu koriste biljke koje pomoću korijenja izvlače mineralne materije neophodne za rast gljiva.</li> <li>Gljive <i>saprobionti</i> (razlagači) bez čijeg djelovanja u prirodi ne bi moglo doći do razlaganja organskih materija biljnog porijekla. Kaže se da, da nema gljiva, šume bi se ugušile u vlastitom otpadu.</li> <li>Gljive <i><a href="/wiki/Parazit" title="Parazit">paraziti</a></i> koje napadaju žive biljke, životinje, ljude i druge gljive. Kroz mrežu tankih hranidbenih niti, gljive upijaju hranu iz žive ili nežive organske materije.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Podjela_gljiva_po_načinu_života"><span id="Podjela_gljiva_po_na.C4.8Dinu_.C5.BEivota"></span>Podjela gljiva po načinu života</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gljiva&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odjeljak Podjela gljiva po načinu života" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gljiva&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Podjela gljiva po načinu života"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gljive predstavljaju poseban oblik života na Zemlji koji je razvio tri osnovne strategije preživljavanja u prirodi. Osnovna im je podjela na: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myxomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myxomycota (stranica ne postoji)">Myxomycota</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sluznja%C4%8De&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sluznjače (stranica ne postoji)">sluznjače</a>), <a href="/wiki/Protisti" title="Protisti">protisti</a> nalik gljivama</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oomycota (stranica ne postoji)">Oomycota</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gljivea_alga%C5%A1ice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gljivea algašice (stranica ne postoji)">gljivea algašice</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alga%C5%A1ice" title="Algašice">algašice</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zygomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zygomycota (stranica ne postoji)">Zygomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gljive_mje%C5%A1inarke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gljive mješinarke (stranica ne postoji)">gljive mješinarke</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mje%C5%A1inarke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mješinarke (stranica ne postoji)">mješinarke</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a> <a href="/wiki/Gljive_stap%C4%8Darke" title="Gljive stapčarke">gljive stapčarke</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stap%C4%8Darke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stapčarke (stranica ne postoji)">stapčarke</a> ili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stap%C4%8Dare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stapčare (stranica ne postoji)">stapčare</a>)</li></ul> <p>Gljive mogu biti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simbionti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simbionti (stranica ne postoji)">simbionti</a> koje žive u zajednici sa mnogim biljnim vrstama i imaju međusobnu korist. Gljive zadržavaju vodu u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Micelij&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Micelij (stranica ne postoji)">miceliju</a>, a tu vodu koriste biljke koje pomoću korijenja izvlače mineralne tvari neophodne za rast gljiva; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saprofiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saprofiti (stranica ne postoji)">saprofiti</a> (razlagači) bez čijeg djelovanja u <a href="/wiki/Priroda" title="Priroda">prirodi</a> ne bi moglo doći do razlaganja organskih tvari biljnog podrijetla. Kaže se da, da nema gljiva, šume bi se ugušile u vlastitom otpadu; i <a href="/wiki/Paraziti" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraziti">paraziti</a> - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dermatofiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dermatofiti (stranica ne postoji)">Dermatofiti</a> - koje napadaju žive <a href="/wiki/Biljke" title="Biljke">biljke</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivotinje" title="Životinje">životinje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ljudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ljudi">ljude</a> i druge gljive. Kroz mrežu tankih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hife&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hife (stranica ne postoji)">hifa</a>, gljive upijaju hranu iz žive ili nežive organske tvari. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Razmnožavanje_gljiva"><span id="Razmno.C5.BEavanje_gljiva"></span>Razmnožavanje gljiva</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gljiva&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odjeljak Razmnožavanje gljiva" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gljiva&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Razmnožavanje gljiva"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gljive se razmnožavaju na različite naspolne i spolne načine. Najjednostavniji oblik razmnožavanja je vegetativno razmnožavanje putem odjeljivanja micelija. Pri nespolnom razmnožavanju, sporama je značajna velika različitost, pa se tako najprimitivniji tipovi, koji žive u vodi, razmnožavaju pomoću zoospora sa cilijama koje nastaju u zoosporangijama. Primitivni tipovi gljiva koji žive na kopnu razmnožavaju se različitim sporama obavijenim membranom. Te spore mogu nastati unutar sporangija (<a href="/wiki/Spora" class="mw-redirect" title="Spora">endospore</a>) ili izvan sporangija (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Konidije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konidije (stranica ne postoji)">konidije</a>). </p><p>Način <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spolno_razmno%C5%BEavanje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spolno razmnožavanje (stranica ne postoji)">spolnog razmnožavanja</a> gljiva je također različit. Kod arhimiceta spolni rasplod nastaje kopulacijom muških i ženskih spolnih stanica, koje nastaju u posebnim spolnim organima gljive. Kod fikomiceta spolne stanice se sastoje samo od jezgre, tako da se oplodnja obavlja uz pomoć oplodnih cjevčica. Kod mješinarki i stapičarki došlo je do potpune redukcije spolnih organa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Galerija">Galerija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gljiva&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odjeljak Galerija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gljiva&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Galerija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Boletus_reticulatus_Kg.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Vrganj"><img alt="Vrganj" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Boletus_reticulatus_Kg.JPG/120px-Boletus_reticulatus_Kg.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Boletus_reticulatus_Kg.JPG/180px-Boletus_reticulatus_Kg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Boletus_reticulatus_Kg.JPG/240px-Boletus_reticulatus_Kg.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2180" data-file-height="1193" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vrganj</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Joevrganji.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Vrganji"><img alt="Vrganji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Joevrganji.JPG/120px-Joevrganji.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Joevrganji.JPG/180px-Joevrganji.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Joevrganji.JPG/240px-Joevrganji.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1819" data-file-height="1258" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vrganji</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:VrganjJoe33.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vrganj"><img alt="Vrganj" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/VrganjJoe33.jpg/94px-VrganjJoe33.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/VrganjJoe33.jpg/140px-VrganjJoe33.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/VrganjJoe33.jpg/187px-VrganjJoe33.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="908" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vrganj</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Cantharellus-cibarius.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lisičarka"><img alt="Lisičarka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Cantharellus-cibarius.jpg/120px-Cantharellus-cibarius.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Cantharellus-cibarius.jpg/180px-Cantharellus-cibarius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Cantharellus-cibarius.jpg/240px-Cantharellus-cibarius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lisičarka</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Pleurotus-cornocopiae_Brestovaca.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brestovača"><img alt="Brestovača" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Pleurotus-cornocopiae_Brestovaca.jpg/99px-Pleurotus-cornocopiae_Brestovaca.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Pleurotus-cornocopiae_Brestovaca.jpg/149px-Pleurotus-cornocopiae_Brestovaca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Pleurotus-cornocopiae_Brestovaca.jpg/198px-Pleurotus-cornocopiae_Brestovaca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="774" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brestovača</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Trud_Fomes_fomentarius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Trud_Fomes_fomentarius.jpg/90px-Trud_Fomes_fomentarius.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Trud_Fomes_fomentarius.jpg/135px-Trud_Fomes_fomentarius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Trud_Fomes_fomentarius.jpg/180px-Trud_Fomes_fomentarius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Gljiva_trud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Gljiva_trud.jpg/120px-Gljiva_trud.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Gljiva_trud.jpg/180px-Gljiva_trud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Gljiva_trud.jpg/240px-Gljiva_trud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Gljiva3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Gljiva3.jpg/120px-Gljiva3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Gljiva3.jpg/180px-Gljiva3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Gljiva3.jpg/240px-Gljiva3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Gljiva2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Gljiva2.jpg/120px-Gljiva2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Gljiva2.jpg/180px-Gljiva2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Gljiva2.jpg/240px-Gljiva2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Gljiva4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Gljiva4.jpg/120px-Gljiva4.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Gljiva4.jpg/180px-Gljiva4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Gljiva4.jpg/240px-Gljiva4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Trud_Fomes_fomentarius2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trud"><img alt="Trud" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Trud_Fomes_fomentarius2.jpg/90px-Trud_Fomes_fomentarius2.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Trud_Fomes_fomentarius2.jpg/135px-Trud_Fomes_fomentarius2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Trud_Fomes_fomentarius2.jpg/180px-Trud_Fomes_fomentarius2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trud_(biljka)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trud (biljka) (stranica ne postoji)">Trud</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Meripilus_giganteus_orijaski_zbunac.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Orijaški žbunac"><img alt="Orijaški žbunac" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Meripilus_giganteus_orijaski_zbunac.jpg/120px-Meripilus_giganteus_orijaski_zbunac.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Meripilus_giganteus_orijaski_zbunac.jpg/180px-Meripilus_giganteus_orijaski_zbunac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Meripilus_giganteus_orijaski_zbunac.jpg/240px-Meripilus_giganteus_orijaski_zbunac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orija%C5%A1ki_%C5%BEbunac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orijaški žbunac (stranica ne postoji)">Orijaški žbunac</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gljiva&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odjeljak Reference" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gljiva&action=edit&section=10" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Reference"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41556849">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Simpson1979-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Simpson1979_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Simpson DP. (1979). <i>Cassell's Latin Dictionary</i> (5 izd.). London, UK: Cassell Ltd. str. 883. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-304-52257-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-304-52257-0">0-304-52257-0</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cassell%27s+Latin+Dictionary&rft.aulast=Simpson+DP.&rft.au=Simpson+DP.&rft.date=1979&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B883&rft.edition=5&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cassell+Ltd&rft.isbn=0-304-52257-0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gljiva"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Struck2006-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Struck2006_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">According to one 2001 estimate, some 10,000 fungal diseases are known. <span class="citation book">Struck C. (2006). „Infection strategies of plant parasitic fungi”. u: Cooke BM, Jones DG, Kaye B. <i>The Epidemiology of Plant Diseases</i>. Berlin, Germany: Springer. str. 117. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/1-4020-4580-8" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/1-4020-4580-8">1-4020-4580-8</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Infection+strategies+of+plant+parasitic+fungi&rft.atitle=The+Epidemiology+of+Plant+Diseases&rft.aulast=Struck+C.&rft.au=Struck+C.&rft.date=2006&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B117&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Springer&rft.isbn=1-4020-4580-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gljiva"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Mycobiota">„LIAS Glossary”</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 14 August 2013</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=LIAS+Glossary&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglossary.lias.net%2Fwiki%2FMycobiota&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gljiva"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruns2006-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bruns2006_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Bruns T. (2006). „Evolutionary biology: a kingdom revised”. <i>Nature</i> <b>443</b> (7113): 758–761. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.443..758B">2006Natur.443..758B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F443758a">10.1038/443758a</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17051197">17051197</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+biology%3A+a+kingdom+revised&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Bruns+T.&rft.au=Bruns+T.&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=443&rft.issue=7113&rft.pages=758%E2%80%93761&rft_id=info:bibcode/2006Natur.443..758B&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F443758a&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info:pmid/17051197&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gljiva"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baldauf1993-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Baldauf1993_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Baldauf SL, Palmer JD. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC48023/">„Animals and fungi are each other's closest relatives: congruent evidence from multiple proteins”</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A.</i> <b>90</b> (24): 11558–11562. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.90.24.11558">10.1073/pnas.90.24.11558</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC48023">48023</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8265589">8265589</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Animals+and+fungi+are+each+other%27s+closest+relatives%3A+congruent+evidence+from+multiple+proteins&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+U.S.A.&rft.aulast=Baldauf+SL%2C+Palmer+JD.&rft.au=Baldauf+SL%2C+Palmer+JD.&rft.date=1993&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=11558%E2%80%9311562&rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.90.24.11558&rft_id=info:pmc/48023&rft_id=info:pmid/8265589&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC48023%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gljiva"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Deacon, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deacon4-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Deacon4_7-0">7,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Deacon4_7-1">7,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Deacon, pp. 128–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexopoulos <i>et al</i>., pp. 28–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexopoulos <i>et al</i>., pp. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shoji2006-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Shoji2006_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Shoji JY, Arioka M, Kitamoto K. (2006). „Possible involvement of pleiomorphic vacuolar networks in nutrient recycling in filamentous fungi”. <i>Autophagy</i> <b>2</b> (3): 226–227. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4161%2Fauto.2695">10.4161/auto.2695</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16874107">16874107</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Possible+involvement+of+pleiomorphic+vacuolar+networks+in+nutrient+recycling+in+filamentous+fungi&rft.jtitle=Autophagy&rft.aulast=Shoji+JY%2C+Arioka+M%2C+Kitamoto+K.&rft.au=Shoji+JY%2C+Arioka+M%2C+Kitamoto+K.&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=226%E2%80%93227&rft_id=info:doi/10.4161%2Fauto.2695&rft_id=info:pmid/16874107&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gljiva"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deacon58-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Deacon58_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Deacon, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zabriskie2000-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Zabriskie2000_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Zabriskie TM, Jackson MD. (2000). „Lysine biosynthesis and metabolism in fungi”. <i>Natural Product Reports</i> <b>17</b> (1): 85–97. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1039%2Fa801345d">10.1039/a801345d</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10714900">10714900</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lysine+biosynthesis+and+metabolism+in+fungi&rft.jtitle=Natural+Product+Reports&rft.aulast=Zabriskie+TM%2C+Jackson+MD.&rft.au=Zabriskie+TM%2C+Jackson+MD.&rft.date=2000&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85%E2%80%9397&rft_id=info:doi/10.1039%2Fa801345d&rft_id=info:pmid/10714900&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gljiva"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xu2006-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Xu2006_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Xu H, Andi B, Qian J, West AH, Cook PF. (2006). „The α-aminoadipate pathway for lysine biosynthesis in fungi”. <i>Cellular Biochemistry and Biophysics</i> <b>46</b> (1): 43–64. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1385%2FCBB%3A46%3A1%3A43">10.1385/CBB:46:1:43</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16943623">16943623</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+%CE%B1-aminoadipate+pathway+for+lysine+biosynthesis+in+fungi&rft.jtitle=Cellular+Biochemistry+and+Biophysics&rft.aulast=Xu+H%2C+Andi+B%2C+Qian+J%2C+West+AH%2C+Cook+PF.&rft.au=Xu+H%2C+Andi+B%2C+Qian+J%2C+West+AH%2C+Cook+PF.&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43%E2%80%9364&rft_id=info:doi/10.1385%2FCBB%3A46%3A1%3A43&rft_id=info:pmid/16943623&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gljiva"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexopoulos <i>et al</i>., pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexopoulos <i>et al</i>., p. 685.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Desjardin_2010-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Desjardin_2010_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Desjardin DE, Perry BA, Lodge DJ, Stevani CV, Nagasawa E. (2010). „Luminescent <i>Mycena</i>: new and noteworthy species”. <i>Mycologia</i> <b>102</b> (2): 459–477. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3852%2F09-197">10.3852/09-197</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20361513">20361513</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Luminescent+%27%27Mycena%27%27%3A+new+and+noteworthy+species&rft.jtitle=Mycologia&rft.aulast=Desjardin+DE%2C+Perry+BA%2C+Lodge+DJ%2C+Stevani+CV%2C+Nagasawa+E.&rft.au=Desjardin+DE%2C+Perry+BA%2C+Lodge+DJ%2C+Stevani+CV%2C+Nagasawa+E.&rft.date=2010&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=459%E2%80%93477&rft_id=info:doi/10.3852%2F09-197&rft_id=info:pmid/20361513&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gljiva"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexopoulos_et_al.,_p._30-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Alexopoulos_et_al.,_p._30_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexopoulos <i>et al</i>., p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexopoulos <i>et al</i>., pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowman2006-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bowman2006_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Bowman SM, Free SJ. (2006). „The structure and synthesis of the fungal cell wall”. <i>BioEssays</i> <b>28</b> (8): 799–808. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fbies.20441">10.1002/bies.20441</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16927300">16927300</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+structure+and+synthesis+of+the+fungal+cell+wall&rft.jtitle=BioEssays&rft.aulast=Bowman+SM%2C+Free+SJ.&rft.au=Bowman+SM%2C+Free+SJ.&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=799%E2%80%93808&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fbies.20441&rft_id=info:pmid/16927300&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gljiva"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexopoulos <i>et al</i>., p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mikhail2005-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Mikhail2005_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Mihail JD, Bruhn JN. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_mycological-research_2005-11_109_11/page/1195">„Foraging behaviour of <i>Armillaria</i> rhizomorph systems”</a>. <i>Mycological Research</i> <b>109</b> (11): 1195–1207. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0953756205003606">10.1017/S0953756205003606</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16279413">16279413</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Foraging+behaviour+of+%27%27Armillaria%27%27+rhizomorph+systems&rft.jtitle=Mycological+Research&rft.aulast=Mihail+JD%2C+Bruhn+JN.&rft.au=Mihail+JD%2C+Bruhn+JN.&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1195%E2%80%931207&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FS0953756205003606&rft_id=info:pmid/16279413&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_mycological-research_2005-11_109_11%2Fpage%2F1195&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gljiva"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keller2005-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Keller2005_22-0">22,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Keller2005_22-1">22,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Keller2005_22-2">22,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Keller NP, Turner G, Bennett JW. (2005). „Fungal secondary metabolism–from biochemistry to genomics”. <i>Nature Reviews Microbiology</i> <b>3</b> (12): 937–947. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrmicro1286">10.1038/nrmicro1286</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16322742">16322742</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fungal+secondary+metabolism%E2%80%93from+biochemistry+to+genomics&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Microbiology&rft.aulast=Keller+NP%2C+Turner+G%2C+Bennett+JW.&rft.au=Keller+NP%2C+Turner+G%2C+Bennett+JW.&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=937%E2%80%93947&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnrmicro1286&rft_id=info:pmid/16322742&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gljiva"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wu2007-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Wu2007_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Wu S, Schalk M, Clark A, Miles RB, Coates R, Chappell J. (2007). „Redirection of cytosolic or plastidic isoprenoid precursors elevates terpene production in plants”. <i>Nature Biotechnology</i> <b>24</b> (11): 1441–1447. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnbt1251">10.1038/nbt1251</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17057703">17057703</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Redirection+of+cytosolic+or+plastidic+isoprenoid+precursors+elevates+terpene+production+in+plants&rft.jtitle=Nature+Biotechnology&rft.aulast=Wu+S%2C+Schalk+M%2C+Clark+A%2C+Miles+RB%2C+Coates+R%2C+Chappell+J.&rft.au=Wu+S%2C+Schalk+M%2C+Clark+A%2C+Miles+RB%2C+Coates+R%2C+Chappell+J.&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1441%E2%80%931447&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnbt1251&rft_id=info:pmid/17057703&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gljiva"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tudzynski2005-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Tudzynski2005_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Tudzynski B. (2005). „Gibberellin biosynthesis in fungi: genes, enzymes, evolution, and impact on biotechnology”. <i>Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology</i> <b>66</b> (6): 597–611. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00253-004-1805-1">10.1007/s00253-004-1805-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15578178">15578178</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gibberellin+biosynthesis+in+fungi%3A+genes%2C+enzymes%2C+evolution%2C+and+impact+on+biotechnology&rft.jtitle=Applied+Microbiology+and+Biotechnology&rft.aulast=Tudzynski+B.&rft.au=Tudzynski+B.&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=597%E2%80%93611&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs00253-004-1805-1&rft_id=info:pmid/15578178&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gljiva"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vaupotic2008-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Vaupotic2008_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Vaupotic T, Veranic P, Jenoe P, Plemenitas A. (2008). „Mitochondrial mediation of environmental osmolytes discrimination during osmoadaptation in the extremely halotolerant black yeast <i>Hortaea werneckii</i>”. <i>Fungal Genetics and Biology</i> <b>45</b> (6): 994–1007. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fgb.2008.01.006">10.1016/j.fgb.2008.01.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18343697">18343697</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+mediation+of+environmental+osmolytes+discrimination+during+osmoadaptation+in+the+extremely+halotolerant+black+yeast+%27%27Hortaea+werneckii%27%27&rft.jtitle=Fungal+Genetics+and+Biology&rft.aulast=Vaupotic+T%2C+Veranic+P%2C+Jenoe+P%2C+Plemenitas+A.&rft.au=Vaupotic+T%2C+Veranic+P%2C+Jenoe+P%2C+Plemenitas+A.&rft.date=2008&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=994%E2%80%931007&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.fgb.2008.01.006&rft_id=info:pmid/18343697&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gljiva"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dadachova2007-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Dadachova2007_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Dadachova E, Bryan RA, Huang X, Moadel T, Schweitzer AD, Aisen P, Nosanchuk JD, Casadevall A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1866175/">„Ionizing radiation changes the electronic properties of melanin and enhances the growth of melanized fungi”</a>. <i>PLoS ONE</i> <b>2</b> (5): e457. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PLoSO...2..457D">2007PLoSO...2..457D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0000457">10.1371/journal.pone.0000457</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1866175">1866175</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17520016">17520016</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ionizing+radiation+changes+the+electronic+properties+of+melanin+and+enhances+the+growth+of+melanized+fungi&rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&rft.aulast=Dadachova+E%2C+Bryan+RA%2C+Huang+X%2C+Moadel+T%2C+Schweitzer+AD%2C+Aisen+P%2C+Nosanchuk+JD%2C+Casadevall+A.&rft.au=Dadachova+E%2C+Bryan+RA%2C+Huang+X%2C+Moadel+T%2C+Schweitzer+AD%2C+Aisen+P%2C+Nosanchuk+JD%2C+Casadevall+A.&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e457&rft_id=info:bibcode/2007PLoSO...2..457D&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0000457&rft_id=info:pmc/1866175&rft_id=info:pmid/17520016&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1866175%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gljiva"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raghukumar1998-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Raghukumar1998_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Raghukumar C, Raghukumar S. (1998). „Barotolerance of fungi isolated from deep-sea sediments of the Indian Ocean”. <i>Aquatic Microbial Ecology</i> <b>15</b> (2): 153–163. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3354%2Fame015153">10.3354/ame015153</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Barotolerance+of+fungi+isolated+from+deep-sea+sediments+of+the+Indian+Ocean&rft.jtitle=Aquatic+Microbial+Ecology&rft.aulast=Raghukumar+C%2C+Raghukumar+S.&rft.au=Raghukumar+C%2C+Raghukumar+S.&rft.date=1998&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=153%E2%80%93163&rft_id=info:doi/10.3354%2Fame015153&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gljiva"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sancho2007-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sancho2007_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Sancho LG, de la Torre R, Horneck G, Ascaso C, de Los Rios A, Pintado A, Wierzchos J, Schuster M. (2007). „Lichens survive in space: results from the 2005 LICHENS experiment”. <i>Astrobiology</i> <b>7</b> (3): 443–454. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AsBio...7..443S">2007AsBio...7..443S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1089%2Fast.2006.0046">10.1089/ast.2006.0046</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17630840">17630840</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lichens+survive+in+space%3A+results+from+the+2005+LICHENS+experiment&rft.jtitle=Astrobiology&rft.aulast=Sancho+LG%2C+de+la+Torre+R%2C+Horneck+G%2C+Ascaso+C%2C+de+Los+Rios+A%2C+Pintado+A%2C+Wierzchos+J%2C+Schuster+M.&rft.au=Sancho+LG%2C+de+la+Torre+R%2C+Horneck+G%2C+Ascaso+C%2C+de+Los+Rios+A%2C+Pintado+A%2C+Wierzchos+J%2C+Schuster+M.&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=443%E2%80%93454&rft_id=info:bibcode/2007AsBio...7..443S&rft_id=info:doi/10.1089%2Fast.2006.0046&rft_id=info:pmid/17630840&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gljiva"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brem2008-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Brem2008_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Brem FM, Lips KR. (2008). „<i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i> infection patterns among Panamanian amphibian species, habitats and elevations during epizootic and enzootic stages”. <i>Diseases of Aquatic Organisms</i> <b>81</b> (3): 189–202. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3354%2Fdao01960">10.3354/dao01960</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18998584">18998584</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27%27Batrachochytrium+dendrobatidis%27%27+infection+patterns+among+Panamanian+amphibian+species%2C+habitats+and+elevations+during+epizootic+and+enzootic+stages&rft.jtitle=Diseases+of+Aquatic+Organisms&rft.aulast=Brem+FM%2C+Lips+KR.&rft.au=Brem+FM%2C+Lips+KR.&rft.date=2008&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=189%E2%80%93202&rft_id=info:doi/10.3354%2Fdao01960&rft_id=info:pmid/18998584&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gljiva"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeCalvez2009-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-LeCalvez2009_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Le Calvez T, Burgaud G, Mahé S, Barbier G, Vandenkoornhuyse P. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_applied-and-environmental-microbiology_2009-10_75_20/page/6415">„Fungal diversity in deep sea hydrothermal ecosystems”</a>. <i>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</i> <b>75</b> (20): 6415–6421. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FAEM.00653-09">10.1128/AEM.00653-09</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2765129">2765129</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19633124">19633124</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fungal+diversity+in+deep+sea+hydrothermal+ecosystems&rft.jtitle=Applied+and+Environmental+Microbiology&rft.aulast=Le+Calvez+T%2C+Burgaud+G%2C+Mah%C3%A9+S%2C+Barbier+G%2C+Vandenkoornhuyse+P.&rft.au=Le+Calvez+T%2C+Burgaud+G%2C+Mah%C3%A9+S%2C+Barbier+G%2C+Vandenkoornhuyse+P.&rft.date=2009&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=6415%E2%80%936421&rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FAEM.00653-09&rft_id=info:pmc/2765129&rft_id=info:pmid/19633124&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_applied-and-environmental-microbiology_2009-10_75_20%2Fpage%2F6415&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gljiva"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">This estimation is determined by combining the species count for each phyla, based on values obtained from the 10th edition of the <i>Dictionary of the Fungi</i> (Kirk <i>et al</i>., 2008): Ascomycota, 64163 species (p. 55); Basidiomycota, 31515 (p. 78); Blastocladiomycota, 179 (p. 94); Chytridiomycota, 706 (p. 142); Glomeromycota, 169 (p. 287); Microsporidia, >1300 (p. 427); Neocallimastigomycota, 20 (p. 463).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mueller2006-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Mueller2006_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Mueller GM, Schmit JP. (2006). „Fungal biodiversity: what do we know? What can we predict?”. <i>Biodiversity and Conservation</i> <b>16</b>: 1–5. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10531-006-9117-7">10.1007/s10531-006-9117-7</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fungal+biodiversity%3A+what+do+we+know%3F+What+can+we+predict%3F&rft.jtitle=Biodiversity+and+Conservation&rft.aulast=Mueller+GM%2C+Schmit+JP.&rft.au=Mueller+GM%2C+Schmit+JP.&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=1%E2%80%935&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs10531-006-9117-7&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gljiva"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawksworth2006b-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hawksworth2006b_33-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Hawksworth DL. (2006). „The fungal dimension of biodiversity: magnitude, significance, and conservation”. <i>Mycological Research</i> <b>95</b> (6): 641–655. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0953-7562%2809%2980810-1">10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80810-1</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+fungal+dimension+of+biodiversity%3A+magnitude%2C+significance%2C+and+conservation&rft.jtitle=Mycological+Research&rft.aulast=Hawksworth+DL.&rft.au=Hawksworth+DL.&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=641%E2%80%93655&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0953-7562%2809%2980810-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gljiva"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blackwell2011-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell2011_34-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Blackwell M. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151030003301/http://www.amjbot.org/content/98/3/426.full.pdf+html">„The Fungi: 1, 2, 3 ... 5.1 million species?”</a> (PDF). <i>American Journal of Botany</i> <b>98</b> (3): 426–438. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.1000298">10.3732/ajb.1000298</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21613136">21613136</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amjbot.org/content/98/3/426.full.pdf+html">originala</a> na datum 2015-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 2015-07-11</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Fungi%3A+1%2C+2%2C+3+...+5.1+million+species%3F&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Botany&rft.aulast=Blackwell+M.&rft.au=Blackwell+M.&rft.date=2011&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=426%E2%80%93438&rft_id=info:doi/10.3732%2Fajb.1000298&rft_id=info:pmid/21613136&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20151030003301%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.amjbot.org%2Fcontent%2F98%2F3%2F426.full.pdf%2Bhtml&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gljiva"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirk_et_al.,_p._489-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kirk_et_al.,_p._489_35-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirk <i>et al</i>., p. 489.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbett2007-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbett2007_36-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Hibbett DS, Binder M, Bischoff JF, Blackwell M, Cannon PF, Eriksson OE, <i>et al</i>. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326135053/http://www.clarku.edu/faculty/dhibbett/AFTOL/documents/AFTOL%20class%20mss%2023,%2024/AFTOL%20CLASS%20MS%20resub.pdf">„A higher level phylogenetic classification of the <i>Fungi</i>”</a> (PDF). <i>Mycological Research</i> <b>111</b> (5): 509–547. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mycres.2007.03.004">10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17572334">17572334</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clarku.edu/faculty/dhibbett/AFTOL/documents/AFTOL%20class%20mss%2023,%2024/AFTOL%20CLASS%20MS%20resub.pdf">originala</a> na datum 2009-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 2015-07-11</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+higher+level+phylogenetic+classification+of+the+%27%27Fungi%27%27&rft.jtitle=Mycological+Research&rft.aulast=Hibbett+DS%2C+Binder+M%2C+Bischoff+JF%2C+Blackwell+M%2C+Cannon+PF%2C+Eriksson+OE%2C+%27%27et+al%27%27.&rft.au=Hibbett+DS%2C+Binder+M%2C+Bischoff+JF%2C+Blackwell+M%2C+Cannon+PF%2C+Eriksson+OE%2C+%27%27et+al%27%27.&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=509%E2%80%93547&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.mycres.2007.03.004&rft_id=info:pmid/17572334&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20090326135053%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarku.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fdhibbett%2FAFTOL%2Fdocuments%2FAFTOL%2520class%2520mss%252023%2C%252024%2FAFTOL%2520CLASS%2520MS%2520resub.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gljiva"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatura">Literatura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gljiva&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odjeljak Literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gljiva&action=edit&section=11" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Literatura"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41379810">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="column-count: 2;"> <ul><li><span class="citation book">Ainsworth GC. (1976). <i>Introduction to the History of Mycology</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-521-11295-8" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-521-11295-8">0-521-11295-8</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+History+of+Mycology&rft.aulast=Ainsworth+GC.&rft.au=Ainsworth+GC.&rft.date=1976&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-521-11295-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gljiva"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductorymyco0000alex_q5x1"><i>Introductory Mycology</i></a>. John Wiley and Sons. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-471-52229-5" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-471-52229-5">0-471-52229-5</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introductory+Mycology&rft.aulast=Alexopoulos+CJ%2C+Mims+CW%2C+Blackwell+M.&rft.au=Alexopoulos+CJ%2C+Mims+CW%2C+Blackwell+M.&rft.date=1996&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.isbn=0-471-52229-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductorymyco0000alex_q5x1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gljiva"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Chandler PJ. (2010). <i>A Dipterist's Handbook (2nd Edition)</i>. The Amateur Entomologists' Society. str. 1–525.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dipterist%27s+Handbook+%282nd+Edition%29&rft.aulast=Chandler+PJ.&rft.au=Chandler+PJ.&rft.date=2010&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B1%E2%80%93525&rft.pub=The+Amateur+Entomologists%27+Society&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gljiva"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Deacon J. (2005). <i>Fungal Biology</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/1-4051-3066-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/1-4051-3066-0">1-4051-3066-0</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fungal+Biology&rft.aulast=Deacon+J.&rft.au=Deacon+J.&rft.date=2005&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.isbn=1-4051-3066-0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gljiva"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Hall IR. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ediblepoisonousm0000unse"><i>Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of the World</i></a>. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-88192-586-1" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-88192-586-1">0-88192-586-1</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edible+and+Poisonous+Mushrooms+of+the+World&rft.aulast=Hall+IR.&rft.au=Hall+IR.&rft.date=2003&rft.place=Portland%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Timber+Press&rft.isbn=0-88192-586-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fediblepoisonousm0000unse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gljiva"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Hanson JR. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistryoffungi0000hans"><i>The Chemistry of Fungi</i></a>. Royal Society Of Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-85404-136-2" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-85404-136-2">0-85404-136-2</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+of+Fungi&rft.aulast=Hanson+JR.&rft.au=Hanson+JR.&rft.date=2008&rft.pub=Royal+Society+Of+Chemistry&rft.isbn=0-85404-136-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchemistryoffungi0000hans&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gljiva"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Jennings DH, Lysek G. (1996). <i>Fungal Biology: Understanding the Fungal Lifestyle</i>. Guildford, UK: Bios Scientific Publishers Ltd. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-1-85996-150-6" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-1-85996-150-6">978-1-85996-150-6</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fungal+Biology%3A+Understanding+the+Fungal+Lifestyle&rft.aulast=Jennings+DH%2C+Lysek+G.&rft.au=Jennings+DH%2C+Lysek+G.&rft.date=1996&rft.place=Guildford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Bios+Scientific+Publishers+Ltd&rft.isbn=978-1-85996-150-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gljiva"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ainsworthbisbysd0000unse_r4s9"><i>Dictionary of the Fungi. 10th ed</i></a>. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-85199-826-7" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-85199-826-7">0-85199-826-7</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Fungi.+10th+ed&rft.aulast=Kirk+PM%2C+Cannon+PF%2C+Minter+DW%2C+Stalpers+JA.&rft.au=Kirk+PM%2C+Cannon+PF%2C+Minter+DW%2C+Stalpers+JA.&rft.date=2008&rft.place=Wallingford%2C+UK&rft.pub=CAB+International&rft.isbn=0-85199-826-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fainsworthbisbysd0000unse_r4s9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gljiva"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Taylor EL, Taylor TN. (1993). <i>The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants</i>. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-13-651589-4" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-13-651589-4">0-13-651589-4</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biology+and+Evolution+of+Fossil+Plants&rft.aulast=Taylor+EL%2C+Taylor+TN.&rft.au=Taylor+EL%2C+Taylor+TN.&rft.date=1993&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.isbn=0-13-651589-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Gljiva"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li>H.O. Schwantes: Biologie der Pilze. Ulmer, Stuttgart 1996, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/3-8252-1871-6" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/3-8252-1871-6">3-8252-1871-6</a>.</li> <li>Georg Schön: Pilze – Lebewesen zwischen Pflanze und Tier. Verlag C.H. Beck, München 2005, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-3-406-50860-8" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-3-406-50860-8">978-3-406-50860-8</a>.</li> <li>H. Dörfelt (Hrsg.): Lexikon der Mykologie. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, New York 1989, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/3-437-20413-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/3-437-20413-0">3-437-20413-0</a>.</li> <li>H. Dörfelt, H. Heklau: Die Geschichte der Mykologie. Einhorn-Verlag, Schwäbisch Gmünd 1998, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/3-927654-44-2" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/3-927654-44-2">3-927654-44-2</a>.</li> <li>E. Müller, W. Loeffler: Mykologie, Grundriss für Naturwissenschaftler und Mediziner. 5. Auflage. Thieme, Stuttgart, New York 1992, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/3-13-436805-6" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/3-13-436805-6">3-13-436805-6</a>.</li> <li>P.M. Kirk (Hrsg.): Ainsworth and Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi. 9. Auflage. Wallingford, Utrecht 2001, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-85199-377-X" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-85199-377-X">0-85199-377-X</a>. (engl.)</li> <li>G.Witzany (Hrsg.): Biocommunication of Fungi. 1. Auflage. Dortrecht 2012, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-94-007-4263-5" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-94-007-4263-5">978-94-007-4263-5</a>. (engl.)</li> <li>R. Flammer, E. Horak: Pilzvergiftungen. Schwabe Verlag, Basel 2003, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/3-7965-2008-1" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/3-7965-2008-1">3-7965-2008-1</a>.</li> <li>H. Hof: Candida, Aspergillus und Co: Pathogene Pilze. In: Pharmazie in unserer Zeit. 32, 2003, ISSN 0048-3664, S. 96–103.</li> <li>E. Horak, M. Moser: Röhrlinge und Blätterpilze in Europa. Elsevier Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, München, Heidelberg 2005, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/3-8274-1478-4" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/3-8274-1478-4">3-8274-1478-4</a>.</li> <li>J.-M. Polese, H. Chaumeton: Pocket Guide Pilze. Könemann Tandem Verlag, Köln 2005, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/3-8331-1314-6" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/3-8331-1314-6">3-8331-1314-6</a>.</li> <li>M. Flück: Welcher Pilz ist das? Erkennen, Sammeln, Verwenden. Kosmos Naturführer, Stuttgart 2002, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/3-440-08042-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/3-440-08042-0">3-440-08042-0</a>.</li> <li>Ewald Gerhardt: Der große BLV Pilzführer für unterwegs. 5. Auflage, BLV München 2010 <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-3-8354-0644-5" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-3-8354-0644-5">978-3-8354-0644-5</a></li> <li>Rudolf Winkler: 2000 Pilze einfach bestimmen, Buch und CD (→ www.pilze.ch), AT Verlag, Aarau, Schweiz, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/3-85502-531-2" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/3-85502-531-2">3-85502-531-2</a></li> <li>August Steier.: Pilze. In: Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (RE). Band XX,2, Stuttgart 1950, Sp. 1372–1386.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spoljašnje_veze"><span id="Spolja.C5.A1nje_veze"></span>Spoljašnje veze</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gljiva&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Uredi odjeljak Spoljašnje veze" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gljiva&action=edit&section=12" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Spoljašnje veze"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="infobox sisterproject" style="width: 300px"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fungi" title="commons:Category:Fungi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 20px;"><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fungi" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fungi">Gljiva</a></b></i> na <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Glavna_stranica_-_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="commons:Glavna stranica - Главна страница">Wikimedijinoj ostavi</a> </div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mykoweb.com/">MykoWeb: pečurke, gljive, mikologija</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.namyco.org/">Udruženje mikologa Sjeverne Amerike</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shroomery.org/">„The Shroomery“</a> Detaljni podaci o magičnim pečurkama uključujući metode prepoznavanja, gajenja, spre, psihodelične slike, izvještaje sa putovanja</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mushroomcouncil.org/">Vijeće za pečurke (SAD)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erowid.org/plants/mushrooms/mushrooms_info12.shtml">Lista filocibina</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bluewillowpages.com/mushroomexpert/">Podaci o pečurkama</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070124021211/http://www.bluewillowpages.com/mushroomexpert/">Arhivirano</a> 2007-01-24 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mushworld.com/">MushWorld</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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