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id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Forside" title="Gå til hovedsiden [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Forside</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Tilfeldig" title="Vis en tilfeldig side [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Tilfeldig side</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hjelp:Portal" title="Stedet for å få hjelp"><span>Hjelp</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Siste_endringer" title="Liste over siste endringer på wikien. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Siste endringer</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-prosjekt" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-prosjekt" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Prosjekt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Prosjektportal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal"><span>Prosjektportal</span></a></li><li id="n-bidra" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bidra_til_Wikipedia"><span>Hvordan bidra?</span></a></li><li id="n-tinget" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tinget"><span>Tinget</span></a></li><li id="n-torget" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Torget"><span>Torget</span></a></li><li id="n-konkurranser" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Konkurranser"><span>Konkurranser</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Wikipedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Wikipedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-kontakt" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kontakt"><span>Kontakt Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-wmno" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.no" rel="nofollow" title="Medlemsorganisasjon for wikipedianere"><span>Wikimedia Norge</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Forside" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-no.svg" width="121" height="14" style="width: 7.5625em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" 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aria-label="Søk i Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Søk i Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spesial:Søk"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Søk</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personlig"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Endre skriftstørrelse, bredde og farge på siden." > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Utseende" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Utseende</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_no.wikipedia.org&uselang=nb" class=""><span>Doner</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Opprett_konto&returnto=Menandros" title="Du oppfordres til å opprette en konto og logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk" class=""><span>Opprett konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Logg_inn&returnto=Menandros" title="Du oppfordres til å logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Logg inn</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out user-links-collapsible-item" title="Flere alternativer" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personlig" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personlig</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Brukermeny" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_no.wikipedia.org&uselang=nb"><span>Doner</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Opprett_konto&returnto=Menandros" title="Du oppfordres til å opprette en konto og logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Opprett konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Logg_inn&returnto=Menandros" title="Du oppfordres til å logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logg inn</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Nettsted"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innhold" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Til toppen)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Liv_og_virke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liv_og_virke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Liv og virke</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liv_og_virke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gjenfunnet_på_1900-tallet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gjenfunnet_på_1900-tallet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Gjenfunnet på 1900-tallet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gjenfunnet_på_1900-tallet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Stil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Komedier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Komedier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Komedier</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Komedier-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Komedier</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Komedier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Delvis_bevarte_skrifter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delvis_bevarte_skrifter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Delvis bevarte skrifter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delvis_bevarte_skrifter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fragmenterte_skrifter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fragmenterte_skrifter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Fragmenterte skrifter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fragmenterte_skrifter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Menandros</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 68 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menander" title="Menander – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Menander" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menander_(dramatiker)" title="Menander (dramatiker) – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Menander (dramatiker)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandros" title="Menandros – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Menandros" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="ميناندر – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميناندر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandru_d%27Atenes" title="Menandru d'Atenes – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Menandru d'Atenes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandr" title="Menandr – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Menandr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80" title="Менандр – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Менандр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80" title="Мэнандр – belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэнандр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Менандър – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Менандър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandar" title="Menandar – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Menandar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandros" title="Menandros – bretonsk" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Menandros" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandre" title="Menandre – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Menandre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82_%C3%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%C3%A7%D0%B8)" title="Менантăр (камит çыравçи) – tsjuvasjisk" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Менантăр (камит çыравçи)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tsjuvasjisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandros" title="Menandros – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Menandros" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menander" title="Menander – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Menander" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandros" title="Menandros – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Menandros" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Μένανδρος – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μένανδρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menander" title="Menander – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Menander" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandro" title="Menandro – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Menandro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandro" title="Menandro – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Menandro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandro" title="Menandro – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Menandro" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="مناندر – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مناندر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9nandre" title="Ménandre – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ménandre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandro_(comedi%C3%B3grafo)" title="Menandro (comediógrafo) – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Menandro (comediógrafo)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EB%82%9C%EB%93%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="메난드로스 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="메난드로스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Մենանդրոս – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մենանդրոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandar" title="Menandar – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Menandar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandros" title="Menandros – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Menandros" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandros" title="Menandros – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Menandros" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandro" title="Menandro – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Menandro" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandro" title="Menandro – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Menandro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1" title="מנאנדרוס – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנאנדרוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="anbefalt artikkel-merke"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menander" title="Menander – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Menander" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94" title="მენანდრე – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მენანდრე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80" title="Комедиограф Менандр – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Комедиограф Менандр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menander" title="Menander – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Menander" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandrs" title="Menandrs – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Menandrs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandras" title="Menandras – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Menandras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandro" title="Menandro – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Menandro" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandrosz_(kom%C3%A9diak%C3%B6lt%C5%91)" title="Menandrosz (komédiaköltő) – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Menandrosz (komédiaköltő)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Менандар – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Менандар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9nandre" title="Ménandre – gassisk" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ménandre" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="gassisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC" title="മെനേൻഡെർ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മെനേൻഡെർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="ميناندر – egyptisk arabisk" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ميناندر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menander_(toneelschrijver)" title="Menander (toneelschrijver) – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Menander (toneelschrijver)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%83%8A%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9_(%E4%BD%9C%E5%AE%B6)" title="メナンドロス (作家) – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メナンドロス (作家)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandre" title="Menandre – oksitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Menandre" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandr" title="Menandr – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Menandr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="anbefalt artikkel-merke"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menander" title="Menander – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Menander" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandro" title="Menandro – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Menandro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandru" title="Menandru – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Menandru" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80" title="Менандр – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Менандр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandros" title="Menandros – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Menandros" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menander" title="Menander – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Menander" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandros_(dramatik)" title="Menandros (dramatik) – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Menandros (dramatik)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menander" title="Menander – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Menander" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84)" title="Менандар (комедиограф) – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Менандар (комедиограф)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandar" title="Menandar – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Menandar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandros" title="Menandros – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Menandros" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80" title="Менандр – tatarisk" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Менандр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandros" title="Menandros – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Menandros" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80" title="Менандр – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Менандр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menander" title="Menander – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Menander" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menandros" title="Menandros – sørestisk" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Menandros" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="sørestisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menander_(dramaturgo)" title="Menander (dramaturgo) – waray-waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Menander (dramaturgo)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray-waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%8D%97%E5%BE%B7" title="米南德 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="米南德" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%8D%97%E5%BE%B7" title="米南德 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="米南德" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%8D%97%E5%BE%B7" title="米南德 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="米南德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q118992#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger lenker</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Menandros" title="Vis innholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskusjon:Menandros" rel="discussion" title="Diskusjon om innholdssiden [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskusjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Bytt språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">norsk bokmål</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visninger"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Menandros"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menandros&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menandros&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menandros&action=history" title="Tidligere sideversjoner av denne siden [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verktøy" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Verktøy</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktøy</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Flere alternativer" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handlinger </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Menandros"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menandros&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menandros&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menandros&action=history"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generelt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Lenker_hit/Menandros" title="Liste over alle wikisider som lenker hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Lenker hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Relaterte_endringer/Menandros" rel="nofollow" title="Siste endringer i sider som blir lenket fra denne siden [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterte endringer</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=no" title="Last opp filer [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Last opp fil</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Spesialsider" title="Liste over alle spesialsider [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesialsider</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menandros&oldid=24741485" title="Permanent lenke til denne versjonen av siden"><span>Permanent lenke</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menandros&action=info" title="Mer informasjon om denne siden"><span>Sideinformasjon</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Siteringshjelp&page=Menandros&id=24741485&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasjon om hvordan denne siden kan siteres"><span>Siter denne siden</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMenandros"><span>Hent forkortet URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMenandros"><span>Last ned QR-kode</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skriv ut / eksporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Menandros&action=show-download-screen"><span>Last ned som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menandros&printable=yes" title="Utskriftsvennlig versjon av denne siden [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvennlig versjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andre prosjekter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Menander" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q118992" title="Lenke til koblet dataregisterelement [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-element</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skjul</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nb" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24461009">.mw-parser-output .wb-edithandle{display:none;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .wd-editable-show .wb-edithandle{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .wd-editable-hide .wb-edithandle{display:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks{float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:3px;margin:0.5em 0em 1em 1em;background-color:#f9f9f9;vertical-align:top;text-align:left;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.overskrift th{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;font-size:larger;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.bilde td{background-color:#fff;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks th{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;text-align:center;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks td{background-color:#efefef;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;margin:4px;padding:3px}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.custom td{background:none;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad th{text-align:left;font-weight:bold;border:none;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad td{text-align:left;font-weight:normal;border:none;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad td.center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad td.headercenter{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;border:none;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.hode th{padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.bilde td{text-align:center;font-weight:normal;border:none;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.overskrift td{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;background-color:#eee;border:none;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.geografi tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.biografi tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.transport tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bygning tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.infrastruktur tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bred tr.overskrift td{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.ekstrabred tr.overskrift td{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bordered tr.rad th{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bordered tr.rad td{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24461009"><table class="infobox infoboks biografi fastbredde"><tbody><tr class="hode overskrift"><th colspan="4">Menandros<div style="font-size:65%">Μένανδρος</div></th></tr> <tr class="bilde" valign="top"><td colspan="4" class="sentrert"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Menander_Chiaramonti_Inv1453.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Menander_Chiaramonti_Inv1453.jpg/180px-Menander_Chiaramonti_Inv1453.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Menander_Chiaramonti_Inv1453.jpg/270px-Menander_Chiaramonti_Inv1453.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Menander_Chiaramonti_Inv1453.jpg/360px-Menander_Chiaramonti_Inv1453.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2730" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="thumbcaption">Byste av Menandros, <br />Romersk marmorkopi fra keisertiden etter gresk original<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23957101">.mw-parser-output .byline{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .byline .hidden{display:none}</style><div class="byline"></div></div></td></tr> <tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><span class="edit-props-marker edit-props-P1477 edit-props-P569 edit-props-P19">Født</span></th><td colspan="2">ca. 342 f.Kr.<br />Kifisia, <a href="/wiki/Athen" title="Athen">Athen</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><span class="edit-props-marker edit-props-P570 edit-props-P20 edit-props-P509">Død</span></th><td colspan="2">ca. 291 f.Kr. (ca. 50 år)<br />Freattyda</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Beskjeftigelse</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Forfatter" title="Forfatter">Forfatter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dramatiker" title="Dramatiker">dramatiker</a> og <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poet</a>)</td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Utdannet ved</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Peripatos" title="Peripatos">Peripatos</a></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Partner(e)</th><td colspan="2">Glykera (hetære)</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Foreldre</th><td colspan="2">Diopeithes (far)</td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Far</th><td colspan="2">Diopeithes</td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Mor</th><td colspan="2">Igisistráti</td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Nasjonalitet</th><td colspan="2"><span class="flagg"><span><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hellas" title="Hellas"><img alt="Hellas’ flagg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/22px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/33px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/44px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span></span> Greker</td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Utmerkelser</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lenaia" title="Lenaia">Lenaia</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><td colspan="4"><hr /><div class="sentrert"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Menander" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Menander">Menandros på Commons</a></div></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Menandros</b> (<a href="/wiki/Gresk" title="Gresk">gresk</a>: Μένανδρος; <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latin</a>: <b>Menander</b>; født ca. 342, død 291 f.Kr.) var en <a href="/wiki/Antikkens_Hellas" title="Antikkens Hellas">gresk</a> <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">dramatiker</a> og den mest kjente representanten for «den nye komedie» i <a href="/wiki/Athen" title="Athen">Athen</a>. Han var sønn av velstående foreldre; hans far Diopeithes identifiseres av noen forskere som <a href="/wiki/General" title="General">general</a> fra Athen og <a href="/wiki/Guvern%C3%B8r" title="Guvernør">guvernør</a> av <a href="/wiki/Chersonesus_(Pontus_Euxinus)" title="Chersonesus (Pontus Euxinus)">Chersonesos</a> i det nåværende <a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina">Ukraina</a>, kjent fra en tale av <a href="/wiki/Statsmann" title="Statsmann">statsmannen</a> <a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a>. Menandros skrev sine komedier etter at den athenske kulturen var overvunnet av og underkastet <a href="/wiki/Kongeriket_Makedonia" title="Kongeriket Makedonia">Makedonia</a>. Forfatterne vendte seg fra politisk <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a> og søkte tryggere, mer private emner i det som kalles «den nye komedie» (se <a href="/wiki/Antikkens_greske_komedie" title="Antikkens greske komedie">antikkens greske komedie</a>). Menandros’ komedier gikk i retning av <a href="/wiki/Karakterkomedie" title="Karakterkomedie">karakterkomedie</a>, kanskje en tidlig forløper for <i><a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" class="mw-redirect" title="Commedia dell'arte">commedia dell'arte</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> men lite er bevart. Hans suksess var begrenset; han skrev 108 komedier, men vant førstepremie ved Lenaia-festen bare åtte ganger.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det er ukjent om han noen gang vant ved Dionysia-festen,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og det meste av hans produksjon er tapt. Hans rolleskikkelser snakket samtidens <a href="/wiki/Dialekt" title="Dialekt">dialekter</a> og var ikke som tidligere opptatt av fortidens <a href="/wiki/Myte" title="Myte">myter</a>, men dagliglivets affærer i Athen.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Menandro1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Menandro1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="242" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="242" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Freske" class="mw-redirect" title="Freske">Freske</a> av Menandros i <i>Casa di Menandro</i> i <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liv_og_virke">Liv og virke</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menandros&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Liv og virke" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menandros&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Liv og virke"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Menandros var en venn og muligens elev av den lærde <a href="/wiki/Theofrastos" title="Theofrastos">Theofrastos</a>, og var nært tilknyttet <a href="/wiki/Athen" title="Athen">Athens</a> diktator <a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Falereus" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrios Falereus">Demetrios Falereus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han nøt også beskyttelse fra <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaios_I_av_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaios I av Egypt">kong Ptolemaios Soter</a> av <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, som inviterte ham til sitt <a href="/wiki/Hoff" title="Hoff">hoff</a>, men Menandros foretrakk uavhengigheten i sin <a href="/wiki/Villa" title="Villa">villa</a> i <a href="/wiki/Pireus" title="Pireus">Pireus</a> og selskapet til sin <a href="/wiki/Frille" title="Frille">frille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Het%C3%A6re" title="Hetære">hetæren</a> <a href="/wiki/Glykera_(het%C3%A6re)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glykera (hetære)">Glykera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ifølge et notat fra en kommentar til <i>Ibis</i> av <a href="/wiki/Publius_Ovidius_Naso" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Ovidius Naso">Ovid</a>, druknet han mens han badet,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og hans landsmenn æret ham med en <a href="/wiki/Gravstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravstein">gravstein</a> på veien til Athen hvor den ble sett av geografen <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geograf)" title="Pausanias (geograf)">Pausanias</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tallrike <a href="/wiki/Byste" title="Byste">byster</a> som hevdes å forstille ham, er bevart til vår tid, inkludert en velkjent statue i <a href="/wiki/Vatikanet" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatikanet">Vatikanet</a> som man tidligere trodde forestilte den romerske generalen <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius" title="Gaius Marius">Gaius Marius</a>. </p><p>Menandros forfattet mer enn hundre komedier, og tok førstepremien ved <a href="/wiki/Lenaia" title="Lenaia">Lenaia</a>-festivalen åtte ganger.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det er ukjent hvor mange seire han fikk ved Den store Dionysiaen. Hans rival innenfor dramatikk (og muligens også når det gjaldt Glykeras hengivenhet) var komedieforfatteren <a href="/wiki/Filemon_fra_Sicilia" title="Filemon fra Sicilia">Filemon</a> som synes å ha vært mer populær enn Menandros i samtiden. Menandros selv mente at han var en langt bedre dramatiker, og ifølge <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Aulus Gellius</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hadde han spurt Filemon: «Føler du ikke skam hver gang du seirer over meg?» </p><p>Ifølge den greske retorikeren Kaikilios<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> var Menandros skyldig i <a href="/wiki/Plagiat" title="Plagiat">plagiat</a>, idet hans <i>Overtroiske menn</i> var et tyvlån fra <i>Augureren</i> av komediedikteren Antiphanes (408-334 f.Kr.) som - sammen med Menandros' egen farbror Alexis - ble regnet som datidens betydeligste komedieskribent.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Omarbeidelser og variasjoner av et tema var vanlig i <a href="/wiki/Antikken" title="Antikken">antikken</a>, så anklagen var ikke meningsfull. Menandros ble med tiden en av antikkens meste leste forfattere. Det er uvisst hvor lenge fullstendige kopier av hans stykker ble bevart, men 23 av dem, med kommentarer av <a href="/wiki/Mikael_Psellos" title="Mikael Psellos">Mikael Psellos</a>, var fortsatt tilgjengelige i <a href="/wiki/Konstantinopel" title="Konstantinopel">Konstantinopel</a> på <a href="/wiki/1000-tallet" class="mw-redirect" title="1000-tallet">1000-tallet</a>. Han lovprises av <a href="/wiki/Plutark" title="Plutark">Plutark</a> i <i>Sammenligninger av Menandros og Aristophanes</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Fabius_Quintilianus" title="Marcus Fabius Quintilianus">Quintilian</a> i <i>Institutio Oratoria</i>, som aksepterte tradisjonen om at han hadde skrevet taler utgitt under navnet til den attiske retoriker Flavius Sosipater Charisius.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Homer_Menander_Massimo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Homer_Menander_Massimo.jpg/250px-Homer_Menander_Massimo.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Homer_Menander_Massimo.jpg/375px-Homer_Menander_Massimo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Homer_Menander_Massimo.jpg/500px-Homer_Menander_Massimo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Dobbelthode av <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> og Menandros. Romersk kopi av gresk original.</figcaption></figure> <p>Quintilian anbefalte Menanders skuespill til alle vordende talere, fordi han hadde «<i>en rikdom av påfunn og talemåter, er en mester i enhver situasjon, karakteristikk og følelse.</i>» <a href="/wiki/Plutark" title="Plutark">Plutark</a> lovpriste ham i <i>Moralia</i>: «<i>Hvilken annen grunn, bortsett fra Menander, har en dannet mann for å gå på teatret?</i>» Aristofanes av <a href="/wiki/Bysants" title="Bysants">Bysants</a>, hoved<a href="/wiki/Bibliotekar" title="Bibliotekar">bibliotekaren</a> i <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, mente at Menanders arbeider bare stod tilbake for <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>: «<i>O Menander! O liv! Hvem av dere etterligner den andre?</i>» <a href="/wiki/Julius_C%C3%A6sar" title="Julius Cæsar">Julius Cæsar</a> avfeide den romerske komediedikteren <a href="/wiki/Terentius" class="mw-redirect" title="Terentius">Terentius</a> som «en halv Menander».<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Som en beundrer og etterligner av <a href="/wiki/Evripides" title="Evripides">Evripides</a> minner Menandros om ham når det gjelder skildringer av dagliglivet, <a href="/wiki/Analyse" title="Analyse">analyser</a> av følelser, og gleden over moralske <a href="/wiki/Maksime" title="Maksime">maksimer</a> som iblant ble <a href="/wiki/Ordspr%C3%A5k" title="Ordspråk">ordspråk</a>: «<a href="/wiki/Ekteskap" title="Ekteskap">Ekteskap</a> er sant å si et onde, men et nødvendig onde.» «Har du venner, betrakt deg da som rik.» «Rett ord fordriver kval og leger sjelens sår.» «Vi lever ikke som vi ønsker, men som vi kan.» «De som gudene elsker, dør unge.» </p><p>Menandros' tapte komedie <i>Thais</i> - hovedpersonen er <a href="/wiki/Het%C3%A6re" title="Hetære">hetæren</a> knyttet til <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaios_I_av_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaios I av Egypt">kong Ptolemaios</a> og kanskje til og med Aleksander den store, var opplagt kjent i <a href="/wiki/Roma" title="Roma">Roma</a> og nevnes flere steder i dikt. Også <a href="/wiki/Apostelen_Paulus" title="Apostelen Paulus">apostelen Paulus</a> siterte fra <i>Thais</i> i sitt <i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8rste_korinterbrev" class="mw-redirect" title="Første korinterbrev">første korinterbrev</a></i> med ordene: «<i>La dere ikke føre vill! «Dårlig selskap ødelegger gode vaner.</i>»»<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disse maksimer ble senere samlet og med tillegg fra andre kilder, utgitt som Menandros’ <i>Et-vers maksimer</i>, en form for moralske tekstbøker til bruk i skolen. </p><p>Påvirkning og inspirasjon har nok Menandros tidlig hentet fra sin produktive farbror, for Alexis skal ha etterlatt seg 245 verker; men det eneste som er bevart, er <a href="/wiki/Fyndord" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyndord">fyndord</a> som «<i>Hvordan kan det ha seg at <a href="/wiki/Kokeb%C3%B8ker" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokebøker">kokebøker</a> selger bedre enn Homer?</i>»<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og «Den eneste kur for kjærlighetens sykdom er <a href="/wiki/Prostituert" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostituert">prostituerte</a>».<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexis ser ut til å ha hatt stor innvirkning på hvordan «den nye komedien» utviklet seg, både i fremstilling og valg av rollefigurer, og det handlingsforløpet som særskilt forbindes med Menandros.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexis hadde moret seg med å skildre en fiktiv statue av <a href="/wiki/Politiker" title="Politiker">politikeren</a> Kallimedon stående på Athens <a href="/wiki/Torg" title="Torg">torg</a> med en kreps i hånden, som fiskehandlernes høye beskytter.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menandros tok opp tråden i den enkeltstående talen fra <i>Drukkenskapen</i>, som også var et angrep på Kallimedon, og framført med grovheter slik <a href="/wiki/Aristofanes" title="Aristofanes">Aristofanes</a> brukte det. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90_850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90_850.jpg/250px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90_850.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="412" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90_850.jpg/375px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90_850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90_850.jpg/500px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90_850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1526" data-file-height="2514" /></a><figcaption>En annen byste av Menandros, i dag oppbevart av <a href="/wiki/Eremitasjen" title="Eremitasjen">Eremitasjen</a> i <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>, Russland.</figcaption></figure> <p>Menandros fikk mange romerske etterlignere. <i>Eunuchus</i> («Evnukken»), <i>Andria</i> («Piken fra <a href="/wiki/Andros" title="Andros">Andros</a>»), <i>Heauton Timorumenos</i> («Selvplageren») og <i>Adelphi</i> («Brødrene») av <a href="/wiki/Terents" title="Terents">Terentius</a> (kalt «dimidiatus Menander» av <a href="/wiki/Julius_C%C3%A6sar" title="Julius Cæsar">Julius Cæsar</a>) var uforbeholdent tatt fra Menandros, men en del av dem synes å være tilpasninger og kombinasjoner av mer ett skuespill. Således var <i>Andria</i> en kombinasjon av Menandros' <i>Piken fra Andros</i> og <i>Kvinnen fra Perinthos</i>; i <i>Evnukken</i> og <i>Smigreren</i> mens <i>Adelphi</i> var satt sammen delvis fra Menandros og delvis fra Difilius. Originalen til Terentius' <i>Hecyra</i> (som med <i>Phormio</i>) er også antatt å være, ikke av Menandros, men av Apollodoros fra Karystos. <i>Bacchides</i> og <i>Stichus</i> av <a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a> var antagelig basert på Menandros <i>Dobbelt bedrageri</i> og <i>Philadelphoi</i>, <i>Broderlige menn</i>, men <i>Poenulus</i> synes ikke å være fra <i>Kartageren</i>, heller ikke <i>Mostellaria</i> fra <i>Gjenferdet</i>, til tross for likhet i titlene. Caecilius Statius, Luscius Lavinius, Turpilius og Atilius imiterte også Menandros. Han ble ytterligere kreditert med forfatterskapet til en del <a href="/wiki/Epigram" title="Epigram">epigrammer</a> av tvilsom ekthet. Brevene til kong Ptolemaios og <a href="/wiki/Avhandling" title="Avhandling">avhandlingene</a> i <a href="/wiki/Prosa" title="Prosa">prosa</a> om ulike emner nevnt av <a href="/wiki/Encyklopedi" title="Encyklopedi">encyklopedien</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> er neppe ekte. </p><p>Mot slutten av 1800-tallet var det eneste som var kjent av Menandros, fragmenter sitert av andre forfattere og samlet av Augustus Meineke (1855) og Theodor Kock, <i>Comicorum Atticorum Fragmenta</i> (1888). Disse besto av rundt 1.650 vers eller deler av vers, i tillegg til et betydelig antall utsagn av Menandros, gjengitt av <a href="/wiki/Oldtiden" title="Oldtiden">oldtidens</a> leksikografiske forfattere. </p><p>Lite er kjent om <a href="/wiki/Retorikk" title="Retorikk">retorikeren</a> Alciphron, men han levde trolig på <a href="/wiki/Lukian" title="Lukian">Lukians</a> tid og forfattet en rekke fiktive brev mellom Menandros og <a href="/wiki/Glykera_(het%C3%A6re)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glykera (hetære)">Glykera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gjenfunnet_på_1900-tallet"><span id="Gjenfunnet_p.C3.A5_1900-tallet"></span>Gjenfunnet på 1900-tallet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menandros&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Gjenfunnet på 1900-tallet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menandros&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Gjenfunnet på 1900-tallet"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Situasjonen endret seg brått i <a href="/wiki/1907" title="1907">1907</a> da <i><a href="/wiki/Kairo" title="Kairo">Kairo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kodeks" title="Kodeks">kodeksen</a></i> ble oppdaget. Denne inneholdt betydelige deler av <i>Samia</i>; <i>Perikeiromene</i>; <i>Epitrepontes</i>; en seksjon av <i>Heltene</i>, og enda et fragment av et til nå uidentifisert skuespill. Et fragment på 115 linjer av <i>Sikyonioi</i> ble funnet som <a href="/wiki/Pappmasj%C3%A9" title="Pappmasjé">pappmasjé</a> rundt en <a href="/wiki/Mumie" title="Mumie">mumie</a> i <a href="/wiki/1906" title="1906">1906</a>. </p><p>I <a href="/wiki/1958" title="1958">1958</a> ble det utgitt et skuespill av Menander, funnet nesten komplett på en <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> (<i>Bodmer Codex</i>) fra <a href="/wiki/200-tallet" class="mw-redirect" title="200-tallet">200-tallet</a> e.Kr. Før denne tiden var han bare kjent av omtale og noen få fragmenter. Komedien <i>Dyskolos</i> (oversatt som «<a href="/wiki/Misantropi" title="Misantropi">Misantropen</a>» eller «Grinebiteren») var Menanders debut og satt opp under Dionysia i 317 f.Kr. Han vant førsteprisen med stykket, der handlingen utspilles blant velstående mennesker utenfor Athen med utgangspunkt i en ung manns forelskelse. Pikens far er den grinebiteren tittelen bærer bud om. De unge får hverandre, og grinebiteren angrer på sin motstand.<sup id="cite_ref-Haarberg52_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haarberg52-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menander skapte en type komedie sentrert rundt skikkelser som kan ha virket realistiske på hans tid, og plasserte dem i svært spesielle og latterlige situasjoner.<sup id="cite_ref-markdamen_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-markdamen-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stykket ble satt opp av <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> 30. oktober <a href="/wiki/1959" title="1959">1959</a> og vakte nærmest <a href="/wiki/Skandale" title="Skandale">skandale</a>. Selv om det var et ungdomsverk, var anmelderne enige om at dette var «tynt og forutsigbart». Bedre ble det ikke da flere verker ble oversatt. Ett av Menanders favoritt-<i>plots</i> gikk etter mønsteret «<i>Oppsan, jeg kom visst til å <a href="/wiki/Voldtekt" title="Voldtekt">voldta</a> noen i går kveld</i>». Deretter oppdager voldtektsmannen og offeret at de er hverandres store kjærlighet, og inngår <a href="/wiki/Ekteskap" title="Ekteskap">ekteskap</a>. Menander hadde hatt ry for å skrive «virkelighetstro» stykker, mens de i realiteten var helt utroverdige - avsløringer av hvem folk virkelig var, og <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a> som så vidt ble unngått. På Menanders tid var det greske samfunnet herjet etter <a href="/wiki/Borgerkrig" title="Borgerkrig">borgerkrig</a> og Aleksander den stores kriger, og det fantes trolig uvanlig mange foreldreløse; men det kan ikke ha vært noen vanlig erfaring at bortkomne foreldreløse viste seg å ha vokst opp hos sine biologiske foreldre, uten at noen av partene dro kjensel på hverandre. Menander som litteraturhistorien hadde regnet som et tapt <a href="/wiki/Geni" title="Geni">geni</a>, avslørte seg som en pinlig middelmådighet da verkene hans ble gjenfunnet.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I <a href="/wiki/1959" title="1959">1959</a> ble <i><a href="/wiki/Bodmer_papyri" title="Bodmer papyri">Bodmer papyri</a></i> utgitt. Den inneholdt <i>Dyskolos</i> («Grinebiteren», utgitt i engelsk <a href="/wiki/Oversettelse" title="Oversettelse">oversettelse</a> i 1958), mer av <i>Samia</i>, og halvparten av <i>Aspis</i>. På slutten av <a href="/wiki/1960-tallet" class="mw-redirect" title="1960-tallet">1960-tallet</a> ble mer av <i>Sikyonioi</i> funnet som fyllmasse i ytterligere to mumier; disse viste seg å være fra samme manuskript som ble oppdaget i 1906 og som opplagt hadde blitt gjennomgående resirkulert.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Det blir stadig oppdaget og utgitt nye papyrusfragmenter. I <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a> ble et pergamenthåndskrift fra <a href="/wiki/800-tallet" class="mw-redirect" title="800-tallet">800-tallet</a> funnet som inneholdt deler av <i>Dyskolos</i> og deler av enda et stykke av Menandros som ennå ikke er blitt identifisert.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stil">Stil</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menandros&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Stil" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menandros&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Stil"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En av de hyppigste fornærmelser som Menandros benyttet i sine stykker, er <i>skatophagos</i> (σκατοφάγος), bokstavelig «dritt-eter». Dette har blitt <a href="/wiki/Sensur" title="Sensur">sensurert</a> av en del engelske oversettere som åpenbart mente det var for grovt.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samme ordet er også funnet i tidligere stykker av <a href="/wiki/Aristofanes" title="Aristofanes">Aristofanes</a>, og hos <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais">François Rabelais</a> (som en hyllest til grekerne), på fransk gjengitt som <i>mâche-merde</i> («dritt-gnasker»).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Komedier">Komedier</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menandros&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Komedier" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menandros&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Komedier"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delvis_bevarte_skrifter">Delvis bevarte skrifter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menandros&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Delvis bevarte skrifter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menandros&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Delvis bevarte skrifter"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:P.Oxy._II_211.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/P.Oxy._II_211.jpg/250px-P.Oxy._II_211.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/P.Oxy._II_211.jpg/375px-P.Oxy._II_211.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/P.Oxy._II_211.jpg/500px-P.Oxy._II_211.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1393" /></a><figcaption>Papyrusfragment av <i>Perikeiromene</i> 976–1008 (<i>Papyrus <a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus" title="Oxyrhynchus">Oxyrhynchus</a> 211</i>), 100- eller 200-tallet e.Kr.).</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i>Aspis</i> (<i>Skjoldet</i>), halvparten bevart</li> <li><i>Dyskolos</i> (<i>Grinebiteren</i>), bevart i sin helhet</li> <li><i>Epitrepontes</i> (<i>Menn fra Arbitration</i>), det meste bevart</li> <li><i>Perikeiromene</i> (<i>Den edsvorne</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Sikyonios</i> (<i>Mannen fra Sikyon</i>), omtrent halvparten</li> <li><i>Samia</i> (<i>Piken fra Samos</i>), fire av fem seksjoner bevart</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fragmenterte_skrifter">Fragmenterte skrifter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menandros&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Fragmenterte skrifter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menandros&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Fragmenterte skrifter"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Dis Exapaton</i> (<i>Dobbelt bedrageri</i>)</li> <li><i>Encheiridion</i> (<i>Håndboken</i>)</li> <li><i>Georgos</i> (<i>Bonden</i>)</li> <li><i>Heros</i> (<i>Helten</i>)</li> <li><i>Hypobolimaios</i> (<i>Byttingen</i>)</li> <li><i>Karchedonios</i> (<i>Kartageren</i>)</li> <li><i>Kitharistes</i> (<i>Harpespilleren</i>)</li> <li><i>Kolax</i> (<i>Smigreren</i>)</li> <li><i>Koneiazomenai</i> (<i>Berusede kvinner</i>)</li> <li><i>Méthe</i> (<i>Drukkenskap</i>)</li> <li><i>Misumenos</i> (<i>Mannen hun hatet</i>)</li> <li><i>Naukleros</i> (<i>Skipskapteinen</i>)</li> <li><i>Orgé</i> (<i>Vreden</i>), Menandros’ første litterære seier, år 316 f. Kr.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phasma" title="Phasma">Phasma</a></i> (<i>Gjenferdet</i>)</li> <li><i>Perinthia</i> (<i>Piken fra Perinthos</i>)</li> <li><i>Plókion</i> (<i>Halsbåndet</i>)</li> <li><i>Pseudherakles</i> (<i>Den falske Herkules</i>)</li> <li><i>Synaristosai</i> (<i>Lunchselskapet</i>)</li> <li><i>Theophoroumene</i> (<i>Besatt av onde ånder</i> eller <i>Den forgiftede kvinnen</i>)</li> <li><i>Trophonios</i> (<i>Helten <a href="/wiki/Trofonios" title="Trofonios">Trofonios</a></i>)</li></ul> <p><small>Merk at de norske titlene er oversettelser, og refererer ikke til norske utgivelser</small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menandros&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menandros&action=edit&section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Nygaard, Jon (1992): <i>Teatrets historie i Europa. Del 1: Teatret før 1750</i>. Det offisielle og det uoffisielle teatret Spillerom, s. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Menander-Greek-dramatist">«Menander», <i>Britannica</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.no/books/about/Menander_the_Principal_Fragments.html?id=UJUxiKRwcgUC&hl=en&output=html_text&redir_esc=y">«Menander, the principal fragments», <i>Google books</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imagi-nation.com/moonstruck/clsc14.htm">Menander</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Phaedrus: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mythfolklore.net/aesopica/phaedrus/51.htm"><i>Fables</i>, 5.1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Alkifron: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elfinspell.com/Alciphron2.html#79"><i>Letters</i>, 2.3-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Skolia" title="Skolia">Skolia</a> på <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/translate/poets.html#menander5">Ibis.591</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Pausanias: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+1.2"><i>Beskrivelse av Hellas</i>, 1.2.2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Apollodorus: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/translate/chronicles.html#244.43"><i>Chronicle</i>, fr.43</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Gellius: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/translate/chronicles.html#244.43">Noctes Attica, 17.4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Filosofen Porfyr i <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_av_C%C3%A6sarea" title="Eusebius av Cæsarea">Eusebius</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/pearse/morefathers/files/eusebius_pe_10_book10.htm"><i>Praeparatio evangelica</i> Bok 10, kapittel 3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Antiphanes">«Antiphanes», <i>1911 EB</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Plutark: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Aristophanes_and_Menander*.html"><i>Moralia</i>, 853-854</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Quintilian: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/10A*.html#1.69"><i>Institutio Oratoria</i>, 10.1.69</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Stuart Kelly: <i>The book of lost books</i> (s. 55-59)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bibel.no/nettbibelen/les/nb-2024/1CO/1CO.15"><i>Første korinterbrev</i> 15:33, <i>nettbibelen.no</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">et problem som fortsatt er aktuelt</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Short History of Comedy</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/translate/poets.html#menander1">«Prolegomena De Comoedia»</a>, 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.no/books?id=8JKsYD9nWGYC&redir_esc=y">Fragmentene etter komedieforfatteren Alexis</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2017/2017.06.26/"><i>Aigyptiazein: frammenti della commedia attica antica</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Suda, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin/search.pl?db=REAL&search_method=QUERY&login=guest&enlogin=guest&user_list=LIST&page_num=1&field=adlerhw_gr&searchstr=mu%2C589">M.589</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924120946/http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin/search.pl?db=REAL&search_method=QUERY&login=guest&enlogin=guest&user_list=LIST&page_num=1&field=adlerhw_gr&searchstr=mu%2C589">Arkivert</a> 24. september 2015 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Alciphron">«Alciphron», <i>1911 EB</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/495">Alciphron: <i>Kurtisanenes brev</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haarberg52-24"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haarberg52_24-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Haarberg, Jon; Selboe, Tone; og Aarset, Hans Erik (2007): <i>Verdenslitteraturen. Den vestlige tradisjonen</i>, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, s. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-markdamen-25"><b><a href="#cite_ref-markdamen_25-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Damen, Mark: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usu.edu/markdamen/clasdram/chapters/102reading5epitrepontes.htm"><i>Reading 5: Greek New Comedy</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Stuart Kelly: <i>The book of lost books</i> (s. 58-9), Random House, New York 2005, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/1-4000-6297-7" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/1-4000-6297-7">1-4000-6297-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Menander: <i>Plays and Fragments</i>, overs. Norma Miller. Penguin 1987, s. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Harlfinger, Dieter (2004): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forum-classicum.de/archiv104.htm#harlfinger"><i>Warten auf Menander im Vatikan. 400 griechische Komödienverse in einer syrischen Palimpsest-Handschrift entdeckt</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090508043006/http://www.forum-classicum.de/archiv104.htm#harlfinger">Arkivert</a> 8. mai 2009 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. i: <i>Forum Classicum</i>. Se <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roger-pearse.com/weblog/?p=1515">her</a> for en engelsk oversettelse.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Aiuto, F. D. (2003): «Graeca in codici orientali della Biblioteca Vaticana (con i resti di un manoscritto tardoantico delle commedie di Menandro)» i: <i>Tra Oriente e Occidente. Scritture e libri greci fra le regioni orientali di Bisanzio e l’Italia</i>, a cura di Lidia Perria, Roma (= Testi e studi bizantino-neoellenici XIV), s. 227-296 (særlig 266-283 og platene 13-14)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Marshall, C. W.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.didaskalia.net/issues/vol1no5/cornford.html"><i>Theater reviews</i></a>, utgitt i tidsskriftet <i>Didaskalia</i>, bind 1 utg. 5 – Desember 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rabelais" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabelais">Rabelais</a>: <i>Gargantua and Pantagruel</i>, bok 3, kapittel 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">En engelsk tittel er blant annet <i>Girl who has her hair cropped</i>; <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a> foreslo «Rape of the Locks» som henvisning til <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menandros&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menandros&action=edit&section=8" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="bjeller languageicon" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);cursor:help;" title="engelsk">(en)</span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Menander" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Menander">Menander</a> – kategori av bilder, video eller lyd på <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Commons</a> <span class="noprint plainlinks wikidata-linkback wd_p373"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118992?uselang=nb#P373" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.fairfield.edu/rosivach/cl103a/dyskolos.htm">Engelsk oversettelse</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090307123503/http://faculty.fairfield.edu/rosivach/cl103a/dyskolos.htm">Arkivert</a> 7. mars 2009 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. av <i>Dyskolos</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gottwein.de/Grie/menand/monost_a.php">Menander: Monosticha / Sententiae / Einzelverse</a> Setninger fra Menandros' verker i original gresk og oversettelser til latin og tysk.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719200110/http://www.rhapsodes.fll.vt.edu/menander.htm">SORGLL: Menander, Dyskolos, 711-747</a>, lest av Mark Miner</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23230704">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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