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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Paul Singer</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Global_Financial_Context_Paul_Singer_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/The_Global_Financial_Context_Paul_Singer_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-The_Global_Financial_Context_Paul_Singer_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/The_Global_Financial_Context_Paul_Singer_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-The_Global_Financial_Context_Paul_Singer_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/The_Global_Financial_Context_Paul_Singer_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-The_Global_Financial_Context_Paul_Singer_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1745" data-file-height="2407" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Singer in 2013</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Paul Elliott Singer</div> (1944-08-22) August 22, 1944 (age 80) <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Teaneck,_New_Jersey" title="Teaneck, New Jersey">Teaneck, New Jersey</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">University of Rochester</a> (<a href="/wiki/B._S." class="mw-redirect" title="B. S.">BS</a>) <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/J._D." class="mw-redirect" title="J. D.">JD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Founder, president, co-CEO, and co-CIO of <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliott Management">Elliott Management</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2 sons</td></tr></tbody></table> Paul Elliott Singer (born August 22, 1944) is an American <a href="/wiki/Hedge_fund" title="Hedge fund">hedge fund</a> manager, <a href="/wiki/Activist_investor" class="mw-redirect" title="Activist investor">activist investor</a>, and the founder, president, and co-CEO of <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Management_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliott Management Corporation">Elliott Management</a>.<a href="#cite_note-philanthropist_2-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-philanthropist_1-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> As of March 2024, <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> estimated his net worth at US$6.1 billion.<a href="#cite_note-Forbes_profile-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a> described Singer as one of the "smartest and toughest money managers" in the hedge fund industry.<a href="#cite_note-kingmaker-5">[5]</a> A number of sources have branded him a <a href="/wiki/Vulture_capitalist" title="Vulture capitalist">vulture capitalist</a>, largely on account of his role at Elliott Management, which is a <a href="/wiki/Vulture_fund" title="Vulture fund">vulture fund</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fuller_2014-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-VultureJersey-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Independent_uk-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_vulture_funds_2011-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a> has described him as "a pioneer in the business of buying up sovereign bonds on the cheap, and then going after countries for unpaid debts".<a href="#cite_note-independent20121123-10">[10]</a> Singer's Elliott Management has focused on activist campaigns, in which they take an equity stake in a company and agitate using influence and voting rights to encourage change, and they have also expanded into private equity.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Singer's political activities include financial support for LGBTQ rights.<a href="#cite_note-Fuller_2014-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Financial_Times_gay-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Washington_Blade-13">[13]</a> He has provided funding to the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute for Policy Research</a>,<a href="#cite_note-kingmaker-5">[5]</a> is a strong opponent of raising <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">taxes</a> for the wealthiest 1 percent of taxpayers, such as himself, and opposes aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Dodd-Frank_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodd-Frank Act">Dodd-Frank Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kingmaker-5">[5]</a> Singer is active in <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> politics, and he and others affiliated with Elliott Management are collectively "the top source of contributions" to the <a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Senatorial_Committee" title="National Republican Senatorial Committee">National Republican Senatorial Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-gay-14">[14]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Singer_(businessman)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a>]</div> Singer was born in 1944 and grew up in <a href="/wiki/Teaneck,_New_Jersey" title="Teaneck, New Jersey">Teaneck, New Jersey</a>, in a <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> family,<a href="#cite_note-Observer-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-JTA-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> one of three children of a Manhattan pharmacist and a homemaker.<a href="#cite_note-kingmaker-5">[5]</a> He obtained his B.S. in psychology from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">University of Rochester</a> in 1966<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> and a J.D. from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a> in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-kingmaker-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg-markets-19">[19]</a> In 1974, Singer went to work as an attorney in the real estate division of the investment bank <a href="/wiki/Donaldson,_Lufkin_%26_Jenrette" title="Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette">Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kingmaker-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg-markets-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Singer_(businessman)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elliott_Management">Elliott Management</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Singer_(businessman)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Elliott Management">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Management_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliott Management Corporation">Elliott Management Corporation</a></div> In 1977, with a <a href="/wiki/Convertible_arbitrage" title="Convertible arbitrage">convertible arbitrage</a> "winning formula", Singer left law to create his own investment company. He founded the <a href="/wiki/Hedge_fund" title="Hedge fund">hedge fund</a> <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Management_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliott Management Corporation">Elliott Associates L.P.</a> with US$1.3 million in seed capital from various friends and family members.<a href="#cite_note-Financial_Times_gay-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-kingmaker-5">[5]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph" title="The Sunday Telegraph">The Telegraph</a> in 2011, Elliott is "one of the oldest hedge funds on <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a>".<a href="#cite_note-The_Telegraph_fight-20">[20]</a> Singer is also the founder and CEO of NML Capital Limited, a <a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a>-based offshore unit of Elliott Management.<a href="#cite_note-independent20121123-10">[10]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a>, Singer has been involved "in most of the big post-<a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">Financial crisis of 2007–2008</a> restructurings".<a href="#cite_note-kingmaker-5">[5]</a> In 2009 <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> reported that Singer "through a brilliantly complex financial manoeuvre, took control of Delphi Automotive, the sole supplier of most of the auto parts needed by <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a>". Ultimately, the US Treasury paid Elliott Management "$12.9 billion in cash and subsidies from the US Treasury's auto bailout fund".<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-Palast-21">[21]</a> In December 2011 Elliott Associates sued <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>'s state-owned shipbuilder <a href="/wiki/Vinashin" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinashin">Vinashin</a> in the UK for defaulting the year before on a US$600 million syndicated loan.<a href="#cite_note-Elliott_WSJ_2011-22">[22]</a> In February 2014, Singer controlled $23 billion (£19 billion) of funds and was the ninth largest investor on Wall Street.<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_Singer_2014-23">[23]</a> In June 2015, Singer was an active <a href="/wiki/Activist_investor" class="mw-redirect" title="Activist investor">activist investor</a> with <a href="/wiki/Citrix_Systems" title="Citrix Systems">Citrix Systems</a>, pushing for various changes.<a href="#cite_note-Wall_Street_Journal_tech-24">[24]</a> In May 2014 the <a href="/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_des_march%C3%A9s_financiers_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Autorité des marchés financiers (France)">French Financial Markets Regulator</a> fined Elliott a record €14 million ($22 million) for insider trading, a ruling which the company appealed.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In a long-standing dispute between Singer and members of the <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kun-hee" title="Lee Kun-hee">Lee family</a> over a merger between <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheil_Industries" title="Cheil Industries">Cheil Industries</a>, in 2015 Samsung published numerous cartoons of Singer as an <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphic</a> <a href="/wiki/Vulture" title="Vulture">vulture</a> on its corporate website. The cartoons were denounced by Singer and others as <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic">antisemitic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Observer-15">[15]</a> Samsung responded several days later denouncing antisemitism,<a href="#cite_note-Observer-15">[15]</a> and pulled the images from their website.<a href="#cite_note-Fortune_Vitriol_2015-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Net_worth">Net worth</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Singer_(businessman)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Net worth">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> rated Singer's net worth as $2.1 billion in 2015,<a href="#cite_note-Fuller_2014-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-VultureJersey-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Observer-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-27">[27]</a> and $2.2 billion in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Forbes_2016-28">[28]</a> As of November 2015, <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Management_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliott Management Corporation">Elliott Management Corporation</a> oversees Elliott Associates and Elliott International Limited, which together have more than $27 billion in assets under management in a "multi-strategy fund".<a href="#cite_note-Financial_Times_gay-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-27">[27]</a> The corporation includes a <a href="/wiki/Private_equity" title="Private equity">private equity</a> division.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_dell-29">[29]</a> Termed a "specialist in activism in technology companies" by <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> in June 2015,<a href="#cite_note-Wall_Street_Journal_tech-24">[24]</a> Elliott Management's varied portfolio also includes a prominent tech component.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_dell-29">[29]</a> The company pursued "more than 40 campaigns aimed at tech companies" between 2004 and 2015, according to <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_dell-29">[29]</a> in 2018, Elliott Management took control of Italian <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> club <a href="/wiki/AC_Milan" title="AC Milan">AC Milan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="COVID-19">COVID-19</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Singer_(businessman)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: COVID-19">edit</a>]</div> On 1 February 2020, several weeks before many Americans had heard of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>, Singer wrote a memo to his employees about preparing for the possibility of being quarantined for at least a month due to the virus.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activist_investment">Activist investment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Singer_(businessman)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Activist investment">edit</a>]</div> After Elliott Management took a stake in <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, Singer pushed to oust <a href="/wiki/Jack_Dorsey" title="Jack Dorsey">Jack Dorsey</a> and control four seats on the board after Dorsey announced he would move to Africa. A deal was reached that gave Elliott Management a seat on the board and left Dorsey as CEO.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sovereign_debt">Sovereign debt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Singer_(businessman)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sovereign debt">edit</a>]</div> Singer is a <a href="/wiki/Vulture_capitalist" title="Vulture capitalist">vulture capitalist</a> because of <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Management_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliott Management Corporation">Elliott Management Corporation</a>'s investments in <a href="/wiki/Distressed_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="Distressed debt">distressed debt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-corporate_power_2014-34">[34]</a>: 301 <a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times_activist-35">[35]</a> In the early 1990s, Singer began using the strategy of purchasing <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign debt">sovereign debt</a> from nations in or near default, such as <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>,<a href="#cite_note-kingmaker-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg20140807-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-TheVulturePalast-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNBC-38">[38]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>,<a href="#cite_note-independent20121123-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dyson2014-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-III2015-40">[40]</a> through his NML Capital Limited,<a href="#cite_note-independent20121123-10">[10]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a> through Kensington International Inc.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_vulture_funds_2011-9">[9]</a> Singer's practice of purchasing <a href="/wiki/Distressed_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="Distressed debt">distressed debt</a> from <a href="/wiki/Companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Companies">companies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign states">sovereign states</a> and pursuing full payment through the courts has led to criticism.<a href="#cite_note-CNBC-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-observer-41">[41]</a> Singer and EMC defend their model,<a href="#cite_note-Fuller_2014-6">[6]</a> saying it is "a fight against charlatans who refuse to play by the market's rules",<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg20140807-36">[36]</a> and supporters of the practice have said it "help[s] keep <a href="/wiki/Kleptocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kleptocratic">kleptocratic</a> governments in check".<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In 1996, Elliott bought defaulted <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peruvian</a> debt for $11.4 million.<a href="#cite_note-III2015-40">[40]</a> Elliott won a $58 million judgment<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg20140807-36">[36]</a> and Peru had to repay the sum in full under the <a href="/wiki/Pari_passu#In_lending,_bankruptcy_and_default" title="Pari passu">pari passu rule</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dyson2014-39">[39]</a> When former president of Peru <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a> was attempting to flee the country due to <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori%27s_arrest_and_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberto Fujimori's arrest and trial">human rights abuses and corruption</a>, Singer confiscated his jet and offered to let him leave the country in exchange for the $58 million payment from the treasury. Fujimori accepted.<a href="#cite_note-TheVulturePalast-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Telam_2014-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_WSJ_2011-22">[22]</a> In the 1990s the Kensington International division of EMC purchased US$30 million (£18m) of "Congolese sovereign debt... allegedly for less than $20m". Kensington subsequently spent years trying to be paid in full through the courts.<a href="#cite_note-The_Independent_uk-8">[8]</a> In 2008 Kensington and the Republic of Congo settled for an undisclosed amount.<a href="#cite_note-Elliott_WSJ_2011-22">[22]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Argentine_debt_restructuring" title="Argentine debt restructuring">Argentina defaulted on its debt in 2002</a>, the Elliott-owned company NML Capital Limited refused to accept the Argentine offer to pay less than 30 cents per dollar of debt.<a href="#cite_note-kingmaker-5">[5]</a> Elliott sued Argentina for the debt's value,<a href="#cite_note-Key-44">[44]</a> and the lower UK courts found that Argentina had state immunity. Elliott successfully appealed the case to the <a href="/wiki/UK_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Supreme Court">UK Supreme Court</a>, which ruled that Elliott had the right to attempt to seize Argentine property in the United Kingdom, and on October 2, 2012, Singer arranged for a Ghanaian Court order to detain an Argentine naval vessel in a Ghanaian port in an effort to force Argentina to pay the debt, but was rebuffed when the seizure was barred by the <a href="/wiki/International_Tribunal_for_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea">International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Business_Insider_Ghana_2012-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Waters2013-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Forbes_RealStory_2012-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-LinetteLopez-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_latin-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Independent_2013-50">[50]</a> In February 2013, the U.S. appeals court heard Argentina's appeal in the case of its default and debt to NML.<a href="#cite_note-Raymond-51">[51]</a> In March 2013 Argentina offered a new plan,<a href="#cite_note-AP_usa-52">[52]</a> which was dismissed first by the lower courts and then the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit</a> on August 23, 2013, and then again in June 2014 in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SecondCircuit_Clarin-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-_-54">[54]</a> In March 2014 NML Capital unsuccessfully attempted to satisfy court awards by suing <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a>, seeking the rights to two satellite-launch contracts bought by Argentina valued at $113 million.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg20140807-36">[36]</a>: 2 <a href="#cite_note-wsj20140325-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Business_Insider_2015_Obsessed-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-BAHerald_2015-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Law360_2015_bid-58">[58]</a> In early 2016 US courts ruled that Argentina must make full payments to holdout bondholders by February 29.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_dealbook_2016-59">[59]</a> In February 2016 Argentina reached an agreement with Singer.<a href="#cite_note-FT_DealHoldouts-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_and_investment_model">Business and investment model</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Singer_(businessman)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Business and investment model">edit</a>]</div> According to <a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a>, Singer focused from early times "on distressed assets", buying up bankrupt firms' debt and acquiring "a reputation for strong-arming his way to profit".<a href="#cite_note-kingmaker-5">[5]</a> Fortune noted in 2012 that losses sustained early in Singer's career led to a "risk aversion that still guides his investing today. Thanks to his caution, by 2012 Elliott had "only two down years" since 1977, rising "4.2% in 2011, a year in which most hedge funds lost money".<a href="#cite_note-kingmaker-5">[5]</a> Describing him as "one of the smartest and toughest money managers in the business", the article further notes that his firm "is so influential that fear of its tactics helped shape the current <a href="/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis" title="Greek government-debt crisis">2012 Greek debt restructuring</a>".<a href="#cite_note-kingmaker-5">[5]</a> Elliott was termed by <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a> as "a pioneer in the business of buying up sovereign bonds on the cheap, and then going after countries for unpaid debts".<a href="#cite_note-independent20121123-10">[10]</a> Singer describes his business model as "a fight against charlatans who refuse to play by the market's rules",<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg20140807-36">[36]</a> and in 2013 told <a href="/wiki/Absolute_Return_%2B_Alpha" title="Absolute Return + Alpha">Alpha Magazine</a> that "we've made the point over and over again that sovereigns that could pay their debts and choose not to may be attempting to save some money but are harming their people and their economies by making investing in their countries more risky and more problematic and by discouraging foreign investment."<a href="#cite_note-Fuller_2014-6">[6]</a> In response, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> wrote in 2014 that "in Singer's view, he isn't just forcing indebted companies and countries to pay up. He's trying to create a world where distressed debt doesn't exist. Depending on your own views, that makes Singer an <a href="/wiki/Activist_investor" class="mw-redirect" title="Activist investor">activist investor</a>, or a 'vulture capitalist.'"<a href="#cite_note-Fuller_2014-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AC_Milan">AC Milan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Singer_(businessman)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: AC Milan">edit</a>]</div> In July 2018 Singer became the owner of Italian football club <a href="/wiki/AC_Milan" title="AC Milan">AC Milan</a> after the previous owner defaulted on a $37 million loan payment owed to Singer's hedge fund company. Elliott had loaned $400 million to the previous owner to help him purchase the club, which plays in Italy's top football league, <a href="/wiki/Serie_A" title="Serie A">Serie A</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Although the company had been expected to sell the club and entertained negotiations, Singer eventually stated that Elliott planned to return AC Milan "to the pantheon of top European football clubs where it rightly belongs" and to inject $66 million to "stabilize the club's finances" and "fund AC Milan's transformation".<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> However, on 1 June 2022, RedBird Capital Partners agreed to acquire AC Milan for $1.3 billion, with Elliott retaining a minority stake. <a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Singer_(businessman)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Philanthropy">edit</a>]</div> Singer signed <a href="/wiki/The_Giving_Pledge" title="The Giving Pledge">The Giving Pledge</a>, which signals a commitment by individuals to donate more than half of their wealth within their lifetime to address society's "most difficult moral and economic challenges".<a href="#cite_note-Fuller_2014-6">[6]</a> Singer founded the Paul E. Singer Family Foundation, which supports charitable causes including the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Education" title="Harvard Graduate School of Education">Harvard Graduate School of Education</a> Singer Prize for Excellence in Secondary Teaching,<a href="#cite_note-teachers-68">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/VH1_Save_The_Music_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="VH1 Save The Music Foundation">VH1 Save The Music Foundation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-RJC-69">[69]</a> and MarineParents.com.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-gay-14">[14]</a> Singer and The Paul E. Singer Family Foundation are behind The Philos Project, a pro-Israel Christian organization.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In 2016 Singer partnered with the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Bible" title="Museum of the Bible">Museum of the Bible</a> to fund Passages Israel, a program to take college students to Israel.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> He is a "longtime supporter of hawkish pro-Israel causes" and a major funder of the conservative think tank <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Defense_of_Democracies" title="Foundation for Defense of Democracies">Foundation for Defense of Democracies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In November 2018, after the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_synagogue_shooting" title="Pittsburgh synagogue shooting">Pittsburgh synagogue shooting</a>, the Paul E. Singer Family Foundation announced it would donate $1 million to upgrade security at Jewish institutions in New York.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The funds will be given to the <a href="/wiki/United_Jewish_Appeal" title="United Jewish Appeal">United Jewish Appeal</a> – Federation of New York.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_activity">Political activity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Singer_(businessman)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Political activity">edit</a>]</div> Singer is an active participant in <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> politics.<a href="#cite_note-Dugan-75">[75]</a> He is a "self-proclaimed conservative libertarian".<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, he supports "like-minded candidates who often share his distaste for what they view as governmental over-meddling in the financial industry".<a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times_financier-77">[77]</a> Singer has contributed more than $1 million to the political efforts of the <a href="/wiki/Political_activities_of_the_Koch_brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Political activities of the Koch brothers">Koch brothers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> In 2014, Singer led a group of major Republican donors to form the American Opportunity Alliance, a group that brings together wealthy Republican donors who share Singer's support for LGBTQ rights, immigration reform and Israel.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2016_U.S._presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 U.S. presidential election">2016 U.S. presidential election</a> campaign, Singer supported <a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio</a> and donated a million dollars in March to the <a href="/wiki/Our_Principles_PAC" title="Our Principles PAC">Our Principles PAC</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Stop_Trump_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop Trump movement">Stop Trump movement</a> PAC attempting to derail <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s election campaign.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-newyorker_2016-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> He also started the American Unity PAC.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> He supported Trump's inaugural committee with $1 million together with 25 other billionaires.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Singer was a major contributor to <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>'s presidential campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-Financial_Times_gay-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-2007nyt-87">[87]</a> On March 14, 2008, Singer hosted a <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">Republican National Committee</a> luncheon in his home for 70 guests that raised $1.4 million for Bush.<a href="#cite_note-wp20080319-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-abc20110816-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Bush appointed Singer to serve on the Honorary Delegation to accompany him to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> for the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a> in May 2008.<a href="#cite_note-Sun-91">[91]</a> In 2007, Singer was one of the most important fundraisers in <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Rudy Giuliani 2008 presidential campaign">Rudy Giuliani 2008 presidential campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Financial_Times_gay-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-nation20071011-92">[92]</a> That same year, Singer led a financial industry fund-raising effort for <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a>, first as regional finance chair and later as senior policy adviser.<a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg_mitt-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt20071022-94">[94]</a> Singer lent Giuliani his private jet.<a href="#cite_note-nyt20071022-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> That same year, Singer at $175,000 was the sole contributor to a campaign to support a petition drive for a proposed <a href="/wiki/California_ballot_proposition" title="California ballot proposition">California initiative</a> to apportion the state's 55 <a href="/wiki/Electoral_votes" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral votes">electoral votes</a> by congressional district. At least 19 of the state's 53 congressional districts were expected to vote for a GOP presidential candidate, enough to change the national results in a close election.<a href="#cite_note-nation20071011-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Singer was one of the largest donors during the <a href="/wiki/2010_U.S._midterm_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 U.S. midterm elections">2010 U.S. midterm elections</a>, contributing more than $4 million to support Republican candidates.<a href="#cite_note-abc20110816-89">[89]</a> In 2011, Singer donated $1 million to <a href="/wiki/Restore_Our_Future" title="Restore Our Future">Restore Our Future</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Super_PAC" title="Super PAC">Super PAC</a> created to support <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2012_U.S._presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 U.S. presidential election">2012 U.S. presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-query.nictusa.com-97">[97]</a> In 2013, Singer gave $100,000 to the <a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a>, a 501(c)4 organization that supports Tea Party candidates.<a href="#cite_note-CFG-98">[98]</a> He has also donated millions of dollars to organizations that advocate for a strong military and for supporting <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times_fray-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In 2012, Singer founded the nonprofit Start-up Nation Central, an <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGO</a> aimed at developing collaboration between Israel's tech sector and outside investors.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Singer has invested around $20 million into Start-Up Nation Central, which is based in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Singer is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Capital_Markets_Regulation" title="Committee on Capital Markets Regulation">Committee on Capital Markets Regulation</a>, a non-governmental, nonpartisan research organization.<a href="#cite_note-capital_markets_regulation-105">[105]</a> He is chairman of the board of trustees for the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute for Policy Research</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> think tank in New York City,<a href="#cite_note-Callahan2010-106">[106]</a> and on the board of directors of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Jewish_Coalition" title="Republican Jewish Coalition">Republican Jewish Coalition</a>, a political lobbying group in the United States that promotes Jewish Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-RJC-69">[69]</a> He also served on the board of directors for the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Institute_for_National_Security_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs">Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In 2016, Singer invested $500,000 in a PAC supporting <a href="/wiki/John_Faso" title="John Faso">John Faso</a>, a Congressional candidate in <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_19th_congressional_district" title="New York's 19th congressional district">New York's 19th congressional district</a> opposing progressive candidate and Wall Street critic <a href="/wiki/Zephyr_Teachout" title="Zephyr Teachout">Zephyr Teachout</a>. Teachout responded to the donation by challenging Singer to come to the district and debate her.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The same year, Singer supported Senator <a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio</a> in the presidential primary.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> As of September 2019 Singer had not donated to Trump's reelection campaign.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/ProPublica" title="ProPublica">ProPublica</a>, Singer was linked to an Alaskan fishing trip with <a href="/wiki/Justice_Samuel_Alito" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice Samuel Alito">Justice Samuel Alito</a> in 2008. Singer gave Alito free private jet travel from all across the country to Alaska, where a group including Alito and Singer went fishing. A few years later Alito voted with six other colleagues in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Argentina_v._NML_Capital,_Ltd." title="Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd.">Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd.</a> brought by Singer's companies after Argentinian debt was bought up. Alito never recused himself.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LGBTQ_rights">LGBTQ rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Singer_(businessman)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: LGBTQ rights">edit</a>]</div> As well as contributing to private initiatives, Singer also actively seeks to persuade other Republicans to support gay marriage.<a href="#cite_note-Financial_Times_gay-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keith-112">[112]</a> He has joined other Wall Street executives in support of <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> equality and stated that same-sex marriage promotes "family stability" and that in a time when "the institution of marriage in America has utterly collapsed", the fact that gay couples want to marry "is kind of a lovely thing and a cool thing and a wonderful thing".<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bruni-114">[114]</a> Singer, whose son Andrew married his husband Corey Morris in a same-sex marriage in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> in 2009, has also financially supported the legalization of <a href="/wiki/Gay_marriage_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay marriage in New York">gay marriage in New York</a>,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Maryland" title="Same-sex marriage in Maryland">in Maryland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Advocate-116">[116]</a> In 2011 this advocacy included supporting legislation allowing <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_New_York" title="Same-sex marriage in New York">same-sex marriage in the state of New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> In 2012, Singer provided $1 million to start a <a href="/wiki/Political_Action_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Action Committee">Political Action Committee</a> named American Unity PAC. According to the New York Times, the PAC's "sole mission will be to encourage Republican candidates to support same-sex marriage, in part by helping them to feel financially shielded from any blowback from well-funded groups that oppose it".<a href="#cite_note-superPAC-118">[118]</a> In 2014 Singer urged Republicans to pass the <a href="/wiki/Employment_Non-Discrimination_Act" title="Employment Non-Discrimination Act">Employment Non-Discrimination Act</a>. This bill requires workplace protections to extend to the LGBT community.<a href="#cite_note-Palmer-119">[119]</a> As of June 2014 Singer had donated an estimated $10 million to the gay rights movement.<a href="#cite_note-Financial_Times_gay-12">[12]</a> Singer also funded the American Unity Fund.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> In 2015, Singer, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Gill" title="Tim Gill">Tim Gill</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Loeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Loeb">Daniel Loeb</a> helped fund Freedom For All Americans to promote <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT issues</a> in states and local communities in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In 2015, the Washington Free Beacon, largely funded by Singer, hired Fusion GPS to unearth damaging information on Republican candidates for the office of President of the United States. This research was later used by the Hillary Clinton campaign and became the infamous and now debunked Steele Dossier.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> In 2024, however, he donated $5 million to Trump's re-election campaign.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings_and_commentary">Writings and commentary</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Singer_(businessman)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Writings and commentary">edit</a>]</div> Singer has written columns in the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wsj-2010-125">[125]</a> In 2009 he wrote "Free-Marketeers Should Welcome Some Regulation", a column in which he argued: "It's true that monetary policy was too lax for too long, and the government encouraged lending to people who were unlikely to repay their loans. But this crisis was primarily caused by managements and individuals throughout the financial system who exercised extremely poor judgement. The private sector, not the public sector, is where the biggest mistakes were made."<a href="#cite_note-WSJ_Should_Welcome_2009-126">[126]</a> Among other topics, he has written against raising taxes for the wealthiest taxpayers ("<a href="/wiki/The_1%25" class="mw-redirect" title="The 1%">the 1%</a>") and aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Dodd-Frank_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodd-Frank Act">Dodd-Frank Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kingmaker-5">[5]</a> At a September 2006 financial conference in New York City, Singer delivered a speech called "Complexity Made Simple", advising that the purchase of <a href="/wiki/Collateralized_debt_obligation" title="Collateralized debt obligation">collateralized debt obligations</a> (CDOs) was a serious mistake and anticipating the downturn of the housing market by nearly a year before the $770 billion taxpayer-funded bailout.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg-markets-19">[19]</a> Hedge fund manager <a href="/wiki/Jim_Chanos" title="Jim Chanos">Jim Chanos</a> said in an August 2009 radio interview that he and Singer had met with <a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a> finance ministers in 2007 to warn them that the <a href="/wiki/Global_financial_system" title="Global financial system">global financial system</a> was increasingly unstable and approaching a catastrophe, with banks on the verge of sinking the global economy. The pair argued that decisive action was called for, but Chanos claims they were met with indifference.<a href="#cite_note-Johnson-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Singer_(businessman)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> In 2020 Singer ranked 222 on the <a href="/wiki/Forbes_400" title="Forbes 400">Forbes 400</a> list of the richest Americans, 538 among <a href="/wiki/The_world%27s_billionaires" class="mw-redirect" title="The world's billionaires">the world's billionaires</a>, and the 19th highest earning hedge fund manager.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> He has two sons, Andrew and Gordon. After Andrew came out as gay, Singer said he reacted "with fear and nervousness, I worried about the health aspects ... grandfatherhood" but eventually became a steadfast supporter of gay rights. In 2012, he launched the American Unity PAC, which aims to persuade fellow conservatives to support same-sex marriage. He has actively supported same-sex marriage campaigns and makes large donations to LGBT groups.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Singer lives on New York City's <a href="/wiki/Upper_West_Side" title="Upper West Side">Upper West Side</a> and has a house in <a href="/wiki/Aspen,_Colorado" title="Aspen, Colorado">Aspen, Colorado</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kingmaker-5">[5]</a> He began studying classical piano at the age of 10 and formed a family band with one son on guitar, another on drums, and his son-in-law on saxophone. He enjoys <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a> and has played onstage with <a href="/wiki/Meat_Loaf" title="Meat Loaf">Meat Loaf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kingmaker-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Singer_(businessman)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Honors">edit</a>]</div> In 2017, Singer received an honorary doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">University of Rochester</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Singer_(businessman)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/19px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/29px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/38px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Rochester_people" title="List of University of Rochester people">List of University of Rochester people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Harvard_Law_School_alumni" title="List of Harvard Law School alumni">List of Harvard Law School alumni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarians_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of libertarians in the United States">List of libertarians in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50_Most_Influential_(Bloomberg_Markets_ranking)" class="mw-redirect" title="50 Most Influential (Bloomberg Markets ranking)">50 Most Influential (Bloomberg Markets ranking)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Singer_(businessman)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-philanthropist_2-1"><a href="#cite_ref-philanthropist_2_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGuttman2016" class="citation news cs1">Guttman, Nathan (February 2, 2016). 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Retrieved November 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewish%2C+Republican%2C+pro-gay+rights&rft.pub=JTA&rft.date=2011-05-14&rft.aulast=Kampeas&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F2011%2F05%2F14%2Fnews-opinion%2Fthe-telegraph%2Fjewish-republican-pro-gay-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Guttman, Nathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forward.com/news/332326/paul-singer-the-gops-anti-adelson-makes-his-move/">"Paul Singer, the GOP’s 'Anti-Adelson', Makes His Move"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170824133304/http://forward.com/news/332326/paul-singer-the-gops-anti-adelson-makes-his-move/">Archived</a> August 24, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Forward" title="The Forward">The Forward</a>, February 2, 2016. Accessed August 19, 2017. "Singer grew up in Teaneck, New Jersey, one of three children in a Jewish family." </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.simon.rochester.edu/executive-education/program/2013-simon-nyc-conference/speakers-and-panelists-2013/paul-singer/index.aspx">"Paul Singer '66"</a>. www.simon.rochester.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190202095152/http://www.simon.rochester.edu/executive-education/program/2013-simon-nyc-conference/speakers-and-panelists-2013/paul-singer/index.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on February 2, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paul+Singer+%2766&rft.pub=www.simon.rochester.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.simon.rochester.edu%2Fexecutive-education%2Fprogram%2F2013-simon-nyc-conference%2Fspeakers-and-panelists-2013%2Fpaul-singer%2Findex.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bloomberg-markets-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bloomberg-markets_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bloomberg-markets_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bloomberg-markets_19-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKambiz_Foroohar2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kambiz Foroohar (February 2008). "The Opportunist". 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The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151209085044/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/privateequity/8469785/Paul-Singers-Elliott-Management-takes-the-fight-to-National-Express.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2015. Retrieved November 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paul+Singer%27s+Elliott+Management+takes+the+fight+to+National+Express&rft.pub=The+Telegraph&rft.date=2011-04-24&rft.aulast=Ebrahimi&rft.aufirst=Helia&rft.au=Blackden%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Fnewsbysector%2Fbanksandfinance%2Fprivateequity%2F8469785%2FPaul-Singers-Elliott-Management-takes-the-fight-to-National-Express.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-Palast-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-Palast_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalast2014" class="citation news cs1">Palast, Greg (August 7, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog/2014/aug/07/argentina-debt-crisis-barack-obama-paul-singer-vulture-funds">"How Barack Obama could end the Argentina debt crisis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160401145231/http://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog/2014/aug/07/argentina-debt-crisis-barack-obama-paul-singer-vulture-funds">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+Barack+Obama+could+end+the+Argentina+debt+crisis&rft.date=2014-08-07&rft.aulast=Palast&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomics-blog%2F2014%2Faug%2F07%2Fargentina-debt-crisis-barack-obama-paul-singer-vulture-funds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elliott_WSJ_2011-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_WSJ_2011_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_WSJ_2011_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_WSJ_2011_22-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteger2011" class="citation web cs1">Steger, Isabella (December 12, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/deals/2011/12/12/hedge-fund-elliott-associates-takes-vietnam-to-court/">"Hedge Fund Elliott Associates Takes Vietnam to Court"</a>. Wall Street Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161021175814/http://blogs.wsj.com/deals/2011/12/12/hedge-fund-elliott-associates-takes-vietnam-to-court/">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2016. 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Le Monde.fr (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160916051343/http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2014/07/28/elliott-le-fonds-vautour-qui-fait-trembler-les-etats_4463685_3234.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2016. Retrieved August 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.atitle=Elliott%2C+le+fonds+vautour+qui+fait+trembler+l%27Argentine&rft.date=2014-07-28&rft.aulast=Tonnelier&rft.aufirst=Audrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Feconomie%2Farticle%2F2014%2F07%2F28%2Felliott-le-fonds-vautour-qui-fait-trembler-les-etats_4463685_3234.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fortune_Vitriol_2015-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Fortune_Vitriol_2015_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2015" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Geoffrey (July 17, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fortune.com/2015/07/17/samsung-anti-semitism-merger-samsung-ct-singer-elliott/">"Vitriol pays off as Samsung wins key merger vote against Singer"</a>. Fortune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014028/http://fortune.com/2015/07/17/samsung-anti-semitism-merger-samsung-ct-singer-elliott/">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved October 14, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fortune&rft.atitle=Vitriol+pays+off+as+Samsung+wins+key+merger+vote+against+Singer&rft.date=2015-07-17&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2F2015%2F07%2F17%2Fsamsung-anti-semitism-merger-samsung-ct-singer-elliott%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbes-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151125152844/http://www.forbes.com/profile/paul-singer/">"#327 Paul Singer – Forbes 400"</a>. Forbes. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/paul-singer/">the original</a> on November 25, 2015. Retrieved November 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=%23327+Paul+Singer+%E2%80%93+Forbes+400&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fprofile%2Fpaul-singer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbes_2016-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_2016_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/paul-singer/">"#327 Paul Singer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190413202540/https://www.forbes.com/profile/paul-singer/">Archived</a> from the original on April 13, 2019. Retrieved February 2, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=%23327+Paul+Singer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fprofile%2Fpaul-singer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuters_dell-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reuters_dell_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reuters_dell_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reuters_dell_29-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlaherty" class="citation news cs1">Flaherty, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-emc-us-m-a-dell-elliott-idUSKCN0S22VX20151009">"EMC-Dell talks highlight Elliott's clout across tech sector"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151021070047/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/10/09/us-emc-us-m-a-dell-elliott-idUSKCN0S22VX20151009">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2015. Retrieved November 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=EMC-Dell+talks+highlight+Elliott%27s+clout+across+tech+sector&rft.aulast=Flaherty&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-emc-us-m-a-dell-elliott-idUSKCN0S22VX20151009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-soccer-acmilan-elliott-idUSKBN1K030I">"Hedge fund Elliott takes control of Italian soccer club AC Milan"</a>. Reuters. July 10, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190202041710/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-soccer-acmilan-elliott-idUSKBN1K030I">Archived</a> from the original on February 2, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Hedge+fund+Elliott+takes+control+of+Italian+soccer+club+AC+Milan&rft.date=2018-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-soccer-acmilan-elliott-idUSKBN1K030I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorzecanski2020" class="citation news cs1">Porzecanski, Katia (April 8, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-08/paul-singer-warned-employees-on-feb-1-to-prepare-for-quarantine">"Paul Singer Warned Employees on Feb. 1 to Prepare for Quarantine"</a>. Bloomberg.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608004533/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-08/paul-singer-warned-employees-on-feb-1-to-prepare-for-quarantine">Archived</a> from the original on June 8, 2020. Retrieved September 2, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Paul+Singer+Warned+Employees+on+Feb.+1+to+Prepare+for+Quarantine&rft.date=2020-04-08&rft.aulast=Porzecanski&rft.aufirst=Katia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2020-04-08%2Fpaul-singer-warned-employees-on-feb-1-to-prepare-for-quarantine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2020" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Abram (February 29, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/abrambrown/2020/02/29/twitters-jack-dorsey-has-a-new-nemesis-hedge-fund-billionaire-paul-singer/">"Twitter's Jack Dorsey Has A New Nemesis: Hedge Fund Billionaire Paul Singer"</a>. Forbes. Retrieved March 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Twitter%27s+Jack+Dorsey+Has+A+New+Nemesis%3A+Hedge+Fund+Billionaire+Paul+Singer&rft.date=2020-02-29&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Abram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fabrambrown%2F2020%2F02%2F29%2Ftwitters-jack-dorsey-has-a-new-nemesis-hedge-fund-billionaire-paul-singer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman2020" class="citation web cs1">Sherman, Lauren Feiner (March 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/09/twitter-strikes-investment-deal-with-elliott-management-silver-lake-after-attempt-to-oust-ceo-jack-dorsey.html">"Twitter CEO Dorsey keeps his job after company strikes investment deal with Elliott Management, Silver Lake"</a>. 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SUNY Press. pp. 378 pages. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1438454856" title="Special:BookSources/978-1438454856"><bdi>978-1438454856</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corporate+Power%2C+Oligopolies%2C+and+the+Crisis+of+the+State&rft.pages=378+pages&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1438454856&rft.aulast=Suarez-Villa&rft.aufirst=Luis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_York_Times_activist-35"><a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Times_activist_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoyer2015" class="citation news cs1">Moyer, Liz (October 28, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/29/business/dealbook/elliott-management-takes-11-stake-in-cabelas.html">"Elliott Management Takes 11% Stake in Cabela's"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151031122816/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/29/business/dealbook/elliott-management-takes-11-stake-in-cabelas.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2015. Retrieved November 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Elliott+Management+Takes+11%25+Stake+in+Cabela%27s&rft.date=2015-10-28&rft.aulast=Moyer&rft.aufirst=Liz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F10%2F29%2Fbusiness%2Fdealbook%2Felliott-management-takes-11-stake-in-cabelas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bloomberg20140807-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bloomberg20140807_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bloomberg20140807_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bloomberg20140807_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bloomberg20140807_36-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bloomberg20140807_36-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbelsonPorzecanski2014" class="citation news cs1">Abelson, Max; Porzecanski, Katia (August 7, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2014-08-07/argentinas-vulture-paul-singer-is-wall-street-freedom-fighter">"Paul Singer Will Make Argentina Pay"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151004071823/http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2014-08-07/argentinas-vulture-paul-singer-is-wall-street-freedom-fighter">Archived</a> from the original on October 4, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Paul+Singer+Will+Make+Argentina+Pay&rft.date=2014-08-07&rft.aulast=Abelson&rft.aufirst=Max&rft.au=Porzecanski%2C+Katia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fbw%2Farticles%2F2014-08-07%2Fargentinas-vulture-paul-singer-is-wall-street-freedom-fighter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheVulturePalast-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TheVulturePalast_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheVulturePalast_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalast2014" class="citation web cs1">Palast, Greg (July 31, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gregpalast.com/the-vulture-chewing-argentinas-living-corpse/">"The Vulture: Chewing Argentina's Living Corpse"</a>. Greg Palast. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150727095825/http://www.gregpalast.com/the-vulture-chewing-argentinas-living-corpse/">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2015. Retrieved August 2, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Greg+Palast&rft.atitle=The+Vulture%3A+Chewing+Argentina%27s+Living+Corpse&rft.date=2014-07-31&rft.aulast=Palast&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gregpalast.com%2Fthe-vulture-chewing-argentinas-living-corpse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNBC-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CNBC_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNBC_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2014" class="citation news cs1">Kelly, Kate (September 24, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2014/09/24/kyle-bass-big-on-argentina-rips-immoral-competitors.html">"Kyle Bass big on Argentina; rips 'immoral' competitors"</a>. CNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200612102823/https://www.cnbc.com/2014/09/24/kyle-bass-big-on-argentina-rips-immoral-competitors.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2020. Retrieved August 3, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kyle+Bass+big+on+Argentina%3B+rips+%27immoral%27+competitors&rft.date=2014-09-24&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2014%2F09%2F24%2Fkyle-bass-big-on-argentina-rips-immoral-competitors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dyson2014-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dyson2014_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dyson2014_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_Dyson2014" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth Dyson (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UwrVAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA241">States, Debt, and Power: Saints and Sinners in European History and Integration</a>. OUP Oxford. pp. 241–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-102347-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-102347-7"><bdi>978-0-19-102347-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200611150638/https://books.google.com/books?id=UwrVAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA241">Archived</a> from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved July 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=States%2C+Debt%2C+and+Power%3A+Saints+and+Sinners+in+European+History+and+Integration&rft.pages=241-&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-102347-7&rft.au=Kenneth+Dyson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUwrVAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-III2015-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-III2015_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-III2015_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_D._Cameron_III2015" class="citation book cs1">George D. Cameron III (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tblUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT291">International Business Law: Cases and Materials</a>. Van Rye Publishing, LLC. pp. 291–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9903671-4-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9903671-4-7"><bdi>978-0-9903671-4-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200612002737/https://books.google.com/books?id=tblUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT291">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2020. Retrieved July 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Business+Law%3A+Cases+and+Materials&rft.pages=291-&rft.pub=Van+Rye+Publishing%2C+LLC&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-9903671-4-7&rft.au=George+D.+Cameron+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtblUCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-observer-41"><a href="#cite_ref-observer_41-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observer.com/2015/07/spat-between-samsung-and-nyc-hedge-fund-takes-nasty-detour-into-jew-baiting/">Spat between Samsung and NYC Hedge Fund takes nasty detour into Jew-baiting</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717000700/http://observer.com/2015/07/spat-between-samsung-and-nyc-hedge-fund-takes-nasty-detour-into-jew-baiting/">Archived</a> July 17, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Observer (07/2015) </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsabella_Steger2011" class="citation web cs1">Isabella Steger (December 12, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/deals/2011/12/12/hedge-fund-elliott-associates-takes-vietnam-to-court/">"Hedge Fund Elliott Associates Takes Vietnam to Court"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170512060956/https://blogs.wsj.com/deals/2011/12/12/hedge-fund-elliott-associates-takes-vietnam-to-court/">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2017. Retrieved August 4, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Hedge+Fund+Elliott+Associates+Takes+Vietnam+to+Court&rft.date=2011-12-12&rft.au=Isabella+Steger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Fdeals%2F2011%2F12%2F12%2Fhedge-fund-elliott-associates-takes-vietnam-to-court%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telam_2014-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Telam_2014_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telam.com.ar/english/notas/201409/3321-fujimori-paid-and-the-vulture-funds-gave-him-the-plane-to-flee-from-peru-said-toussaint.html">""Fujimori paid and the Vulture Funds gave him the plane to flee from Peru," said Toussaint"</a>. Telam. September 30, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924114029/http://www.telam.com.ar/english/notas/201409/3321-fujimori-paid-and-the-vulture-funds-gave-him-the-plane-to-flee-from-peru-said-toussaint.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 2, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22Fujimori+paid+and+the+Vulture+Funds+gave+him+the+plane+to+flee+from+Peru%2C%22+said+Toussaint&rft.date=2014-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telam.com.ar%2Fenglish%2Fnotas%2F201409%2F3321-fujimori-paid-and-the-vulture-funds-gave-him-the-plane-to-flee-from-peru-said-toussaint.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Key-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Key_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuardian2011" class="citation news cs1">Guardian (November 15, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/nov/15/vulture-funds-key-players?intcmp=122">"Vulture funds – the key players"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190501154016/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/nov/15/vulture-funds-key-players?intcmp=122">Archived</a> from the original on May 1, 2019. Retrieved June 11, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Vulture+funds+%E2%80%93+the+key+players&rft.date=2011-11-15&rft.au=Guardian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2011%2Fnov%2F15%2Fvulture-funds-key-players%3Fintcmp%3D122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Business_Insider_Ghana_2012-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Business_Insider_Ghana_2012_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopez2012" class="citation news cs1">Lopez, Linette (December 21, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/ghana-may-sue-paul-singer-2012-12?IR=T">"Hedge Fund Billionaire Paul Singer May Have To Pay For His Brief Stint As A Pirate"</a>. Business Insider. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051729/http://www.businessinsider.com/ghana-may-sue-paul-singer-2012-12?IR=T">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 15, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hedge+Fund+Billionaire+Paul+Singer+May+Have+To+Pay+For+His+Brief+Stint+As+A+Pirate&rft.date=2012-12-21&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=Linette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fghana-may-sue-paul-singer-2012-12%3FIR%3DT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waters2013-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Waters2013_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConrad_Waters2013" class="citation book cs1">Conrad Waters (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aYuuCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT39">Seaforth World Naval Review 2014</a>. Seaforth Publishing. pp. 39–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-326-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-326-1"><bdi>978-1-84832-326-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180210224816/https://books.google.com/books?id=aYuuCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT39">Archived</a> from the original on February 10, 2018. Retrieved July 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seaforth+World+Naval+Review+2014&rft.pages=39-&rft.pub=Seaforth+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84832-326-1&rft.au=Conrad+Waters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaYuuCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbes_RealStory_2012-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_RealStory_2012_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFontevecchia2012" class="citation news cs1">Fontevecchia, Agustino (October 5, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/afontevecchia/2012/10/05/the-real-story-behind-the-argentine-vessel-in-ghana-and-how-hedge-funds-tried-to-seize-the-presidential-plane/">"The Real Story Of How A Hedge Fund Detained A Vessel In Ghana And Even Went For Argentina's 'Air Force One'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121109224150/http://www.forbes.com/sites/afontevecchia/2012/10/05/the-real-story-behind-the-argentine-vessel-in-ghana-and-how-hedge-funds-tried-to-seize-the-presidential-plane/">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2012. Retrieved October 21, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=The+Real+Story+Of+How+A+Hedge+Fund+Detained+A+Vessel+In+Ghana+And+Even+Went+For+Argentina%27s+%27Air+Force+One%27&rft.date=2012-10-05&rft.aulast=Fontevecchia&rft.aufirst=Agustino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fafontevecchia%2F2012%2F10%2F05%2Fthe-real-story-behind-the-argentine-vessel-in-ghana-and-how-hedge-funds-tried-to-seize-the-presidential-plane%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LinetteLopez-48"><a href="#cite_ref-LinetteLopez_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopez2012" class="citation news cs1">Lopez, Linette (November 13, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/elliott-feud-a-rallying-cry-in-argentina-2012-11?IR=T">"Argentina's President Is Making Great Political Theater Out Of Paul Singer Seizing The Country's Naval Ship"</a>. Business Insider. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924045432/http://www.businessinsider.com/elliott-feud-a-rallying-cry-in-argentina-2012-11?IR=T">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 3, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Argentina%27s+President+Is+Making+Great+Political+Theater+Out+Of+Paul+Singer+Seizing+The+Country%27s+Naval+Ship&rft.date=2012-11-13&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=Linette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Felliott-feud-a-rallying-cry-in-argentina-2012-11%3FIR%3DT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_latin-49"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_latin_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC" class="citation news cs1">BBC, Kaja. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-20743016">"Ghana told to free Argentine ship Libertad by UN court"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150703235456/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-20743016">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2015. Retrieved August 2, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ghana+told+to+free+Argentine+ship+Libertad+by+UN+court&rft.aulast=BBC&rft.aufirst=Kaja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-20743016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Independent_2013-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Independent_2013_50-0">^</a> Ed Stocker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/argentina-welcomes-home-ship-held-in-ghana-by-us-vulture-fund-8445151.html">"Argentina welcomes home ship held in Ghana by US 'vulture fund'"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170331230442/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/argentina-welcomes-home-ship-held-in-ghana-by-us-vulture-fund-8445151.html">Archived</a> March 31, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Independent, January 9, 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-Raymond-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Raymond_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond2013" class="citation news cs1">Raymond, Nate (April 2, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/argentina-debt-response-idUSL2N0CP1ZG20130402?feedType=RSS&feedName=rbssFinancialServicesAndRealEstateNews">"Update 2 - US court demands Argentine bondholders address pay plan"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130926125129/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/02/argentina-debt-response-idUSL2N0CP1ZG20130402?feedType=RSS&feedName=rbssFinancialServicesAndRealEstateNews">Archived</a> from the original on September 26, 2013. Retrieved June 13, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Update+2+-+US+court+demands+Argentine+bondholders+address+pay+plan&rft.date=2013-04-02&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=Nate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fargentina-debt-response-idUSL2N0CP1ZG20130402%3FfeedType%3DRSS%26feedName%3DrbssFinancialServicesAndRealEstateNews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP_usa-52"><a href="#cite_ref-AP_usa_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren" class="citation news cs1">Warren, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2013/03/30/argentina-offers-to-pay-debts-with-cash--bonds/2038349/">"Argentina wants to pay debts with cash & bonds"</a>. USA Today. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160119125210/http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2013/03/30/argentina-offers-to-pay-debts-with-cash--bonds/2038349/">Archived</a> from the original on January 19, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Argentina+wants+to+pay+debts+with+cash+%26+bonds&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fmoney%2Fbusiness%2F2013%2F03%2F30%2Fargentina-offers-to-pay-debts-with-cash--bonds%2F2038349%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SecondCircuit_Clarin-53"><a href="#cite_ref-SecondCircuit_Clarin_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Court_of_Appeals2013" class="citation news cs1">United States Court of Appeals, for the Second Circuit (August 23, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieco.clarin.com/economia/Fallo-Corte-Apelaciones-Nueva-Argentina_CLAFIL20130823_0001.pdf">"12-105(L) NML Capital, Ltd. v. Republic of Argentina"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_(Argentine_newspaper)" title="Clarín (Argentine newspaper)">Clarín</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130828171350/http://www.ieco.clarin.com/economia/Fallo-Corte-Apelaciones-Nueva-Argentina_CLAFIL20130823_0001.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 28, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clar%C3%ADn&rft.atitle=12-105%28L%29+NML+Capital%2C+Ltd.+v.+Republic+of+Argentina&rft.date=2013-08-23&rft.aulast=United+States+Court+of+Appeals&rft.aufirst=for+the+Second+Circuit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieco.clarin.com%2Feconomia%2FFallo-Corte-Apelaciones-Nueva-Argentina_CLAFIL20130823_0001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-_-54"><a href="#cite_ref-_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://au.finance.yahoo.com/news/argentina-makes-debt-case-us-063530886.html">"Argentina makes debt case in US newspapers"</a>. Yahoo.com. AFP wire. June 23, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205446/https://au.finance.yahoo.com/news/argentina-makes-debt-case-us-063530886.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo.com&rft.atitle=Argentina+makes+debt+case+in+US+newspapers&rft.date=2014-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fau.finance.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Fargentina-makes-debt-case-us-063530886.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wsj20140325-55"><a href="#cite_ref-wsj20140325_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomig2014" class="citation news cs1">Romig, Shane (March 25, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303949704579462070995527140">"Argentina Creditor Takes Debt Battle to Space"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208064537/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303949704579462070995527140">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Argentina+Creditor+Takes+Debt+Battle+to+Space&rft.date=2014-03-25&rft.aulast=Romig&rft.aufirst=Shane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052702303949704579462070995527140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Business_Insider_2015_Obsessed-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Business_Insider_2015_Obsessed_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopez2014" class="citation news cs1">Lopez, Linette (July 30, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/singer-says-media-misunderstands-argentina-2014-7">"Paul Singer Doesn't Understand Why We're So Obsessed With His Little Argentina Investment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150921010602/http://www.businessinsider.com/singer-says-media-misunderstands-argentina-2014-7">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2015. Retrieved October 15, 2015. <q>Singer sued Elon Musk's Space X for a ride Argentina had purchased as collateral for the country's debt.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Paul+Singer+Doesn%27t+Understand+Why+We%27re+So+Obsessed+With+His+Little+Argentina+Investment&rft.date=2014-07-30&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=Linette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fsinger-says-media-misunderstands-argentina-2014-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BAHerald_2015-57"><a href="#cite_ref-BAHerald_2015_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/183692/nml-fails-at-attempt-to-seize-assets">"NML fails at attempt to seize assets"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Herald" title="Buenos Aires Herald">Buenos Aires Herald</a>. March 7, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208194106/http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/183692/nml-fails-at-attempt-to-seize-assets">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Buenos+Aires+Herald&rft.atitle=NML+fails+at+attempt+to+seize+assets&rft.date=2015-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buenosairesherald.com%2Farticle%2F183692%2Fnml-fails-at-attempt-to-seize-assets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Law360_2015_bid-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Law360_2015_bid_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalvatore2015" class="citation news cs1">Salvatore, Cara (March 5, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law360.com/articles/628375/nml-capital-loses-bid-for-argentina-space-contracts">"NML Capital Loses Bid For Argentina Space Contracts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Law360" title="Law360">Law360</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208144737/http://www.law360.com/articles/628375/nml-capital-loses-bid-for-argentina-space-contracts">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NML+Capital+Loses+Bid+For+Argentina+Space+Contracts&rft.date=2015-03-05&rft.aulast=Salvatore&rft.aufirst=Cara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law360.com%2Farticles%2F628375%2Fnml-capital-loses-bid-for-argentina-space-contracts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_dealbook_2016-59"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_dealbook_2016_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson,_Alexandra2016" class="citation news cs1">Stevenson, Alexandra (March 24, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/25/business/dealbook/hedge-funds-dealt-setback-as-us-sides-with-argentina.html?ref=world">"Hedge Funds Dealt Setback as U.S. Sides With Argentina on Defaulted Bonds"</a>. New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160326013641/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/25/business/dealbook/hedge-funds-dealt-setback-as-us-sides-with-argentina.html?ref=world">Archived</a> from the original on March 26, 2016. Retrieved March 25, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hedge+Funds+Dealt+Setback+as+U.S.+Sides+With+Argentina+on+Defaulted+Bonds&rft.date=2016-03-24&rft.au=Stevenson%2C+Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F03%2F25%2Fbusiness%2Fdealbook%2Fhedge-funds-dealt-setback-as-us-sides-with-argentina.html%3Fref%3Dworld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FT_DealHoldouts-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FT_DealHoldouts_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/fastft/2016/02/29/argentina-reaches-4-65bn-deal-with-holdouts/">"Argentina reaches $4.65bn deal with holdouts"</a>. Financial Times. February 29, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231906/http://www.ft.com/fastft/2016/02/29/argentina-reaches-4-65bn-deal-with-holdouts/">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Argentina+reaches+%244.65bn+deal+with+holdouts&rft.date=2016-02-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Ffastft%2F2016%2F02%2F29%2Fargentina-reaches-4-65bn-deal-with-holdouts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504221815/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1875416-daniel-pollack-el-acuerdo-se-termina-si-el-pago-no-se-hace-el-14-de-abril">"Daniel Pollack: "El acuerdo se termina si el pago no se hace antes del 14 de abril""</a>. La Nacion. February 29, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lanacion.com.ar/economia/daniel-pollack-el-acuerdo-se-termina-si-el-pago-no-se-hace-el-14-de-abril-nid1875416/">the original</a> on May 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Nacion&rft.atitle=Daniel+Pollack%3A+%22El+acuerdo+se+termina+si+el+pago+no+se+hace+antes+del+14+de+abril%22&rft.date=2016-02-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lanacion.com.ar%2Feconomia%2Fdaniel-pollack-el-acuerdo-se-termina-si-el-pago-no-se-hace-el-14-de-abril-nid1875416%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRafael_Mathus_Ruiz2016" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rafael Mathus Ruiz (April 13, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1888930-la-corte-de-nueva-york-confirmo-la-orden-de-thomas-griesa-para-que-la-argentina-salga-del-default">"La Corte de Nueva York confirmó la orden de Thomas Griesa para que la Argentina salga del default"</a> [The Court of New York confirmed the order of Thomas Griesa for Argentina to leave the default]. La Nacion (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160415160643/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1888930-la-corte-de-nueva-york-confirmo-la-orden-de-thomas-griesa-para-que-la-argentina-salga-del-default">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2016. Retrieved April 13, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Nacion&rft.atitle=La+Corte+de+Nueva+York+confirm%C3%B3+la+orden+de+Thomas+Griesa+para+que+la+Argentina+salga+del+default&rft.date=2016-04-13&rft.au=Rafael+Mathus+Ruiz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lanacion.com.ar%2F1888930-la-corte-de-nueva-york-confirmo-la-orden-de-thomas-griesa-para-que-la-argentina-salga-del-default&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/fastft/2016/04/13/us-court-ruling-allows-argentina-bond-sale-to-proceed/">"US court ruling allows Argentina bond sale to proceed"</a>. Financial Times. April 13, 2016. 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Retrieved April 13, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+L.P.&rft.atitle=Argentina+Wins+Court+Ruling+Letting+Bond+Sale+Proceed&rft.date=2016-04-13&rft.au=Bob+Van+Voris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2016-04-13%2Fargentina-wins-court-ruling-letting-bond-sale-proceed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish2018" class="citation news cs1">English, Carleton (July 11, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nypost.com/2018/07/11/hedge-fund-billionaire-paul-singer-takes-over-ac-milan/">"Hedge fund billionaire Paul Singer takes over AC Milan"</a>. New York Post. Retrieved January 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hedge+fund+billionaire+Paul+Singer+takes+over+AC+Milan&rft.date=2018-07-11&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Carleton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnypost.com%2F2018%2F07%2F11%2Fhedge-fund-billionaire-paul-singer-takes-over-ac-milan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2018/07/11/elliott-management-owns-ac-milan-after-li-misses-deadline/36775677/">"Elliott Management owns AC Milan after Li misses deadline"</a>. USA Today. Associated Press. July 11, 2018. 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Retrieved June 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Redbird+Agrees+%241.3+Billion+Takeover+of+AC+Milan+Football+Club&rft.date=2022-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2022-06-01%2Fredbird-agrees-1-3-billion-takeover-of-ac-milan-football-club&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-teachers-68"><a href="#cite_ref-teachers_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gse.harvard.edu/news/08/04/harvard-awards-second-singer-prize">"Stories Tagged Singer Prize Excellence Secondary Teaching"</a>. Harvard Graduate School of Education. April 18, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208143446/https://www.gse.harvard.edu/news/08/04/harvard-awards-second-singer-prize">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved October 15, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stories+Tagged+Singer+Prize+Excellence+Secondary+Teaching&rft.pub=Harvard+Graduate+School+of+Education&rft.date=2008-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gse.harvard.edu%2Fnews%2F08%2F04%2Fharvard-awards-second-singer-prize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RJC-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RJC_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RJC_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rjchq.org/paul_singer">"Paul Singer"</a>. Republican Jewish Coalition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151024020541/http://www.rjchq.org/paul_singer">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2015. Retrieved October 15, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paul+Singer&rft.pub=Republican+Jewish+Coalition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rjchq.org%2Fpaul_singer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lobelog.com/the-jewish-billionaire-behind-a-new-christian-anti-iran-group/">"The Jewish Billionaire Behind a New Christian Anti-Iran Group"</a>. 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Retrieved December 30, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Post&rft.atitle=Singer+Foundation+will+give+%241M+to+secure+NYC+Jewish+sites&rft.date=2018-11-06&rft.aulast=Feis&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnypost.com%2F2018%2F11%2F05%2Fsinger-foundation-will-give-1m-to-secure-nyc-jewish-sites%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nypost.com/2018/11/05/singer-foundation-will-give-1m-to-secure-nyc-jewish-sites/">"Singer Foundation will give $1M to secure NYC Jewish sites"</a>. November 6, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181109113425/https://nypost.com/2018/11/05/singer-foundation-will-give-1m-to-secure-nyc-jewish-sites/">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Singer+Foundation+will+give+%241M+to+secure+NYC+Jewish+sites&rft.date=2018-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnypost.com%2F2018%2F11%2F05%2Fsinger-foundation-will-give-1m-to-secure-nyc-jewish-sites%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dugan-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Dugan_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuganBrody_Mullins2012" class="citation news cs1">Dugan, Ianthe Jeanne; Brody Mullins (August 27, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390444230504577615731345627296">"Wall Street's Singer Makes His Influence Felt"</a>. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150927193750/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/28/us/politics/28singer.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2015. 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Retrieved October 21, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Publicity-Shy+Giuliani+Backer+Is+Thrust+Into+Spotlight&rft.date=2007-11-22&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Wayne%2C+Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F11%2F22%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F22singer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2013" class="citation news cs1">Stone, Peter (September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2013/07/paul-singer-elliott-republican-fundraiser">"This Vulture-Fund Billionaire Is the GOP's Go-To Guy on Wall Street; Meet the hard-charging, warship-seizing hedge fund mogul who has become congressional Republicans' most powerful fundraiser"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017143534/http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2013/07/paul-singer-elliott-republican-fundraiser">Archived</a> from the original on October 17, 2015. 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Committee on Capital Markets Regulation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140911142230/http://capmktsreg.org/about/members/">Archived</a> from the original on September 11, 2014. 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Retrieved August 9, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Free-Marketeers+Should+Welcome+Some+Regulation&rft.date=2009-04-03&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB123871848344884871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonLynn_Parramore2009" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Rob; Lynn Parramore (September 1, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rob-johnson/jim-chanos-warned-brown-g_b_274527.html">"Jim Chanos Warned Brown, Geithner, and Others about Coming Financial Crash in 2007"</a>. The Huffington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130618004304/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rob-johnson/jim-chanos-warned-brown-g_b_274527.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 18, 2013. 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Retrieved January 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=%23222+Paul+Singer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fprofile%2Fpaul-singer%2F%3Fsh%3D2c66756a795e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Singer+%28businessman%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2014" class="citation web cs1">Ellis, Blake (May 19, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/2014/05/19/pf/ceos-gay-sons/">"Wall Street CEOs open up about their gay sons"</a>. 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