CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>University of North Dakota | Geography and Geographic Information Science - Academia.edu</title>  <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "departments", 'action': "show_works", 'controller_action': 'departments#show_works', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="7XciZfPEZV94ZNneiASo_DVTYPoLhSWFxG4s5GS_Qs4-HCHBZf5R9oGGXouToHqDxxqttzyyZZlxkUPyZ1HaTQ" /> <link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-2b6f90dbd75f5941bc38f4ad716615f3ac449e7398313bb3bc225fba451cd9fa.css" /> <meta name="description" content="Academia.edu is the platform to share, find, and explore 50 Million research papers. Join us to accelerate your research needs & academic interests." /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'departments'; var $action_name = "show_works"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '484b5aa7b4267cde43f8293c8b6d4af6286fdc2b'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":14016,"monthly_visitors":"107 million","monthly_visitor_count":107440917,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":107,"user_count":283727018,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1740528095000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1740528095000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script>  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="preload" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" as="style" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-1eb081e01ca8bc0c1b1d866df79d9eb4dd2c484e4beecf76e79a7806c72fee08.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-63c3b84e278fb86e50772ccc2ac0281a0f74ac7e2f88741ecad58131583d4c47.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-85b27a68dc793256271cea8ce6f178025923f9e7e3c7450780e59eacecf59a75.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script>  <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script>  <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://und.academia.edu/Departments/Geography_and_Geographic_Information_Science/Documents" /> </head>   <body class='c-departments a-show_works logged_out u-bgColorWhite'>  <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=26766707&cv=2.0&cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav no-xs no-sm no-md"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i> We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <div class="DesignSystem" style="margin-top:-40px"><div class="PageHeader"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft u-fs24 u-tcGrayDarkest"><span class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fw700 u-mr5x u-pr5x u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderRight1"><a href="https://und.academia.edu/"><span class="u-linkUnstyled u-tcGrayDarkest">University of North Dakota</span></a></span><h1 class="u-m0x u-fw300 u-fs24 u-displayInline">Geography and Geographic Information Science</h1></div><div class="u-floatRight u-mt1x"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline"><li class="u-floatLeft u-pr5x u-mr5x u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderRight1"><a href="https://und.academia.edu/"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i>  All Departments</span></a></li><li class="u-floatLeft active"><a href="https://und.academia.edu/Departments/Geography_and_Geographic_Information_Science/Documents">16 Papers</a></li><li class="u-floatLeft"><a href="https://und.academia.edu/Departments/Geography_and_Geographic_Information_Science">7 Researchers</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="u-ph0x"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22898782" data-work_id="22898782" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22898782/A_Brief_Exploration_of_Conservation_in_the_United_States">A Brief Exploration of Conservation in the United States</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">An historical overview of the development of conservation in the United States from the 19th century through the present.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22898782" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ab81cc552ebba783ae97cf4868ff46a9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43438300,"asset_id":22898782,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43438300/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="16556591" href="https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD">Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="16556591" type="text/json">{"id":16556591,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","domain_name":"aag","page_name":"MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","display_name":"Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16556591/4513326/19970280/s65_matt.fahrenbruch.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22898782 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22898782"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22898782, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22898782", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_22898782 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22898782; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_22898782"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_22898782 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22898782"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22898782; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22898782]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_22898782").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_22898782").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="22898782"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2809" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation">Conservation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2809" type="text/json">{"id":2809,"name":"Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=22898782]'), work: {"id":22898782,"title":"A Brief Exploration of Conservation in the United States","created_at":"2016-03-06T18:24:08.256-08:00","owner_id":16556591,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/22898782/A_Brief_Exploration_of_Conservation_in_the_United_States","slug":"A_Brief_Exploration_of_Conservation_in_the_United_States","dom_id":"work_22898782","summary":"An historical overview of the development of conservation in the United States from the 19th century through the present.","publication":null,"publication_with_fallback":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43438300,"asset_id":22898782,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/43438300/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/43438300/Fahrenbruch_Conservation.docx?1457317230=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_Brief_Exploration_of_Conservation_in_t.docx\u0026Expires=1737458613\u0026Signature=X043sWkgnIafjV8rtQlPJ~gK0xQGEofL8-RddM-trMr9TZhFT7sBkxV929PT9M2RorrCMmQhvjEtnL4TIJy6U64u1M7F~CEV3S0eSMg1CWzPUfo7pdUI8rZspP2AYXHrBvHgqVsLaOwPYxMrlgP9mu9cXH66Gc~3BHH5ITomRnfcpzm0eTXqHcfg4ptAipbaN27zWgtW6fimM6ywGFSME2fHnGuvsoqa~GE5tEJXsIl3buk8j2qbs6TitD3zpVr62JHcdFJiuRQaxKhHVoOLTxuKeAhaPAvJTo2W9CuRb1Oja83ql3UJ-Dz-MZoAQmSgyB-2TV3f5WllyJTNVa7Jpg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43438300/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/43438300/mini_magick20190216-3983-1coyk91.png?1550311043"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":43438300,"asset_id":22898782,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/43438300/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/43438300/Fahrenbruch_Conservation.docx?1457317230=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_Brief_Exploration_of_Conservation_in_t.docx\u0026Expires=1737458613\u0026Signature=X043sWkgnIafjV8rtQlPJ~gK0xQGEofL8-RddM-trMr9TZhFT7sBkxV929PT9M2RorrCMmQhvjEtnL4TIJy6U64u1M7F~CEV3S0eSMg1CWzPUfo7pdUI8rZspP2AYXHrBvHgqVsLaOwPYxMrlgP9mu9cXH66Gc~3BHH5ITomRnfcpzm0eTXqHcfg4ptAipbaN27zWgtW6fimM6ywGFSME2fHnGuvsoqa~GE5tEJXsIl3buk8j2qbs6TitD3zpVr62JHcdFJiuRQaxKhHVoOLTxuKeAhaPAvJTo2W9CuRb1Oja83ql3UJ-Dz-MZoAQmSgyB-2TV3f5WllyJTNVa7Jpg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43438300/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/43438300/mini_magick20190216-3983-1coyk91.png?1550311043"}],"has_pdf":false,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":19,"ordered_authors":[{"id":16556591,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","domain_name":"aag","page_name":"MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","display_name":"Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16556591/4513326/19970280/s65_matt.fahrenbruch.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2809,"name":"Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":null,"publication_year_with_fallback":null,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":69,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22898827" data-work_id="22898827" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22898827/Human_Settlement_and_the_Demise_of_the_Historical_Sonoran_Pronghorn_Range">Human Settlement and the Demise of the Historical Sonoran Pronghorn Range</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The goal of this study is to explore how the range collapse of the Sonoran Pronghorn occurred and what factors played a role. I start by discussing the nature of sonoriensis to better put into context the effect of human activity on the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_22898827" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The goal of this study is to explore how the range collapse of the Sonoran Pronghorn occurred and what factors played a role. I start by discussing the nature of sonoriensis to better put into context the effect of human activity on the species. I then discuss the history of development in Southwest Arizona from the 1800s to the present in terms of the sonoriensis historical range including a discussion of the 3 'Cs' of Arizona's early economy, Cattle, Copper and Cotton and how they affected sonoriensis range. I also discuss the taming of the wild west with the emergence of grazing and hunting regulations, establishment of federally protected lands, and the rise of what I term a 4th 'C' , the car and transportation networks. Concluding with a discussion of current efforts to rehabilitate and reestablish sonoriensis. In an effort to better illustrate the changes taking place over this time period I also reference maps throughout the represent clues to past activity and a representation of current activity</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22898827" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ce2df02aa818f7241fdc189486b7737a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43438342,"asset_id":22898827,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43438342/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="16556591" href="https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD">Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="16556591" type="text/json">{"id":16556591,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","domain_name":"aag","page_name":"MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","display_name":"Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16556591/4513326/19970280/s65_matt.fahrenbruch.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22898827 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22898827"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22898827, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22898827", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_22898827 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22898827; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_22898827"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_22898827 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22898827"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22898827; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22898827]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_22898827").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_22898827").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="22898827"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2467" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation_Biology">Conservation Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2467" type="text/json">{"id":2467,"name":"Conservation Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation_Biology","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7651" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wildlife_Ecology_And_Management">Wildlife Ecology And Management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7651" type="text/json">{"id":7651,"name":"Wildlife Ecology And Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wildlife_Ecology_And_Management","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17823" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biogeography">Biogeography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17823" type="text/json">{"id":17823,"name":"Biogeography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biogeography","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22413" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wildlife_Conservation">Wildlife Conservation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="22413" type="text/json">{"id":22413,"name":"Wildlife Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wildlife_Conservation","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=22898827]'), work: {"id":22898827,"title":"Human Settlement and the Demise of the Historical Sonoran Pronghorn Range","created_at":"2016-03-06T18:28:52.241-08:00","owner_id":16556591,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/22898827/Human_Settlement_and_the_Demise_of_the_Historical_Sonoran_Pronghorn_Range","slug":"Human_Settlement_and_the_Demise_of_the_Historical_Sonoran_Pronghorn_Range","dom_id":"work_22898827","summary":"The goal of this study is to explore how the range collapse of the Sonoran Pronghorn occurred and what factors played a role. I start by discussing the nature of sonoriensis to better put into context the effect of human activity on the species. I then discuss the history of development in Southwest Arizona from the 1800s to the present in terms of the sonoriensis historical range including a discussion of the 3 'Cs' of Arizona's early economy, Cattle, Copper and Cotton and how they affected sonoriensis range. I also discuss the taming of the wild west with the emergence of grazing and hunting regulations, establishment of federally protected lands, and the rise of what I term a 4th 'C' , the car and transportation networks. Concluding with a discussion of current efforts to rehabilitate and reestablish sonoriensis. In an effort to better illustrate the changes taking place over this time period I also reference maps throughout the represent clues to past activity and a representation of current activity","publication":null,"publication_with_fallback":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43438342,"asset_id":22898827,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/43438342/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/43438342/BioGeography_of_Sonoran_Pronghorn.docx?1738298752=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DHuman_Settlement_and_the_Demise_of_the_H.docx\u0026Expires=1740379983\u0026Signature=UjjA9got~gAXorHCfJHj4tU64lFDT0HZmWKpAuzNkJ0QHXSfnnjKvA3qWAtc2tqGG67hkMyAqiTdo9gmeOZ-XAm8gOHuXK9EcQDhsJxjIzIzHuZvDwx3p08vvNR~3Lem~qGiZkFxEm02OmFElb95NtOVR4QQD~tmydLgJq3QOnDH5MUKeZK53K7EDYuTv66~qLQ6B31JaUWv-dWblQdSdmexBrt~9wQyK4dulFMpYvzMN~~1EBPw~509v4TVsecu9WE9VgQjWa6q6HZjbVrNN2MeQEOUU1C5rCNF8EjP-AW3QKiAQOA-u4umt7JfG6hR9p8dNr9YR3j9dUPWO7BBsA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43438342/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/43438342/mini_magick20190216-20131-2kzbyn.png?1550311048"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":43438342,"asset_id":22898827,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/43438342/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/43438342/BioGeography_of_Sonoran_Pronghorn.docx?1738298752=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DHuman_Settlement_and_the_Demise_of_the_H.docx\u0026Expires=1740379983\u0026Signature=UjjA9got~gAXorHCfJHj4tU64lFDT0HZmWKpAuzNkJ0QHXSfnnjKvA3qWAtc2tqGG67hkMyAqiTdo9gmeOZ-XAm8gOHuXK9EcQDhsJxjIzIzHuZvDwx3p08vvNR~3Lem~qGiZkFxEm02OmFElb95NtOVR4QQD~tmydLgJq3QOnDH5MUKeZK53K7EDYuTv66~qLQ6B31JaUWv-dWblQdSdmexBrt~9wQyK4dulFMpYvzMN~~1EBPw~509v4TVsecu9WE9VgQjWa6q6HZjbVrNN2MeQEOUU1C5rCNF8EjP-AW3QKiAQOA-u4umt7JfG6hR9p8dNr9YR3j9dUPWO7BBsA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43438342/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/43438342/mini_magick20190216-20131-2kzbyn.png?1550311048"}],"has_pdf":false,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":22,"ordered_authors":[{"id":16556591,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","domain_name":"aag","page_name":"MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","display_name":"Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16556591/4513326/19970280/s65_matt.fahrenbruch.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2467,"name":"Conservation Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation_Biology","nofollow":true},{"id":7651,"name":"Wildlife Ecology And Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wildlife_Ecology_And_Management","nofollow":true},{"id":17823,"name":"Biogeography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biogeography","nofollow":true},{"id":22413,"name":"Wildlife Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wildlife_Conservation","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":null,"publication_year_with_fallback":null,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":45,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22898846" data-work_id="22898846" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22898846/Welcome_Now_Get_Out_Settlement_conservation_and_conflict_in_Alecres_National_Park_Argentina_">Welcome!! Now Get Out. Settlement, conservation, and conflict in Alecres National Park, Argentina:</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The goal of this paper is to discuss the current situation of the inhabitants of Alerces National Park in Chubut, Argentina in terms of these three theoretical backgrounds. First, to provide insight into the social and historical contexts... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_22898846" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The goal of this paper is to discuss the current situation of the inhabitants of Alerces National Park in Chubut, Argentina in terms of these three theoretical backgrounds. First, to provide insight into the social and historical contexts underlying the area, I discuss the rise of the conservation movement in general and in Argentina. Second, I discuss the settlement of the area and the opening up of Patagonia. Third, I introduce the specific situation of the inhabitants of Alerces National Park based on the work of David Aagesen (2000) to describe the current property dynamic and the how park officials have responded to the inhabitants over time. The overall goal is to develop a historical context that helps explain the current conflict between the inhabitants of Alerces National Park and park officials.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22898846" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="823da79edb4c8b1a9ffde5be81f915dd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43438381,"asset_id":22898846,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43438381/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="16556591" href="https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD">Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="16556591" type="text/json">{"id":16556591,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","domain_name":"aag","page_name":"MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","display_name":"Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16556591/4513326/19970280/s65_matt.fahrenbruch.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22898846 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22898846"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22898846, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22898846", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_22898846 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22898846; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_22898846"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_22898846 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22898846"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22898846; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22898846]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_22898846").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_22898846").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="22898846"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2809" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation">Conservation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2809" type="text/json">{"id":2809,"name":"Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6556" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colonialism">Colonialism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6556" type="text/json">{"id":6556,"name":"Colonialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colonialism","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=22898846]'), work: {"id":22898846,"title":"Welcome!! Now Get Out. Settlement, conservation, and conflict in Alecres National Park, Argentina:","created_at":"2016-03-06T18:32:05.952-08:00","owner_id":16556591,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/22898846/Welcome_Now_Get_Out_Settlement_conservation_and_conflict_in_Alecres_National_Park_Argentina_","slug":"Welcome_Now_Get_Out_Settlement_conservation_and_conflict_in_Alecres_National_Park_Argentina_","dom_id":"work_22898846","summary":"The goal of this paper is to discuss the current situation of the inhabitants of Alerces National Park in Chubut, Argentina in terms of these three theoretical backgrounds. First, to provide insight into the social and historical contexts underlying the area, I discuss the rise of the conservation movement in general and in Argentina. Second, I discuss the settlement of the area and the opening up of Patagonia. Third, I introduce the specific situation of the inhabitants of Alerces National Park based on the work of David Aagesen (2000) to describe the current property dynamic and the how park officials have responded to the inhabitants over time. The overall goal is to develop a historical context that helps explain the current conflict between the inhabitants of Alerces National Park and park officials.","publication":null,"publication_with_fallback":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43438381,"asset_id":22898846,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/43438381/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/43438381/Conservation_and_the_Welsh_of_Chubut.docx?1738298751=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWelcome_Now_Get_Out_Settlement_conservat.docx\u0026Expires=1738489062\u0026Signature=SL0NvchZrQtW9zxyhMoLibD5xnHS~IRyd7ba8rsdyOxehhNVArCo4LaNPUZfaexA07wPC-GnbaZcjxSW6x7XAK2GW4Fu0VltJe2FhEohfBF1peUBjeHG2oKc2THa9WuDN0LEN0TxEbHBcWNG7L3Fkun1osvYH11E0aspWJ0u~9VEv9SSo1keiQ6dEWjRBmdBVNMD3gpeNZr1agvmCF5U4ExBzDO5n49zTVt3gZFDrGCpEUsKyY~JcgHzC9ccd68RHf8bI1-C~kB3mxKp7aGjM3vva~D0hMbf5qgAcq4pOiM~-dUHQx4RpColhup0oiRVqMUbfxVi3E7MLCn15acKJQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43438381/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/43438381/mini_magick20190216-22931-t3a1jr.png?1550311039"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":43438381,"asset_id":22898846,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/43438381/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/43438381/Conservation_and_the_Welsh_of_Chubut.docx?1738298751=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWelcome_Now_Get_Out_Settlement_conservat.docx\u0026Expires=1738489062\u0026Signature=SL0NvchZrQtW9zxyhMoLibD5xnHS~IRyd7ba8rsdyOxehhNVArCo4LaNPUZfaexA07wPC-GnbaZcjxSW6x7XAK2GW4Fu0VltJe2FhEohfBF1peUBjeHG2oKc2THa9WuDN0LEN0TxEbHBcWNG7L3Fkun1osvYH11E0aspWJ0u~9VEv9SSo1keiQ6dEWjRBmdBVNMD3gpeNZr1agvmCF5U4ExBzDO5n49zTVt3gZFDrGCpEUsKyY~JcgHzC9ccd68RHf8bI1-C~kB3mxKp7aGjM3vva~D0hMbf5qgAcq4pOiM~-dUHQx4RpColhup0oiRVqMUbfxVi3E7MLCn15acKJQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43438381/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/43438381/mini_magick20190216-22931-t3a1jr.png?1550311039"}],"has_pdf":false,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":16,"ordered_authors":[{"id":16556591,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","domain_name":"aag","page_name":"MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","display_name":"Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16556591/4513326/19970280/s65_matt.fahrenbruch.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2809,"name":"Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation","nofollow":true},{"id":6556,"name":"Colonialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colonialism","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":null,"publication_year_with_fallback":null,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":19,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22899059" data-work_id="22899059" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22899059/Waiting_for_the_Wave_Assessing_the_vulnerability_of_tourism_in_San_Juan_del_Sur_Nicaragua_to_tsunamis">Waiting for the Wave: Assessing the vulnerability of tourism in San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua to tsunamis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Despite recent global growth in tourism, there is a dearth of research on its impacts in developing world communities located in hazard-prone regions. This article utilizes the Sustainability Vulnerability Framework (SVF) to examine the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_22899059" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Despite recent global growth in tourism, there is a dearth of research on its impacts in developing world communities located in hazard-prone regions. This article utilizes the Sustainability Vulnerability Framework (SVF) to examine the vulnerability of the tourism community of San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua, which was severely damaged by a tsunami in 1992. Drawing from field research conducted in 2012, we identify 19 factors contributing to the vulnerability of the community and demonstrate the applicability of the SVF as a way to assess vulnerability and identify mitigations in other tourism communities.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22899059" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c965414e18fff2f512e88f7b8ab1e02d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57398911,"asset_id":22899059,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57398911/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="16556591" href="https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD">Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="16556591" type="text/json">{"id":16556591,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","domain_name":"aag","page_name":"MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","display_name":"Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16556591/4513326/19970280/s65_matt.fahrenbruch.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22899059 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22899059"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22899059, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22899059", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_22899059 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22899059; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_22899059"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_22899059 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22899059"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22899059; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22899059]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_22899059").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_22899059").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="22899059"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="909" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Studies">Tourism Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="909" type="text/json">{"id":909,"name":"Tourism Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Studies","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6275" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Geography">Tourism Geography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6275" type="text/json">{"id":6275,"name":"Tourism Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Geography","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15816" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_and_Vulnerability_-_Natural_Hazards">Risk and Vulnerability - Natural Hazards</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="15816" type="text/json">{"id":15816,"name":"Risk and Vulnerability - Natural Hazards","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_and_Vulnerability_-_Natural_Hazards","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=22899059]'), work: {"id":22899059,"title":"Waiting for the Wave: Assessing the vulnerability of tourism in San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua to tsunamis","created_at":"2016-03-06T18:54:04.513-08:00","owner_id":16556591,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/22899059/Waiting_for_the_Wave_Assessing_the_vulnerability_of_tourism_in_San_Juan_del_Sur_Nicaragua_to_tsunamis","slug":"Waiting_for_the_Wave_Assessing_the_vulnerability_of_tourism_in_San_Juan_del_Sur_Nicaragua_to_tsunamis","dom_id":"work_22899059","summary":"Despite recent global growth in tourism, there is a dearth of research on its impacts in developing world communities located in hazard-prone regions. This article utilizes the Sustainability Vulnerability Framework (SVF) to examine the vulnerability of the tourism community of San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua, which was severely damaged by a tsunami in 1992. Drawing from field research conducted in 2012, we identify 19 factors contributing to the vulnerability of the community and demonstrate the applicability of the SVF as a way to assess vulnerability and identify mitigations in other tourism communities. ","publication":"Journal of Latin American Geography","publication_with_fallback":"Journal of Latin American Geography","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57398911,"asset_id":22899059,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57398911/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/57398911/Fahrenbruch_and_Cochran_2014_JLAG-libre.pdf?1537227192=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWaiting_for_the_Wave_Assessing_the_vulne.pdf\u0026Expires=1740434299\u0026Signature=dm0JOlmoDhgfsaUP0sm3GllTkwn8jloMG8w7cbWprZMWzK-d4WMtKsAZ8NHqrXXu6hz44iefBcnv9mhHCQm07PHhz07bymaX5EN2vkWYhyCmH5mF3MwsA7cmUmdJGzwcNlAZ9AhdnRu9DgPmZxPzN5Q~jorVaI4leSxzEGUjzST4Vg~pchGod--KtU2JivfOAGXi5SPHH08NchVjGN5KHrxnS1iH2-~BPoiDW6dgAf77UwlQuJAgM6SYfxaZbuwajn4YdV4Jgmrl~FBsE55DEscRq9JRf12zTexC4E~1psXUUugedwewPs9RspxRMkNJFzwhWWeF4TPJlZu4ncyrTQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57398911/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/57398911/mini_magick20190110-27032-fw2hlv.png?1547179132"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":57398911,"asset_id":22899059,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57398911/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/57398911/Fahrenbruch_and_Cochran_2014_JLAG-libre.pdf?1537227192=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWaiting_for_the_Wave_Assessing_the_vulne.pdf\u0026Expires=1740434299\u0026Signature=dm0JOlmoDhgfsaUP0sm3GllTkwn8jloMG8w7cbWprZMWzK-d4WMtKsAZ8NHqrXXu6hz44iefBcnv9mhHCQm07PHhz07bymaX5EN2vkWYhyCmH5mF3MwsA7cmUmdJGzwcNlAZ9AhdnRu9DgPmZxPzN5Q~jorVaI4leSxzEGUjzST4Vg~pchGod--KtU2JivfOAGXi5SPHH08NchVjGN5KHrxnS1iH2-~BPoiDW6dgAf77UwlQuJAgM6SYfxaZbuwajn4YdV4Jgmrl~FBsE55DEscRq9JRf12zTexC4E~1psXUUugedwewPs9RspxRMkNJFzwhWWeF4TPJlZu4ncyrTQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57398911/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/57398911/mini_magick20190110-27032-fw2hlv.png?1547179132"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":26,"ordered_authors":[{"id":16556591,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","domain_name":"aag","page_name":"MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","display_name":"Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16556591/4513326/19970280/s65_matt.fahrenbruch.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":909,"name":"Tourism Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Studies","nofollow":true},{"id":6275,"name":"Tourism Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Geography","nofollow":true},{"id":15816,"name":"Risk and Vulnerability - Natural Hazards","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_and_Vulnerability_-_Natural_Hazards","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":2014,"publication_year_with_fallback":2014,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":33,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37445672" data-work_id="37445672" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37445672/_Cucharear_dinero_del_mar_La_producci%C3%B3n_de_medusas_en_La_Mosquitia">" Cucharear dinero del mar " : La producción de medusas en La Mosquitia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Peoples of East-Asia have consumed jellyfish for over a thousand years. For much of this time, China has been the main supplier and consumer. Economic and environmental forces today are driving this market out of China and into societies... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37445672" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Peoples of East-Asia have consumed jellyfish for over a thousand years. For much of this time, China has been the main supplier and consumer. Economic and environmental forces today are driving this market out of China and into societies with no history of jellyfish production or consumption. In this paper, I report on the emerging jellyfish industry along the Nicaraguan Miskitu Coast. Here, jellyfish processing is controlled by Chinese merchants, and the product is almost exclusively for markets in East-Asia. Although the industry is just beginning in Nicaraguan, it does appear to have significant impacts on the local economy and society. Most significantly, the industry is creating an annual economic boom during the jellyfish season, providing wage-earning opportunities for Miskitu men other than lobster-diving, a dangerous and often deadly occupation; and for Miskitu women who often do not have access to formal employment. At the same time, the nature of the resource is such that predicting yields from year to year is difficult, and the low price paid per pound advantages those with access to motorized pangas and economies of scale.  This research was conducted over the course of four weeks from (July to August 2015) in and around the communities of Bilwi and Tuapi Nicaragua.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37445672" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8014a14886f61c241d3ee329c3a281d1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57412679,"asset_id":37445672,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57412679/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="16556591" href="https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD">Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="16556591" type="text/json">{"id":16556591,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","domain_name":"aag","page_name":"MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","display_name":"Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16556591/4513326/19970280/s65_matt.fahrenbruch.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37445672 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37445672"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37445672, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37445672", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_37445672 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37445672; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_37445672"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_37445672 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37445672"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37445672; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37445672]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37445672").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37445672").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37445672"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1439" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization">Globalization</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1439" type="text/json">{"id":1439,"name":"Globalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12108" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China">China</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12108" type="text/json">{"id":12108,"name":"China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="83397" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Niche_Markets">Niche Markets</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="83397" type="text/json">{"id":83397,"name":"Niche Markets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Niche_Markets","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="245272" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jellyfish">Jellyfish</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="245272" type="text/json">{"id":245272,"name":"Jellyfish","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jellyfish","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37445672]'), work: {"id":37445672,"title":"\" Cucharear dinero del mar \" : La producción de medusas en La Mosquitia","created_at":"2018-09-19T18:46:01.747-07:00","owner_id":16556591,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/37445672/_Cucharear_dinero_del_mar_La_producci%C3%B3n_de_medusas_en_La_Mosquitia","slug":"_Cucharear_dinero_del_mar_La_producción_de_medusas_en_La_Mosquitia","dom_id":"work_37445672","summary":"Peoples of East-Asia have consumed jellyfish for over a thousand years. For much of this time, China has been the main supplier and consumer. Economic and environmental forces today are driving this market out of China and into societies with no history of jellyfish production or consumption. In this paper, I report on the emerging jellyfish industry along the Nicaraguan Miskitu Coast. Here, jellyfish processing is controlled by Chinese merchants, and the product is almost exclusively for markets in East-Asia. Although the industry is just beginning in Nicaraguan, it does appear to have significant impacts on the local economy and society. Most significantly, the industry is creating an annual economic boom during the jellyfish season, providing wage-earning opportunities for Miskitu men other than lobster-diving, a dangerous and often deadly occupation; and for Miskitu women who often do not have access to formal employment. At the same time, the nature of the resource is such that predicting yields from year to year is difficult, and the low price paid per pound advantages those with access to motorized pangas and economies of scale. This research was conducted over the course of four weeks from (July to August 2015) in and around the communities of Bilwi and Tuapi Nicaragua.","publication":null,"publication_with_fallback":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57412679,"asset_id":37445672,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57412679/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/57412679/Fahrenbruch_2017_WANI-libre.pdf?1537408327=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCucharear_dinero_del_mar_La_produccion.pdf\u0026Expires=1740434299\u0026Signature=hF2I5H3jg1b7tve7t-eIoN3PTm3tRUWBX2MHhE9ChuapYK8swwBASdZuHgVmN9QG5HsveLGFQh8dvEjwnbpJ4tUcPZIecdNWAwmQsQPZT5W0wOh3~mCFziyxqAezwkbL91kUeQSY5hHwHDEOq3m8Z1gxUKd59jfLPrLpa5E4FqivOCaajmV-xu86FbWZeyAJUt6sno3al7rLVJpFSa4nVMWwgARNLgi~eiQgvgMQor1HIq7QWN32f4Iu~X9acCf92WPDt9VGrXRhCyI1LJPtA6pJCRT4UXSGu6xo0K2kStRTE6t1tBdtroTSD9WkBKSGzdMsV38VCBUVkaoCGo2iLw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57412679/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/57412679/mini_magick20190110-20399-uj6uvc.png?1547178288"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":57412679,"asset_id":37445672,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57412679/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/57412679/Fahrenbruch_2017_WANI-libre.pdf?1537408327=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCucharear_dinero_del_mar_La_produccion.pdf\u0026Expires=1740434299\u0026Signature=hF2I5H3jg1b7tve7t-eIoN3PTm3tRUWBX2MHhE9ChuapYK8swwBASdZuHgVmN9QG5HsveLGFQh8dvEjwnbpJ4tUcPZIecdNWAwmQsQPZT5W0wOh3~mCFziyxqAezwkbL91kUeQSY5hHwHDEOq3m8Z1gxUKd59jfLPrLpa5E4FqivOCaajmV-xu86FbWZeyAJUt6sno3al7rLVJpFSa4nVMWwgARNLgi~eiQgvgMQor1HIq7QWN32f4Iu~X9acCf92WPDt9VGrXRhCyI1LJPtA6pJCRT4UXSGu6xo0K2kStRTE6t1tBdtroTSD9WkBKSGzdMsV38VCBUVkaoCGo2iLw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57412679/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/57412679/mini_magick20190110-20399-uj6uvc.png?1547178288"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":8,"ordered_authors":[{"id":16556591,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","domain_name":"aag","page_name":"MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","display_name":"Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16556591/4513326/19970280/s65_matt.fahrenbruch.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1439,"name":"Globalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization","nofollow":true},{"id":12108,"name":"China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China","nofollow":true},{"id":83397,"name":"Niche Markets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Niche_Markets","nofollow":true},{"id":245272,"name":"Jellyfish","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jellyfish","nofollow":true},{"id":532805,"name":"Miskitu","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Miskitu"},{"id":789561,"name":"Pesca Artesanal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesca_Artesanal"}],"publication_year":null,"publication_year_with_fallback":null,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":187,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38048862" data-work_id="38048862" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38048862/PESQUER%C3%8DAS_DE_MEDUSA_EN_LA_COSTA_MISKITU_DESAF%C3%8DOS_PARA_LA_GOBERNANZA_COMUNAL_DESPUES_DE_LA_LEY_445_DE_NICARAGUA">PESQUERÍAS DE MEDUSA EN LA COSTA MISKITU: DESAFÍOS PARA LA GOBERNANZA COMUNAL DESPUES DE LA LEY 445 DE NICARAGUA</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">La Costa Miskito es una región históricamente marginada de Nicaragua. Desde el período colonial, la Costa ha estado cultural y físicamente aislada del Pacífico, que es dominantemente mestiza. Durante años, la población 'costeña' ha... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38048862" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">La Costa Miskito es una región históricamente marginada de Nicaragua. Desde el período colonial, la Costa ha estado cultural y físicamente aislada del Pacífico, que es dominantemente mestiza. Durante años, la población 'costeña' ha exigido una mayor autonomía sobre el gobierno local. La aprobación de la Ley 445 ha transferido en el papel, algunas responsabilidades de gobernanza a los gobiernos comunales y territoriales, sin embargo, los desafíos siguen en pie. Me concentro aquí en los desafíos que enfrentan los gobiernos comunales cuando se trata de proyectos extractivos no tradicionales. Me enfoco específicamente en el desarrollo de la pesquería de medusas que comenzó en 2008. Mis resultados sugieren que los gobiernos comunales aún juegan un papel menor en el desarrollo de sus recursos naturales, carecen de apoyo y están en una desventaja significativa de poder y conocimiento cuando se trata de negociaciones con actores externos. Incluso después de la aprobación, las comunidades carecen de sistemas de contabilidad para los recursos extraídos y tienen pocas vías para capturar los ingresos de las actividades de extracción. Palabras clave: Costa Miskitu, Nicaragua, Autonomía, Gobernanza multinivel, Marginalización The Miskito Coast is a historically marginalized region of Nicaragua. Since the colonial period, the Coast has been culturally and physically isolated from the dominant mestizo Pacific. For years, the 'costeño' population has demanded greater autonomy over local governance. The passage of Law 445 has devolved, on paper, some governance responsibilities to communal and territorial governments, however, challenges remain. I focus here on the challenges faced by communal governments when dealing with non-traditional externally generated extractive projects. I consider specifically the development of the jellyfish fishery that began in 2008. My results suggest that communal governments still play only a minor role in the development of their natural resources, lack advocacy, and are at a significant power and knowledge disadvantage when it comes to negotiations with external actors. Even after approval, communities lack systems of accounting for extracted resources and have few avenues for capturing proceeds from extraction activities.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38048862" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="002ededb72605bfbd9a67c21d5b0b8b0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58073429,"asset_id":38048862,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58073429/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="16556591" href="https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD">Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="16556591" type="text/json">{"id":16556591,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","domain_name":"aag","page_name":"MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","display_name":"Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16556591/4513326/19970280/s65_matt.fahrenbruch.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38048862 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38048862"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38048862, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38048862", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38048862 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38048862; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38048862"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38048862 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38048862"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38048862; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38048862]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38048862").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38048862").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38048862"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70482" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medusa">Medusa</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="70482" type="text/json">{"id":70482,"name":"Medusa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medusa","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="77813" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="77813" type="text/json">{"id":77813,"name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nicaragua","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="107145" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalizaci%C3%B3n">Globalización</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="107145" type="text/json">{"id":107145,"name":"Globalización","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalizaci%C3%B3n","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="469764" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Centroam%C3%A9rica">Centroamérica</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="469764" type="text/json">{"id":469764,"name":"Centroamérica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Centroam%C3%A9rica","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38048862]'), work: {"id":38048862,"title":"PESQUERÍAS DE MEDUSA EN LA COSTA MISKITU: DESAFÍOS PARA LA GOBERNANZA COMUNAL DESPUES DE LA LEY 445 DE NICARAGUA","created_at":"2018-12-27T15:39:56.377-08:00","owner_id":16556591,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/38048862/PESQUER%C3%8DAS_DE_MEDUSA_EN_LA_COSTA_MISKITU_DESAF%C3%8DOS_PARA_LA_GOBERNANZA_COMUNAL_DESPUES_DE_LA_LEY_445_DE_NICARAGUA","slug":"PESQUERÍAS_DE_MEDUSA_EN_LA_COSTA_MISKITU_DESAFÍOS_PARA_LA_GOBERNANZA_COMUNAL_DESPUES_DE_LA_LEY_445_DE_NICARAGUA","dom_id":"work_38048862","summary":"La Costa Miskito es una región históricamente marginada de Nicaragua. Desde el período colonial, la Costa ha estado cultural y físicamente aislada del Pacífico, que es dominantemente mestiza. Durante años, la población 'costeña' ha exigido una mayor autonomía sobre el gobierno local. La aprobación de la Ley 445 ha transferido en el papel, algunas responsabilidades de gobernanza a los gobiernos comunales y territoriales, sin embargo, los desafíos siguen en pie. Me concentro aquí en los desafíos que enfrentan los gobiernos comunales cuando se trata de proyectos extractivos no tradicionales. Me enfoco específicamente en el desarrollo de la pesquería de medusas que comenzó en 2008. Mis resultados sugieren que los gobiernos comunales aún juegan un papel menor en el desarrollo de sus recursos naturales, carecen de apoyo y están en una desventaja significativa de poder y conocimiento cuando se trata de negociaciones con actores externos. Incluso después de la aprobación, las comunidades carecen de sistemas de contabilidad para los recursos extraídos y tienen pocas vías para capturar los ingresos de las actividades de extracción. Palabras clave: Costa Miskitu, Nicaragua, Autonomía, Gobernanza multinivel, Marginalización The Miskito Coast is a historically marginalized region of Nicaragua. Since the colonial period, the Coast has been culturally and physically isolated from the dominant mestizo Pacific. For years, the 'costeño' population has demanded greater autonomy over local governance. The passage of Law 445 has devolved, on paper, some governance responsibilities to communal and territorial governments, however, challenges remain. I focus here on the challenges faced by communal governments when dealing with non-traditional externally generated extractive projects. I consider specifically the development of the jellyfish fishery that began in 2008. My results suggest that communal governments still play only a minor role in the development of their natural resources, lack advocacy, and are at a significant power and knowledge disadvantage when it comes to negotiations with external actors. Even after approval, communities lack systems of accounting for extracted resources and have few avenues for capturing proceeds from extraction activities.","publication":"Revista Geográfica de América Central","publication_with_fallback":"Revista Geográfica de América Central","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58073429,"asset_id":38048862,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/58073429/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/58073429/Fahrenbruch_Manuscript_Final-libre.pdf?1545955614=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPESQUERIAS_DE_MEDUSA_EN_LA_COSTA_MISKITU.pdf\u0026Expires=1740476951\u0026Signature=BmWBHM7QXNeBQPHn7jbooQ4k6KGCqOiMumIirkoefgMquuNZhPbI5ZJO~ziQy3EwCdTqg6RxfRHb5fWLmha8aU0lNvupuNiRpTFZ6l1KOgrVnJZm2JIsQtOcX0beLwldeULyAGf8uE5-sTCn2D~8fdkRHCFXESJQI4-0~4x5mJOH72hO6~OgFijxgcD6T7QGBSDtKmhrKLJ6ksfc~Ydfh9Cs1C0mUJAHBNjLJYSbKEmpkPwmm0TEjit-k77l5uSt1op4kAnTgppIHsHypC96PAAEJivCW9ohal13AbgNksA34-T6F-lJdPKUeu7ybx7X1RhC8cU17IV~PWEZWHnFHw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58073429/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/58073429/mini_magick20181227-6991-1fzpde8.png?1545955884"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":58073429,"asset_id":38048862,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/58073429/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/58073429/Fahrenbruch_Manuscript_Final-libre.pdf?1545955614=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPESQUERIAS_DE_MEDUSA_EN_LA_COSTA_MISKITU.pdf\u0026Expires=1740476951\u0026Signature=BmWBHM7QXNeBQPHn7jbooQ4k6KGCqOiMumIirkoefgMquuNZhPbI5ZJO~ziQy3EwCdTqg6RxfRHb5fWLmha8aU0lNvupuNiRpTFZ6l1KOgrVnJZm2JIsQtOcX0beLwldeULyAGf8uE5-sTCn2D~8fdkRHCFXESJQI4-0~4x5mJOH72hO6~OgFijxgcD6T7QGBSDtKmhrKLJ6ksfc~Ydfh9Cs1C0mUJAHBNjLJYSbKEmpkPwmm0TEjit-k77l5uSt1op4kAnTgppIHsHypC96PAAEJivCW9ohal13AbgNksA34-T6F-lJdPKUeu7ybx7X1RhC8cU17IV~PWEZWHnFHw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58073429/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/58073429/mini_magick20181227-6991-1fzpde8.png?1545955884"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":16,"ordered_authors":[{"id":16556591,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","domain_name":"aag","page_name":"MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","display_name":"Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16556591/4513326/19970280/s65_matt.fahrenbruch.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":70482,"name":"Medusa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medusa","nofollow":true},{"id":77813,"name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nicaragua","nofollow":true},{"id":107145,"name":"Globalización","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalizaci%C3%B3n","nofollow":true},{"id":469764,"name":"Centroamérica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Centroam%C3%A9rica","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":2018,"publication_year_with_fallback":2018,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":88,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40166974" data-work_id="40166974" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40166974/Chinese_Migration_to_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean_Understanding_the_Chinese_Diaspora_on_the_Miskitu_Coast_of_Nicaragua_1880_1982">Chinese Migration to Latin America and the Caribbean: Understanding the Chinese Diaspora on the Miskitu Coast of Nicaragua 1880-1982.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Between 1850 and the Great Depression more than 300 thousand Chinese migrants arrived in Latin America and the Caribbeen. They arrived via two main migration models. Between the 1840s and 1880s, the majority of Chinese immigrants and the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_40166974" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Between 1850 and the Great Depression more than 300 thousand Chinese migrants arrived in Latin America and the Caribbeen. They arrived via two main migration models. Between the 1840s and 1880s, the majority of Chinese immigrants and the majority of Chinese immigrants over all arrived as contracted ‘coolie’ labor. Before the mid-1800s and after 1880, most Chinese migrants arrived a merchant entrepreneurs, seeking out opportunities to startup businesses in liberal western societies, away from the political, bureaucratic, and social restrictions of China. The majority of these migrants, merchant and coolie, came from the Southern Chinese provinces of Fujian and Guangdong. Some of these migrants found their way to Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua (Miskitu Coast) where they settled widely and came to dominate the commercial economies of departmental capitals, as well as mining, lumber, and banana towns, and ports. <br />The purpose of this paper is to explore and better understand the origins of the Chinese diaspora on the Miskitu coast from the late-1800s through the early years of the Sandinista revolution. I focus on the models mentioned above to understand what factors pushed these Chinese migrants out of China and what factors pulled them into Latin America and the Caribbean. I then explore possible sources and dispersion of the Chinese diaspora on the Miskitu Coast. Unlike many Latin American countries, the early Chinse diaspora in Nicaragua was divided into two distinct populations on the Pacific and Caribbean coasts - likely due to the heavy British, then North American, influence in the Caribbean region, Spanish and Mestizo domination on the Pacific, and weak communication and transportation links between the two areas. While Chinese migrants, primarily from Taiwan and Hong Kong, continued to arrive to the Pacific Coast after WWII, the majority of Chinese immigrants to the Caribbean Coast arrived between the 1880s and the Great Depression in conjunction with the peak of what is referred to as the “company</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40166974" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1d613e1c53615aa318a17259f568c95f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":60388151,"asset_id":40166974,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60388151/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="16556591" href="https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD">Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="16556591" type="text/json">{"id":16556591,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","domain_name":"aag","page_name":"MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","display_name":"Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16556591/4513326/19970280/s65_matt.fahrenbruch.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40166974 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40166974"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40166974, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40166974", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_40166974 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40166974; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_40166974"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_40166974 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40166974"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40166974; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40166974]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_40166974").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_40166974").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="40166974"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1250" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_American_and_Caribbean_History">Latin American and Caribbean History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1250" type="text/json">{"id":1250,"name":"Latin American and Caribbean History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_American_and_Caribbean_History","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12179" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Diaspora_Migration_and_Ethnicity_">Chinese Diaspora (Migration and Ethnicity)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12179" type="text/json">{"id":12179,"name":"Chinese Diaspora (Migration and Ethnicity)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Diaspora_Migration_and_Ethnicity_","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="20602" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China_studies">China studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="20602" type="text/json">{"id":20602,"name":"China studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China_studies","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="41376" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nicaraguan_History">Nicaraguan History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="41376" type="text/json">{"id":41376,"name":"Nicaraguan History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nicaraguan_History","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=40166974]'), work: {"id":40166974,"title":"Chinese Migration to Latin America and the Caribbean: Understanding the Chinese Diaspora on the Miskitu Coast of Nicaragua 1880-1982.","created_at":"2019-08-25T02:59:31.316-07:00","owner_id":16556591,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/40166974/Chinese_Migration_to_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean_Understanding_the_Chinese_Diaspora_on_the_Miskitu_Coast_of_Nicaragua_1880_1982","slug":"Chinese_Migration_to_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean_Understanding_the_Chinese_Diaspora_on_the_Miskitu_Coast_of_Nicaragua_1880_1982","dom_id":"work_40166974","summary":"Between 1850 and the Great Depression more than 300 thousand Chinese migrants arrived in Latin America and the Caribbeen. They arrived via two main migration models. Between the 1840s and 1880s, the majority of Chinese immigrants and the majority of Chinese immigrants over all arrived as contracted ‘coolie’ labor. Before the mid-1800s and after 1880, most Chinese migrants arrived a merchant entrepreneurs, seeking out opportunities to startup businesses in liberal western societies, away from the political, bureaucratic, and social restrictions of China. The majority of these migrants, merchant and coolie, came from the Southern Chinese provinces of Fujian and Guangdong. Some of these migrants found their way to Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua (Miskitu Coast) where they settled widely and came to dominate the commercial economies of departmental capitals, as well as mining, lumber, and banana towns, and ports. \nThe purpose of this paper is to explore and better understand the origins of the Chinese diaspora on the Miskitu coast from the late-1800s through the early years of the Sandinista revolution. I focus on the models mentioned above to understand what factors pushed these Chinese migrants out of China and what factors pulled them into Latin America and the Caribbean. I then explore possible sources and dispersion of the Chinese diaspora on the Miskitu Coast. Unlike many Latin American countries, the early Chinse diaspora in Nicaragua was divided into two distinct populations on the Pacific and Caribbean coasts - likely due to the heavy British, then North American, influence in the Caribbean region, Spanish and Mestizo domination on the Pacific, and weak communication and transportation links between the two areas. While Chinese migrants, primarily from Taiwan and Hong Kong, continued to arrive to the Pacific Coast after WWII, the majority of Chinese immigrants to the Caribbean Coast arrived between the 1880s and the Great Depression in conjunction with the peak of what is referred to as the “company \n","publication":null,"publication_with_fallback":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60388151,"asset_id":40166974,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60388151/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60388151/Chinese_on_the_Miskitu_Coast20190825-110288-1gj8ci7.docx?1738387857=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DChinese_Migration_to_Latin_America_and_t.docx\u0026Expires=1740476951\u0026Signature=X3x8CWnuLYfdHC2C97dBKaz71rTGLugRDw9dVMxF0UtrEJiAshh1GSotS1TVd7t4FZ37yRYD0Uz2bGRZTouPNV6PmPmt1fpNs7zXlOZkmSUnvZKWDe2CnNRt9u9fTtd8NIFOlJbPKbsbkudeVBCzpnJQAAATlSxs7KGNQrRDtGUkvGva97dzXGDGGoIAGydpJbNSEqXEq-D8HvXB9DaMnzQTGMqItCDHdbKaoZwUwNeMEGiCGIfMMgjWKlNp~kLxSIQeeioN0xx2e0ZYV~iNhdT3Hf5~R-MxgrJYoTTyeofmlu7y-N8e9N78vJPmZ7hev5pYia4JDj58EIAoiIhriw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60388151/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/60388151/mini_magick20190825-12031-1csxm53.png?1566728588"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":60388151,"asset_id":40166974,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60388151/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60388151/Chinese_on_the_Miskitu_Coast20190825-110288-1gj8ci7.docx?1738387857=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DChinese_Migration_to_Latin_America_and_t.docx\u0026Expires=1740476951\u0026Signature=X3x8CWnuLYfdHC2C97dBKaz71rTGLugRDw9dVMxF0UtrEJiAshh1GSotS1TVd7t4FZ37yRYD0Uz2bGRZTouPNV6PmPmt1fpNs7zXlOZkmSUnvZKWDe2CnNRt9u9fTtd8NIFOlJbPKbsbkudeVBCzpnJQAAATlSxs7KGNQrRDtGUkvGva97dzXGDGGoIAGydpJbNSEqXEq-D8HvXB9DaMnzQTGMqItCDHdbKaoZwUwNeMEGiCGIfMMgjWKlNp~kLxSIQeeioN0xx2e0ZYV~iNhdT3Hf5~R-MxgrJYoTTyeofmlu7y-N8e9N78vJPmZ7hev5pYia4JDj58EIAoiIhriw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60388151/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/60388151/mini_magick20190825-12031-1csxm53.png?1566728588"}],"has_pdf":false,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":21,"ordered_authors":[{"id":16556591,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","domain_name":"aag","page_name":"MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","display_name":"Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16556591/4513326/19970280/s65_matt.fahrenbruch.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1250,"name":"Latin American and Caribbean History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_American_and_Caribbean_History","nofollow":true},{"id":12179,"name":"Chinese Diaspora (Migration and Ethnicity)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Diaspora_Migration_and_Ethnicity_","nofollow":true},{"id":20602,"name":"China studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China_studies","nofollow":true},{"id":41376,"name":"Nicaraguan History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nicaraguan_History","nofollow":true},{"id":77813,"name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nicaragua"},{"id":532805,"name":"Miskitu","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Miskitu"}],"publication_year":2016,"publication_year_with_fallback":2016,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":174,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42098051" data-work_id="42098051" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42098051/Coastal_hazards_tourism_development_and_risk_communication_along_the_Pacific_coast_of_Nicaragua">Coastal hazards, tourism development, and risk communication along the Pacific coast of Nicaragua</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This chapter is based on ongoing research I have conducted since 2011 in the Pacific coastal community of San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua. In 1992, the community was devastated by a large tsunami. The Pacific coast of Central America, which... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_42098051" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This chapter is based on ongoing research I have conducted since 2011 in the Pacific coastal community of San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua. In 1992, the community was devastated by a large tsunami. The Pacific coast of Central America, which lies adjacent to the Middle American Trench, has a history of tsunamis. Since 1992, tourism has become a major economic driver in San Juan del Sur, shifting both the nature of the economy and of risk in the community. Nicaragua and San Juan del Sur have worked to increase their risk communication capacity since 1992, but coastal tourism development necessitates that future risk communication strategies more effectively acknowledge the special needs of the tourism industry. Here, I discuss the advances in risk communication made in the community and the need to reconceptualize the traditional narrative of risk communication if the community is to be resilient to future crises.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42098051" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5080368440c13245f26b19f4b3bc7f8b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62229275,"asset_id":42098051,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62229275/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="16556591" href="https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD">Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="16556591" type="text/json">{"id":16556591,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","domain_name":"aag","page_name":"MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","display_name":"Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16556591/4513326/19970280/s65_matt.fahrenbruch.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42098051 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42098051"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42098051, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42098051", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_42098051 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42098051; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_42098051"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_42098051 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="42098051"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42098051; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42098051]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_42098051").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_42098051").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="42098051"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="388" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_American_Studies">Latin American Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="388" type="text/json">{"id":388,"name":"Latin American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_American_Studies","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="909" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Studies">Tourism Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="909" type="text/json">{"id":909,"name":"Tourism Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Studies","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="942" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Marketing">Tourism Marketing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="942" type="text/json">{"id":942,"name":"Tourism Marketing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Marketing","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13460" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_communication">Risk communication</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="13460" type="text/json">{"id":13460,"name":"Risk communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_communication","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=42098051]'), work: {"id":42098051,"title":"Coastal hazards, tourism development, and risk communication along the Pacific coast of Nicaragua","created_at":"2020-02-28T14:58:30.913-08:00","owner_id":16556591,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/42098051/Coastal_hazards_tourism_development_and_risk_communication_along_the_Pacific_coast_of_Nicaragua","slug":"Coastal_hazards_tourism_development_and_risk_communication_along_the_Pacific_coast_of_Nicaragua","dom_id":"work_42098051","summary":"This chapter is based on ongoing research I have conducted since 2011 in the Pacific coastal community of San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua. In 1992, the community was devastated by a large tsunami. The Pacific coast of Central America, which lies adjacent to the Middle American Trench, has a history of tsunamis. Since 1992, tourism has become a major economic driver in San Juan del Sur, shifting both the nature of the economy and of risk in the community. Nicaragua and San Juan del Sur have worked to increase their risk communication capacity since 1992, but coastal tourism development necessitates that future risk communication strategies more effectively acknowledge the special needs of the tourism industry. Here, I discuss the advances in risk communication made in the community and the need to reconceptualize the traditional narrative of risk communication if the community is to be resilient to future crises.","publication":"Risk Communication and Community Resilience","publication_with_fallback":"Risk Communication and Community Resilience","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62229275,"asset_id":42098051,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/62229275/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/62229275/Final_Rough_Manuscript20200228-93848-1wy4h79-libre.pdf?1582931450=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCoastal_hazards_tourism_development_and.pdf\u0026Expires=1740209377\u0026Signature=aof8~tckw1jDG22B~9vu2Stm8C6cUcdtO6zqWwukluJWYlCaISJoOhbPptbDI4o9kv0-AtrcQAJxtCV6pSzh0STXAknlmbAGGNXk1hL0OG5CrVCk5nYsVoBnDUqsFf8C5bCfZErKsrX1EoowqU0oT~Tiq7lJBgVENHR2w0PjAsUGsm-rj1Eb-7tT9TJT00b8qkWHZcXDo98gUFRxvKnL9FSNMtV2bYv3Edw2ySrXleEfBrcyzg12ZeeCo9M4btbZDA1p5Ti6egAVEQpvlkxWBaC0GHfT~u8y3FsQ8~~FuaUJVgqnIN01tVNKqe3gXLImeapMMGCgBMX8D7WVtLvpeQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62229275/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/62229275/mini_magick20200228-3265-cdqemz.png?1582930755"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":62229275,"asset_id":42098051,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/62229275/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/62229275/Final_Rough_Manuscript20200228-93848-1wy4h79-libre.pdf?1582931450=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCoastal_hazards_tourism_development_and.pdf\u0026Expires=1740209377\u0026Signature=aof8~tckw1jDG22B~9vu2Stm8C6cUcdtO6zqWwukluJWYlCaISJoOhbPptbDI4o9kv0-AtrcQAJxtCV6pSzh0STXAknlmbAGGNXk1hL0OG5CrVCk5nYsVoBnDUqsFf8C5bCfZErKsrX1EoowqU0oT~Tiq7lJBgVENHR2w0PjAsUGsm-rj1Eb-7tT9TJT00b8qkWHZcXDo98gUFRxvKnL9FSNMtV2bYv3Edw2ySrXleEfBrcyzg12ZeeCo9M4btbZDA1p5Ti6egAVEQpvlkxWBaC0GHfT~u8y3FsQ8~~FuaUJVgqnIN01tVNKqe3gXLImeapMMGCgBMX8D7WVtLvpeQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62229275/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/62229275/mini_magick20200228-3265-cdqemz.png?1582930755"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":11,"ordered_authors":[{"id":16556591,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","domain_name":"aag","page_name":"MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","display_name":"Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16556591/4513326/19970280/s65_matt.fahrenbruch.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":388,"name":"Latin American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_American_Studies","nofollow":true},{"id":909,"name":"Tourism Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Studies","nofollow":true},{"id":942,"name":"Tourism Marketing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Marketing","nofollow":true},{"id":13460,"name":"Risk communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_communication","nofollow":true},{"id":15816,"name":"Risk and Vulnerability - Natural Hazards","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_and_Vulnerability_-_Natural_Hazards"},{"id":209819,"name":"Community Based Disaster Risk Reduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Based_Disaster_Risk_Reduction"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy"}],"publication_year":2019,"publication_year_with_fallback":2019,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":34,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_79816679" data-work_id="79816679" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79816679/Pesquer%C3%ADas_de_medusa_en_la_Costa_Miskitu_desaf%C3%ADos_para_la_gobernanza_comunal_despu%C3%A9s_de_la_Ley_445_de_Nicaragua">Pesquerías de medusa en la Costa Miskitu: desafíos para la gobernanza comunal después de la Ley 445 de Nicaragua</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">La Costa Miskito es una región históricamente marginada de Nicaragua. Desde el período colonial, la Costa ha estado cultural y físicamente aislada del Pacífico, que es dominantemente mestiza. Durante años, la población &#39;costeña&#39;... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_79816679" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">La Costa Miskito es una región históricamente marginada de Nicaragua. Desde el período colonial, la Costa ha estado cultural y físicamente aislada del Pacífico, que es dominantemente mestiza. Durante años, la población &#39;costeña&#39; ha exigido una mayor autonomía sobre el gobierno local. La aprobación de la Ley 445 ha transferido en el papel, algunas responsabilidades de gobernanza a los gobiernos comunales y territoriales, sin embargo, los desafíos siguen en pie. Me concentro aquí en los desafíos que enfrentan los gobiernos comunales cuando se trata de proyectos extractivos no tradicionales. Me enfoco específicamente en el desarrollo de la pesquería de medusas que comenzó en 2008. Mis resultados sugieren que los gobiernos comunales aún juegan un papel menor en el desarrollo de sus recursos naturales, carecen de apoyo y están en una desventaja significativa de poder y conocimiento cuando se trata de negociaciones con actores externos. Incluso después de la aprobación, las comuni...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/79816679" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d0b13177e6d0261ac79b7490f2108435" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":86403857,"asset_id":79816679,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86403857/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="16556591" href="https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD">Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="16556591" type="text/json">{"id":16556591,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","domain_name":"aag","page_name":"MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","display_name":"Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16556591/4513326/19970280/s65_matt.fahrenbruch.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_79816679 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="79816679"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 79816679, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_79816679", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_79816679 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79816679; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_79816679"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_79816679 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="79816679"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79816679; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=79816679]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_79816679").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_79816679").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="79816679"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70482" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medusa">Medusa</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="70482" type="text/json">{"id":70482,"name":"Medusa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medusa","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="77813" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="77813" type="text/json">{"id":77813,"name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nicaragua","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="107145" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalizaci%C3%B3n">Globalización</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="107145" type="text/json">{"id":107145,"name":"Globalización","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalizaci%C3%B3n","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="165463" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autonom%C3%ADa">Autonomía</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="165463" type="text/json">{"id":165463,"name":"Autonomía","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autonom%C3%ADa","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=79816679]'), work: {"id":79816679,"title":"Pesquerías de medusa en la Costa Miskitu: desafíos para la gobernanza comunal después de la Ley 445 de Nicaragua","created_at":"2022-05-24T04:56:21.843-07:00","owner_id":16556591,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/79816679/Pesquer%C3%ADas_de_medusa_en_la_Costa_Miskitu_desaf%C3%ADos_para_la_gobernanza_comunal_despu%C3%A9s_de_la_Ley_445_de_Nicaragua","slug":"Pesquerías_de_medusa_en_la_Costa_Miskitu_desafíos_para_la_gobernanza_comunal_después_de_la_Ley_445_de_Nicaragua","dom_id":"work_79816679","summary":"La Costa Miskito es una región históricamente marginada de Nicaragua. Desde el período colonial, la Costa ha estado cultural y físicamente aislada del Pacífico, que es dominantemente mestiza. Durante años, la población \u0026#39;costeña\u0026#39; ha exigido una mayor autonomía sobre el gobierno local. La aprobación de la Ley 445 ha transferido en el papel, algunas responsabilidades de gobernanza a los gobiernos comunales y territoriales, sin embargo, los desafíos siguen en pie. Me concentro aquí en los desafíos que enfrentan los gobiernos comunales cuando se trata de proyectos extractivos no tradicionales. Me enfoco específicamente en el desarrollo de la pesquería de medusas que comenzó en 2008. Mis resultados sugieren que los gobiernos comunales aún juegan un papel menor en el desarrollo de sus recursos naturales, carecen de apoyo y están en una desventaja significativa de poder y conocimiento cuando se trata de negociaciones con actores externos. Incluso después de la aprobación, las comuni...","publication":"Revista Geográfica de América Central","publication_with_fallback":"Revista Geográfica de América Central","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":86403857,"asset_id":79816679,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86403857/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/86403857/14597-libre.pdf?1653394012=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPesquerias_de_medusa_en_la_Costa_Miskitu.pdf\u0026Expires=1740434300\u0026Signature=ZN1JftWAz5gfwzM1bKJXnAS6ACjhfMyF3ju8yqI8xhXK3sWjjY4QEulgvf2I0weQXEP3QBAZ2BfvVdXZYnUWH2i-MiDEF6xqd~LX-yc~XHfdaAUIMQo5sCJycbUCHkqZJVj7gRYk7BAKWq1F9vFcxktSqujd1loF461e4Y68RG48SPV03CY4E~gWbevStqUtOPpPW0IcOOzAlpWCxZfWiZkhpX4xm8wq3gbwpyphB11~ZFvkFuKwp~x1mwWF~mc9iBjYcl8IvzI1CTcTRfCYXuMXKXuuExFuFzMX62H~xdi-bK-8quAwm01cMrMxr2PPvHOnyycz2ZdH~PwMIzyjnw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86403857/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/86403857/mini_magick20220524-31311-xmzcbo.png?1653393548"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":86403857,"asset_id":79816679,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/86403857/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/86403857/14597-libre.pdf?1653394012=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPesquerias_de_medusa_en_la_Costa_Miskitu.pdf\u0026Expires=1740434300\u0026Signature=ZN1JftWAz5gfwzM1bKJXnAS6ACjhfMyF3ju8yqI8xhXK3sWjjY4QEulgvf2I0weQXEP3QBAZ2BfvVdXZYnUWH2i-MiDEF6xqd~LX-yc~XHfdaAUIMQo5sCJycbUCHkqZJVj7gRYk7BAKWq1F9vFcxktSqujd1loF461e4Y68RG48SPV03CY4E~gWbevStqUtOPpPW0IcOOzAlpWCxZfWiZkhpX4xm8wq3gbwpyphB11~ZFvkFuKwp~x1mwWF~mc9iBjYcl8IvzI1CTcTRfCYXuMXKXuuExFuFzMX62H~xdi-bK-8quAwm01cMrMxr2PPvHOnyycz2ZdH~PwMIzyjnw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86403857/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/86403857/mini_magick20220524-31311-xmzcbo.png?1653393548"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":16,"ordered_authors":[{"id":16556591,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","domain_name":"aag","page_name":"MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","display_name":"Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16556591/4513326/19970280/s65_matt.fahrenbruch.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":70482,"name":"Medusa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medusa","nofollow":true},{"id":77813,"name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nicaragua","nofollow":true},{"id":107145,"name":"Globalización","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalizaci%C3%B3n","nofollow":true},{"id":165463,"name":"Autonomía","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autonom%C3%ADa","nofollow":true},{"id":369023,"name":"Gobernanza Multinivel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gobernanza_Multinivel"},{"id":469764,"name":"Centroamérica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Centroam%C3%A9rica"},{"id":2015816,"name":"Marginalización","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marginalizaci%C3%B3n"},{"id":2417900,"name":"Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Universidad_Nacional_de_Costa_Rica"}],"publication_year":2018,"publication_year_with_fallback":2018,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":4,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_90030963" data-work_id="90030963" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/90030963/Like_scooping_money_out_of_the_sea_Chinese_luxury_seafood_consumption_roving_bandits_and_the_boom_and_bust_jellyfish_fishery_on_the_Miskitu_Coast_of_Nicaragua">Like scooping money out of the sea': Chinese luxury seafood consumption, roving bandits, and the boom-and-bust jellyfish fishery on the Miskitu Coast of Nicaragua</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The increasing consumption of luxury seafood products in China is driving small but noticeable changes in the fisheries of the Miskitu Coast of Nicaragua. Per capita seafood consumption in China has grown 665 percent since 1970. With this... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_90030963" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The increasing consumption of luxury seafood products in China is driving small but noticeable changes in the fisheries of the Miskitu Coast of Nicaragua. Per capita seafood consumption in China has grown 665 percent since 1970. With this growth has come an increase in the consumption and price of luxury seafood products. This has encouraged seafood traders to expand outwards and seek out new markets often in areas of weak governance and low institutional knowledge-a process known in the literature as sequential exploitation. The Miskitu Coast has been targeted in recent years for this type of exploitation. Non-existence before 2006, new markets for sea cucumber, fish maw, shark fin, and jellyfish have emerged in recent years. I focus, in this article, on the rapid rise and decline of the jellyfish fishery between 2008 and 2015. The development and operation of the fishery exhibited many of the signs of predatory sequential exploitation including, rapid development, foreign domination, low local institutional knowledge, and weak governance. While often viewed at the national or global scale, the goal in this article is to provide an empirical case-study of sequential exploitation in a sub-national resource periphery, and in doing so, help inform the geographic literature on peripheral markets tied to changing Chinese consumer behavior and document a recent extractive boom industry on the Miskitu Coast.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/90030963" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="70cef0e7446e1169d5344334434874e5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":93707310,"asset_id":90030963,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/93707310/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="16556591" href="https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD">Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="16556591" type="text/json">{"id":16556591,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","domain_name":"aag","page_name":"MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","display_name":"Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16556591/4513326/19970280/s65_matt.fahrenbruch.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_90030963 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="90030963"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 90030963, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_90030963", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_90030963 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 90030963; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_90030963"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_90030963 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="90030963"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 90030963; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=90030963]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_90030963").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_90030963").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="90030963"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="261" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography">Geography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="261" type="text/json">{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="262" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Geography">Human Geography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="262" type="text/json">{"id":262,"name":"Human Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Geography","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="388" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_American_Studies">Latin American Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="388" type="text/json">{"id":388,"name":"Latin American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_American_Studies","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="724" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="724" type="text/json">{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=90030963]'), work: {"id":90030963,"title":"Like scooping money out of the sea': Chinese luxury seafood consumption, roving bandits, and the boom-and-bust jellyfish fishery on the Miskitu Coast of Nicaragua","created_at":"2022-11-05T06:07:15.820-07:00","owner_id":16556591,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/90030963/Like_scooping_money_out_of_the_sea_Chinese_luxury_seafood_consumption_roving_bandits_and_the_boom_and_bust_jellyfish_fishery_on_the_Miskitu_Coast_of_Nicaragua","slug":"Like_scooping_money_out_of_the_sea_Chinese_luxury_seafood_consumption_roving_bandits_and_the_boom_and_bust_jellyfish_fishery_on_the_Miskitu_Coast_of_Nicaragua","dom_id":"work_90030963","summary":"The increasing consumption of luxury seafood products in China is driving small but noticeable changes in the fisheries of the Miskitu Coast of Nicaragua. Per capita seafood consumption in China has grown 665 percent since 1970. With this growth has come an increase in the consumption and price of luxury seafood products. This has encouraged seafood traders to expand outwards and seek out new markets often in areas of weak governance and low institutional knowledge-a process known in the literature as sequential exploitation. The Miskitu Coast has been targeted in recent years for this type of exploitation. Non-existence before 2006, new markets for sea cucumber, fish maw, shark fin, and jellyfish have emerged in recent years. I focus, in this article, on the rapid rise and decline of the jellyfish fishery between 2008 and 2015. The development and operation of the fishery exhibited many of the signs of predatory sequential exploitation including, rapid development, foreign domination, low local institutional knowledge, and weak governance. While often viewed at the national or global scale, the goal in this article is to provide an empirical case-study of sequential exploitation in a sub-national resource periphery, and in doing so, help inform the geographic literature on peripheral markets tied to changing Chinese consumer behavior and document a recent extractive boom industry on the Miskitu Coast.","publication":"Journal of Latin American Geography","publication_with_fallback":"Journal of Latin American Geography","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":93707310,"asset_id":90030963,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/93707310/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/93707310/lag.2018.002820221105-1-1n0nqn8-libre.pdf?1667654491=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLike_scooping_money_out_of_the_sea_Chine.pdf\u0026Expires=1740476951\u0026Signature=LeW5DA9otQvroIOohwE1KbS50b1bFkDcll00r5iASmcqIPg~Hf3mzQlcRUO-VIDHfltJS3dL98mmhEzWzdMGFs7enQzmr-vPl0gUEjv072B-CUT~ZvUelEr8AeXhy-2iqo33FJkW3V81Xg7x-X5TGjc3dgDMdmPyD5yE8JASxC58gAeNCnyof0wyjjT68UsrBk7U2IUws4jvSSBODj-PiEw4nL2hXxrbDWyo4a8C4WaXa4ncwnRjWeMv9aoyW7YJRCicrDUGlaana7u5kySmD94tfKiMycT9IPCLv8KEu7NW8hzzB~08km1hIY7N7cpo2CXCh0YZAI-Ak-1HGMV~Fg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/93707310/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/93707310/mini_magick20221105-1-1r7iams.png?1667653782"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":93707310,"asset_id":90030963,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/93707310/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/93707310/lag.2018.002820221105-1-1n0nqn8-libre.pdf?1667654491=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLike_scooping_money_out_of_the_sea_Chine.pdf\u0026Expires=1740476951\u0026Signature=LeW5DA9otQvroIOohwE1KbS50b1bFkDcll00r5iASmcqIPg~Hf3mzQlcRUO-VIDHfltJS3dL98mmhEzWzdMGFs7enQzmr-vPl0gUEjv072B-CUT~ZvUelEr8AeXhy-2iqo33FJkW3V81Xg7x-X5TGjc3dgDMdmPyD5yE8JASxC58gAeNCnyof0wyjjT68UsrBk7U2IUws4jvSSBODj-PiEw4nL2hXxrbDWyo4a8C4WaXa4ncwnRjWeMv9aoyW7YJRCicrDUGlaana7u5kySmD94tfKiMycT9IPCLv8KEu7NW8hzzB~08km1hIY7N7cpo2CXCh0YZAI-Ak-1HGMV~Fg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/93707310/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/93707310/mini_magick20221105-1-1r7iams.png?1667653782"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":31,"ordered_authors":[{"id":16556591,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","domain_name":"aag","page_name":"MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","display_name":"Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16556591/4513326/19970280/s65_matt.fahrenbruch.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography","nofollow":true},{"id":262,"name":"Human Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Geography","nofollow":true},{"id":388,"name":"Latin American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_American_Studies","nofollow":true},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics","nofollow":true},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology"},{"id":1439,"name":"Globalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization"},{"id":3407,"name":"Environmental Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Studies"},{"id":4711,"name":"Fisheries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fisheries"},{"id":5715,"name":"Community Based Natural Resources Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Based_Natural_Resources_Management"},{"id":12108,"name":"China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China"},{"id":15262,"name":"Latin American History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_American_History"},{"id":64174,"name":"Latin American Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_American_Geography"},{"id":77813,"name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nicaragua"},{"id":155696,"name":"Aquaculture and fisheries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aquaculture_and_fisheries"},{"id":173285,"name":"Fishery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fishery"},{"id":245272,"name":"Jellyfish","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jellyfish"},{"id":314868,"name":"Seafood","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Seafood"},{"id":444367,"name":"Agricultural and Resource Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agricultural_and_Resource_Economics"},{"id":959761,"name":"Boom","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Boom"},{"id":959764,"name":"Bust","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bust"}],"publication_year":2018,"publication_year_with_fallback":2018,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":4,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_96338077" data-work_id="96338077" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/96338077/Waves_of_Change_Tourism_and_Vulnerability_in_San_Juan_Del_Sur_Nicaragua">Waves of Change: Tourism and Vulnerability in San Juan Del Sur, Nicaragua</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/96338077" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b47404d52e279a694b7c44a8721d8843" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":98263821,"asset_id":96338077,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/98263821/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="16556591" href="https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD">Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="16556591" type="text/json">{"id":16556591,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","domain_name":"aag","page_name":"MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","display_name":"Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16556591/4513326/19970280/s65_matt.fahrenbruch.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_96338077 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="96338077"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 96338077, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_96338077", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_96338077 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 96338077; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_96338077"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_96338077 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="96338077"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 96338077; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=96338077]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_96338077").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_96338077").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="96338077"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="261" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography">Geography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="261" type="text/json">{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43883" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism">Tourism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="43883" type="text/json">{"id":43883,"name":"Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=96338077]'), work: {"id":96338077,"title":"Waves of Change: Tourism and Vulnerability in San Juan Del Sur, Nicaragua","created_at":"2023-02-05T06:33:12.603-08:00","owner_id":16556591,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/96338077/Waves_of_Change_Tourism_and_Vulnerability_in_San_Juan_Del_Sur_Nicaragua","slug":"Waves_of_Change_Tourism_and_Vulnerability_in_San_Juan_Del_Sur_Nicaragua","dom_id":"work_96338077","summary":null,"publication":null,"publication_with_fallback":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":98263821,"asset_id":96338077,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/98263821/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/98263821/301292524-libre.pdf?1675612835=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWaves_of_Change_Tourism_and_Vulnerabilit.pdf\u0026Expires=1738433291\u0026Signature=fPA7bUVt6b95PhXEfdjFvqWCE3GkVvu5dT5NYXc~amBeyhoVtSjrBx1fp0Lb7VGfqhFr62NmTud3awQdKS3YhpZqnLJk~iKXFi6ElGdG2EcPvHIe2eu0wT2lM6HCYaJNpYDGpyLPBNl-4pSyqLGzzmPFTaMPpOWtVSsRgvM2oYOx7Xbz~m4KUMmejKMJNgEicRhJF9QHjps4t5-MGN9RIO3s0zZQ6E-m3Er7OXeTMcAN3e3C1ZyYLiUzD6NfUY06ZQKqM9LKGBtB0u3gul8Eju7aqq1FoDvtlMPbimK-Qo8AIKeQMtmyXkw5MCvG1h9HCRDMlpubupJCL6x9sMQYGQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/98263821/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/98263821/mini_magick20230205-1-xvm3yo.png?1675608192"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":98263821,"asset_id":96338077,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/98263821/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/98263821/301292524-libre.pdf?1675612835=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWaves_of_Change_Tourism_and_Vulnerabilit.pdf\u0026Expires=1738433291\u0026Signature=fPA7bUVt6b95PhXEfdjFvqWCE3GkVvu5dT5NYXc~amBeyhoVtSjrBx1fp0Lb7VGfqhFr62NmTud3awQdKS3YhpZqnLJk~iKXFi6ElGdG2EcPvHIe2eu0wT2lM6HCYaJNpYDGpyLPBNl-4pSyqLGzzmPFTaMPpOWtVSsRgvM2oYOx7Xbz~m4KUMmejKMJNgEicRhJF9QHjps4t5-MGN9RIO3s0zZQ6E-m3Er7OXeTMcAN3e3C1ZyYLiUzD6NfUY06ZQKqM9LKGBtB0u3gul8Eju7aqq1FoDvtlMPbimK-Qo8AIKeQMtmyXkw5MCvG1h9HCRDMlpubupJCL6x9sMQYGQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/98263821/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/98263821/mini_magick20230205-1-xvm3yo.png?1675608192"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":113,"ordered_authors":[{"id":16556591,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","domain_name":"aag","page_name":"MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","display_name":"Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16556591/4513326/19970280/s65_matt.fahrenbruch.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography","nofollow":true},{"id":43883,"name":"Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":2013,"publication_year_with_fallback":2013,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":5,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_96338080" data-work_id="96338080" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/96338080/From_Cognitive_Maps_to_Transparent_Static_Web_Maps_Tools_for_Indigenous_Territorial_Control_in_La_Muskitia_Honduras">From Cognitive Maps to Transparent Static Web Maps: Tools for Indigenous Territorial Control in La Muskitia, Honduras</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">As indigenous groups claim a fundamental role in the governance and management of the territories they inhabit, the evolution of digital and Web-based maps continues to offer tools that support these activities, while demonstrating to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_96338080" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">As indigenous groups claim a fundamental role in the governance and management of the territories they inhabit, the evolution of digital and Web-based maps continues to offer tools that support these activities, while demonstrating to state governments, educators, and others the distinct indigenous concepts and practices inscribed on the Earth&#39;s surface. However, making map vector files available to the public can be problematic, because the indigenous stakeholders and their academic colleagues must relinquish control of how the data are displayed by the end user. The indigenous Miskitu, Tawahka, and Pech of Honduras, with university-based geographers, are developing a solution for keeping the original and intended design: transparent static maps (overlays) created in a GIS and made publicly viewable as raster tiles over a free virtual globe. The pioneering Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve participatory research mapping (PRM) project produced and published large-scale paper maps of...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/96338080" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="184b0962b5166e42178ca25499d51328" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":98263836,"asset_id":96338080,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/98263836/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="16556591" href="https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD">Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="16556591" type="text/json">{"id":16556591,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","domain_name":"aag","page_name":"MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","display_name":"Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16556591/4513326/19970280/s65_matt.fahrenbruch.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_96338080 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="96338080"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 96338080, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_96338080", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_96338080 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 96338080; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_96338080"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_96338080 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="96338080"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 96338080; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=96338080]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_96338080").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_96338080").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="96338080"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="261" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography">Geography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="261" type="text/json">{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="422" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="422" type="text/json">{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="19495" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indigenous_Peoples">Indigenous Peoples</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="19495" type="text/json">{"id":19495,"name":"Indigenous Peoples","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indigenous_Peoples","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="78768" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Honduras">Honduras</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="78768" type="text/json">{"id":78768,"name":"Honduras","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Honduras","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=96338080]'), work: {"id":96338080,"title":"From Cognitive Maps to Transparent Static Web Maps: Tools for Indigenous Territorial Control in La Muskitia, Honduras","created_at":"2023-02-05T06:33:28.500-08:00","owner_id":16556591,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/96338080/From_Cognitive_Maps_to_Transparent_Static_Web_Maps_Tools_for_Indigenous_Territorial_Control_in_La_Muskitia_Honduras","slug":"From_Cognitive_Maps_to_Transparent_Static_Web_Maps_Tools_for_Indigenous_Territorial_Control_in_La_Muskitia_Honduras","dom_id":"work_96338080","summary":"As indigenous groups claim a fundamental role in the governance and management of the territories they inhabit, the evolution of digital and Web-based maps continues to offer tools that support these activities, while demonstrating to state governments, educators, and others the distinct indigenous concepts and practices inscribed on the Earth\u0026#39;s surface. However, making map vector files available to the public can be problematic, because the indigenous stakeholders and their academic colleagues must relinquish control of how the data are displayed by the end user. The indigenous Miskitu, Tawahka, and Pech of Honduras, with university-based geographers, are developing a solution for keeping the original and intended design: transparent static maps (overlays) created in a GIS and made publicly viewable as raster tiles over a free virtual globe. The pioneering Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve participatory research mapping (PRM) project produced and published large-scale paper maps of...","publication":"Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization","publication_with_fallback":"Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":98263836,"asset_id":96338080,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/98263836/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/98263836/cart.52.1.381120230205-1-17jz4tt-libre.pdf?1675612491=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFrom_Cognitive_Maps_to_Transparent_Stati.pdf\u0026Expires=1739785070\u0026Signature=bKZCTribhUUYZO6F6pFCUMytIwxRMAe6MD7rw29QoUbsh~BUvERoRAOxMQXbzt6hSblBfFSjuRqxQKnWmUJ5nq-hl5QAG3hYnnrg3oEOOiSVicG-EcxbDfOqmkDdF~MQnozIe-kLa3SPi9x6-W17tTW7PSzgQRv3WpJYvuTOnUWxTmHMREiad7WgBuGyd7A5YZ3OJ6pDXzboXXu2zIKcjFCTbvmb3aMTFfjFOABFbp313Ma2CL70v9AVMHoggMdLk8q0fwtb5dfXSmdmdiApSKSD45UEqnf3UtxMapvkHwk2fnX~3b2F6crHn9dAcgso2UVHgHzLIrohgdCPSUt2Ug__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/98263836/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/98263836/mini_magick20230205-1-9h9vgu.png?1675607705"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":98263836,"asset_id":96338080,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/98263836/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/98263836/cart.52.1.381120230205-1-17jz4tt-libre.pdf?1675612491=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFrom_Cognitive_Maps_to_Transparent_Stati.pdf\u0026Expires=1739785070\u0026Signature=bKZCTribhUUYZO6F6pFCUMytIwxRMAe6MD7rw29QoUbsh~BUvERoRAOxMQXbzt6hSblBfFSjuRqxQKnWmUJ5nq-hl5QAG3hYnnrg3oEOOiSVicG-EcxbDfOqmkDdF~MQnozIe-kLa3SPi9x6-W17tTW7PSzgQRv3WpJYvuTOnUWxTmHMREiad7WgBuGyd7A5YZ3OJ6pDXzboXXu2zIKcjFCTbvmb3aMTFfjFOABFbp313Ma2CL70v9AVMHoggMdLk8q0fwtb5dfXSmdmdiApSKSD45UEqnf3UtxMapvkHwk2fnX~3b2F6crHn9dAcgso2UVHgHzLIrohgdCPSUt2Ug__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/98263836/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/98263836/mini_magick20230205-1-9h9vgu.png?1675607705"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":19,"ordered_authors":[{"id":16556591,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","domain_name":"aag","page_name":"MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","display_name":"Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16556591/4513326/19970280/s65_matt.fahrenbruch.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography","nofollow":true},{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science","nofollow":true},{"id":19495,"name":"Indigenous Peoples","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indigenous_Peoples","nofollow":true},{"id":78768,"name":"Honduras","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Honduras","nofollow":true},{"id":723535,"name":"Biosphere Reserve","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biosphere_Reserve"},{"id":1218440,"name":"Indigenous","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indigenous"}],"publication_year":2017,"publication_year_with_fallback":2017,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":14,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_103800848" data-work_id="103800848" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/103800848/Policy_Inputs_to_Honduran_Government_Indigenous_Federations_and_NGOs">Policy Inputs to Honduran Government, Indigenous Federations, and NGOs</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">15. NUMBER OF PAGES 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER Form Approved OMB NO. 0704-0188 3. DATES COVERED (From-To)-UU UU UU UU 09-03-2016 Approved for... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_103800848" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">15. NUMBER OF PAGES 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER Form Approved OMB NO. 0704-0188 3. DATES COVERED (From-To)-UU UU UU UU 09-03-2016 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Policy Inputs to Honduran Government, Indigenous Federations, and NGOs Our cartographic research results on the CA Indígena website are used by Honduran government agencies, international organizations, Indigenous federations, and NGOs throughout the region. See <a href="http://www.prmapping" rel="nofollow">http://www.prmapping</a>. res.ku.edu/honduras.html The views, opinions and/or findings contained in this report are those of the author(s) and should not contrued as an official Department of the Army position, policy or decision, unless so designated by other documentation.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/103800848" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a420330c49f85fa7195e92d542182fbe" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":103707874,"asset_id":103800848,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/103707874/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="16556591" href="https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD">Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="16556591" type="text/json">{"id":16556591,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","domain_name":"aag","page_name":"MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","display_name":"Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16556591/4513326/19970280/s65_matt.fahrenbruch.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_103800848 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="103800848"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 103800848, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_103800848", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_103800848 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 103800848; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_103800848"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_103800848 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="103800848"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 103800848; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=103800848]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_103800848").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_103800848").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="103800848"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1218440" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indigenous">Indigenous</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1218440" type="text/json">{"id":1218440,"name":"Indigenous","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indigenous","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=103800848]'), work: {"id":103800848,"title":"Policy Inputs to Honduran Government, Indigenous Federations, and NGOs","created_at":"2023-06-24T04:58:16.509-07:00","owner_id":16556591,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/103800848/Policy_Inputs_to_Honduran_Government_Indigenous_Federations_and_NGOs","slug":"Policy_Inputs_to_Honduran_Government_Indigenous_Federations_and_NGOs","dom_id":"work_103800848","summary":"15. NUMBER OF PAGES 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER Form Approved OMB NO. 0704-0188 3. DATES COVERED (From-To)-UU UU UU UU 09-03-2016 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Policy Inputs to Honduran Government, Indigenous Federations, and NGOs Our cartographic research results on the CA Indígena website are used by Honduran government agencies, international organizations, Indigenous federations, and NGOs throughout the region. See http://www.prmapping. res.ku.edu/honduras.html The views, opinions and/or findings contained in this report are those of the author(s) and should not contrued as an official Department of the Army position, policy or decision, unless so designated by other documentation.","publication":null,"publication_with_fallback":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":103707874,"asset_id":103800848,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/103707874/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/103707874/1010210-libre.pdf?1687611376=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPolicy_Inputs_to_Honduran_Government_Ind.pdf\u0026Expires=1740285866\u0026Signature=HENDZKGEnj8ajamLTnRYhDZstWIkAidAOd-allWmLVwSiRT~UCXK83ii5DrsFmSwmxXojHEpXK7KAcVBaT2~bd~YoQVahTlwa2uYqnABG8xhIgOBZp8IynRIXNPm5vkxkYGXwx5JE--Sm9-XZck9bUnOkGi65kGNmroVj8AhJ1IZVNnPalYcTWfCdbjch7CcfyKz53d6zxvTBDFVy--v4XZdHTiWWh~87oo3C17cOpUEtotwrjp8X4J7gdrXx-r~cuAul3m9rgK942JLGoDvpBgV6SyExwmuC7jC9PDgh7lDd1QaqGN5d4JPLqwoIyOnUMnpSaaBLx6IB9gLl6Gqeg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/103707874/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/103707874/mini_magick20230624-1-ernwta.png?1687607996"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":103707874,"asset_id":103800848,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/103707874/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/103707874/1010210-libre.pdf?1687611376=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPolicy_Inputs_to_Honduran_Government_Ind.pdf\u0026Expires=1740285866\u0026Signature=HENDZKGEnj8ajamLTnRYhDZstWIkAidAOd-allWmLVwSiRT~UCXK83ii5DrsFmSwmxXojHEpXK7KAcVBaT2~bd~YoQVahTlwa2uYqnABG8xhIgOBZp8IynRIXNPm5vkxkYGXwx5JE--Sm9-XZck9bUnOkGi65kGNmroVj8AhJ1IZVNnPalYcTWfCdbjch7CcfyKz53d6zxvTBDFVy--v4XZdHTiWWh~87oo3C17cOpUEtotwrjp8X4J7gdrXx-r~cuAul3m9rgK942JLGoDvpBgV6SyExwmuC7jC9PDgh7lDd1QaqGN5d4JPLqwoIyOnUMnpSaaBLx6IB9gLl6Gqeg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/103707874/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/103707874/mini_magick20230624-1-ernwta.png?1687607996"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":3,"ordered_authors":[{"id":16556591,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","domain_name":"aag","page_name":"MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","display_name":"Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16556591/4513326/19970280/s65_matt.fahrenbruch.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science","nofollow":true},{"id":1218440,"name":"Indigenous","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indigenous","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":2016,"publication_year_with_fallback":2016,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":0,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_107979571" data-work_id="107979571" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/107979571/From_Cognitive_Maps_to_Transparent_Static_Web_Maps_Tools_for_Indigenous_Territorial_Control_in_La_Muskitia_Honduras">From Cognitive Maps to Transparent Static Web Maps: Tools for Indigenous Territorial Control in La Muskitia, Honduras</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">As indigenous groups claim a fundamental role in the governance and management of the territories they inhabit, the evolution of digital and Web-based maps continues to offer tools that support these activities, while demonstrating to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_107979571" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">As indigenous groups claim a fundamental role in the governance and management of the territories they inhabit, the evolution of digital and Web-based maps continues to offer tools that support these activities, while demonstrating to state governments, educators, and others the distinct indigenous concepts and practices inscribed on the Earth's surface. However, making map vector files available to the public can be problematic, because the indigenous stakeholders and their academic colleagues must relinquish control of how the data are displayed by the end user. The indigenous Miskitu, Tawahka, and Pech of Honduras, with university-based geographers, are developing a solution for keeping the original and intended design: transparent static maps (overlays) created in a GIS and made publicly viewable as raster tiles over a free virtual globe. The pioneering Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve participatory research mapping (PRM) project produced and published large-scale paper maps of the communities and their land use in and around the reserve in 1998-1999. Due to their limited circulation and use, and requests from indigenous authorities for the information they contained, in 2010 indigenous Miskitu and Tawahka leaders and University of Kansas geographers agreed to convert them to digital format for use in the long-term management of their lands, digitizing the PRM hard copy maps into GIS vector files first by 2012, and then finally to Web-based transparent static maps in 2013-2014. The PRM mapping experiences parallel contemporaneous shifts in political and territorial strategies among Honduras' indigenous peoples.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/107979571" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9b481bed5df0dce49b29f7036a1e3a01" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":106489163,"asset_id":107979571,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/106489163/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="16556591" href="https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD">Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="16556591" type="text/json">{"id":16556591,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","domain_name":"aag","page_name":"MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","display_name":"Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16556591/4513326/19970280/s65_matt.fahrenbruch.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_107979571 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="107979571"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 107979571, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_107979571", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_107979571 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107979571; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_107979571"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_107979571 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="107979571"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107979571; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107979571]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_107979571").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_107979571").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="107979571"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="261" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography">Geography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="261" type="text/json">{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="422" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="422" type="text/json">{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="19495" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indigenous_Peoples">Indigenous Peoples</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="19495" type="text/json">{"id":19495,"name":"Indigenous Peoples","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indigenous_Peoples","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="78768" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Honduras">Honduras</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="78768" type="text/json">{"id":78768,"name":"Honduras","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Honduras","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=107979571]'), work: {"id":107979571,"title":"From Cognitive Maps to Transparent Static Web Maps: Tools for Indigenous Territorial Control in La Muskitia, Honduras","created_at":"2023-10-11T05:09:28.094-07:00","owner_id":16556591,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/107979571/From_Cognitive_Maps_to_Transparent_Static_Web_Maps_Tools_for_Indigenous_Territorial_Control_in_La_Muskitia_Honduras","slug":"From_Cognitive_Maps_to_Transparent_Static_Web_Maps_Tools_for_Indigenous_Territorial_Control_in_La_Muskitia_Honduras","dom_id":"work_107979571","summary":"As indigenous groups claim a fundamental role in the governance and management of the territories they inhabit, the evolution of digital and Web-based maps continues to offer tools that support these activities, while demonstrating to state governments, educators, and others the distinct indigenous concepts and practices inscribed on the Earth's surface. However, making map vector files available to the public can be problematic, because the indigenous stakeholders and their academic colleagues must relinquish control of how the data are displayed by the end user. The indigenous Miskitu, Tawahka, and Pech of Honduras, with university-based geographers, are developing a solution for keeping the original and intended design: transparent static maps (overlays) created in a GIS and made publicly viewable as raster tiles over a free virtual globe. The pioneering Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve participatory research mapping (PRM) project produced and published large-scale paper maps of the communities and their land use in and around the reserve in 1998-1999. Due to their limited circulation and use, and requests from indigenous authorities for the information they contained, in 2010 indigenous Miskitu and Tawahka leaders and University of Kansas geographers agreed to convert them to digital format for use in the long-term management of their lands, digitizing the PRM hard copy maps into GIS vector files first by 2012, and then finally to Web-based transparent static maps in 2013-2014. The PRM mapping experiences parallel contemporaneous shifts in political and territorial strategies among Honduras' indigenous peoples.","publication":"Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization","publication_with_fallback":"Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":106489163,"asset_id":107979571,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/106489163/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/106489163/cart.52.1.381120231011-1-9y93ls-libre.pdf?1697026393=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFrom_Cognitive_Maps_to_Transparent_Stati.pdf\u0026Expires=1740476952\u0026Signature=DBPMnno6CZbz0jFP9oCgt68me2zGWsDdYIVFVEhWrhr3QoKkyOUiYA8zvQ7QY2hiOBLvzsLKbkei5ebXMaAFfUA17WK6cxLdWwqf87-PtwnkNeaaav-3jE4lCxaqiNtaL5VjG~NcojJLld0FN1OcKLl7gntBofouVycSQq~llx6bXm4ohOvT2OtUkszpv4WCx0FQz7VUyOk7HZWenwAvd5-HL5F3xUSxWb~OGLCKTys6KoqE8ZFbL5doWVCZzk70ox6ILqJgmeSyNVUdW3ol0MgZZrQUYZkXXng2IV1nRJmbAhYpEbAYtxfE82-IBg9qxWRaVS8tEC9q83hu4mQ7Kg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/106489163/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/106489163/mini_magick20231011-1-rmskct.png?1697026295"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":106489163,"asset_id":107979571,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/106489163/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/106489163/cart.52.1.381120231011-1-9y93ls-libre.pdf?1697026393=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFrom_Cognitive_Maps_to_Transparent_Stati.pdf\u0026Expires=1740476952\u0026Signature=DBPMnno6CZbz0jFP9oCgt68me2zGWsDdYIVFVEhWrhr3QoKkyOUiYA8zvQ7QY2hiOBLvzsLKbkei5ebXMaAFfUA17WK6cxLdWwqf87-PtwnkNeaaav-3jE4lCxaqiNtaL5VjG~NcojJLld0FN1OcKLl7gntBofouVycSQq~llx6bXm4ohOvT2OtUkszpv4WCx0FQz7VUyOk7HZWenwAvd5-HL5F3xUSxWb~OGLCKTys6KoqE8ZFbL5doWVCZzk70ox6ILqJgmeSyNVUdW3ol0MgZZrQUYZkXXng2IV1nRJmbAhYpEbAYtxfE82-IBg9qxWRaVS8tEC9q83hu4mQ7Kg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/106489163/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/106489163/mini_magick20231011-1-rmskct.png?1697026295"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":19,"ordered_authors":[{"id":16556591,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","domain_name":"aag","page_name":"MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","display_name":"Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16556591/4513326/19970280/s65_matt.fahrenbruch.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography","nofollow":true},{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science","nofollow":true},{"id":19495,"name":"Indigenous Peoples","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indigenous_Peoples","nofollow":true},{"id":78768,"name":"Honduras","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Honduras","nofollow":true},{"id":723535,"name":"Biosphere Reserve","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biosphere_Reserve"},{"id":1218440,"name":"Indigenous","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indigenous"}],"publication_year":2017,"publication_year_with_fallback":2017,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":6,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_107979572" data-work_id="107979572" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/107979572/Waves_of_Change_Tourism_and_Vulnerability_in_San_Juan_Del_Sur_Nicaragua">Waves of Change: Tourism and Vulnerability in San Juan Del Sur, Nicaragua</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/107979572" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ed23ff8fc74cebbad71a14d8761978c4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":106489162,"asset_id":107979572,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/106489162/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="16556591" href="https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD">Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="16556591" type="text/json">{"id":16556591,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","domain_name":"aag","page_name":"MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","display_name":"Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16556591/4513326/19970280/s65_matt.fahrenbruch.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_107979572 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="107979572"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 107979572, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_107979572", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_107979572 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107979572; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_107979572"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_107979572 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="107979572"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107979572; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107979572]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_107979572").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_107979572").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="107979572"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="261" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography">Geography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="261" type="text/json">{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43883" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism">Tourism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="43883" type="text/json">{"id":43883,"name":"Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=107979572]'), work: {"id":107979572,"title":"Waves of Change: Tourism and Vulnerability in San Juan Del Sur, Nicaragua","created_at":"2023-10-11T05:09:30.045-07:00","owner_id":16556591,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/107979572/Waves_of_Change_Tourism_and_Vulnerability_in_San_Juan_Del_Sur_Nicaragua","slug":"Waves_of_Change_Tourism_and_Vulnerability_in_San_Juan_Del_Sur_Nicaragua","dom_id":"work_107979572","summary":null,"publication":null,"publication_with_fallback":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":106489162,"asset_id":107979572,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/106489162/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/106489162/301292524-libre.pdf?1697026441=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWaves_of_Change_Tourism_and_Vulnerabilit.pdf\u0026Expires=1736565679\u0026Signature=W82tMDg9uNNH-2OyhuoTLLxuNH~UyHGZKbaAYR9MgI4uKbKg7j9xCfeZNnbf~lSVkztlUhZaFIAk7plZwDPQUlChtbBSFWtvwcomrPgic9OpL2mVbzJFnP27JhjOlziW6aO5eso~hK3sx~yLMqxRcbHBAWeti8KFNU4sS3AnBgkEHjrvcjzg1~4BbOdHJrWhtDqgeP8wtmDANhOX8f5-OsMDY2WxuFe4ngLsDhEca6hpehdfkUqZf3M7yenbc6xCrQDexuLwZgr3EqyFyTE-ABdMj0V~b5rFJByCAaAFnVX8q8ptGoqXeNbl7q3RCyrglST-2ElJuO0wawhD8oeRog__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/106489162/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/106489162/mini_magick20240803-1-j0gzp7.png?1722651878"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":106489162,"asset_id":107979572,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/106489162/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/106489162/301292524-libre.pdf?1697026441=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWaves_of_Change_Tourism_and_Vulnerabilit.pdf\u0026Expires=1736565679\u0026Signature=W82tMDg9uNNH-2OyhuoTLLxuNH~UyHGZKbaAYR9MgI4uKbKg7j9xCfeZNnbf~lSVkztlUhZaFIAk7plZwDPQUlChtbBSFWtvwcomrPgic9OpL2mVbzJFnP27JhjOlziW6aO5eso~hK3sx~yLMqxRcbHBAWeti8KFNU4sS3AnBgkEHjrvcjzg1~4BbOdHJrWhtDqgeP8wtmDANhOX8f5-OsMDY2WxuFe4ngLsDhEca6hpehdfkUqZf3M7yenbc6xCrQDexuLwZgr3EqyFyTE-ABdMj0V~b5rFJByCAaAFnVX8q8ptGoqXeNbl7q3RCyrglST-2ElJuO0wawhD8oeRog__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/106489162/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/106489162/mini_magick20240803-1-j0gzp7.png?1722651878"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":113,"ordered_authors":[{"id":16556591,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","domain_name":"aag","page_name":"MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","display_name":"Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16556591/4513326/19970280/s65_matt.fahrenbruch.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography","nofollow":true},{"id":43883,"name":"Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":2013,"publication_year_with_fallback":2013,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":0,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_107979577" data-work_id="107979577" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/107979577/Pesquer%C3%ADas_de_medusa_en_la_Costa_Miskitu_desaf%C3%ADos_para_la_gobernanza_comunal_despu%C3%A9s_de_la_Ley_445_de_Nicaragua">Pesquerías de medusa en la Costa Miskitu: desafíos para la gobernanza comunal después de la Ley 445 de Nicaragua</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Resumen La Costa Miskito es una región históricamente marginada de Nicaragua. Desde el período colonial, la Costa ha estado cultural y físicamente aislada del Pacífico, que es dominantemente mestiza. Durante años, la población 'costeña'... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_107979577" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Resumen La Costa Miskito es una región históricamente marginada de Nicaragua. Desde el período colonial, la Costa ha estado cultural y físicamente aislada del Pacífico, que es dominantemente mestiza. Durante años, la población 'costeña' ha exigido una mayor autonomía sobre el gobierno local. La aprobación de la Ley 445 ha transferido en el papel, algunas responsabilidades de gobernanza a los gobiernos comunales y territoriales, sin embargo, los desafíos siguen en pie. Me concentro aquí en los desafíos que enfrentan los gobiernos comunales cuando se trata de proyectos extractivos no tradicionales. Me enfoco específicamente en el desarrollo de la pesquería de medusas que comenzó en 2008. Mis resultados sugieren que los gobiernos comunales aún juegan un papel menor en el desarrollo de sus recursos naturales, carecen de apoyo y están en una desventaja significativa de poder y conocimiento cuando se trata de negociaciones con actores externos. Incluso después de la aprobación, las comunidades carecen de sistemas de contabilidad para los recursos extraídos y tienen pocas vías para capturar los ingresos de las actividades de extracción.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/107979577" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="95a252e24399a9d25b265dc570ed577f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":106489173,"asset_id":107979577,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/106489173/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="16556591" href="https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD">Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="16556591" type="text/json">{"id":16556591,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","domain_name":"aag","page_name":"MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","display_name":"Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16556591/4513326/19970280/s65_matt.fahrenbruch.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_107979577 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="107979577"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 107979577, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_107979577", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_107979577 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107979577; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_107979577"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_107979577 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="107979577"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 107979577; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=107979577]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_107979577").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_107979577").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="107979577"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="951" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanities">Humanities</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="951" type="text/json">{"id":951,"name":"Humanities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanities","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70482" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medusa">Medusa</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="70482" type="text/json">{"id":70482,"name":"Medusa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medusa","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="77813" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="77813" type="text/json">{"id":77813,"name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nicaragua","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=107979577]'), work: {"id":107979577,"title":"Pesquerías de medusa en la Costa Miskitu: desafíos para la gobernanza comunal después de la Ley 445 de Nicaragua","created_at":"2023-10-11T05:09:35.498-07:00","owner_id":16556591,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/107979577/Pesquer%C3%ADas_de_medusa_en_la_Costa_Miskitu_desaf%C3%ADos_para_la_gobernanza_comunal_despu%C3%A9s_de_la_Ley_445_de_Nicaragua","slug":"Pesquerías_de_medusa_en_la_Costa_Miskitu_desafíos_para_la_gobernanza_comunal_después_de_la_Ley_445_de_Nicaragua","dom_id":"work_107979577","summary":"Resumen La Costa Miskito es una región históricamente marginada de Nicaragua. Desde el período colonial, la Costa ha estado cultural y físicamente aislada del Pacífico, que es dominantemente mestiza. Durante años, la población 'costeña' ha exigido una mayor autonomía sobre el gobierno local. La aprobación de la Ley 445 ha transferido en el papel, algunas responsabilidades de gobernanza a los gobiernos comunales y territoriales, sin embargo, los desafíos siguen en pie. Me concentro aquí en los desafíos que enfrentan los gobiernos comunales cuando se trata de proyectos extractivos no tradicionales. Me enfoco específicamente en el desarrollo de la pesquería de medusas que comenzó en 2008. Mis resultados sugieren que los gobiernos comunales aún juegan un papel menor en el desarrollo de sus recursos naturales, carecen de apoyo y están en una desventaja significativa de poder y conocimiento cuando se trata de negociaciones con actores externos. Incluso después de la aprobación, las comunidades carecen de sistemas de contabilidad para los recursos extraídos y tienen pocas vías para capturar los ingresos de las actividades de extracción.","publication":"Revista geográfica de América Central","publication_with_fallback":"Revista geográfica de América Central","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":106489173,"asset_id":107979577,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/106489173/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/106489173/14597-libre.pdf?1697026402=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPesquerias_de_medusa_en_la_Costa_Miskitu.pdf\u0026Expires=1740476952\u0026Signature=QI-LNNFXeVUZVWdUx-JRh-4Hji2aXiXRqPv0tUe4HzjvWygzwBygbDWyCftLxcMilYGO2jk-uhlksnWAEs75yd51yBqInt2lQrsE0iABOMUMBemlvrg0Q6RNpYkXSYTVW0NmlacIYI29APeUaHzM3JUg3c54Lhm6lnSanWGI2J6dXv6dnznAj482sLMTOSM6iDKWBoszHz2wNHM-0Owi1oPS00XWBheiJvez64ZG6LZocGz2K2Ew8y9VkZFSn8GRpkvnqQnqnK6HvnuD6KjSClWmfne5d9gsMSgXHECWZjYgrzceLhycNqCWXGFh-Clh-LLvB7LIB4QiDgEmv6HjmQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/106489173/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/106489173/mini_magick20231011-1-i8vxoc.png?1697026294"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":106489173,"asset_id":107979577,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/106489173/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/106489173/14597-libre.pdf?1697026402=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPesquerias_de_medusa_en_la_Costa_Miskitu.pdf\u0026Expires=1740476952\u0026Signature=QI-LNNFXeVUZVWdUx-JRh-4Hji2aXiXRqPv0tUe4HzjvWygzwBygbDWyCftLxcMilYGO2jk-uhlksnWAEs75yd51yBqInt2lQrsE0iABOMUMBemlvrg0Q6RNpYkXSYTVW0NmlacIYI29APeUaHzM3JUg3c54Lhm6lnSanWGI2J6dXv6dnznAj482sLMTOSM6iDKWBoszHz2wNHM-0Owi1oPS00XWBheiJvez64ZG6LZocGz2K2Ew8y9VkZFSn8GRpkvnqQnqnK6HvnuD6KjSClWmfne5d9gsMSgXHECWZjYgrzceLhycNqCWXGFh-Clh-LLvB7LIB4QiDgEmv6HjmQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/106489173/download_file?st=MTc0MDUyODA5NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/106489173/mini_magick20231011-1-i8vxoc.png?1697026294"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":16,"ordered_authors":[{"id":16556591,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","domain_name":"aag","page_name":"MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","display_name":"Matthew L . Fahrenbruch Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://aag.academia.edu/MatthewFahrenbruchPhD","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16556591/4513326/19970280/s65_matt.fahrenbruch.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":951,"name":"Humanities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanities","nofollow":true},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science","nofollow":true},{"id":70482,"name":"Medusa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medusa","nofollow":true},{"id":77813,"name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nicaragua","nofollow":true},{"id":107145,"name":"Globalización","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalizaci%C3%B3n"},{"id":165463,"name":"Autonomía","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autonom%C3%ADa"},{"id":369023,"name":"Gobernanza Multinivel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gobernanza_Multinivel"},{"id":469764,"name":"Centroamérica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Centroam%C3%A9rica"},{"id":2015816,"name":"Marginalización","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marginalizaci%C3%B3n"},{"id":2417900,"name":"Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Universidad_Nacional_de_Costa_Rica"}],"publication_year":2018,"publication_year_with_fallback":2018,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":1,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="u-taCenter Pagination"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; } .sign-in-with-apple-button > div { margin: 0 auto; / This centers the Apple-rendered button horizontally }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "af9721c8497c60142e62a09bee6edadd788eefad3c784fc00642768985b8afe7", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="DTyzzP21dkYTA3fOGnOwRre5QpqXsl_dG8WCxjfIL1feV7Boa49C7-rh8JsB12I5RfCP16CFH8GuOu3QNCa31A" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://und.academia.edu/Departments/Geography_and_Geographic_Information_Science/Documents" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="19srzy_xPQMUIxSLm_1itWbHqcVsegXU5DETxsfO-xkEsChrucsJqu3Bk96AWbDKlI5kiFtNRchRznzQxCBjmg" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style=""><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style=""><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2025</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>