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<li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Egyptian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egyptian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Egyptian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egyptian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_and_Roman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_and_Roman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Greek and Roman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_and_Roman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Persian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance_and_later_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance_and_later_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Renaissance and later styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance_and_later_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nomenclature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomenclature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Nomenclature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equilibrium,_instability,_and_loads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equilibrium,_instability,_and_loads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Equilibrium, instability, and loads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equilibrium,_instability,_and_loads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Extensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Foundations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Orders</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orders-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Orders subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Orders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Doric_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doric_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Doric order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doric_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tuscan_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuscan_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Tuscan order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuscan_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ionic_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ionic_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ionic order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ionic_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corinthian_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corinthian_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Corinthian order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corinthian_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composite_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composite_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Composite order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composite_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solomonic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solomonic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Solomonic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solomonic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caryatid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caryatid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Caryatid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caryatid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engaged_columns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engaged_columns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Engaged columns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engaged_columns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pillar_tombs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pillar_tombs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pillar tombs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pillar_tombs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Column</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF_(%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="عمود (إنشاء) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عمود (إنشاء)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columna_(arquitectura)" title="Columna (arquitectura) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Columna (arquitectura)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCtun" title="Sütun – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sütun" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD" title="স্তম্ভ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্তম্ভ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Калона – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Калона" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Калёна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Калёна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE" title="थम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="थम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harigi" title="Harigi – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Harigi" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Колона – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Колона" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stub" title="Stub – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Stub" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonenn" title="Kolonenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kolonenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columna" title="Columna – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Columna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloup_(architektura)" title="Sloup (architektura) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sloup (architektura)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbiru" title="Mbiru – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mbiru" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8jle" title="Søjle – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Søjle" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4ule" title="Säule – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Säule" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammas" title="Sammas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sammas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Κίονας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κίονας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columna_(arquitectura)" title="Columna (arquitectura) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Columna (arquitectura)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolono" title="Kolono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kolono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zutabe" title="Zutabe – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zutabe" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="ستون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ستون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonne_(architecture)" title="Colonne (architecture) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Colonne (architecture)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%BAn" title="Colún – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Colún" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columna_(arquitectura)" title="Columna (arquitectura) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Columna (arquitectura)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EB%91%A5" title="기둥 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기둥" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD" title="स्तम्भ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्तम्भ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stup" title="Stup – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stup" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonggak" title="Tonggak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tonggak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonna" title="Colonna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colonna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93" title="עמוד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עמוד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC" title="ಕಂಬ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಂಬ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Колонна – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Колонна" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguzo" title="Nguzo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nguzo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Колонна – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Колонна" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columna" title="Columna – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Columna" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonna" title="Kolonna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kolonna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolona" title="Kolona – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kolona" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuul_(boewkunde)" title="Zuul (boewkunde) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zuul (boewkunde)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colona" title="Colona – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Colona" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oszlop" title="Oszlop – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oszlop" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1" title="Столб – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Столб" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BA" title="തൂൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തൂൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turus" title="Turus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Turus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuil_(bouwkunde)" title="Zuil (bouwkunde) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zuil (bouwkunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82" title="थां – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="थां" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%B1" title="柱 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="柱" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8yle" title="Søyle – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Søyle" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8yle" title="Søyle – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Søyle" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonne" title="Colonne – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Colonne" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colona_(arquitectura)" title="Colona (arquitectura) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Colona (arquitectura)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustun" title="Ustun – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ustun" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7" title="تھملا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تھملا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumna_(architektura)" title="Kolumna (architektura) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kolumna (architektura)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coluna" title="Coluna – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Coluna" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloan%C4%83" title="Coloană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Coloană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunu" title="Tunu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tunu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Колонна – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колонна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Колонна – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Колонна" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column" title="Column – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Column" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culonna" title="Culonna – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Culonna" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column" title="Column – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Column" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C4%BAp" title="Stĺp – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stĺp" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steber" title="Steber – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Steber" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%DA%B5%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%95" title="کۆڵەکە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆڵەکە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B1" title="Стуб – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стуб" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stup" title="Stup – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Stup" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolom" title="Kolom – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kolom" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pylv%C3%A4s" title="Pylväs – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pylväs" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonn_(arkitektur)" title="Kolonn (arkitektur) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kolonn (arkitektur)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haligi" title="Haligi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Haligi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D" title="தூண் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தூண்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%82" title="స్తంభం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="స్తంభం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2" title="เสา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เสา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Сутун – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сутун" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolon" title="Kolon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kolon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Колона – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Колона" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%99t_tr%E1%BB%A5" title="Cột trụ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cột trụ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piloare" title="Piloare – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Piloare" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%B1" title="柱 – Wu" 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noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Structural element that transmits weight from above to below</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the structural construction elements that bear and transmit vertical loads (weight). For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Column_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Column (disambiguation)">Column (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Pillar" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pillar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pillar (disambiguation)">Pillar (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Capitol_Columns_-_Washington,_D.C..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/National_Capitol_Columns_-_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg/220px-National_Capitol_Columns_-_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/National_Capitol_Columns_-_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg/330px-National_Capitol_Columns_-_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/National_Capitol_Columns_-_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg/440px-National_Capitol_Columns_-_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg 2x" data-file-width="3111" data-file-height="2374" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Capitol_Columns" title="National Capitol Columns">National Capitol Columns</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Arboretum" title="United States National Arboretum">United States National Arboretum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riskdagen_Eduskunta_Helsingfors_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Riskdagen_Eduskunta_Helsingfors_%282%29.jpg/220px-Riskdagen_Eduskunta_Helsingfors_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Riskdagen_Eduskunta_Helsingfors_%282%29.jpg/330px-Riskdagen_Eduskunta_Helsingfors_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Riskdagen_Eduskunta_Helsingfors_%282%29.jpg/440px-Riskdagen_Eduskunta_Helsingfors_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3944" data-file-height="2608" /></a><figcaption>Columns of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Helsinki" title="Parliament House, Helsinki">Parliament House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_Gordon_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Monument_Gordon_02.JPG/220px-Monument_Gordon_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Monument_Gordon_02.JPG/330px-Monument_Gordon_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Monument_Gordon_02.JPG/440px-Monument_Gordon_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>Column of the <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Monument" title="Gordon Monument">Gordon Monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/Waterloo,_Belgium" title="Waterloo, Belgium">Waterloo</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>column</b> or <b>pillar</b> in <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">structural engineering</a> is a structural element that transmits, through <a href="/wiki/Compression_(physical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression (physical)">compression</a>, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. In other words, a column is a <a href="/wiki/Compression_member" title="Compression member">compression member</a>. The term <i>column</i> applies especially to a large round support (the shaft of the column) with a <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capital</a> and a base or <a href="/wiki/Pedestal" title="Pedestal">pedestal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is made of stone, or appearing to be so. A small wooden or metal support is typically called a <i><a href="/wiki/Post_(structural)" title="Post (structural)">post</a></i>. Supports with a rectangular or other non-round section are usually called <i><a href="/wiki/Pier_(architecture)" title="Pier (architecture)">piers</a></i>. </p><p>For the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Wind_engineering" title="Wind engineering">wind</a> or <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">earthquake engineering</a>, columns may be designed to resist lateral forces. Other compression members are often termed "columns" because of the similar stress conditions. Columns are frequently used to support <a href="/wiki/Beam_(structure)" title="Beam (structure)">beams</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arch" title="Arch">arches</a> on which the upper parts of walls or ceilings rest. In architecture, "column" refers to such a structural element that also has certain proportional and decorative features. These beautiful columns are available in a broad selection of styles and designs in round tapered, round straight, or square shaft styles. <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>A column might also be a decorative element not needed for structural purposes; many columns are <a href="/wiki/Engaged_column" title="Engaged column">engaged</a>, that is to say form part of a wall. A long sequence of columns joined by an <a href="/wiki/Entablature" title="Entablature">entablature</a> is known as a <a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">colonnade</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Column&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Column" title="Special:EditPage/Column">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Column%22">"Column"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Column%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Column%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Column%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Column%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Column%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%87%9F%E9%80%A0%E6%B3%95%E5%BC%8F%E5%85%AD_20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/%E7%87%9F%E9%80%A0%E6%B3%95%E5%BC%8F%E5%85%AD_20.jpg/220px-%E7%87%9F%E9%80%A0%E6%B3%95%E5%BC%8F%E5%85%AD_20.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/%E7%87%9F%E9%80%A0%E6%B3%95%E5%BC%8F%E5%85%AD_20.jpg/330px-%E7%87%9F%E9%80%A0%E6%B3%95%E5%BC%8F%E5%85%AD_20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/%E7%87%9F%E9%80%A0%E6%B3%95%E5%BC%8F%E5%85%AD_20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Dragon pillar from the <i><a href="/wiki/Yingzao_Fashi" title="Yingzao Fashi">Yingzao Fashi</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Column&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All significant <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> civilizations of the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> made some use of columns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Egyptian">Egyptian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Column&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Egyptian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture#Columns" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">Ancient Egyptian architecture § Columns</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">ancient Egyptian architecture</a> as early as 2600 BC, the architect <a href="/wiki/Imhotep" title="Imhotep">Imhotep</a> made use of stone columns whose surface was carved to reflect the organic form of bundled reeds, like <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nymphaea" title="Nymphaea">lotus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palm_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm tree">palm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later Egyptian architecture faceted cylinders were also common. Their form is thought to derive from archaic reed-built shrines. Carved from stone, the columns were highly decorated with carved and painted <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a>, texts, ritual imagery and natural motifs. Egyptian columns are famously present in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hypostyle_Hall" title="Great Hypostyle Hall">Great Hypostyle Hall</a> of Karnak (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1224 BC</span>), where 134 columns are lined up in sixteen rows, with some columns reaching heights of 24 metres. </p><p>One of the most important type are the papyriform columns. The origin of these columns goes back to the <a href="/wiki/5th_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="5th Dynasty">5th Dynasty</a>. They are composed of lotus (papyrus) stems which are drawn together into a bundle decorated with bands: the capital, instead of opening out into the shape of a <a href="/wiki/Campanula" title="Campanula">bellflower</a>, swells out and then narrows again like a flower in bud. The base, which tapers to take the shape of a half-sphere like the stem of the lotus, has a continuously recurring decoration of stipules. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Examples of Egyptian columns</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_grammar_of_ornament_(1868)_(14587326250).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration of papyriform capitals, in The Grammar of Ornament"><img alt="Illustration of papyriform capitals, in The Grammar of Ornament" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_grammar_of_ornament_%281868%29_%2814587326250%29.jpg/171px-The_grammar_of_ornament_%281868%29_%2814587326250%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_grammar_of_ornament_%281868%29_%2814587326250%29.jpg/257px-The_grammar_of_ornament_%281868%29_%2814587326250%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_grammar_of_ornament_%281868%29_%2814587326250%29.jpg/342px-The_grammar_of_ornament_%281868%29_%2814587326250%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2906" data-file-height="4334" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration of papyriform capitals, in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Grammar_of_Ornament" class="mw-redirect" title="The Grammar of Ornament">The Grammar of Ornament</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lepsius-Projekt_tw_1-2-108.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration of various types of capitals, drawn by the egyptologist Karl Richard Lepsius"><img alt="Illustration of various types of capitals, drawn by the egyptologist Karl Richard Lepsius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Lepsius-Projekt_tw_1-2-108.jpg/195px-Lepsius-Projekt_tw_1-2-108.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Lepsius-Projekt_tw_1-2-108.jpg/294px-Lepsius-Projekt_tw_1-2-108.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Lepsius-Projekt_tw_1-2-108.jpg/391px-Lepsius-Projekt_tw_1-2-108.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1557" data-file-height="2030" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration of various types of capitals, drawn by the egyptologist <a href="/wiki/Karl_Richard_Lepsius" title="Karl Richard Lepsius">Karl Richard Lepsius</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mammisi_Philae2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Columns with Hathoric capitals"><img alt="Columns with Hathoric capitals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Mammisi_Philae2.JPG/340px-Mammisi_Philae2.JPG" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Mammisi_Philae2.JPG/511px-Mammisi_Philae2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Mammisi_Philae2.JPG/680px-Mammisi_Philae2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Columns with <a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathoric</a> capitals</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 258px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 256px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_double_row_of_columns_with_papyrus_bundle_capitals_-_The_Court_of_Amonhotep_III_-_Luxor_Temple_(14075179947).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Papyriform columns of the Luxor Temple"><img alt="Papyriform columns of the Luxor Temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/The_double_row_of_columns_with_papyrus_bundle_capitals_-_The_Court_of_Amonhotep_III_-_Luxor_Temple_%2814075179947%29.jpg/384px-The_double_row_of_columns_with_papyrus_bundle_capitals_-_The_Court_of_Amonhotep_III_-_Luxor_Temple_%2814075179947%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/The_double_row_of_columns_with_papyrus_bundle_capitals_-_The_Court_of_Amonhotep_III_-_Luxor_Temple_%2814075179947%29.jpg/577px-The_double_row_of_columns_with_papyrus_bundle_capitals_-_The_Court_of_Amonhotep_III_-_Luxor_Temple_%2814075179947%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/The_double_row_of_columns_with_papyrus_bundle_capitals_-_The_Court_of_Amonhotep_III_-_Luxor_Temple_%2814075179947%29.jpg/768px-The_double_row_of_columns_with_papyrus_bundle_capitals_-_The_Court_of_Amonhotep_III_-_Luxor_Temple_%2814075179947%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Papyriform columns of the <a href="/wiki/Luxor_Temple" title="Luxor Temple">Luxor Temple</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greek_and_Roman">Greek and Roman</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Column&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Greek and Roman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Classical_order" title="Classical order">Classical order</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization#columns" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization § columns</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:582px;max-width:582px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:229px;max-width:229px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:146px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schema_Saeulenordnungen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Schema_Saeulenordnungen.jpg/227px-Schema_Saeulenordnungen.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Schema_Saeulenordnungen.jpg/341px-Schema_Saeulenordnungen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Schema_Saeulenordnungen.jpg/454px-Schema_Saeulenordnungen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1608" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Illustration of Doric (left three), Ionic (middle three) and Corinthian (right two) columns</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:146px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Table_of_architecture,_Cyclopaedia,_1728,_volume_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Table_of_architecture%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_1728%2C_volume_1.jpg/136px-Table_of_architecture%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_1728%2C_volume_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Table_of_architecture%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_1728%2C_volume_1.jpg/204px-Table_of_architecture%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_1728%2C_volume_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Table_of_architecture%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_1728%2C_volume_1.jpg/272px-Table_of_architecture%2C_Cyclopaedia%2C_1728%2C_volume_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2529" data-file-height="2708" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Very detailed illustrations of the <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_order" title="Tuscan order">Tuscan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order">Doric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ionic_order" title="Ionic order">Ionic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Composite_order" title="Composite order">Composite</a> orders</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:209px;max-width:209px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:146px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ARCHITECTURE_ORDERS_Greeks_Etruscan_Roman_(Doric_Ionic_Corinthian_Tuscan_Composite)_by_Paolo_Villa_ENG_edition.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/ARCHITECTURE_ORDERS_Greeks_Etruscan_Roman_%28Doric_Ionic_Corinthian_Tuscan_Composite%29_by_Paolo_Villa_ENG_edition.pdf/page1-207px-ARCHITECTURE_ORDERS_Greeks_Etruscan_Roman_%28Doric_Ionic_Corinthian_Tuscan_Composite%29_by_Paolo_Villa_ENG_edition.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="207" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/ARCHITECTURE_ORDERS_Greeks_Etruscan_Roman_%28Doric_Ionic_Corinthian_Tuscan_Composite%29_by_Paolo_Villa_ENG_edition.pdf/page1-311px-ARCHITECTURE_ORDERS_Greeks_Etruscan_Roman_%28Doric_Ionic_Corinthian_Tuscan_Composite%29_by_Paolo_Villa_ENG_edition.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/ARCHITECTURE_ORDERS_Greeks_Etruscan_Roman_%28Doric_Ionic_Corinthian_Tuscan_Composite%29_by_Paolo_Villa_ENG_edition.pdf/page1-414px-ARCHITECTURE_ORDERS_Greeks_Etruscan_Roman_%28Doric_Ionic_Corinthian_Tuscan_Composite%29_by_Paolo_Villa_ENG_edition.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7020" data-file-height="4964" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Very simple detailed of the <a href="/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order">Doric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_order" title="Tuscan order">Tuscan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ionic_order" title="Ionic order">Ionic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Composite_order" title="Composite order">Composite</a> orders</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Minoans" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoans">Minoans</a> used whole tree-trunks, usually turned upside down in order to prevent re-growth<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (January 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Column#Dubious" title="Talk:Column">discuss</a></i>]</sup>, stood on a base set in the stylobate (floor base) and topped by a simple round capital. These were then painted as in the most famous <a href="/wiki/Minoan_palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan palace">Minoan palace</a> of <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a>. The Minoans employed columns to create large open-plan spaces, light-wells and as a focal point for religious rituals. </p><p>These traditions were continued by the later <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenaean civilization">Mycenaean civilization</a>, particularly in the megaron or hall at the heart of their palaces. The importance of columns and their reference to palaces and therefore authority is evidenced in their use in heraldic motifs such as the famous lion-gate of <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a> where two lions stand each side of a column. Being made of wood these early columns have not survived, but their stone bases have and through these we may see their use and arrangement in these palace buildings. </p><p>The Egyptians, Persians and other civilizations mostly used columns for the practical purpose of holding up the roof inside a building, preferring outside walls to be decorated with <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">reliefs</a> or painting, but the Ancient Greeks, followed by the Romans, loved to use them on the outside as well, and the extensive use of columns on the interior and exterior of buildings is one of the most characteristic features of classical architecture, in buildings like the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a>. The Greeks developed the <a href="#Classical_orders">classical orders</a> of architecture, which are most easily distinguished by the form of the column and its various elements. Their <a href="/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order">Doric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ionic_order" title="Ionic order">Ionic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian</a> orders were expanded by the Romans to include the <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_order" title="Tuscan order">Tuscan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Composite_order" title="Composite order">Composite</a> orders. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Knossos_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Minoan columns at the West Bastion of the Palace of Knossos"><img alt="Minoan columns at the West Bastion of the Palace of Knossos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Knossos_03.JPG/320px-Knossos_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Knossos_03.JPG/480px-Knossos_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Knossos_03.JPG/640px-Knossos_03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2484" data-file-height="1863" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Minoan columns at the West Bastion of the Palace of <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EB1911_Capital_Fig._5_Early_Greek_Capital_from_the_Tomb_of_Agamemnon,_Mycenae.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration of the end of a Mycenaean column, from the Tomb of Agamemnon"><img alt="Illustration of the end of a Mycenaean column, from the Tomb of Agamemnon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/EB1911_Capital_Fig._5_Early_Greek_Capital_from_the_Tomb_of_Agamemnon%2C_Mycenae.jpg/237px-EB1911_Capital_Fig._5_Early_Greek_Capital_from_the_Tomb_of_Agamemnon%2C_Mycenae.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/EB1911_Capital_Fig._5_Early_Greek_Capital_from_the_Tomb_of_Agamemnon%2C_Mycenae.jpg/355px-EB1911_Capital_Fig._5_Early_Greek_Capital_from_the_Tomb_of_Agamemnon%2C_Mycenae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/EB1911_Capital_Fig._5_Early_Greek_Capital_from_the_Tomb_of_Agamemnon%2C_Mycenae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="364" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration of the end of a Mycenaean column, from the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Agamemnon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Agamemnon">Tomb of Agamemnon</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_tg_0001022_Architektur_%5E_S%C3%A4ule_%5E_dorische_Ordnung_%5E_Br%C3%BCcke.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration of the Tuscan order"><img alt="Illustration of the Tuscan order" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Fotothek_df_tg_0001022_Architektur_%5E_S%C3%A4ule_%5E_dorische_Ordnung_%5E_Br%C3%BCcke.jpg/162px-Fotothek_df_tg_0001022_Architektur_%5E_S%C3%A4ule_%5E_dorische_Ordnung_%5E_Br%C3%BCcke.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Fotothek_df_tg_0001022_Architektur_%5E_S%C3%A4ule_%5E_dorische_Ordnung_%5E_Br%C3%BCcke.jpg/243px-Fotothek_df_tg_0001022_Architektur_%5E_S%C3%A4ule_%5E_dorische_Ordnung_%5E_Br%C3%BCcke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Fotothek_df_tg_0001022_Architektur_%5E_S%C3%A4ule_%5E_dorische_Ordnung_%5E_Br%C3%BCcke.jpg/325px-Fotothek_df_tg_0001022_Architektur_%5E_S%C3%A4ule_%5E_dorische_Ordnung_%5E_Br%C3%BCcke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="820" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration of the <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_order" title="Tuscan order">Tuscan order</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 97.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 95.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DoricParthenon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration of the Doric order"><img alt="Illustration of the Doric order" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/DoricParthenon.jpg/143px-DoricParthenon.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/DoricParthenon.jpg/214px-DoricParthenon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/DoricParthenon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="468" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration of the <a href="/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order">Doric order</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ionic_Order_from_%E2%80%9CLes_ruines_plus_beaux_des_monuments_de_la_Gr%C3%A8ce%E2%80%9D_p197.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration of the Ionic order"><img alt="Illustration of the Ionic order" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ionic_Order_from_%E2%80%9CLes_ruines_plus_beaux_des_monuments_de_la_Gr%C3%A8ce%E2%80%9D_p197.jpg/159px-Ionic_Order_from_%E2%80%9CLes_ruines_plus_beaux_des_monuments_de_la_Gr%C3%A8ce%E2%80%9D_p197.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ionic_Order_from_%E2%80%9CLes_ruines_plus_beaux_des_monuments_de_la_Gr%C3%A8ce%E2%80%9D_p197.jpg/239px-Ionic_Order_from_%E2%80%9CLes_ruines_plus_beaux_des_monuments_de_la_Gr%C3%A8ce%E2%80%9D_p197.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ionic_Order_from_%E2%80%9CLes_ruines_plus_beaux_des_monuments_de_la_Gr%C3%A8ce%E2%80%9D_p197.jpg/319px-Ionic_Order_from_%E2%80%9CLes_ruines_plus_beaux_des_monuments_de_la_Gr%C3%A8ce%E2%80%9D_p197.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3290" data-file-height="4949" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration of the <a href="/wiki/Ionic_order" title="Ionic order">Ionic order</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 107.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 105.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Evolution_of_the_Corinthian_Capital_138.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Evolution of the Corinthian order"><img alt="Evolution of the Corinthian order" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Evolution_of_the_Corinthian_Capital_138.jpg/158px-Evolution_of_the_Corinthian_Capital_138.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Evolution_of_the_Corinthian_Capital_138.jpg/237px-Evolution_of_the_Corinthian_Capital_138.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Evolution_of_the_Corinthian_Capital_138.jpg/316px-Evolution_of_the_Corinthian_Capital_138.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="3680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian order</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 112.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 110.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_tg_0001039_Architektur_%5E_S%C3%A4ule_%5E_komposite_Ordnung.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration of the Composite order"><img alt="Illustration of the Composite order" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Fotothek_df_tg_0001039_Architektur_%5E_S%C3%A4ule_%5E_komposite_Ordnung.jpg/166px-Fotothek_df_tg_0001039_Architektur_%5E_S%C3%A4ule_%5E_komposite_Ordnung.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Fotothek_df_tg_0001039_Architektur_%5E_S%C3%A4ule_%5E_komposite_Ordnung.jpg/248px-Fotothek_df_tg_0001039_Architektur_%5E_S%C3%A4ule_%5E_komposite_Ordnung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Fotothek_df_tg_0001039_Architektur_%5E_S%C3%A4ule_%5E_komposite_Ordnung.jpg/331px-Fotothek_df_tg_0001039_Architektur_%5E_S%C3%A4ule_%5E_komposite_Ordnung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="820" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration of the <a href="/wiki/Composite_order" title="Composite order">Composite order</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Femme_en_priere_entre_deux_colonnes_ioniques_-_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Praying Woman between two ionic columns, 2nd century, marble, in the Louvre"><img alt="Praying Woman between two ionic columns, 2nd century, marble, in the Louvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Femme_en_priere_entre_deux_colonnes_ioniques_-_Louvre.jpg/223px-Femme_en_priere_entre_deux_colonnes_ioniques_-_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Femme_en_priere_entre_deux_colonnes_ioniques_-_Louvre.jpg/334px-Femme_en_priere_entre_deux_colonnes_ioniques_-_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Femme_en_priere_entre_deux_colonnes_ioniques_-_Louvre.jpg/445px-Femme_en_priere_entre_deux_colonnes_ioniques_-_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3027" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Praying Woman between two ionic columns, 2nd century, marble, in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Persian">Persian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Column&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Persian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persian_column" title="Persian column">Persian column</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persepolis_Colonne_flandin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Persepolis_Colonne_flandin.jpg/170px-Persepolis_Colonne_flandin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Persepolis_Colonne_flandin.jpg/255px-Persepolis_Colonne_flandin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Persepolis_Colonne_flandin.jpg/340px-Persepolis_Colonne_flandin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="849" /></a><figcaption>Plan, front view and side view of a typical <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a> column, of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia (Iran)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the most elaborate columns in the ancient world were those of the <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persians</a>, especially the massive stone columns erected in <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>. They included double-bull structures in their <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capitals</a>. <a href="/wiki/Apadana" title="Apadana">The Hall of Hundred Columns</a> at Persepolis, measuring 70 × 70 metres, was built by the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</a> king <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius the Great of Persia">Darius I</a> (524–486 BC). Many of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Persian_column" title="Persian column">Persian columns</a> are standing, some being more than 30 metres tall.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Tall columns with bull's head capitals were used for porticoes and to support the roofs of the hypostylehall, partly inspired by the ancient Egyptian precedent. Since the columns carried timber beams rather than stone, they could be taller, slimmer and more widely spaced than Egyptian ones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Column&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_architecture" title="Medieval architecture">Medieval architecture</a></div> <p>Columns, or at least large structural exterior ones, became much less significant in the architecture of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. The classical forms were abandoned in both <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque architecture</a> in favour of more flexible forms, with capitals often using various types of foliage decoration, and in the West scenes with figures carved in <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a>. </p><p>During the Romanesque period, builders continued to reuse and imitate ancient Roman columns wherever possible; where new, the emphasis was on elegance and beauty, as illustrated by twisted columns. Often they were decorated with mosaics. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Examples of columns</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SantApollinare_Nuovo_Pulpito_marmoreo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Byzantine columns from Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo (Ravenna, Italy)"><img alt="Byzantine columns from Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo (Ravenna, Italy)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/SantApollinare_Nuovo_Pulpito_marmoreo.jpg/160px-SantApollinare_Nuovo_Pulpito_marmoreo.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/SantApollinare_Nuovo_Pulpito_marmoreo.jpg/240px-SantApollinare_Nuovo_Pulpito_marmoreo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/SantApollinare_Nuovo_Pulpito_marmoreo.jpg/320px-SantApollinare_Nuovo_Pulpito_marmoreo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Byzantine columns from <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo">Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, Italy)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_Sophia_(15468276434).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The capital of a Byzantine column from Hagia Sophia (Istanbul, Turkey)"><img alt="The capital of a Byzantine column from Hagia Sophia (Istanbul, Turkey)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hagia_Sophia_%2815468276434%29.jpg/320px-Hagia_Sophia_%2815468276434%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hagia_Sophia_%2815468276434%29.jpg/480px-Hagia_Sophia_%2815468276434%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hagia_Sophia_%2815468276434%29.jpg/640px-Hagia_Sophia_%2815468276434%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The capital of a Byzantine column from <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Igreja_de_S%C3%A3o_Tiago,_Coimbra._Capiteis_y_colunelos.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Romanesque columns from the 12th century"><img alt="Romanesque columns from the 12th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Igreja_de_S%C3%A3o_Tiago%2C_Coimbra._Capiteis_y_colunelos.jpg/320px-Igreja_de_S%C3%A3o_Tiago%2C_Coimbra._Capiteis_y_colunelos.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Igreja_de_S%C3%A3o_Tiago%2C_Coimbra._Capiteis_y_colunelos.jpg/480px-Igreja_de_S%C3%A3o_Tiago%2C_Coimbra._Capiteis_y_colunelos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Igreja_de_S%C3%A3o_Tiago%2C_Coimbra._Capiteis_y_colunelos.jpg/639px-Igreja_de_S%C3%A3o_Tiago%2C_Coimbra._Capiteis_y_colunelos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4112" data-file-height="3088" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Romanesque columns from the 12th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 208px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neuwiller_StPierre-Paul_117.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gothic columns of a church from Neuwiller-lès-Saverne (France)"><img alt="Gothic columns of a church from Neuwiller-lès-Saverne (France)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Neuwiller_StPierre-Paul_117.JPG/312px-Neuwiller_StPierre-Paul_117.JPG" decoding="async" width="208" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Neuwiller_StPierre-Paul_117.JPG/468px-Neuwiller_StPierre-Paul_117.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Neuwiller_StPierre-Paul_117.JPG/624px-Neuwiller_StPierre-Paul_117.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3554" data-file-height="2734" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gothic columns of a church from <a href="/wiki/Neuwiller-l%C3%A8s-Saverne" title="Neuwiller-lès-Saverne">Neuwiller-lès-Saverne</a> (France)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gelnhausen,_Marienkirche,_S%C3%BCdportal-20160804-007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Slender Gothic columns at a portal of Marienkirche Gelnhausen [de] (Gelnhausen, Germany)"><img alt="Slender Gothic columns at a portal of Marienkirche Gelnhausen [de] (Gelnhausen, Germany)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Gelnhausen%2C_Marienkirche%2C_S%C3%BCdportal-20160804-007.jpg/160px-Gelnhausen%2C_Marienkirche%2C_S%C3%BCdportal-20160804-007.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Gelnhausen%2C_Marienkirche%2C_S%C3%BCdportal-20160804-007.jpg/240px-Gelnhausen%2C_Marienkirche%2C_S%C3%BCdportal-20160804-007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Gelnhausen%2C_Marienkirche%2C_S%C3%BCdportal-20160804-007.jpg/320px-Gelnhausen%2C_Marienkirche%2C_S%C3%BCdportal-20160804-007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4003" data-file-height="5996" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Slender Gothic columns at a portal of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marienkirche_Gelnhausen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marienkirche Gelnhausen (page does not exist)">Marienkirche Gelnhausen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marienkirche_(Gelnhausen)" class="extiw" title="de:Marienkirche (Gelnhausen)">de</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Gelnhausen" title="Gelnhausen">Gelnhausen</a>, Germany)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20131204_Istanbul_085.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Column use is common in Ottoman architecture, an example in Topkapı Palace (Istanbul, Turkey)"><img alt="Column use is common in Ottoman architecture, an example in Topkapı Palace (Istanbul, Turkey)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/20131204_Istanbul_085.jpg/320px-20131204_Istanbul_085.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/20131204_Istanbul_085.jpg/480px-20131204_Istanbul_085.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/20131204_Istanbul_085.jpg/640px-20131204_Istanbul_085.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Column use is common in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman architecture</a>, an example in <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a> (<a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance_and_later_styles">Renaissance and later styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Column&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Renaissance and later styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance architecture</a> was keen to revive the classical vocabulary and styles, and the informed use and variation of the classical orders remained fundamental to the training of architects throughout <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-classical_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-classical architecture">Neo-classical architecture</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Column&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fluting_(architecture)" title="Fluting (architecture)">Fluting (architecture)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Column" title="Special:EditPage/Column">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Column%22">"Column"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Column%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Column%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Column%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Column%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Column%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Early columns were constructed of stone, some out of a single piece of stone. Monolithic columns are among the heaviest stones used in architecture. Other stone columns are created out of multiple sections of stone, mortared or dry-fit together. In many classical sites, sectioned columns were carved with a centre hole or depression so that they could be pegged together, using stone or metal pins. The design of most classical columns incorporates <a href="/wiki/Entasis" title="Entasis">entasis</a> (the inclusion of a slight outward curve in the sides) plus a reduction in diameter along the height of the column, so that the top is as little as 83% of the bottom diameter. This reduction mimics the parallax effects which the eye expects to see, and tends to make columns look taller and straighter than they are while entasis adds to that effect. </p><p>There are flutes and fillets that run up the shaft of columns. The flute is the part of the column that is indented in with a semi circular shape. The fillet of the column is the part between each of the flutes on the Ionic order columns. The flute width changes on all tapered columns as it goes up the shaft and stays the same on all non tapered columns. This was done to the columns to add visual interest to them. The Ionic and the Corinthian are the only orders that have fillets and flutes. The Doric style has flutes but not fillets. Doric flutes are connected at a sharp point where the fillets are located on Ionic and Corinthian order columns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Column&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most classical columns arise from a basis, or base, that rests on the <a href="/wiki/Stylobate" title="Stylobate">stylobate</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">foundation</a>, except for those of the <a href="/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order">Doric order</a>, which usually rest directly on the stylobate. The basis may consist of several elements, beginning with a wide, square slab known as a <a href="/wiki/Plinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Plinth">plinth</a>. The simplest bases consist of the plinth alone, sometimes separated from the column by a convex circular cushion known as a <a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)#types" title="Molding (decorative)">torus</a>. More elaborate bases include two toruses, separated by a concave section or channel known as a scotia or trochilus. Scotiae could also occur in pairs, separated by a convex section called an <a href="/wiki/Astragal" title="Astragal">astragal</a>, or bead, narrower than a torus. Sometimes these sections were accompanied by still narrower convex sections, known as <a href="/wiki/Annulet_(architecture)" title="Annulet (architecture)">annulets</a> or fillets.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Architectural_Glossary_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Architectural_Glossary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the top of the shaft is a <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capital</a>, upon which the roof or other architectural elements rest. In the case of Doric columns, the capital usually consists of a round, tapering cushion, or echinus, supporting a square slab, known as an abax or <a href="/wiki/Abacus_(architecture)" title="Abacus (architecture)">abacus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ionic_order" title="Ionic order">Ionic capitals</a> feature a pair of <a href="/wiki/Volute" title="Volute">volutes</a>, or scrolls, while <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian capitals</a> are decorated with reliefs in the form of acanthus leaves. Either type of capital could be accompanied by the same moldings as the base.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Architectural_Glossary_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Architectural_Glossary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of free-standing columns, the decorative elements atop the shaft are known as a <a href="/wiki/Finial" title="Finial">finial</a>. </p><p>Modern columns may be constructed out of steel, poured or precast concrete, or brick, left bare or clad in an architectural covering, or veneer. Used to support an arch, an <a href="/wiki/Impost_(architecture)" title="Impost (architecture)">impost</a>, or pier, is the topmost member of a column. The bottom-most part of the arch, called the springing, rests on the impost. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equilibrium,_instability,_and_loads"><span id="Equilibrium.2C_instability.2C_and_loads"></span>Equilibrium, instability, and loads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Column&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Equilibrium, instability, and loads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Buckling#columns" title="Buckling">Buckling § columns</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Mechanical failure modes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckling" title="Buckling">Buckling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">Corrosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrosion_fatigue" title="Corrosion fatigue">Corrosion fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creep_(deformation)" title="Creep (deformation)">Creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(material)" title="Fatigue (material)">Fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouling" title="Fouling">Fouling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fracture" title="Fracture">Fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_embrittlement" title="Hydrogen embrittlement">Hydrogen embrittlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_(mechanics)" title="Impact (mechanics)">Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_metal_embrittlement" title="Liquid metal embrittlement">Liquid metal embrittlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_overload" title="Mechanical overload">Mechanical overload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal-induced_embrittlement" title="Metal-induced embrittlement">Metal-induced embrittlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_corrosion_cracking" title="Stress corrosion cracking">Stress corrosion cracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfide_stress_cracking" title="Sulfide stress cracking">Sulfide stress cracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_shock" title="Thermal shock">Thermal shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wear" title="Wear">Wear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yield_(engineering)" title="Yield (engineering)">Yielding</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mechanical_failure_modes" title="Template:Mechanical failure modes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mechanical_failure_modes" title="Template talk:Mechanical failure modes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mechanical_failure_modes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mechanical failure modes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ColumnEffectiveLength.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/ColumnEffectiveLength.png/220px-ColumnEffectiveLength.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/ColumnEffectiveLength.png/330px-ColumnEffectiveLength.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/ColumnEffectiveLength.png/440px-ColumnEffectiveLength.png 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="962" /></a><figcaption>Table showing values of K for structural columns of various end conditions (adapted from Manual of Steel Construction, 8th edition, American Institute of Steel Construction, Table C1.8.1)</figcaption></figure> <p>As the axial load on a perfectly straight slender column with elastic material properties is increased in magnitude, this ideal column passes through three states: stable equilibrium, neutral equilibrium, and instability. The straight column under load is in stable equilibrium if a lateral force, applied between the two ends of the column, produces a small lateral deflection which disappears and the column returns to its straight form when the lateral force is removed. If the column load is gradually increased, a condition is reached in which the straight form of equilibrium becomes so-called neutral equilibrium, and a small lateral force will produce a deflection that does not disappear and the column remains in this slightly bent form when the lateral force is removed. The load at which neutral equilibrium of a column is reached is called the critical or <a href="/wiki/Buckling" title="Buckling">buckling</a> load. The state of instability is reached when a slight increase of the column load causes uncontrollably growing lateral deflections leading to complete collapse. </p><p>For an axially loaded straight column with any end support conditions, the equation of static equilibrium, in the form of a differential equation, can be solved for the deflected shape and critical load of the column. With hinged, fixed or free end support conditions the deflected shape in neutral equilibrium of an initially straight column with uniform cross section throughout its length always follows a partial or composite sinusoidal curve shape, and the critical load is given by </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f_{cr}\equiv {\frac {\pi ^{2}{\textit {E}}I_{min}}{{L}^{2}}}\qquad (1)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>≡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msup> <mi>π</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">E</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>L</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="2em" /> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f_{cr}\equiv {\frac {\pi ^{2}{\textit {E}}I_{min}}{{L}^{2}}}\qquad (1)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0f1f15c4b16710a39c02e16b6ea27f7958084ef3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:22.593ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f_{cr}\equiv {\frac {\pi ^{2}{\textit {E}}I_{min}}{{L}^{2}}}\qquad (1)}"></span> </p><p>where <i>E</i> = <a href="/wiki/Elastic_modulus" title="Elastic modulus">elastic modulus</a> of the material, <i>I<sub>min</sub></i> = the minimal moment of inertia of the cross section, and <i>L</i> = actual length of the column between its two end supports. A variant of (1) is given by </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f_{cr}\equiv {\frac {\pi ^{2}E_{T}}{({\frac {KL}{r}})^{2}}}\qquad (2)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>≡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msup> <mi>π</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>K</mi> <mi>L</mi> </mrow> <mi>r</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="2em" /> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f_{cr}\equiv {\frac {\pi ^{2}E_{T}}{({\frac {KL}{r}})^{2}}}\qquad (2)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/be51c302dee41cc0306cc1a629cbaf0d4903b9dc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:20.656ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f_{cr}\equiv {\frac {\pi ^{2}E_{T}}{({\frac {KL}{r}})^{2}}}\qquad (2)}"></span> </p><p>where <i>r</i> = <a href="/wiki/Radius" title="Radius">radius</a> of gyration of column cross-section which is equal to the square root of (I/A), <i>K</i> = ratio of the longest half <a href="/wiki/Sine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sine">sine</a> wave to the actual column length, <i>E</i><sub><i>t</i></sub> = tangent modulus at the stress <i>F</i><sub>cr</sub>, and <i>KL</i> = effective length (length of an equivalent hinged-hinged column). From Equation (2) it can be noted that the buckling strength of a column is inversely proportional to the square of its length. </p><p>When the critical stress, <i>F</i><sub>cr</sub> (<i>F</i><sub>cr</sub> =<i>P</i><sub>cr</sub>/<i>A</i>, where <i>A</i> = cross-sectional area of the column), is greater than the proportional limit of the material, the column is experiencing inelastic buckling. Since at this stress the slope of the material's stress-strain curve, <i>E</i><sub><i>t</i></sub> (called the <a href="/wiki/Tangent_modulus" title="Tangent modulus">tangent modulus</a>), is smaller than that below the proportional limit, the critical load at inelastic buckling is reduced. More complex formulas and procedures apply for such cases, but in its simplest form the critical buckling load formula is given as Equation (3), </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f_{cr}\equiv {F_{y}}-{\frac {F_{y}^{2}}{4\pi ^{2}E}}\left({\frac {KL}{r^{2}}}\right)\qquad (3)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>≡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msubsup> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <msup> <mi>π</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>E</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>K</mi> <mi>L</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="2em" /> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f_{cr}\equiv {F_{y}}-{\frac {F_{y}^{2}}{4\pi ^{2}E}}\left({\frac {KL}{r^{2}}}\right)\qquad (3)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a143d04c35627c1b08120451f42353043671ad45" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:33.768ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f_{cr}\equiv {F_{y}}-{\frac {F_{y}^{2}}{4\pi ^{2}E}}\left({\frac {KL}{r^{2}}}\right)\qquad (3)}"></span> </p><p>A column with a cross section that lacks symmetry may suffer torsional buckling (sudden twisting) before, or in combination with, lateral buckling. The presence of the twisting deformations renders both theoretical analyses and practical designs rather complex. </p><p>Eccentricity of the load, or imperfections such as initial crookedness, decreases column strength. If the axial load on the column is not concentric, that is, its line of action is not precisely coincident with the centroidal axis of the column, the column is characterized as eccentrically loaded. The eccentricity of the load, or an initial curvature, subjects the column to immediate bending. The increased stresses due to the combined axial-plus-flexural stresses result in a reduced load-carrying ability. </p><p>Column elements are considered to be massive if their smallest side dimension is equal to or more than 400 mm. Massive columns have the ability to increase in carrying strength over long time periods (even during periods of heavy load). Taking into account the fact, that possible structural loads may increase over time as well (and also the threat of progressive failure), massive columns have an advantage compared to non-massive ones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extensions">Extensions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Column&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Extensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a column is too long to be built or transported in one piece, it has to be extended or spliced at the construction site. A <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete_column" title="Reinforced concrete column">reinforced concrete column</a> is extended by having the steel reinforcing bars protrude a few inches or feet above the top of the concrete, then placing the next level of reinforcing bars to overlap, and pouring the concrete of the next level. A steel column is extended by welding or bolting splice plates on the flanges and webs or walls of the columns to provide a few inches or feet of load transfer from the upper to the lower column section. A timber column is usually extended by the use of a steel tube or wrapped-around sheet-metal plate bolted onto the two connecting timber sections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundations">Foundations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Column&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Foundations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A column that carries the load down to a foundation must have means to transfer the load without overstressing the foundation material. Reinforced concrete and masonry columns are generally built directly on top of concrete foundations. When seated on a concrete foundation, a steel column must have a base plate to spread the load over a larger area, and thereby reduce the bearing pressure. The base plate is a thick, rectangular steel plate usually welded to the bottom end of the column. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orders">Orders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Column&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Orders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classical_order" title="Classical order">Classical order</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Column" title="Special:EditPage/Column">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Column%22">"Column"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Column%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Column%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Column%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Column%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Column%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> author <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a>, relying on the writings (now lost) of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> authors, tells us that the ancient <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenic civilization">Greeks</a> believed that their Doric order developed from techniques for building in wood. The earlier smoothed tree-trunk was replaced by a stone cylinder. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doric_order">Doric order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Column&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Doric order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order">Doric order</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order">Doric order</a> is the oldest and simplest of the classical orders. It is composed of a vertical <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder (geometry)">cylinder</a> that is wider at the bottom. It generally has neither a base nor a detailed <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capital</a>. It is instead often topped with an inverted <a href="/wiki/Frustum" title="Frustum">frustum</a> of a shallow cone or a cylindrical band of carvings. It is often referred to as the masculine order because it is represented in the bottom level of the <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a>, and was therefore considered to be able to hold more weight. The height-to-thickness ratio is about 8:1. The shaft of a Doric Column is almost always <a href="/wiki/Fluting_(architecture)" title="Fluting (architecture)">fluted</a>. </p><p>The Greek Doric, developed in the western Dorian region of Greece, is the heaviest and most massive of the orders. It rises from the <a href="/wiki/Stylobate" title="Stylobate">stylobate</a> without any base; it is from four to six times as tall as its diameter; it has twenty broad flutes; the capital consists simply of a banded necking swelling out into a smooth echinus, which carries a flat square abacus; the Doric entablature is also the heaviest, being about one-fourth the height column. The Greek Doric order was not used after c. 100 B.C. until its “rediscovery” in the mid-eighteenth century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tuscan_order">Tuscan order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Column&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Tuscan order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_order" title="Tuscan order">Tuscan order</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_order" title="Tuscan order">Tuscan order</a>, also known as Roman Doric, is also a simple design, the base and capital both being series of cylindrical disks of alternating diameter. The shaft is almost never fluted. The proportions vary, but are generally similar to Doric columns. Height to width ratio is about 7:1. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ionic_order">Ionic order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Column&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ionic order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ionic_order" title="Ionic order">Ionic order</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ionic_order" title="Ionic order">Ionic</a> column is considerably more complex than the Doric or Tuscan. It usually has a base and the shaft is often fluted (it has grooves carved up its length). The capital features a <a href="/wiki/Volute" title="Volute">volute</a>, an ornament shaped like a <a href="/wiki/Scroll_(parchment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scroll (parchment)">scroll</a>, at the four corners. The height-to-thickness ratio is around 9:1. Due to the more refined proportions and scroll capitals, the Ionic column is sometimes associated with academic buildings. Ionic style columns were used on the second level of the Colosseum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corinthian_order">Corinthian order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Column&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Corinthian order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian order</a></div> <p>The Corinthian order is named for the Greek <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Corinth,_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Corinth, Greece">Corinth</a>, to which it was connected in the period. However, according to the architectural historian <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a>, the column was created by the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Callimachus_(sculptor)" title="Callimachus (sculptor)">Callimachus</a>, probably an <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athenian</a>, who drew <a href="/wiki/Acanthus_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acanthus (genus)">acanthus</a> leaves growing around a votive basket. In fact, the oldest known Corinthian capital was found in <a href="/wiki/Bassae" title="Bassae">Bassae</a>, dated at 427 BC. It is sometimes called the feminine order because it is on the top level of the Colosseum and holding up the least weight, and also has the slenderest ratio of thickness to height. Height to width ratio is about 10:1. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composite_order">Composite order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Column&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Composite order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Composite_order" title="Composite order">Composite order</a> draws its name from the capital being a composite of the Ionic and Corinthian capitals. The acanthus of the Corinthian column already has a scroll-like element, so the distinction is sometimes subtle. Generally the Composite is similar to the Corinthian in proportion and employment, often in the upper tiers of <a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">colonnades</a>. Height to width ratio is about 11:1 or 12:1. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solomonic">Solomonic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Column&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Solomonic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Solomonic_column" title="Solomonic column">Solomonic column</a>, sometimes called "<a href="/wiki/Barley_sugar" title="Barley sugar">barley sugar</a>", begins on a base and ends in a capital, which may be of any order, but the shaft twists in a tight spiral, producing a dramatic, serpentine effect of movement. Solomonic columns were developed in the ancient world, but remained rare there. A famous marble set, probably 2nd century, was brought to <a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a> by <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a>, and placed round the saint's shrine, and was thus familiar throughout the Middle Ages, by which time they were thought to have been removed from the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Jerusalem">Temple of Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The style was used in bronze by <a href="/wiki/Bernini" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernini">Bernini</a> for his spectacular <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_baldachin" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Peter's baldachin">St. Peter's baldachin</a>, actually a <a href="/wiki/Ciborium_(architecture)" title="Ciborium (architecture)">ciborium</a> (which displaced Constantine's columns), and thereafter became very popular with <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> church architects, above all in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, where they were very often used, especially on a small scale, as they are easy to produce in wood by <a href="/wiki/Woodturning" title="Woodturning">turning on a lathe</a> (hence also the style's popularity for <a href="/wiki/Spindle_(furniture)" title="Spindle (furniture)">spindles</a> on furniture and stairs). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caryatid">Caryatid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Column&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Caryatid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Caryatid" title="Caryatid">Caryatid</a></div> <p>A Caryatid is a sculpted female figure serving as an architectural support taking the place of a column or a pillar supporting an <a href="/wiki/Entablature" title="Entablature">entablature</a> on her head. The <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> term <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc">karyatides</i></span> literally means "maidens of <a href="/wiki/Karyes" title="Karyes">Karyai</a>", an ancient town of <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engaged_columns">Engaged columns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Column&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Engaged columns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Engaged_column" title="Engaged column">Engaged column</a></div> <p>In architecture, an engaged column is a column embedded in a wall and partly projecting from the surface of the wall, sometimes defined as semi or three-quarter detached. Engaged columns are rarely found in classical Greek architecture, and then only in exceptional cases, but in Roman architecture they exist in abundance, most commonly embedded in the <a href="/wiki/Cella" title="Cella">cella</a> walls of <a href="/wiki/Pseudoperipteros" title="Pseudoperipteros">pseudoperipteral</a> buildings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pillar_tombs">Pillar tombs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Column&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Pillar tombs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pillar_tomb" title="Pillar tomb">Pillar tombs</a> are monumental graves, which typically feature a single, prominent pillar or column, often made of stone. A number of world cultures incorporated pillars into tomb structures. In the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> colony of <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, one of these edifices is located at the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Xanthos" title="Xanthos">Xanthos</a>. In the town of <a href="/wiki/Hannassa" title="Hannassa">Hannassa</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, ruins of houses with archways and <a href="/wiki/Courtyard" title="Courtyard">courtyards</a> have also been found along with other pillar tombs, including a rare octagonal tomb.<sup id="cite_ref-Arotssc_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arotssc-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Column&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Different columns</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Decorated_pillars._Mosque._Kashgar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Decorated pillars. Mosque. Kashgar"><img alt="Decorated pillars. Mosque. Kashgar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Decorated_pillars._Mosque._Kashgar.jpg/175px-Decorated_pillars._Mosque._Kashgar.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Decorated_pillars._Mosque._Kashgar.jpg/263px-Decorated_pillars._Mosque._Kashgar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Decorated_pillars._Mosque._Kashgar.jpg/350px-Decorated_pillars._Mosque._Kashgar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="986" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Decorated pillars. Mosque. Kashgar</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Hypostyle_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Great Hypostyle Hall from Karnak (Egypt)"><img alt="The Great Hypostyle Hall from Karnak (Egypt)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Great_Hypostyle_Hall.jpg/169px-Great_Hypostyle_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Great_Hypostyle_Hall.jpg/253px-Great_Hypostyle_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Great_Hypostyle_Hall.jpg/337px-Great_Hypostyle_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Great_Hypostyle_Hall" title="Great Hypostyle Hall">Great Hypostyle Hall</a> from <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Karnak</a> (Egypt)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Columns_of_the_Temple_of_Apollo_at_Delphi,_Greece.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Columns found at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi"><img alt="Columns found at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Columns_of_the_Temple_of_Apollo_at_Delphi%2C_Greece.jpeg/300px-Columns_of_the_Temple_of_Apollo_at_Delphi%2C_Greece.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Columns_of_the_Temple_of_Apollo_at_Delphi%2C_Greece.jpeg/451px-Columns_of_the_Temple_of_Apollo_at_Delphi%2C_Greece.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Columns_of_the_Temple_of_Apollo_at_Delphi%2C_Greece.jpeg/600px-Columns_of_the_Temple_of_Apollo_at_Delphi%2C_Greece.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Columns found at the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_(Delphi)" title="Temple of Apollo (Delphi)">Temple of Apollo in Delphi</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rocaille_detail_in_a_column_-_St._Peter_-_Mainz_-_Germany_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo detail of a column from St. Peter's Church (Mainz, Germany)"><img alt="Rococo detail of a column from St. Peter's Church (Mainz, Germany)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Rocaille_detail_in_a_column_-_St._Peter_-_Mainz_-_Germany_2017.jpg/150px-Rocaille_detail_in_a_column_-_St._Peter_-_Mainz_-_Germany_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Rocaille_detail_in_a_column_-_St._Peter_-_Mainz_-_Germany_2017.jpg/225px-Rocaille_detail_in_a_column_-_St._Peter_-_Mainz_-_Germany_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Rocaille_detail_in_a_column_-_St._Peter_-_Mainz_-_Germany_2017.jpg/300px-Rocaille_detail_in_a_column_-_St._Peter_-_Mainz_-_Germany_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> detail of a column from <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Church,_Mainz" title="St. Peter's Church, Mainz">St. Peter's Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>, Germany)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solomonic_columns_at_St_Peters_Vatican_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="At right, two of the Solomonic columns brought to Rome by Constantine, in their present-day location on a pier in St. Peter's Basilica (Rome). In the foreground at left is part of Bernini's Baldachin, inspired by the original columns."><img alt="At right, two of the Solomonic columns brought to Rome by Constantine, in their present-day location on a pier in St. Peter's Basilica (Rome). In the foreground at left is part of Bernini's Baldachin, inspired by the original columns." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Solomonic_columns_at_St_Peters_Vatican_%28cropped%29.jpg/151px-Solomonic_columns_at_St_Peters_Vatican_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Solomonic_columns_at_St_Peters_Vatican_%28cropped%29.jpg/227px-Solomonic_columns_at_St_Peters_Vatican_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Solomonic_columns_at_St_Peters_Vatican_%28cropped%29.jpg/302px-Solomonic_columns_at_St_Peters_Vatican_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="858" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">At right, two of the <a href="/wiki/Solomonic_column" title="Solomonic column">Solomonic columns</a> brought to Rome by Constantine, in their present-day location on a pier in <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s,_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter's, Rome">St. Peter's Basilica</a> (Rome). In the foreground at left is part of <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_baldachin" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Peter's baldachin">Bernini's Baldachin</a>, inspired by the original columns.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonne-p1040009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ionic capital"><img alt="Ionic capital" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Colonne-p1040009.jpg/300px-Colonne-p1040009.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Colonne-p1040009.jpg/451px-Colonne-p1040009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Colonne-p1040009.jpg/600px-Colonne-p1040009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ionic <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capital</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 201.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_colonnade_at_courtyard,_UVa_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tuscan columns can be seen at the University of Virginia"><img alt="Tuscan columns can be seen at the University of Virginia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Western_colonnade_at_courtyard%2C_UVa_2004.jpg/302px-Western_colonnade_at_courtyard%2C_UVa_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Western_colonnade_at_courtyard%2C_UVa_2004.jpg/453px-Western_colonnade_at_courtyard%2C_UVa_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Western_colonnade_at_courtyard%2C_UVa_2004.jpg/604px-Western_colonnade_at_courtyard%2C_UVa_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1193" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tuscan columns can be seen at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:San_prospero_colonne_reggio_emilia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of San Prospero (Reggio Emilia, Italy)"><img alt="Church of San Prospero (Reggio Emilia, Italy)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/San_prospero_colonne_reggio_emilia.jpg/169px-San_prospero_colonne_reggio_emilia.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/San_prospero_colonne_reggio_emilia.jpg/253px-San_prospero_colonne_reggio_emilia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/San_prospero_colonne_reggio_emilia.jpg/337px-San_prospero_colonne_reggio_emilia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of <a href="/wiki/San_Prospero" title="San Prospero">San Prospero</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reggio_Emilia" title="Reggio Emilia">Reggio Emilia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 193.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Construction_of_Sigismund_Column.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Construction of Sigismund's Column in Warsaw, detail of the 1646 engraving."><img alt="Construction of Sigismund's Column in Warsaw, detail of the 1646 engraving." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Construction_of_Sigismund_Column.JPG/290px-Construction_of_Sigismund_Column.JPG" decoding="async" width="194" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Construction_of_Sigismund_Column.JPG/435px-Construction_of_Sigismund_Column.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Construction_of_Sigismund_Column.JPG 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="445" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Construction of <a href="/wiki/Sigismund%27s_Column" title="Sigismund's Column">Sigismund's Column</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, detail of the 1646 engraving.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Columns_in_the_inner_court_of_the_Bel_Temple_Palmyra_Syria.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="These are composed of stacked segments and finished in the Corinthian style, at the Temple of Bel (Syria)"><img alt="These are composed of stacked segments and finished in the Corinthian style, at the Temple of Bel (Syria)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Columns_in_the_inner_court_of_the_Bel_Temple_Palmyra_Syria.JPG/169px-Columns_in_the_inner_court_of_the_Bel_Temple_Palmyra_Syria.JPG" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Columns_in_the_inner_court_of_the_Bel_Temple_Palmyra_Syria.JPG/253px-Columns_in_the_inner_court_of_the_Bel_Temple_Palmyra_Syria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Columns_in_the_inner_court_of_the_Bel_Temple_Palmyra_Syria.JPG/337px-Columns_in_the_inner_court_of_the_Bel_Temple_Palmyra_Syria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">These are composed of stacked segments and finished in the <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian</a> style, at the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Bel" title="Temple of Bel">Temple of Bel</a> (Syria)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 213.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 211.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bankstownreservoir.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The pillars of Bankstown Reservoir (Sydney, Australia)"><img alt="The pillars of Bankstown Reservoir (Sydney, Australia)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bankstownreservoir.jpg/317px-Bankstownreservoir.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bankstownreservoir.jpg/477px-Bankstownreservoir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bankstownreservoir.jpg/635px-Bankstownreservoir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1049" data-file-height="744" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The pillars of <a href="/wiki/Bankstown_Reservoir" title="Bankstown Reservoir">Bankstown Reservoir</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, Australia)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MosqueeKairouan_6bis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reused Roman columns and capitals in the Great Mosque of Kairouan"><img alt="Reused Roman columns and capitals in the Great Mosque of Kairouan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/MosqueeKairouan_6bis.jpg/300px-MosqueeKairouan_6bis.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/MosqueeKairouan_6bis.jpg/451px-MosqueeKairouan_6bis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/MosqueeKairouan_6bis.jpg/600px-MosqueeKairouan_6bis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Spolia" title="Spolia">Reused</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman architecture">Roman</a> columns and capitals in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan" title="Great Mosque of Kairouan">Great Mosque of Kairouan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 224.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 222.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France-002353_-_Square_House_(15866951852).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Engaged columns embedded in the side walls of the cella of the Maison Carrée in Nîmes (France)"><img alt="Engaged columns embedded in the side walls of the cella of the Maison Carrée in Nîmes (France)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/France-002353_-_Square_House_%2815866951852%29.jpg/334px-France-002353_-_Square_House_%2815866951852%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="223" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/France-002353_-_Square_House_%2815866951852%29.jpg/502px-France-002353_-_Square_House_%2815866951852%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/France-002353_-_Square_House_%2815866951852%29.jpg/668px-France-002353_-_Square_House_%2815866951852%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6049" data-file-height="4074" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Engaged columns embedded in the side walls of the <a href="/wiki/Cella" title="Cella">cella</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Maison_Carr%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Maison Carrée">Maison Carrée</a> in <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AEmes" title="Nîmes">Nîmes</a> (France)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Column&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columnar_jointing" title="Columnar jointing">Columnar jointing (geology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_(architecture)" title="Core (architecture)">Core (architecture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huabiao" title="Huabiao">Huabiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga" class="mw-redirect" title="Linga">Linga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingodbhava" title="Lingodbhava">Lingodbhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load-bearing_wall" title="Load-bearing wall">Load-bearing wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_and_Holy_Trinity_columns" title="Marian and Holy Trinity columns">Marian and Holy Trinity columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Pillar" title="Our Lady of the Pillar">Our Lady of the Pillar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_(structural)" title="Post (structural)">Post (structural)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylon_(architecture)" title="Pylon (architecture)">Pylon (architecture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spur_(architecture)" title="Spur (architecture)">Spur (architecture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Column&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Engaged Column". Encyclopædia Britannica. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 404–405. </p><p>Stierlin, Henri The Roman Empire: From the Etruscans to the Decline of the Roman Empire, TASCHEN, 2002 </p><p>Alderman, Liz (7 July 2014). "Acropolis Maidens Glow Anew". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 July 2014. </p><p>Stokstad, Marilyn; Cothren, Michael (2014). Art History (Volume 1 ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. p. 110. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/column?show=0&t=1355360075">"Column - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary"</a>. Merriam-webster.com. 2012-08-31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004235839/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/column?show=0&t=1355360075">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Column+-+Definition+and+More+from+the+Free+Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft.pub=Merriam-webster.com&rft.date=2012-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcolumn%3Fshow%3D0%26t%3D1355360075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meltonclassics.com/products/columns/">"Architectural Columns by Melton Classics | Call 800-963-3060"</a>. <i>Melton Classics Incorporated | Hand Crafted, Classically Inspired Architectural Columns, Balustrades & Details</i>. 2021-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Melton+Classics+Incorporated+%7C+Hand+Crafted%2C+Classically+Inspired+Architectural+Columns%2C+Balustrades+%26+Details&rft.atitle=Architectural+Columns+by+Melton+Classics+%7C+Call+800-963-3060&rft.date=2021-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeltonclassics.com%2Fproducts%2Fcolumns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakerBaker2001" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Rosalie; Baker, Charles (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientegyptians0000bake/page/23"><i>Ancient Egyptians: People of the Pyramids</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientegyptians0000bake/page/23">23</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195122213" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195122213"><bdi>978-0195122213</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptians%3A+People+of+the+Pyramids&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0195122213&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Rosalie&rft.au=Baker%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientegyptians0000bake%2Fpage%2F23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clarke-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hewson_Clarke" title="Hewson Clarke">Hewson Clarke</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dougall_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Dougall (writer) (page does not exist)">John Dougall</a>, <i>The Cabinet of Arts</i>, T. Kinnersley, London (1817), pp. 271, 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Architectural_Glossary-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Architectural_Glossary_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Architectural_Glossary_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Architectural Glossary", in <i>The Universal Decorator</i>, Francis Benjamin Thompson, Ed., vol. III (1859).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Ward-Perkins, "The shrine of St. Peter's and its twelve spiral columns" <i>Journal of Roman Studies</i> <b>42</b> (1952) p 21ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arotssc-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arotssc_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanseverino1983" class="citation journal cs1">Sanseverino, Hilary Costa (1983). "Archaeological Remains on the Southern Somali Coast". <i>Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 151–164. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00672708309511319">10.1080/00672708309511319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Azania%3A+Archaeological+Research+in+Africa&rft.atitle=Archaeological+Remains+on+the+Southern+Somali+Coast&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=151-164&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00672708309511319&rft.aulast=Sanseverino&rft.aufirst=Hilary+Costa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rooms_and_spaces_of_a_house" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Room" title="Template:Room"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Room" title="Template talk:Room"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Room" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Room"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rooms_and_spaces_of_a_house" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Room" title="Room">Rooms</a> and spaces of a <a href="/wiki/House" title="House">house</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_area" title="Common area">Shared rooms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonus_room" title="Bonus room">Bonus room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_room" title="Common room">Common room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_(room)" title="Den (room)">Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dining_room" title="Dining room">Dining room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_room" title="Family room">Family room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garret" title="Garret">Garret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_room" title="Great room">Great room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen" title="Kitchen">Kitchen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_kitchen" title="Dirty kitchen">dirty kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchenette" title="Kitchenette">kitchenette</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_room" title="Living room">Living room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaeceum" title="Gynaeceum">Gynaeceum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">harem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andron_(architecture)" title="Andron (architecture)">Andron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_cave" title="Man cave">man cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation_room" title="Recreation room">Recreation room</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billiard_room" title="Billiard room">billiard room</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_(room)" title="Study (room)">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunroom" title="Sunroom">Sunroom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private rooms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom" title="Bathroom">Bathroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_(room)" title="Toilet (room)">toilet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedroom" title="Bedroom">Bedroom</a> / Guest room <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closet" title="Closet">closet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedsit" title="Bedsit">Bedsit / Miniflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boudoir" title="Boudoir">Boudoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(room)" title="Cabinet (room)">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursery_(room)" title="Nursery (room)">Nursery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)" title="Atrium (architecture)">Atrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balcony" title="Balcony">Balcony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breezeway" title="Breezeway">Breezeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_pit" title="Conversation pit">Conversation pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubby-hole" title="Cubby-hole">Cubby-hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deck_(building)" title="Deck (building)">Deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dumbwaiter" title="Dumbwaiter">dumbwaiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entryway" class="mw-redirect" title="Entryway">Entryway</a>/<a href="/wiki/Genkan" title="Genkan">Genkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace">Fireplace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">hearth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobby_(room)" title="Lobby (room)">Foyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall" title="Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallway" title="Hallway">Hallway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inglenook" title="Inglenook">Inglenook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanai_(architecture)" title="Lanai (architecture)">Lanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loft" title="Loft">Loft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loggia" title="Loggia">Loggia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhang_(architecture)" title="Overhang (architecture)">Overhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patio" title="Patio">Patio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porch" title="Porch">Porch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Screened_porch" title="Screened porch">screened</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_porch" title="Sleeping porch">sleeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_ramp" title="Wheelchair ramp">Ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_passage" title="Secret passage">Secret passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stairs" title="Stairs">Stairs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Staircase" title="Staircase">Staircase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(building)" title="Terrace (building)">Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veranda" title="Veranda">Veranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibule_(architecture)" title="Vestibule (architecture)">Vestibule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technical_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical room">Technical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utility_room" title="Utility room">utility</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Storage_room" title="Storage room">storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attic" title="Attic">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basement" title="Basement">Basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carport" title="Carport">Carport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloakroom" title="Cloakroom">Cloakroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closet" title="Closet">Closet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawl_space" title="Crawl space">Crawl space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_room" title="Electrical room">Electrical room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equipment_room" title="Equipment room">Equipment room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furnace_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace room">Furnace room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Boiler room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_(residential)" title="Garage (residential)">Garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janitorial_closet" class="mw-redirect" title="Janitorial closet">Janitorial closet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larder" title="Larder">Larder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_room" title="Laundry room">Laundry room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Utility_room" title="Utility room">Utility room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Storage_room" title="Storage room">Storage room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Mechanical room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_floor" title="Mechanical floor">floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantry" title="Pantry">Pantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_cellar" title="Root cellar">Root cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-basement" title="Semi-basement">Semi-basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_cellar" title="Storm cellar">Storm cellar</a> / <a href="/wiki/Safe_room" title="Safe room">Safe room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio" title="Studio">Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardrobe" title="Wardrobe">Wardrobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiring_closet" title="Wiring closet">Wiring closet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workshop" title="Workshop">Workshop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_house" title="Great house">Great house</a> areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antechamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Antechamber">Antechamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballroom" title="Ballroom">Ballroom</a></li> <li>Kitchen-related <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butler%27s_pantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Butler's pantry">butler's pantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttery_(room)" title="Buttery (room)">buttery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saucery" title="Saucery">saucery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scullery" title="Scullery">scullery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spicery" title="Spicery">spicery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_room" title="Still room">still room</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatory_(greenhouse)" title="Conservatory (greenhouse)">Conservatory</a> / <a href="/wiki/Orangery" title="Orangery">Orangery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtyard" title="Courtyard">Courtyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawing_room" title="Drawing room">Drawing room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_chamber" title="Great chamber">Great chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_hall" title="Great hall">Great hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_gallery" title="Long gallery">Long gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumber_room" title="Lumber room">Lumber room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parlour" title="Parlour">Parlour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna">Sauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants%27_hall" title="Servants' hall">Servants' hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants%27_quarters" title="Servants' quarters">Servants' quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_room" title="Smoking room">Smoking room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_(room)" title="Solar (room)">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_room" title="State room">State room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_pool" title="Swimming pool">Swimming pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turret_(architecture)" title="Turret (architecture)">Turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undercroft" title="Undercroft">Undercroft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">Furniture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_compartment" title="Hidden compartment">Hidden room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House" title="House">House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_plan" title="House plan">house plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_house_styles" title="List of house styles">styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_house_types" title="List of house types">types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-family_residential" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-family residential">Multi-family residential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_suite" title="Secondary suite">Secondary suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplex_(building)" title="Duplex (building)">Duplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraced_house" title="Terraced house">Terraced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-family_detached_home" title="Single-family detached home">Detached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-detached" title="Semi-detached">Semi-detached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townhouse" title="Townhouse">Townhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_apartment" title="Studio apartment">Studio apartment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architectural</a><br />elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch" title="Arch">Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balconet" title="Balconet">Balconet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluster" title="Baluster">Baluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_course" title="Belt course">Belt course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bressummer" title="Bressummer">Bressummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceiling" title="Ceiling">Ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimney" title="Chimney">Chimney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">Colonnade</a> / <a href="/wiki/Portico" title="Portico">Portico</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornice" title="Cornice">Cornice</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eaves" title="Eaves">Eaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">Dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Door" title="Door">Door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ell_(architecture)" title="Ell (architecture)">Ell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor" title="Floor">Floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gable" title="Gable">Gable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate" title="Gate">Gate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal_(architecture)" title="Portal (architecture)">Portal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornament_(art)" title="Ornament (art)">Ornament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">Plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quoin" title="Quoin">Quoins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof" title="Roof">Roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_lantern" title="Roof lantern">Roof lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sill_plate" title="Sill plate">Sill plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">Style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_architectural_styles" title="List of architectural styles">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylight" title="Skylight">Skylight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threshold_(architecture)" title="Threshold (architecture)">Threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transom_(architecture)" title="Transom (architecture)">Transom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">Vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall" title="Wall">Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window" title="Window">Window</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backyard" title="Backyard">Backyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driveway" title="Driveway">Driveway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_yard" title="Front yard">Front yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Back garden">Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home" title="Home">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_improvement" title="Home improvement">Home improvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_repair" title="Home repair">Home repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shed" title="Shed">Shed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_house" title="Tree house">Tree house</a></li></ul> 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