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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Genetics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gene_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gene_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Gene studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gene_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-More_genetic_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#More_genetic_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>More genetic evidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-More_genetic_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Genetic changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leaving_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaving_the_Indian_subcontinent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Leaving the Indian subcontinent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leaving_the_Indian_subcontinent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migrating_through_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migrating_through_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Migrating through Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migrating_through_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persecution_in_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Persecution in Europe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Persecution_in_Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Persecution in Europe subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Persecution_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genocide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genocide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Genocide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genocide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiziganism_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiziganism_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Antiziganism today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiziganism_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roma_populations_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roma_populations_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Roma populations today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roma_populations_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roma_with_mixed_blood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roma_with_mixed_blood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Roma with mixed blood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roma_with_mixed_blood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Other websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Roma people</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 122 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-122" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">122 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureu%C3%ABng_Rom" title="Ureuëng Rom – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Ureuëng Rom" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%82%E1%8D%95%E1%88%B2%E1%8B%8E%E1%89%BD" title="ጂፕሲዎች – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጂፕሲዎች" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="غجر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غجر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitans" title="Chitans – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chitans" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblu_xitanu" title="Pueblu xitanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pueblu xitanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara%C3%A7%C4%B1lar" title="Qaraçılar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qaraçılar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="قاراچیلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قاراچیلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="রোমানি জাতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রোমানি জাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma-l%C3%A2ng" title="Roma-lâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Roma-lâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сиғандар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сиғандар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Цыганы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цыганы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Цыганы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цыганы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Цигани – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Цигани" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romi" title="Romi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Romi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romed" title="Romed – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Romed" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitanos" title="Gitanos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gitanos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Чикансем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чикансем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romov%C3%A9" title="Romové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Romové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaer" title="Romaer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Romaer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A1nat" title="Románat – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Románat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigeiner" title="Zigeiner – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Zigeiner" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustlased" title="Mustlased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mustlased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AC" title="Ρομά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρομά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Romani people" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Цыган ломанть – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Цыган ломанть" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_gitano" title="Pueblo gitano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo gitano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciganoj" title="Ciganoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ciganoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erromani" title="Erromani – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erromani" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="مردم کولی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم کولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaf%C3%B3lki%C3%B0" title="Romafólkið – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Romafólkið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roms" title="Roms – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Roms" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_(folk)" title="Roma (folk) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Roma (folk)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanaithe" title="Romanaithe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Romanaithe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ingenel%C3%A4r" title="Çingenelär – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Çingenelär" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_xitano" title="Pobo xitano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo xitano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%AC%EC%9D%B8" title="롬인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="롬인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen_Romani" title="Mutanen Romani – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mutanen Romani" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B6%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Գնչուներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գնչուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97)" title="रोमा (लोग) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रोमा (लोग)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romi" title="Romi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Romi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romi" title="Romi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Romi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nd%E1%BB%8B_Rom" title="Ndị Rom – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ndị Rom" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Romani" title="Suku Romani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Romani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC" title="Цигайнаг адæм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Цигайнаг адæм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3maf%C3%B3lk" title="Rómafólk – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rómafólk" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popoli_roman%C3%AD" title="Popoli romaní – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Popoli romaní" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="צוענים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צוענים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ბოშები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბოშები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сығандар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сығандар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jitan" title="Jitan – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jitan" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_(gel)" title="Roman (gel) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Roman (gel)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zingari" title="Zingari – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Zingari" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cig%C4%81ni" title="Čigāni – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čigāni" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigeiner" title="Zigeiner – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Zigeiner" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cigonai" title="Čigonai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čigonai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani" title="Romani – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Romani" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cig%C3%A1nyok" title="Cigányok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cigányok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Роми – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Роми" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jit%C3%A0na" title="Jitàna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jitàna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4" title="റൊമാനി ജനത – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റൊമാനി ജനത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="रोमा जिप्सी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रोमा जिप्सी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ჩაჩანეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩაჩანეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="غجر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="غجر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="الیات – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="الیات" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Roma" title="Orang Roma – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Roma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_Rumani" title="Urang Rumani – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Urang Rumani" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciganos" title="Ciganos – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ciganos" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8" title="ဂျစ်ပစီလူမျိုး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျစ်ပစီလူမျိုး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_(volk)" title="Roma (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Roma (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9E" title="ロマ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Цигонаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Цигонаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romfolket" title="Romfolket – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Romfolket" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sig%C3%B8ynarar" title="Sigøynarar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sigøynarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitanos" title="Gitanos – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gitanos" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE_(%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95)" title="ਰੋਮਾ (ਲੋਕ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੋਮਾ (ਲੋਕ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%BE%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="جپسی لوک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جپسی لوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsy" title="Gypsy – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Gypsy" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romowie" title="Romowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Romowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciganos" title="Ciganos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ciganos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ingeneler" title="Çingeneler – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çingeneler" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romi" title="Romi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Romi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romane_manusha" title="Romane manusha – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Romane manusha" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumani_runa" title="Rumani runa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rumani runa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D2%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Циґане – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Циґане" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Цыгане – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цыгане" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_fowk" title="Romani fowk – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Romani fowk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinti_un_Roma" title="Sinti un Roma – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Sinti un Roma" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%ABt" title="Romët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Romët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitani" title="Gitani – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Gitani" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%BE%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="جپسي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جپسي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3movia" title="Rómovia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rómovia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romi" title="Romi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Romi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_(qaran)" title="Roma (qaran) – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Roma (qaran)" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%86%D9%85" title="دۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Роми – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Роми" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romi" title="Romi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Romi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanit" title="Romanit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Romanit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romer" title="Romer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Romer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitano" title="Hitano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hitano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="உரோமானி மக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உரோமானி மக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iziganen" title="Iziganen – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Iziganen" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%B3%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%BD%D3%99%D1%80" title="Чегәннәр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чегәннәр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="ชาวโรมานี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวโรมานี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D3%AF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Лӯлиҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Лӯлиҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ingeneler" title="Çingeneler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çingeneler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Цигани – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цигани" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="رومینی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رومینی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Digan" title="Người Digan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Digan" 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Romani people</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Romani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the Romani people">Romani flag</a> created in 1933 and accepted at the 1971 World Romani Congress</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Romani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Map_of_the_Romani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/260px-Map_of_the_Romani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Map_of_the_Romani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/390px-Map_of_the_Romani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Map_of_the_Romani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/520px-Map_of_the_Romani_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">2–20 million</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,750,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,850,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">750,000<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="infobox-data">725,000<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">720,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></th><td class="infobox-data">700,000<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">500,000<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="infobox-data">400,000<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></th><td class="infobox-data">265,000<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></th><td class="infobox-data">250,000<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">140,000<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="infobox-data">105,000<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a>, languages of native regions</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">mainly <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, minorities practice <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" title="Bahá'í Faith">Bahá'í Faith</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Encampment_of_Gypsies_with_Caravans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Encampment_of_Gypsies_with_Caravans.jpg/220px-Encampment_of_Gypsies_with_Caravans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Encampment_of_Gypsies_with_Caravans.jpg/330px-Encampment_of_Gypsies_with_Caravans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Encampment_of_Gypsies_with_Caravans.jpg/440px-Encampment_of_Gypsies_with_Caravans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption> <i>Encampment of Gypsies with <a href="/wiki/Caravan" class="mw-disambig" title="Caravan">Caravans</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a> (1888)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NMA.0080538_Romsk_boplats_S%C3%B6dra_folkparken_V%C3%A4stberga-folkpark--exteri%C3%B6r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/NMA.0080538_Romsk_boplats_S%C3%B6dra_folkparken_V%C3%A4stberga-folkpark--exteri%C3%B6r.jpg/220px-NMA.0080538_Romsk_boplats_S%C3%B6dra_folkparken_V%C3%A4stberga-folkpark--exteri%C3%B6r.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/NMA.0080538_Romsk_boplats_S%C3%B6dra_folkparken_V%C3%A4stberga-folkpark--exteri%C3%B6r.jpg/330px-NMA.0080538_Romsk_boplats_S%C3%B6dra_folkparken_V%C3%A4stberga-folkpark--exteri%C3%B6r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/NMA.0080538_Romsk_boplats_S%C3%B6dra_folkparken_V%C3%A4stberga-folkpark--exteri%C3%B6r.jpg/440px-NMA.0080538_Romsk_boplats_S%C3%B6dra_folkparken_V%C3%A4stberga-folkpark--exteri%C3%B6r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption>A Romani settlement/camp in a <a href="/wiki/Park" title="Park">park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> (1931)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolme_romaninaista.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kolme_romaninaista.jpg/220px-Kolme_romaninaista.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kolme_romaninaista.jpg/330px-Kolme_romaninaista.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kolme_romaninaista.jpg/440px-Kolme_romaninaista.jpg 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Three Finnish Romani women in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> (1930s)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romani_prisoners_at_Belzec_labor_camp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Romani_prisoners_at_Belzec_labor_camp.jpg/220px-Romani_prisoners_at_Belzec_labor_camp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Romani_prisoners_at_Belzec_labor_camp.jpg/330px-Romani_prisoners_at_Belzec_labor_camp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Romani_prisoners_at_Belzec_labor_camp.jpg/440px-Romani_prisoners_at_Belzec_labor_camp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>Romani prisoners at <a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec extermination camp</a> (1940)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SettelaSteinbach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/SettelaSteinbach.jpg/220px-SettelaSteinbach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/SettelaSteinbach.jpg/330px-SettelaSteinbach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/SettelaSteinbach.jpg/440px-SettelaSteinbach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1909" data-file-height="1046" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> Romani girl is <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deported</a> to <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz extermination camp</a> (1944)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gypsies_camping_-_probably_Swansea_(20740154331).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gypsies_camping_-_probably_Swansea_%2820740154331%29.jpg/220px-Gypsies_camping_-_probably_Swansea_%2820740154331%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gypsies_camping_-_probably_Swansea_%2820740154331%29.jpg/330px-Gypsies_camping_-_probably_Swansea_%2820740154331%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gypsies_camping_-_probably_Swansea_%2820740154331%29.jpg/440px-Gypsies_camping_-_probably_Swansea_%2820740154331%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>A Romani camp in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (1953)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Dorset_Steam_Fair_2007_-_1331363507.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Great_Dorset_Steam_Fair_2007_-_1331363507.jpg/220px-Great_Dorset_Steam_Fair_2007_-_1331363507.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Great_Dorset_Steam_Fair_2007_-_1331363507.jpg/330px-Great_Dorset_Steam_Fair_2007_-_1331363507.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Great_Dorset_Steam_Fair_2007_-_1331363507.jpg/440px-Great_Dorset_Steam_Fair_2007_-_1331363507.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A Romanichal wagon at the Great <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a> Steam Fair (2007)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Festival_Romani,_Portland_-_Flickr_-_K._Kendall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Festival_Romani%2C_Portland_-_Flickr_-_K._Kendall.jpg/220px-Festival_Romani%2C_Portland_-_Flickr_-_K._Kendall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Festival_Romani%2C_Portland_-_Flickr_-_K._Kendall.jpg/330px-Festival_Romani%2C_Portland_-_Flickr_-_K._Kendall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Festival_Romani%2C_Portland_-_Flickr_-_K._Kendall.jpg/440px-Festival_Romani%2C_Portland_-_Flickr_-_K._Kendall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3055" data-file-height="2036" /></a><figcaption>Two Romani women dance at the Festival Romani in <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a> (2013)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Day_of_Romani_Language.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/World_Day_of_Romani_Language.jpg/220px-World_Day_of_Romani_Language.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/World_Day_of_Romani_Language.jpg/330px-World_Day_of_Romani_Language.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/World_Day_of_Romani_Language.jpg/440px-World_Day_of_Romani_Language.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Logo" title="Logo">Logo</a> for the World Day of Romani Language (2024)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Roma</b> (also called the <b>Romani people</b>) are an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan people">Indo-Aryan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a>. The Roma were originally from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, but they <a href="/wiki/Migration" title="Migration">migrated</a> <a href="/wiki/West" title="West">west</a> around 500 <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a> and arrived in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> around 1000 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, most Roma live in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, they are often called <b>Gypsies</b>. Some (but not all) Roma think "Gypsy" is a <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/Slur" class="extiw" title="wikt:Slur">slur</a>. Another <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">disrespectful</a> <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang</a> word, "chingar," is rarely used today. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma_people&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Genetics" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Genetics"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">studies</a> show that Romani people share <a href="/wiki/Ancestor" title="Ancestor">ancestry</a> with various groups from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. The studies prove this by finding similarities between <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> <a href="/wiki/Pattern" title="Pattern">patterns</a> in the different groups.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gene_studies">Gene studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma_people&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Gene studies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Gene studies"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">Gene</a> studies have found similarities between the DNA of Romani people and: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalits</a> ("low <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> [people] who migrated from the Indian subcontinent 1,400 years ago"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Chandala" title="Chandala">Chandala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a> <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste system in India">castes</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" title="Tamil people">Tamils</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jats" title="Jats">Jats</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>People from <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>This suggests that the Roma share ancestry with all of these different groups. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="More_genetic_evidence">More genetic evidence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma_people&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: More genetic evidence" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: More genetic evidence"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Romani <a href="/wiki/Newborn" class="mw-redirect" title="Newborn">newborns</a> from many different countries have a <a href="/wiki/Birthmark" title="Birthmark">birthmark</a> called the "<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_spot" title="Mongolian spot">Mongolian spot</a>" that is common in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> (and other areas outside of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Romani men from the Zargari <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Qazvin_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Qazvin Province">Qazvin Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> are <a href="/wiki/Congenital" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital">born with</a> a rare condition called <a href="/wiki/Aposthia" title="Aposthia">aposthia</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Foreskin" title="Foreskin">foreskin</a> is missing or very short.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_changes">Genetic changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma_people&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Genetic changes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Genetic changes"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/conquer" class="extiw" title="wikt:conquer">conquered</a> the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, Roma <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/intermarriage" class="extiw" title="wikt:intermarriage">intermarried</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkey" title="Ottoman Turkey">Ottoman Turks</a>. When they had children, DNA from the Roma and the Turks mixed together.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is called <a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">gene flow</a>. </p><p>Romani people now live in many countries throughout the world. Much of the DNA of people in these countries has flowed into the Roma through intermarriages.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma_people&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Early history" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Early history"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leaving_the_Indian_subcontinent">Leaving the Indian subcontinent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma_people&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Leaving the Indian subcontinent" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Leaving the Indian subcontinent"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historians believe that the <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/remnant" class="extiw" title="wikt:remnant">remnants</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks">Indo-Greeks</a>, the Atsinganos (Untouchables) left the Indian subcontinent as <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">traders</a>. During the European <a href="/wiki/Migration_period" title="Migration period">migration period</a> in the <a href="/wiki/4th_century" title="4th century">4th</a> to <a href="/wiki/6th_century" title="6th century">6th centuries</a>, they traveled through the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> into <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, using the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>. They lived in Egypt for <a href="/wiki/Century" title="Century">centuries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Copt" title="Copt">Copts</a> named the Roma ⲣⲱⲙⲁ (<i>man or human</i>, also <i>these people there</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migrating_through_Europe">Migrating through Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma_people&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: Migrating through Europe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Migrating through Europe"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around the <a href="/wiki/12th_century" title="12th century">12th</a> or <a href="/wiki/13th_century" title="13th century">13th centuries</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, the Roma reached the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. From there, Roma people spread across <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They crossed Europe aboard large <a href="/wiki/Caravan_(travellers)" title="Caravan (travellers)">caravans</a>, which contained all of their belongings.<sup id="cite_ref-routard_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-routard-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At first, European people thought the Roma were Christian <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrims</a> and accepted them. They were fascinated by how the Roma <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">did not have permanent homes</a>. Roma people often worked as <a href="/wiki/Musician" title="Musician">musicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse_training" title="Horse training">horse trainers,</a> <a href="/wiki/Circus" title="Circus">circus</a> artists, <a href="/wiki/Lion_tamer" title="Lion tamer">lion tamers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">blacksmiths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Town_crier" title="Town crier">town criers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawker" title="Hawker">hawkers</a>,<a href="/wiki/Groundskeeper" title="Groundskeeper">groundskeepers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dish_(food)" title="Dish (food)">dish</a> washers, <a href="/wiki/Cleaner" title="Cleaner">cleaners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lumberjack" title="Lumberjack">lumberjacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caretaker" title="Caretaker">caretakers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Locksmith" title="Locksmith">locksmiths</a>, and in other low-<a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">status</a> jobs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Persecution_in_Europe">Persecution in Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma_people&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: Persecution in Europe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Persecution in Europe"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Roma people have been viewed badly and <a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">persecuted</a> in Europe for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Egyptians Act of 1530 forced Roma people to leave England. Around 10,000 of these people went to the Ottoman Empire and became <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>. Their descendants still call themselves Egyptians.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genocide">Genocide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma_people&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Change section: Genocide" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Genocide"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> committed an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> against the Roma people.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romani genocide has been called "the forgotten Holocaust."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nazis thought the Roma were an '<a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/inferior" class="extiw" title="wikt:inferior">inferior</a> <a href="/wiki/Race_(sociology)" title="Race (sociology)">race</a>' - not as good as other racial groups - and they wanted to kill all of the Roma people in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To achieve this, they <a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">persecuted</a> Roma people, <a href="/wiki/Execution" title="Execution">executed</a> them in large groups, <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deported</a> them to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp" title="Nazi concentration camp">concentration camps</a>, used them for medical experiments, and killed them in <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">death camps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Xoraxane_Roma" class="mw-redirect" title="Xoraxane Roma">Xoraxane Roma</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a> were not deported, because Muslim leaders protected them.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At least 250,000 Roma people were victims of the Romani genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars have suggested that as many as 500,000,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 800,000<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or even 1.5 million<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roma may have died. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiziganism_today">Antiziganism today</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma_people&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Change section: Antiziganism today" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Antiziganism today"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Romani people still experience <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antiziganism" title="Antiziganism">antiziganism</a>. In some countries, Roma are not accepted in workplaces and schools.<sup id="cite_ref-compilhistoire.pagesperso-orange.fr_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compilhistoire.pagesperso-orange.fr-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their <a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">squatting</a> communities also irritate locals.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Romani created an association in 1978 to defend their <a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roma_populations_today">Roma populations today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma_people&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Change section: Roma populations today" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Roma populations today"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The largest Roma <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">populations</a> today live in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and the Balkans. However, there are populations of Roma all over Europe, including:<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Manouches" title="Manouches">Manouches</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Kal%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kaló">Kaló</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li>The Ciganos in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li>The Gitans of southern France</li> <li>The Romanichals of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Romanlar" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanlar">Romanlar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma_people&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Change section: Culture" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Culture"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roma culture differs from country to country, from group to group, and from religion to religion. </p><p>Roma <a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">cuisine</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also differs from country to country. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a> has always been important in Roma culture. <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a> like <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violins</a> are an important part of Roma traditions. The Roma influenced musical and <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dance</a> styles in Europe, like <a href="/wiki/Belly_dance" title="Belly dance">belly dancing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flamenco" title="Flamenco">flamenco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rumba" title="Rumba">rumba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-routard_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-routard-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Romani people enter into <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">arranged marriages</a> <a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">with other Roma</a> at a very young age. It is rare for Romani people <a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">to marry <i>gadje</i></a> (people who are not Roma). Some groups <a href="/wiki/Ban" title="Ban">ban</a> <a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage" title="Cousin marriage">cousin marriage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 April 1971, the Roma <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">nationality</a> was legally recognized in Europe. Since then, 8 April is the International Day of the Roma.<sup id="cite_ref-compilhistoire.pagesperso-orange.fr_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compilhistoire.pagesperso-orange.fr-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roma_with_mixed_blood">Roma with mixed blood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma_people&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Change section: Roma with mixed blood" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Roma with mixed blood"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roma people use the word <i>didicoy</i> to describe people who are of mixed Roma <a href="/wiki/Ancestor" title="Ancestor">ancestry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-def_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-def-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Some families of mixed blood call themselves "kyes".) There is conflict between the <i>didicoy</i> and the Romanichal ("full-blooded Roma," whose <a href="/wiki/Ancestor" title="Ancestor">ancestors</a> are all Roma)<i>.<sup id="cite_ref-def_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-def-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p><p>Roma people have been <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotyped</a> as <a href="/wiki/Criminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal">criminals</a> for centuries. Many Romanichal believe this <a href="/wiki/Reputation" title="Reputation">reputation</a> comes from <i>didicoys</i> and other <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic groups</a> that are referred to as "Gypsies".<sup id="cite_ref-def_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-def-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Often, Roma people in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> who are not nomadic use the word <i>didicoy</i> as <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang</a> for all Roma people. </p><p>The "Romano Rai" an old Romani <a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">song</a> about a mixed-blooded Roma.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma_people&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Change section: Language" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Language"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a> made the <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani language</a> an <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> in many European countries.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma_people&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Change section: Religion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Religion"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In ancient times, Roma people followed <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a><sup id="cite_ref-:6_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, most follow <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many are <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a>. The <i>Dasikane</i> (Christian Roma) practice <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>, while the <i><a href="/wiki/Xoraxane" class="mw-redirect" title="Xoraxane">Xoraxane</a></i> (Muslim Roma) practice male <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a>. </p><p>Other Romani people around the world practice faiths including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" title="Bahá'í Faith">Bahá'í</a><sup id="cite_ref-:5_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (especially in <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicism" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical Christianity</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a><sup id="cite_ref-:6_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a><sup id="cite_ref-:5_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Romanipen (an old <a href="/wiki/Dualism" title="Dualism">dualist</a> religion that involves a simple belief in <i>Devla </i>(<a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>) <i>and Beng </i>(<a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>))<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Palmistry<sup id="cite_ref-:4_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a><sup id="cite_ref-:4_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Other Roma practice Noahidism (a <a href="/wiki/Jew" title="Jew">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movement</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.and a set of <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">moral</a> laws called the Noahide Laws<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). People who live according to the Noahide Laws are called children of Noah (<i>B'nei Noach</i>) Noahids.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma_people&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commission.europa.eu/content/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/bulgaria_en">"Bulgaria"</a>. <i>commission.europa.eu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=commission.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Bulgaria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommission.europa.eu%2Fcontent%2Froma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country%2Fbulgaria_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commission.europa.eu/content/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/spain_en">"Spain"</a>. <i>commission.europa.eu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=commission.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Spain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommission.europa.eu%2Fcontent%2Froma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country%2Fspain_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commission.europa.eu/content/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/hungary_en">"Hungary"</a>. <i>commission.europa.eu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=commission.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Hungary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommission.europa.eu%2Fcontent%2Froma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country%2Fhungary_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commission.europa.eu/content/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/slovakia_en">"Slovakia"</a>. <i>commission.europa.eu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=commission.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Slovakia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommission.europa.eu%2Fcontent%2Froma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country%2Fslovakia_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commission.europa.eu/content/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/france_en">"France"</a>. <i>commission.europa.eu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=commission.europa.eu&rft.atitle=France&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommission.europa.eu%2Fcontent%2Froma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country%2Ffrance_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commission.europa.eu/content/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/greece_en">"Greece"</a>. <i>commission.europa.eu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=commission.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Greece&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommission.europa.eu%2Fcontent%2Froma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country%2Fgreece_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commission.europa.eu/content/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/czech-republic_en">"Czech Republic"</a>. <i>commission.europa.eu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=commission.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Czech+Republic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommission.europa.eu%2Fcontent%2Froma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country%2Fczech-republic_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commission.europa.eu/content/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/italy_en">"Italy"</a>. <i>commission.europa.eu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=commission.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Italy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommission.europa.eu%2Fcontent%2Froma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country%2Fitaly_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commission.europa.eu/content/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/germany_en">"Germany"</a>. <i>commission.europa.eu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=commission.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Germany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommission.europa.eu%2Fcontent%2Froma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country%2Fgermany_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swaveda.com/2004/06/02/the-lost-tribes-of-india/">"The Lost Tribes of India"</a>. 2 June 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Tribes+of+India&rft.date=2004-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swaveda.com%2F2004%2F06%2F02%2Fthe-lost-tribes-of-india%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Romani People Indo – Aryan ethnic group - Nomadic itinerants</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romani+People+Indo+%E2%80%93+Aryan+ethnic+group+-+Nomadic+itinerants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0">12.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1">12.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-2">12.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2012" class="citation news cs1">Nelson, Dean (3 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/9719058/European-Roma-descended-from-Indian-untouchables-genetic-study-shows.html">"European Roma descended from Indian 'untouchables', genetic study shows"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=European+Roma+descended+from+Indian+%27untouchables%27%2C+genetic+study+shows&rft.date=2012-12-03&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2F9719058%2FEuropean-Roma-descended-from-Indian-untouchables-genetic-study-shows.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-0">13.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-1">13.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFRaiChaubeyTamangPathak2012" class="citation journal cs1">Rai, Niraj; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Tamang, Rakesh; Pathak, Ajai Kumar; Singh, Vipin Kumar; Karmin, Monika; Singh, Manvendra; Rani, Deepa Selvi; Anugula, Sharath; Yadav, Brijesh Kumar; Singh, Ashish; Srinivasagan, Ramkumar; Yadav, Anita; Kashyap, Manju; Narvariya, Sapna; Reddy, Alla G.; van Driem, George; Underhill, Peter A.; Villems, Richard; Kivisild, Toomas; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy (November 1, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3509117">"The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Indian Origin of the European Romani Populations"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>7</b> (11): e48477. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...748477R">2012PLoSO...748477R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0048477">10.1371/journal.pone.0048477</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3509117">3509117</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23209554">23209554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=The+Phylogeography+of+Y-Chromosome+Haplogroup+H1a1a-M82+Reveals+the+Likely+Indian+Origin+of+the+European+Romani+Populations&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=e48477&rft.date=2012-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3509117%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23209554&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0048477&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...748477R&rft.aulast=Rai&rft.aufirst=Niraj&rft.au=Chaubey%2C+Gyaneshwer&rft.au=Tamang%2C+Rakesh&rft.au=Pathak%2C+Ajai+Kumar&rft.au=Singh%2C+Vipin+Kumar&rft.au=Karmin%2C+Monika&rft.au=Singh%2C+Manvendra&rft.au=Rani%2C+Deepa+Selvi&rft.au=Anugula%2C+Sharath&rft.au=Yadav%2C+Brijesh+Kumar&rft.au=Singh%2C+Ashish&rft.au=Srinivasagan%2C+Ramkumar&rft.au=Yadav%2C+Anita&rft.au=Kashyap%2C+Manju&rft.au=Narvariya%2C+Sapna&rft.au=Reddy%2C+Alla+G.&rft.au=van+Driem%2C+George&rft.au=Underhill%2C+Peter+A.&rft.au=Villems%2C+Richard&rft.au=Kivisild%2C+Toomas&rft.au=Singh%2C+Lalji&rft.au=Thangaraj%2C+Kumarasamy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3509117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFPalanichamyMitraDebnathAgrawal2014" class="citation journal cs1">Palanichamy, M. G.; Mitra, B.; Debnath, M.; Agrawal, S.; Chaudhuri, T. K.; Zhang, Y. P. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4192148">"Tamil Merchant in Ancient Mesopotamia"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>9</b> (10): e109331. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...9j9331P">2014PLoSO...9j9331P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0109331">10.1371/journal.pone.0109331</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4192148">4192148</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25299580">25299580</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Tamil+Merchant+in+Ancient+Mesopotamia&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e109331&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4192148%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25299580&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0109331&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PLoSO...9j9331P&rft.aulast=Palanichamy&rft.aufirst=M.+G.&rft.au=Mitra%2C+B.&rft.au=Debnath%2C+M.&rft.au=Agrawal%2C+S.&rft.au=Chaudhuri%2C+T.+K.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Y.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4192148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFSharmaRaiSharmaJena2009" class="citation journal cs1">Sharma, Swarkar; Rai, Ekta; Sharma, Prithviraj; Jena, Mamata; Singh, Shweta; Darvishi, Katayoon; Bhat, Audesh K.; Bhanwer, A. J. S.; Tiwari, Pramod Kumar; Bamezai, Rameshwar N. K. (January 29, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/jhg20082">"The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1* substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system"</a>. <i>Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>54</b> (1): 47–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fjhg.2008.2">10.1038/jhg.2008.2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19158816">19158816</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22162114">22162114</a> – via www.nature.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+Indian+origin+of+paternal+haplogroup+R1a1%2A+substantiates+the+autochthonous+origin+of+Brahmins+and+the+caste+system&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47-55&rft.date=2009-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22162114%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19158816&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fjhg.2008.2&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Swarkar&rft.au=Rai%2C+Ekta&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Prithviraj&rft.au=Jena%2C+Mamata&rft.au=Singh%2C+Shweta&rft.au=Darvishi%2C+Katayoon&rft.au=Bhat%2C+Audesh+K.&rft.au=Bhanwer%2C+A.+J.+S.&rft.au=Tiwari%2C+Pramod+Kumar&rft.au=Bamezai%2C+Rameshwar+N.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fjhg20082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFNagyHenkeHenkeChatthopadhyay2007" class="citation journal cs1">Nagy, Melinda; Henke, Lotte; Henke, Jürgen; Chatthopadhyay, Prasanta K.; Völgyi, Antónia; Zalán, Andrea; Peterman, Orsolya; Bernasovská, Jarmila; Pamjav, Horolma (June 14, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073806005238">"Searching for the origin of Romanies: Slovakian Romani, Jats of Haryana and Jat Sikhs Y-STR data in comparison with different Romani populations"</a>. <i>Forensic Science International</i>. <b>169</b> (1): 19–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.forsciint.2006.07.020">10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.07.020</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16950585">16950585</a> – via ScienceDirect.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forensic+Science+International&rft.atitle=Searching+for+the+origin+of+Romanies%3A+Slovakian+Romani%2C+Jats+of+Haryana+and+Jat+Sikhs+Y-STR+data+in+comparison+with+different+Romani+populations&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-26&rft.date=2007-06-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.forsciint.2006.07.020&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16950585&rft.aulast=Nagy&rft.aufirst=Melinda&rft.au=Henke%2C+Lotte&rft.au=Henke%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rft.au=Chatthopadhyay%2C+Prasanta+K.&rft.au=V%C3%B6lgyi%2C+Ant%C3%B3nia&rft.au=Zal%C3%A1n%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Peterman%2C+Orsolya&rft.au=Bernasovsk%C3%A1%2C+Jarmila&rft.au=Pamjav%2C+Horolma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0379073806005238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beta.dawn.com/news/211876/hyderabad-gypsies-hail-from-sindh-claims-dr-kazi">"HYDERABAD: Gypsies hail from Sindh, claims Dr Kazi"</a>. <i>DAWN.COM</i>. September 25, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DAWN.COM&rft.atitle=HYDERABAD%3A+Gypsies+hail+from+Sindh%2C+claims+Dr+Kazi&rft.date=2006-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbeta.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F211876%2Fhyderabad-gypsies-hail-from-sindh-claims-dr-kazi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFGuptaThappa2013" class="citation journal cs1">Gupta, D.; Thappa, D. M. (30 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ijdvl.com/mongolian-spots/">"Mongolian spots"</a>. <i>Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology</i>. <b>79</b> (4): 469–478. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0378-6323.113074">10.4103/0378-6323.113074</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23760316">23760316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+Dermatology%2C+Venereology+and+Leprology&rft.atitle=Mongolian+spots&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=469-478&rft.date=2013-06-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F0378-6323.113074&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23760316&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Thappa%2C+D.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fijdvl.com%2Fmongolian-spots%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFSadeghipour_RoudsariRoudsariEsmailzadehha2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sadeghipour Roudsari, Sadegh; Roudsari, Sadegh Sadeghipour; Esmailzadehha, Neda (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/494988">"Aposthia: A case report"</a>. <i>Journal of Pediatric Surgery</i>. <b>45</b> (8): e17–e19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpedsurg.2010.05.030">10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2010.05.030</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20713198">20713198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pediatric+Surgery&rft.atitle=Aposthia%3A+A+case+report&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e17-e19&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jpedsurg.2010.05.030&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20713198&rft.aulast=Sadeghipour+Roudsari&rft.aufirst=Sadegh&rft.au=Roudsari%2C+Sadegh+Sadeghipour&rft.au=Esmailzadehha%2C+Neda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F494988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBánfaiMeleghSümegiHadzsiev2019" class="citation journal cs1">Bánfai, Zsolt; Melegh, Béla I.; Sümegi, Katalin; Hadzsiev, Kinga; Miseta, Attila; Kásler, Miklós; Melegh, Béla (13 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6585392">"Revealing the Genetic Impact of the Ottoman Occupation on Ethnic Groups of East-Central Europe and on the Roma Population of the Area"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Genetics</i>. <b>10</b>: 558. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffgene.2019.00558">10.3389/fgene.2019.00558</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6585392">6585392</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31263480">31263480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Genetics&rft.atitle=Revealing+the+Genetic+Impact+of+the+Ottoman+Occupation+on+Ethnic+Groups+of+East-Central+Europe+and+on+the+Roma+Population+of+the+Area&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=558&rft.date=2019-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6585392%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31263480&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffgene.2019.00558&rft.aulast=B%C3%A1nfai&rft.aufirst=Zsolt&rft.au=Melegh%2C+B%C3%A9la+I.&rft.au=S%C3%BCmegi%2C+Katalin&rft.au=Hadzsiev%2C+Kinga&rft.au=Miseta%2C+Attila&rft.au=K%C3%A1sler%2C+Mikl%C3%B3s&rft.au=Melegh%2C+B%C3%A9la&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6585392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez-CruzMendizabalHarmantde_Pablo2016" class="citation journal cs1">Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Mendizabal, Isabel; Harmant, Christine; de Pablo, Rosario; Ioana, Mihai; Angelicheva, Dora; Kouvatsi, Anastasia; Makukh, Halyna; Netea, Mihai G.; Pamjav, Horolma; Zalán, Andrea; Tournev, Ivailo; Marushiakova, Elena; Popov, Vesselin; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Kalaydjieva, Luba; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Comas, David (June 29, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4867443">"Origins, admixture and founder lineages in European Roma"</a>. <i>European Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>24</b> (6): 937–943. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fejhg.2015.201">10.1038/ejhg.2015.201</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4867443">4867443</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26374132">26374132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Origins%2C+admixture+and+founder+lineages+in+European+Roma&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=937-943&rft.date=2016-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4867443%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26374132&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fejhg.2015.201&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez-Cruz&rft.aufirst=Bego%C3%B1a&rft.au=Mendizabal%2C+Isabel&rft.au=Harmant%2C+Christine&rft.au=de+Pablo%2C+Rosario&rft.au=Ioana%2C+Mihai&rft.au=Angelicheva%2C+Dora&rft.au=Kouvatsi%2C+Anastasia&rft.au=Makukh%2C+Halyna&rft.au=Netea%2C+Mihai+G.&rft.au=Pamjav%2C+Horolma&rft.au=Zal%C3%A1n%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Tournev%2C+Ivailo&rft.au=Marushiakova%2C+Elena&rft.au=Popov%2C+Vesselin&rft.au=Bertranpetit%2C+Jaume&rft.au=Kalaydjieva%2C+Luba&rft.au=Quintana-Murci%2C+Lluis&rft.au=Comas%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4867443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFFont-PorteriasAraunaPovedaBianco2019" class="citation journal cs1">Font-Porterias, N.; Arauna, L. R.; Poveda, A.; Bianco, E.; Rebato, E.; Prata, M. J.; Calafell, F.; Comas, D. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6779411">"European Roma groups show complex West Eurasian admixture footprints and a common South Asian genetic origin"</a>. <i>PLOS Genetics</i>. <b>15</b> (9): e1008417. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1008417">10.1371/journal.pgen.1008417</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6779411">6779411</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31545809">31545809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genetics&rft.atitle=European+Roma+groups+show+complex+West+Eurasian+admixture+footprints+and+a+common+South+Asian+genetic+origin&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=e1008417&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6779411%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31545809&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1008417&rft.aulast=Font-Porterias&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Arauna%2C+L.+R.&rft.au=Poveda%2C+A.&rft.au=Bianco%2C+E.&rft.au=Rebato%2C+E.&rft.au=Prata%2C+M.+J.&rft.au=Calafell%2C+F.&rft.au=Comas%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6779411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFSalomon,_Richard1991" class="citation journal cs1">Salomon, Richard (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/603404">"Epigraphic Remains of Indian Traders in Egypt"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>111</b> (4): 731–736. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F603404">10.2307/603404</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/603404">603404</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Epigraphic+Remains+of+Indian+Traders+in+Egypt&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=731-736&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F603404&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F603404%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Salomon%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F603404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst1974" class="citation journal cs1">Pankhurst, Richard (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44324706">"The "Banyan" or Indian Presence at Massawa, the Dahlak Islands and the Horn of Africa"</a>. <i>Journal of Ethiopian Studies</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 185–212. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44324706">44324706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethiopian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+%22Banyan%22+or+Indian+Presence+at+Massawa%2C+the+Dahlak+Islands+and+the+Horn+of+Africa&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=185-212&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44324706%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44324706&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-routard-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-routard_25-0">25.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-routard_25-1">25.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routard.com/mag_dossiers/id_dm/56/ordre/3.htm">"Gitans, manouches et tsiganes : la route du Rom"</a>. <i>Routard.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Routard.com&rft.atitle=Gitans%2C+manouches+et+tsiganes+%3A+la+route+du+Rom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routard.com%2Fmag_dossiers%2Fid_dm%2F56%2Fordre%2F3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHancock2017" class="citation book cs1">Hancock, Ian F. (2017). <i>We are the Romani people: ame sam e Rromane džene</i> (reprinted ed.). Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-19-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-19-8"><bdi>978-1-902806-19-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+are+the+Romani+people%3A+ame+sam+e+Rromane+d%C5%BEene&rft.place=Hatfield&rft.edition=reprinted&rft.pub=University+of+Hertfordshire+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-902806-19-8&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.aufirst=Ian+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFCressy2016" class="citation journal cs1">Cressy, David (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/abs/trouble-with-gypsies-in-early-modern-england/D93181E028BCC1C2E2D8962C6B607552">"Trouble with Gypsies in Early Modern England"</a>. <i>The Historical Journal</i>. <b>59</b>: 45–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X15000278">10.1017/S0018246X15000278</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162837563">162837563</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Trouble+with+Gypsies+in+Early+Modern+England&rft.volume=59&rft.pages=45-70&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X15000278&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162837563%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cressy&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fhistorical-journal%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Ftrouble-with-gypsies-in-early-modern-england%2FD93181E028BCC1C2E2D8962C6B607552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_28-0">28.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_28-1">28.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_28-2">28.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_28-3">28.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_28-4">28.4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Holocaust_Encyclopedia" class="citation web cs1">The Holocaust Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/genocide-of-european-roma-gypsies-1939-1945">"Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939–1945"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.atitle=Genocide+of+European+Roma+%28Gypsies%29%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.au=The+Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fgenocide-of-european-roma-gypsies-1939-1945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_29-0">29.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_29-1">29.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170807020735/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/8284274/Holocaust-Memorial-Day-Forgotten-Holocaust-of-Roma-finally-acknowledged-in-Germany.html">"Holocaust Memorial Day: 'Forgotten Holocaust' of Roma finally acknowledged in Germany - Telegraph"</a>. <i>web.archive.org</i>. 2015-04-02. Archived from the original on 2017-08-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web.archive.org&rft.atitle=Holocaust+Memorial+Day%3A+%27Forgotten+Holocaust%27+of+Roma+finally+acknowledged+in+Germany+-+Telegraph&rft.date=2015-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fworld-war-two%2F8284274%2FHolocaust-Memorial-Day-Forgotten-Holocaust-of-Roma-finally-acknowledged-in-Germany.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osce.org/odihr/81364">"OSCE human rights chief welcomes declaration of official Roma genocide remembrance day in Poland"</a>. <i>www.osce.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.osce.org&rft.atitle=OSCE+human+rights+chief+welcomes+declaration+of+official+Roma+genocide+remembrance+day+in+Poland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osce.org%2Fodihr%2F81364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHoganHarran2000" class="citation book cs1">Hogan, David J.; Harran, Myrily J., eds. (2000). <i>The Holocaust Chronicle: A History in Words and Pictures</i>. Lincolnwood, Ill: Publ. Intern. p. 384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7853-2963-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7853-2963-3"><bdi>978-0-7853-2963-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust+Chronicle%3A+A+History+in+Words+and+Pictures&rft.place=Lincolnwood%2C+Ill&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=Publ.+Intern&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7853-2963-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coe.int/en/web/roma-genocide">"Roma Genocide"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+of+Europe&rft.atitle=Roma+Genocide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2Fen%2Fweb%2Froma-genocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.romarchive.eu/en/voices-of-the-victims/bosnia-and-herzegovina/">"Bosnia and Herzegovina - RomArchive"</a>. <i>www.romarchive.eu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.romarchive.eu&rft.atitle=Bosnia+and+Herzegovina+-+RomArchive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.romarchive.eu%2Fen%2Fvoices-of-the-victims%2Fbosnia-and-herzegovina%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pressefederaliste.eu/Les-persecutions-et-le-genocide-des-Roms-dans-la-seconde-guerre-mondiale">"Les persécutions et le génocide des Roms dans la seconde guerre mondiale - Presse fédéraliste"</a>. <i>www.pressefederaliste.eu</i>. 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pressefederaliste.eu&rft.atitle=Les+pers%C3%A9cutions+et+le+g%C3%A9nocide+des+Roms+dans+la+seconde+guerre+mondiale+-+Presse+f%C3%A9d%C3%A9raliste&rft.date=2022-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressefederaliste.eu%2FLes-persecutions-et-le-genocide-des-Roms-dans-la-seconde-guerre-mondiale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBrzezinski2010" class="citation book cs1">Brzezinski, Zbigniew (2010). <i>Out of Control: Global Turmoil on the Eve of the 21st Century</i>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_and_Schuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon and Schuster">Simon and Schuster</a>: Touchstone. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-4380-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-4380-3"><bdi>978-1-4391-4380-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+Control%3A+Global+Turmoil+on+the+Eve+of+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster%3A+Touchstone&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-4380-3&rft.aulast=Brzezinski&rft.aufirst=Zbigniew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFStone2005" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Dan, ed. (2005). <i>The Historiography of the Holocaust</i> (Nachdr. ed.). Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 383–396. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-9927-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-9927-6"><bdi>978-1-4039-9927-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historiography+of+the+Holocaust&rft.place=Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pages=383-396&rft.edition=Nachdr.&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-9927-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-compilhistoire.pagesperso-orange.fr-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-compilhistoire.pagesperso-orange.fr_37-0">37.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-compilhistoire.pagesperso-orange.fr_37-1">37.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://compilhistoire.pagesperso-orange.fr/Rom.htm">"Compilhistoire - Roms, Gitans, Manouches et Tsiganes"</a>. <i>compilhistoire.pagesperso-orange.fr</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=compilhistoire.pagesperso-orange.fr&rft.atitle=Compilhistoire+-+Roms%2C+Gitans%2C+Manouches+et+Tsiganes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcompilhistoire.pagesperso-orange.fr%2FRom.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ripostelaique.com/expulsions-des-roms-fascistes-sous-sarkozy-mais-humanitaires-et-normales-sous-hollande.html">"Expulsions des Roms : fascistes sous Sarkozy, mais humanitaires et normales sous Hollande"</a>. <i>Riposte Laïque</i> (in French). 24 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Riposte+La%C3%AFque&rft.atitle=Expulsions+des+Roms+%3A+fascistes+sous+Sarkozy%2C+mais+humanitaires+et+normales+sous+Hollande&rft.date=2012-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fripostelaique.com%2Fexpulsions-des-roms-fascistes-sous-sarkozy-mais-humanitaires-et-normales-sous-hollande.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://union-romani-internationale.blogg.org/union-romani-internationale-c26573126">"Union Romani Internationale - Union Romani Internationale"</a>. <i>union-romani-internationale.blogg.org</i> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=union-romani-internationale.blogg.org&rft.atitle=Union+Romani+Internationale+-+Union+Romani+Internationale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funion-romani-internationale.blogg.org%2Funion-romani-internationale-c26573126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFMorarGreshamAngelichevaTournev2004" class="citation journal cs1">Morar, Bharti; Gresham, David; Angelicheva, Dora; Tournev, Ivailo; Gooding, Rebecca; Guergueltcheva, Velina; Schmidt, Carolin; Abicht, Angela; Lochmüller, Hanns; Tordai, Attila; Kalmár, Lajos; Nagy, Melinda; Karcagi, Veronika; Jeanpierre, Marc; Herczegfalvi, Agnes; Beeson, David; Venkataraman, Viswanathan; Warwick Carter, Kim; Reeve, Jeff; De Pablo, Rosario; Kučinskas, Vaidutis; Kalaydjieva, Luba (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1182047">"Mutation History of the Roma/Gypsies"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>75</b> (4): 596–609. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F424759">10.1086/424759</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1182047">1182047</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15322984">15322984</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Mutation+History+of+the+Roma%2FGypsies&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=596-609&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1182047%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15322984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F424759&rft.aulast=Morar&rft.aufirst=Bharti&rft.au=Gresham%2C+David&rft.au=Angelicheva%2C+Dora&rft.au=Tournev%2C+Ivailo&rft.au=Gooding%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Guergueltcheva%2C+Velina&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Carolin&rft.au=Abicht%2C+Angela&rft.au=Lochm%C3%BCller%2C+Hanns&rft.au=Tordai%2C+Attila&rft.au=Kalm%C3%A1r%2C+Lajos&rft.au=Nagy%2C+Melinda&rft.au=Karcagi%2C+Veronika&rft.au=Jeanpierre%2C+Marc&rft.au=Herczegfalvi%2C+Agnes&rft.au=Beeson%2C+David&rft.au=Venkataraman%2C+Viswanathan&rft.au=Warwick+Carter%2C+Kim&rft.au=Reeve%2C+Jeff&rft.au=De+Pablo%2C+Rosario&rft.au=Ku%C4%8Dinskas%2C+Vaidutis&rft.au=Kalaydjieva%2C+Luba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1182047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKalaydjieva,_LubaGresham,_DavidCalafell,_Francesc2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kalaydjieva, Luba; Gresham, David; Calafell, Francesc (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC31389">"Genetic studies of the Roma (Gypsies): a review"</a>. <i>BMC Medical Genetics</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2350-2-5">10.1186/1471-2350-2-5</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC31389">31389</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11299048">11299048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Medical+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genetic+studies+of+the+Roma+%28Gypsies%29%3A+a+review&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC31389%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11299048&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2350-2-5&rft.au=Kalaydjieva%2C+Luba&rft.au=Gresham%2C+David&rft.au=Calafell%2C+Francesc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC31389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/anthropology-and-archaeology/people/gypsies">"Gypsies | Encyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Gypsies+%26%23124%3B+Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fsocial-sciences-and-law%2Fanthropology-and-archaeology%2Fpeople%2Fgypsies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uskudaristanbul.com/firmadetay.asp?id=2894">"Home"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uskudaristanbul.com%2Ffirmadetay.asp%3Fid%3D2894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-def-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-def_44-0">44.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-def_44-1">44.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-def_44-2">44.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.definitions.net/definition/DIDICOY">"What does DIDICOY mean?"</a>. <i>www.definitions.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.definitions.net&rft.atitle=What+does+DIDICOY+mean%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.definitions.net%2Fdefinition%2FDIDICOY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2014" class="citation web cs1">Crawford, ~ George (29 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleotool.com/2014/03/29/romany-rai">"Romany Rai"</a>. <i>Preindustrial Craftsmanship</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Preindustrial+Craftsmanship&rft.atitle=Romany+Rai&rft.date=2014-03-29&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=~+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaleotool.com%2F2014%2F03%2F29%2Fromany-rai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120325043808/http://reocities.com/Paris/5121/history.htm">"Patrin: A Brief History of the Roma"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reocities.com/Paris/5121/history.htm">the original</a> on 2012-03-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Patrin%3A+A+Brief+History+of+the+Roma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freocities.com%2FParis%2F5121%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:6_47-0">47.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:6_47-1">47.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/meet-the-roma-2000-years-ago-the-first-indians-to-go-to-europe/">"Meet the Roma: 2,000 years ago, the first 'Indians' to go to Europe"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 23 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Meet+the+Roma%3A+2%2C000+years+ago%2C+the+first+%27Indians%27+to+go+to+Europe&rft.date=2016-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fexplained%2Fmeet-the-roma-2000-years-ago-the-first-indians-to-go-to-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://enlightenmentward.wordpress.com/2010/03/07/buddhism-and-the-romani/">"Buddhism and the Romani"</a>. 7 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buddhism+and+the+Romani&rft.date=2010-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenlightenmentward.wordpress.com%2F2010%2F03%2F07%2Fbuddhism-and-the-romani%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Columbia Encyclopedia</i> (8th ed.). New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> Press. 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:5_50-0">50.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:5_50-1">50.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_b_history_romanireligion&lang=&articles=true">"RADOC"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RADOC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fradoc.net%2Fradoc.php%3Fdoc%3Dart_b_history_romanireligion%26lang%3D%26articles%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFVishvapani2011" class="citation web cs1">Vishvapani (2011-11-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wiseattention.org/blog/2011/11/29/gypsy-buddhists/">"Hungary's Gypsy Buddhists & Religious Discrimination"</a>. <i>Vishvapani</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vishvapani&rft.atitle=Hungary%E2%80%99s+Gypsy+Buddhists+%26+Religious+Discrimination&rft.date=2011-11-29&rft.au=Vishvapani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiseattention.org%2Fblog%2F2011%2F11%2F29%2Fgypsy-buddhists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebuddhistcentre.com/news/jai-bhim-roma-buddhists-hungary">"Jai Bhim! The Roma Buddhists of Hungary"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jai+Bhim%21+The+Roma+Buddhists+of+Hungary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthebuddhistcentre.com%2Fnews%2Fjai-bhim-roma-buddhists-hungary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338659680">"PERSONALIZING THE ROMANI EVANGELICAL FAITH"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PERSONALIZING+THE+ROMANI+EVANGELICAL+FAITH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F338659680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1991" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, B., ed. (1991). <i>The Encyclopaedia of Islam. 2: C - G / Ed. by B. Lewis</i> (4. impr ed.). Leiden: Brill. pp. 40a–41b. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07026-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07026-4"><bdi>978-90-04-07026-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam.+2%3A+C+-+G+%2F+Ed.+by+B.+Lewis&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=40a-41b&rft.edition=4.+impr&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-90-04-07026-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2721940/view">"The Muslim Gypsies in Romania"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Gypsies+in+Romania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl%2Faccess%2Fitem%253A2721940%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230621224127/https://openaccess.ihu.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/20.500.12154/1199">"The making of an order : An ethnography of Romani Sufis in Uskudar"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.ihu.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/20.500.12154/1199">the original</a> on 2023-06-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+making+of+an+order+%3A+An+ethnography+of+Romani+Sufis+in+Uskudar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenaccess.ihu.edu.tr%2Fxmlui%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12154%2F1199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_57-0">57.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_57-1">57.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFPalmerBurgess2020" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Michael D.; Burgess, Stanley M., eds. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GpfSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA391"><i>The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Religion and Social Justice</i></a>. The Wiley Blackwell Companions to Religion. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-57210-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-57210-7"><bdi>978-1-119-57210-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wiley-Blackwell+Companion+to+Religion+and+Social+Justice&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.series=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Companions+to+Religion&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-119-57210-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGpfSDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman2018" class="citation journal cs1">Feldman, Rachel Z. (2018-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.ucpress.edu/nr/article/22/1/115/71076/The-Children-of-NoahHas-Messianic-Zionism-Created">"The Children of Noah"</a>. <i>Nova Religio</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 115–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fnr.2018.22.1.115">10.1525/nr.2018.22.1.115</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1092-6690">1092-6690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nova+Religio&rft.atitle=The+Children+of+Noah&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=115-128&rft.date=2018-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fnr.2018.22.1.115&rft.issn=1092-6690&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Rachel+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.ucpress.edu%2Fnr%2Farticle%2F22%2F1%2F115%2F71076%2FThe-Children-of-NoahHas-Messianic-Zionism-Created&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Noahide-Laws">"Noahide Laws | Obedience, Halakhah, Torah | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. 2024-08-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Noahide+Laws+%7C+Obedience%2C+Halakhah%2C+Torah+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FNoahide-Laws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220625135338/https://allfaith.com/noahide/religion.html">"The Seven Noahide Laws As Practice"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allfaith.com/noahide/religion.html">the original</a> on 2022-06-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Seven+Noahide+Laws+As+Practice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallfaith.com%2Fnoahide%2Freligion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARoma+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma_people&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Change section: Other websites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma_people&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Other websites"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671870">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671876">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8662964">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Romani_people" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Romani people"><span style="">Romani people</span></a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1113326&blobtype=pdf">The Health of Gypsies: Problem of caring for travellers is also British, not just European</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since November 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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