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Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{Short description|Marriage between spouses professing different religions}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}} '''Interfaith marriage''', sometimes called '''interreligious marriage''' or "'''mixed marriage'''", is [[marriage]] between spouses professing different [[religion]]s. Although interfaith marriages are often established as [[civil marriage]]s, in some instances they may be established as a [[religious aspects of marriage|religious marriage]]. This depends on [[religious law|religious doctrine]] of each of the two parties' religions; some prohibit interfaith marriage, and among others there are varying degrees of permissibility. Several major religions are mute on the issue, and still others allow it with requirements for ceremony and custom. For [[ethno-religious]] groups, resistance to interfaith marriage may be a form of [[Auto-segregation|self-segregation]]. In an interfaith marriage, each partner typically adheres to their own religion. One issue which can arise in such unions is the choice of faith in which to raise the children. == Legal status == ===Human right=== According to Article 16 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], men and women who have attained the [[age of majority]] have the right to marry "without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml#a16|title=The Universal Declaration of Human Rights|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> Although most of Article 16 is incorporated verbatim in Article 23 of the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]], the references to religious and racial limitations is omitted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrweb.org/legal/cpr.html|title=UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> Article 17, clause two, of the [[American Convention on Human Rights]] says that all men and women have the right to marry, subject to the conditions of domestic law "insofar as such conditions do not affect the principle of nondiscrimination established in this Convention."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cidh.org/Basicos/English/Basic3.American%20Convention.htm|title=AMERICAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS|website=cidh.org|access-date=22 October 2017}}</ref> ===United States=== According to the Pew Research Center Religious Landscape Study, interfaith marriage has become increasingly common in the United States during the past decades. While of marriages performed before 1960, 81% of marriages were between spouses from the same religious denomination, 11% were between spouses of different Christian denominations, 5% were between a Christian and a religiously unaffiliated spouse, and 3% were other mixed forms of interfaith marriages, the corresponding figures for marriages performed in the period of 2010-2014 were 61%, 15%, 18% and 6%.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2015/06/02/interfaith-marriage/ | title=Interfaith marriage is common in U.S., particularly among the recently wed | date=2 June 2015 }}</ref> Interfaith marriages are least common among Hindus, Mormons and Muslims, and most common among religiously unaffiliated people, mainline Protestants and Jews.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2015/06/02/interfaith-marriage/ | title=Interfaith marriage is common in U.S., particularly among the recently wed | date=2 June 2015 }}</ref> [[Joan Boocock Lee]], an [[Episcopalian]] British American actress who was married to Jewish-American comic book creator [[Stan Lee]] until her death, stated that the couple faced difficulty [[Adoption in the United States|adopting a child]] in the mid-20th century United States.<ref>{{cite AV media|people=[[Joan Boocock Lee]]; [[Stan Lee]]|year=2010|title=With Great Power: The Stan Lee Story|title-link=IMDbTitle:1091863|time=0:47:20|oclc=1038407559}}</ref> ===India=== {{See also|Special Marriage Act, 1954|Love jihad}} [https://noblemarriage.com/blog/can-a-muslim-marry-a-non-muslim/ Interfaith marriage] is controversial in some areas, especially disapproval of relationships between Hindus and Muslims. Advertisements and films depicting Hindu-Muslim relationships have attracted condemnation and legal action.<ref name=conversation>{{Cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/the-problem-with-indias-love-jihad-laws-152675|title=The problem with India's 'love jihad' laws|first=Sumit|last=Ganguly|website=The Conversation|date=27 January 2021 }}</ref> Hindu-Muslim couples have experienced harassment, including posting personal details on social media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/communalism/hindu-muslim-couples-love-jihad-rightwing-marriage-notice|title=To Harass Hindu-Muslim Couples, Rightwing Activists Are Now Using Their Marriage Documents|website=The Wire}}</ref> In 2020 and 2021, several Indian states with [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] governments passed laws prohibiting forced conversions, and requiring notification of intent to marry and a waiting period, and allowing anyone to object to the union. Interfaith marriages have been taken as an inherent indication of a forced conversion, despite some individuals stating they will not be converting in order to marry.<ref name=crux>[https://cruxnow.com/church-in-asia/2021/08/indian-court-strikes-down-provisions-against-interfaith-marriage/ Indian court strikes down provisions against interfaith marriage]</ref> The laws have been used to arrest and in some cases torture Muslim men who have married Hindu women.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/14/muslims-targeted-under-indian-states-love-jihad-law|title=Muslims targeted under Indian state's 'love jihad' law|date=14 December 2020|website=the Guardian}}</ref> Fearing vigilante violence and after facing long delays and uncooperative lawyers and government officials, some couples have fled to other states to get married, often losing their jobs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/09/14/1037096376/a-new-law-in-india-is-making-it-harder-for-interfaith-couples-to-get-married|title=A New Law In India Is Making It Harder For Interfaith Couples To Get Married|website=NPR.org }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-56330206|title=India's interfaith couples on edge after new law|work=BBC News |date=15 March 2021}}</ref> In August 2021, the [[Gujarat High Court]] limited the scope of that state's law on the grounds of freedom of religion.<ref name=crux /> ===Saudi Arabia=== [[Religion in Saudi Arabia]] is heavily restricted, with the [[Wahhabi Islam]] as the state religion. Public celebration or advocacy of any other religion is generally prohibited. ===Israel=== In [[Israel]], marriages are performed by delegated religious authorities. As such, most interfaith marriages are [[de facto]] not performed without a recognized conversion.<ref name=lerner2011p214>{{cite book|author=Hanna Lerner|title=Making Constitutions in Deeply Divided Societies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MykpY_PRtmUC|year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-50292-4|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MykpY_PRtmUC&pg=PA214&lpg=PA214 214]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-04 |title=Civil marriage now |url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/civil-marriage-now-504216 |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |language=en}}</ref> This system is largely a continuation of the [[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|Ottoman Millet]] system in which different communities were allowed to control their own internal affairs. In the [[Druze]] religion there is no marriage between Druze and non-Druze and in traditional Judaism there is no marriage between a Jew and a Gentile. Thus, interfaith marriages in which one of the spouses is Jewish or Druze, are not recognized by the state. Muslim [[Qadi|Qadis]] sometimes perform marriage ceremonies of a Muslim with a Jewish or Christian woman, and Christian priests in special cases perform marriage ceremonies of a Christian or Christian woman with a non-Christian, and in other cases they are recognized retrospectively, and in any case the state recognizes these marriages. All interfaith marriages performed in other countries are recognized.<ref name="thejewishweek.com">Michel Chabin 2013-06-13 [http://www.thejewishweek.com/special-sections/celebrate/married-mediterranean-not-israel Married On The Mediterranean — But Not In Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203024852/http://www.thejewishweek.com/special-sections/celebrate/married-mediterranean-not-israel |date=3 December 2016 }} The Jewish Week. Retrieved 2015-10-01</ref> ''Hitbolelut,'' meaning [[Jewish assimilation|assimilation]] in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], is a term used mainly to refer with prejudice to [[Jewish|Jews]] who marry outside of the Jewish people. The term has strong resonance in Israel and with many Jews worldwide as marrying outside historically meant leaving the Jewish community to be absorbed by the dominant culture.<ref name="Endelman275">{{Cite book |last=Endelman |first=Todd M. |date=2015 |title=Leaving the Jewish Fold: Conversion and Radical Assimilation in Modern Jewish History |chapter=7. Neither Jew nor Christian. New Religions, New Creeds |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781400866380-010/html |location=Princeton, New Jersey |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=275 |doi=10.1515/9781400866380-010 |isbn=9781400866380 |access-date=22 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Endelman |first=Todd |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400866380 |title=Leaving the Jewish Fold |date=2015-12-31 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-6638-0 |location=Princeton|doi=10.1515/9781400866380 }}</ref> Perhaps because of these norms, interfaith marriages between a Jewish individual and a non-Jewish individual are extremely rare in Israel. One [[Pew Research Center]] study, conducted in 2014-2015, indicated that only about two percent of Jewish individuals were part of an interfaith marriage. In addition, about 97 percent of Jews in the same stated that they would be not be completely comfortable with their child marrying a Muslim while 89 percent expressed similar views when asked about a hypothetical marriage to a Christian.<ref>{{cite web |author=Pew Research Center |date=March 8, 2016 |title=11. Intergroup marriage and friendship |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2016/03/08/intergroup-marriage-and-friendship/ |access-date=July 19, 2024}}</ref> == By religion == === Baháʼí Faith === According to the [[Baháʼí Faith]], all religions are inspired by God and interfaith marriage is permitted. A [[Baháʼí marriage|Baháʼí ceremony]] should be performed with the non-Baháʼí rite (or ceremony). If both ceremonies are performed, the non-Baháʼí ceremony should not invalidate the Baháʼí ceremony; the Baháʼí partner remains a Baháʼí, and is not adopting the religion of the other partner in the ceremony. The Baháʼí partner should also abstain from vows (or statements) committing them to a declaration of faith in another religion or that are contrary to the principles of the Baháʼí Faith. The two ceremonies should be performed on the same day; their order is not important. The Baháʼí ceremony may be performed in the place of worship of the other religion if it is afforded respect equal to the non-Baháʼí ceremony and is clearly distinct from the non-Baháʼí ceremony. === Christianity === [[File:Ev Stadtkirche Ravensburg innen.jpg|thumb|300px|A [[Lutheran]] pastor in Germany marries a young couple in a [[church (building)|church]].]] {{Main|Interfaith marriage in Christianity}} In Christianity, an interfaith marriage is a marriage between a [[Christian]] and a non-Christian (e.g. a wedding between a Christian man and a Jewish woman, or between a Christian woman and a Muslim man); it is to be distinguished between an [[interdenominational marriage]] in which two baptized Christians belonging to two different [[Christian denomination]]s marry (e.g. a wedding between a Lutheran Christian and a Catholic Christian). Almost all Christian denominations permit interdenominational marriages, though with respect to interfaith marriage, many Christian denominations caution against it, citing verses of the [[Christian Bible]] such as {{Bibleverse|2 Corinthians|6:14-15|KJV}}, while certain Christian denominations have made allowances for interfaith marriage, which is referenced in {{Bibleverse|1 Corinthians|7:14-15|KJV}}, verses where [[Saint Paul]] addresses originally non-Christian couples in which one of the spouses became a Christian after the marriage had taken place.<ref name="Soards1999">{{cite book |last1=Soards |first1=Marion L. |title=New International Biblical Commentary: 1 Corinthians |date=1999 |publisher=Hendrickson |isbn=978-0-943575-97-1 |page=150 |language=English |quote=Although the church has attempted to work from these lines in formulating policies about so-called mixed marriages, the present verses do not deal with the majority of interfaith marriages as we know them in the late twentieth century. Paul is writing to first-century, first-generation converts, many of whom had religious backgrounds in paganism and many of whom might have spouses who were not believers.}}</ref><ref name="Lukito2012">{{cite book |last1=Lukito |first1=Ratno |title=Legal Pluralism in Indonesia: Bridging the Unbridgeable |date=6 August 2012 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-136-28557-8 |page=163 |language=English |quote=Furthermore, from the judges' understanding of Christian teaching, interfaith marriage is similarly disallowed in the New Testament (2 Corinthians 6:14).}}</ref><ref name="JuergensmeyerRoof2012">{{cite book|last1=Juergensmeyer|first1=Mark|title=Encyclopedia of Global Religion|last2=Roof|first2=Wade Clark|date=2012|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-0-7619-2729-7|page=563|language=en|quote=... most Christian churches support members who take part in intermarriage, citing 1 Corinthians 7:12-14.}}</ref><ref name="Hurtado2005">{{cite book |last=Hurtado |first=Larry W. |author-link=Larry Hurtado |chapter=To Live and Die for Jesus: Social and Political Consequences of Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi5xIxgnNgcC&pg=PA63 |title=How on Earth Did Jesus Become a God? Historical Questions about Earliest Devotion to Jesus |date=2 November 2005 |location=[[Grand Rapids, Michigan]] and [[Cambridge|Cambridge, UK]] |publisher=[[Wm. B. Eerdmans]] |isbn=978-0-8028-2861-3 |pages=63–64}}</ref> The consensus of the [[early Church Fathers]] was that "interreligious marriage undermined the ecclesiological integrity of the Christian community" though as [[Spread of Christianity|Christianity rapidly spread]], cases would arise among non-Christian couples in which one person [[conversion to Christianity|converted to Christianity]]; ''[[Apostolic Tradition]]'', an early Christian Church Order, references such an interfaith couple in its instructions on [[Christian prayer]] at the [[fixed prayer times|seven fixed prayer times]] and the [[ablution in Christianity|ablutions]] preceding them, stating:<ref name="Weitz2018">{{cite book |last1=Weitz |first1=Lev E. |title=Between Christ and Caliph: Law, Marriage, and Christian Community in Early Islam |date=24 May 2018 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-5027-5 |page=204 |language=English}}</ref><ref name="Hippolytus" /> {{Quote|Around midnight rise and wash your hands with water and pray. If you are married, pray together. But if your spouse is not yet baptized, go into another room to pray, and then return to bed. Do not hesitate to pray, for one who has been joined in marital relations is not impure.<ref name="Hippolytus">{{cite web |author1=Hippolytus |author-link=Hippolytus of Rome |title=Apostolic Tradition |url=http://www.stjohnsarlingtonva.org/Customer-Content/saintjohnsarlington/CMS/files/EFM/Apostolic_Tradition_by_Hippolytus.pdf |publisher=St. John's Episcopal Church |access-date=5 September 2020 |page=16 |language=en}}</ref> }} The early Christian [[Synod of Elvira|Council of Elvira]] prohibited interreligious marriage "no matter how few eligible men there are, for such marriages lead to the adultery of the soul."<ref name="Witte2012">{{cite book |last1=Witte |first1=John |title=From Sacrament to Contract, Second Edition: Marriage, Religion, and Law in the Western Tradition |date=31 January 2012 |publisher=Presbyterian Publishing Corp |isbn=978-1-61164-192-9 |page=62 |language=en |quote=The Council of Elvira also prohibited interreligious marriage: 15. Christian girls are not to marry pagans, no matter how few eligible men there are, for such marriages lead to the adultery of the soul. 17. If parents allow their daughter to marry a pagan priest, they shall not receive communion even at the time of death.}}</ref> The [[Church of the East]], in the [[Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon]] in AD 410, ruled that "Christian women should not marry across religious boundaries" though it allowed for Christian men to marry "women of all nations" (''neshē men kul 'ammin'') in order that Christian men would "instruct them in the ways of Christianity."<ref name="Weitz2018"/> The cultural context at the time was that a couple's children would follow the religion of the father.<ref name="Sahanam2009">{{cite book |last1=Sahanam |first1=L. E. |title=Belonging But Not Believing: Interfaith Marriage |date=2009 |publisher=[[ISPCK]] |isbn=978-81-8458-088-4 |page=25 |language=English}}</ref> The Synod of Elvira forbade Christian parents who permitted their daughters to marry nonbelievers to receive [[Eucharist|Holy Communion]], "even at the time of death".<ref name="Witte2012"/> In the [[Presbyterian Church (USA)]], the local church congregation is tasked with supporting and including the interfaith couple in the life of the Church, "help[ing] parents make and live by commitments about the spiritual nurture of their children", and being inclusive of the children of the interfaith couple.<ref name="PCUSA2010">{{cite book|title=Interfaith Marriage|date=6 October 2010|publisher=[[Presbyterian Church (USA)]]|page=2}}</ref> The pastor is to be available to help and counsel the interfaith couple in their life journey.<ref name="PCUSA2010" /> The [[Catholic Church]] recognizes as sacramental, (1) the marriages between two baptized Protestants or between two baptized Orthodox Christians, as well as (2) marriages between baptized non-Catholic Christians and Catholic Christians,<ref name="Foster1999">{{cite book|last=Foster|first=Michael Smith|url=https://archive.org/details/annulmentwedding00fost/page/83|title=Annulment|publisher=[[Paulist Press]]|year=1999|isbn=9780809138449|page=[https://archive.org/details/annulmentwedding00fost/page/83 83]|quote=The Catholic Church considers marriages of baptized Protestants to be valid marriages. So if two Lutherans marry in the Lutheran Church in the presence of a Lutheran minister, the Catholic Church recognizes this as a valid sacrament of marriage.}}</ref> although in the latter case, consent from the diocesan bishop must be obtained, with this termed "permission to enter into a mixed marriage".<ref name="Burke1999">{{cite book|last=Burke|first=John|title=Catholic Marriage|publisher=Paulines Publications Africa|year=1999|isbn=9789966081063|page=98|quote=We might remind ourselves here that a marriage between a Catholic and a baptized person that takes place in the Catholic Church, or in another Church with permission from the diocesan bishop, is a sacramental union. Such a marriage is a life-long union and no power on earth can dissolve it.}}</ref> To illustrate (1), for example, "if two Lutherans marry in the Lutheran Church in the presence of a Lutheran minister, the Catholic Church recognizes this as a valid sacrament of marriage."<ref name="Foster1999" /> On the other hand, although the Catholic Church recognizes marriages between two non-Christians or those between a Catholic Christian and a non-Christian, these are not considered to be sacramental, and in the latter case, the Catholic Christian must seek permission from their bishop for the marriage to occur; this permission is known as "dispensation from [[disparity of cult]]".<ref>{{cite web|year=1996|title=Are non-Catholic marriages valid in the eyes of the Catholic Church? What if a Catholic marries a non-Catholic?|url=http://www.catholic.com/quickquestions/are-non-catholic-marriages-valid-in-the-eyes-of-the-catholic-church-what-if-a-catholi|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221104452/http://www.catholic.com/quickquestions/are-non-catholic-marriages-valid-in-the-eyes-of-the-catholic-church-what-if-a-catholi|archive-date=21 December 2013|access-date=16 June 2015|publisher=[[Catholic Answers]]|quote=Supernatural marriages exist only between baptized people, so marriages between two Jews or two Muslims are only natural marriages. Assuming no impediments, marriages between Jews or Muslims would be valid natural marriages. Marriages between two Protestants or two Eastern Orthodox also would be valid, presuming no impediments, but these would be supernatural (sacramental) marriages and thus indissoluble.|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In [[Methodism|Methodist Christianity]], the 2014 [[Book of Discipline]] of the [[Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection]] discourages interfaith marriages, stating "Many Christians have married unconverted persons. This has produced bad effects; they have either been hindered for life, or have turned back to perdition."<ref name="AWMC2014">{{cite book|title=The Discipline of the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection (Original Allegheny Conference)|publisher=[[Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection]]|year=2014|location=[[Salem, Ohio|Salem]]|pages=33|language=English}}</ref> Though the [[United Methodist Church]] authorizes its clergy to preside at interfaith marriages, it notes that {{Bibleverse|2 Corinthians|6:14|KJV}} has been interpreted "as at least an ideal if not an absolute ban on such [interfaith] marriages as an issue of scriptural faithfulness, if not as an issue of Christian survival."<ref name="BurtonEdwards2010">{{cite web|last1=Burton-Edwards|first1=Taylor|date=2010|title=Interfaith Marriage: Pastoral Discernment and Responsibility|url=https://www.umcdiscipleship.org/blog/interfaith-marriage-pastoral-discernment-and-responsibility|access-date=30 November 2020|publisher=[[The United Methodist Church]]|language=en}}</ref> At the same time, for those already in an interfaith marriage (including cases in which there is a non-Christian couple and one party [[conversion to Christianity|converts to Christianity]] after marriage), the Church notes that [[Saint Paul]] "addresses persons married to unbelievers and encourages them to stay married (see {{Bibleverse|1 Corinthians|7:12-16|KJV}})."<ref name="BurtonEdwards2010" /> The [[Wesleyan Holiness Association of Churches]] teaches that "For a Christian to marry an unbeliever is unscriptural. If one does marry an unconverted party and trouble follows, he/she cannot blame God for his/her wrongdoing but must expect to pay the penalty, for the marriage covenant is morally binding so long as both live and, therefore, may not be dissolved at will ({{Bibleverse|1 Corinthians|7:39|KJV}})."<ref>{{cite book |title=Declaration of Principles: Manual of the Wesleyan Holiness Association of Churches |date=2017 |publisher=[[Wesleyan Holiness Association of Churches]] |page=22}}</ref> === Hinduism === {{See also|Marriage in Hinduism}} In Hinduism, texts like the ''[[Vedas]]'' do not have any views on interfaith marriages by differentiating between people of different religions. This is because there was no other known religion in the ancient period during their composition. Law books like the ''[[Manusmriti]]'', ''[[Yajnavalkya Smriti]]'', and the ''Parashara Smriti'' speak of marriage rules among various [[Kaula (Hinduism)|''kula''s]] and ''[[gotra|gotras]],'' i.e. marriage outside of ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]''. According to the ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]'' system, marriage is normally between two individuals of the same ''varna''. Marriages between men of higher birth and women of lower birth (''anuloma'') was sanctioned, but marriages between men of lower birth and women of higher birth (''pratiloma'') were frowned upon.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Bharati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=142HAwAAQBAJ&dq=marriage+within+varna&pg=PA36 |title=Women of India: Colonial and Post-colonial Periods |date=2005-09-15 |publisher=SAGE Publications India |isbn=978-81-321-0264-9 |pages=36 |language=en}}</ref> Ancient Hindu literature identified four ''varnas'': [[Brahmin]]s, [[Kshatriya]]s, [[Vaishya]]s, and [[Shudra]]s. However, the [[Hindu Marriage Act]] requires that both the bride and the bridegroom belong only to [[Hinduism]], [[Sikhism]], [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], to the exclusion of non-Indian religions, and if any of the two parties converts to any non-Hindu and non-Vedic religion, the marriage automatically becomes null and void.<ref>{{Cite book |last=India |first=Parliament of |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Hindu_Marriage_Act,_1955 |title=Hindu Marriage Act, 1955}}</ref> === Islam === {{Main|Interfaith marriage in Islam}} While the legality of interfaith marriage varies in contemporary [[Muslim-majority countries]], in traditional [[Islamic culture]] and traditional Islamic law [[Sex segregation and Islam|Muslim women are forbidden from marrying non-Muslim men]], whereas Muslim men are permitted to marry Christian or Jewish women.<ref name="Elmali-Karakaya 2020">{{cite book |author-last=Elmali-Karakaya |author-first=Ayse |year=2020 |chapter=Being Married to a Non-Muslim Husband: Religious Identity in Muslim Women's Interfaith Marriages |editor1-last=Hood |editor1-first=Ralph W. |editor2-last=Cheruvallil-Contractor |editor2-first=Sariya |title=Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion: A Diversity of Paradigms |volume=31 |pages=388–410 |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |doi=10.1163/9789004443969_020 |isbn=978-90-04-44348-8 |s2cid=234539750 |issn=1046-8064}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Leeman |first=A. B. |date=Spring 2009 |title=Interfaith Marriage in Islam: An Examination of the Legal Theory Behind the Traditional and Reformist Positions |url=https://ilj.law.indiana.edu/articles/84/84_2_Leeman.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Indiana Law Journal]] |location=[[Bloomington, Indiana]] |publisher=[[Indiana University Maurer School of Law]] |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=743–772 |issn=0019-6665 |s2cid=52224503 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123062516/https://ilj.law.indiana.edu/articles/84/84_2_Leeman.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2018 |access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref> It is lawful for Muslim men to marry Jewish or Christian women but not a polytheist woman ([[Quran 5:5]]).<ref name="Cite quran|5|5|t=y|s=ns">{{Cite quran|5|5|t=y|s=ns}}</ref> In the case of a Muslim-Christian marriage, which is to be contracted only after permission from the Christian party, the Christian spouse is not to be prevented from [[Church service|attending church]] for prayer and worship, according to the [[Ashtiname of Muhammad]], a treaty between Muslims and Christians recorded between [[Muhammad]] and [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]].<ref name="Ahmed2013">{{cite book|last1=Ahmed|first1=Akbar S.|title=Postmodernism and Islam: Predicament and Promise|date=11 January 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-92417-2|page=62|language=en|quote=The Quran speaks favourably of the people of the Book. For example, Surah 3, verse 199, carries a universal message of goodwill and hope to all those who believe, the people of the Book irrespective of their religious label--Christian, Jew or Muslim. Muslims can marry with the people of the Book,}}</ref><ref name="TimaniAshton2019">{{cite book|last1=Timani|first1=Hussam S.|title=Post-Christian Interreligious Liberation Theology|last2=Ashton|first2=Loye Sekihata|date=29 November 2019|publisher=Springer Nature|isbn=978-3-030-27308-8|page=196|language=en}}</ref> On the other hand, according to the traditional understanding of interfaith marriage in Islam, Muslim women are forbidden from intermarrying with non-Muslim men based on Islamic law.<ref>Saeed, Hassan (2004): ''Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam''. Ashgate Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0-7546-3082-1}}.</ref><ref>Daniels, Timothy P. (2005): ''Building Cultural Nationalism in Malaysia''. Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-94971-8}}.</ref><ref>Altstein,Howard;Simon, Rita James (2003): ''Global perspectives on social issues: marriage and divorce''. Lexington, Mass: LexingtonBooks. {{ISBN|0-7391-0588-4}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Marriage to Saudis | url=https://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/tw/tw_931.html| publisher = U.S. Department of State | url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614045804/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/tw/tw_931.html|archive-date=14 June 2012|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> The Quran states: {{blockquote|Do not marry polytheist woman until she believes; a slave believing woman is better than polytheist women though she allures you; Do not marry (your girls) to polytheist man until he believes: A man slave who believes is better than a polytheist man, even though he allures you. They do (but) beckon you to the Fire. But God beckons by His Grace to the Garden (of bliss) and forgiveness, and makes His Signs clear to mankind: so that they may understand.|[[Quran 2:221]]<ref name="Cite quran|2|221|t=y|s=ns">{{Cite quran|2|221|t=y|s=ns}}</ref>}} {{blockquote|O ye who believe! When there come to you believing women refugees, examine (and test) them: God knows best as to their Faith: if ye ascertain that they are Believers, then send them not back to the Unbelievers. They are not lawful wives for the Unbelievers, nor are the Unbelievers lawful husbands for them.|[[Quran 60:10]]<ref name="Cite quran|60|10|t=y|s=ns">{{Cite quran|60|10|t=y|s=ns}}</ref>}} In some societies outside the traditional ''[[Divisions of the world in Islam|dar al-islam]]'', interfaith marriages between Muslims and non-Muslims are not uncommon, including marriages that contradict the historic Sunni understanding of ''[[Ijma|ijmāʿ]]'' (the consensus of ''[[Faqīh|fuqāha]]'') as to the bounds of legitimacy.<ref name="Elmali-Karakaya 2020"/><ref name="Ghouse2017">{{cite web |last1=Ghouse |first1=Mike |title=Can A Muslim Woman Marry A Non-Muslim Man? |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/can-a-muslim-woman-marry-a-non-muslim-man_b_589aae92e4b061551b3e05a8 |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |access-date=31 October 2020 |language=en |date=8 February 2017}}</ref>{{sfn|Leeman|2009}} The tradition of [[Liberalism and progressivism within Islam|reformist and progressive Islam]], however, permits marriage between Muslim women and non-Muslim men;{{sfn|Leeman|2009}} Islamic scholars opining this view include [[Khaleel Mohammed]], [[Daayiee Abdullah]], and [[Hassan Al-Turabi]], among others.<ref name="Jahangir2017">{{cite web |last=Jahangir |first=Junaid |date=21 March 2017 |title=Muslim Women Can Marry Outside The Faith |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/junaid-jahangir/muslim-women-marriage_b_15472982.html |url-status=live |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325020231/https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/junaid-jahangir/muslim-women-marriage_b_15472982.html |archive-date=25 March 2017 |access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref> Early Muslim jurists in the most-prominent schools of Islamic jurisprudence ruled in ''[[fiqh]]'' that the marriage of a Muslim man to a Christian or Jewish woman is ''[[makruh]]'' (disapproved) if they live in a non-Muslim country.{{Citation needed|reason=This claim needs a reliable source.|date=November 2022}} [[Umar ibn al-Khattab|ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb]] (634–644) denied interfaith marriage to Muslim men during his command of the ''[[ummah]]''.<ref name="onislam.net">{{cite web|title=Marriage to a Christian Woman: Unrestrictedly Permitted?|url=http://www.onislam.net/english/ask-the-scholar/family/marriage/174258-marriage-to-a-christian-woman-unrestrictedly-permitted.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901212226/http://www.onislam.net/english/ask-the-scholar/family/marriage/174258-marriage-to-a-christian-woman-unrestrictedly-permitted.html|archive-date=1 September 2012|access-date=17 March 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Many [[Muslim world|Muslim-majority countries]] allow interfaith marriages to Christian or Jewish women but not to Christian or Jewish men.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wluml.org/english/pubs/rtf/dossiers/dossier22/D22-13-psl.rtf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429175400/http://www.wluml.org/english/pubs/rtf/dossiers/dossier22/D22-13-psl.rtf|url-status=dead|title=The Need to Unify Personal Status Laws in Arab Countries|archivedate=April 29, 2009}}</ref> In [[Lebanon]] for example, there is no civil personal status law. Conventionally, marriages are performed according to the sect the spouses belong to. [[Turkey]] allows marriages between Muslim women and non-Muslim men through secular laws.<ref name=fordham>[http://law2.fordham.edu/publications/articles/500flspub13019.pdf TWENTY-FIRST-CENTURY LOVING: NATIONALITY, GENDER, AND RELIGION IN THE MUSLIM WORLD] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719194930/http://law2.fordham.edu/publications/articles/500flspub13019.pdf |date=2011-07-19 }}</ref> In [[Tunisia]] since 16 September 2017, Muslim women can lawfully marry any man of any faith, or of [[Irreligion|none]]. In [[Malaysia]], a non-Muslim must convert to Islam in order to marry a Muslim and the offspring of such unions are automatically Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Relevant%20Topics/Society%20and%20Life/Citizen/Family/Marriage/ProcedureMarriageMuslimandNonMuslim/Pages/MarriageBetweenMuslimandNonMuslim.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813113000/http://www.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Relevant%20Topics/Society%20and%20Life/Citizen/Family/Marriage/ProcedureMarriageMuslimandNonMuslim/Pages/MarriageBetweenMuslimandNonMuslim.aspx|url-status=dead|title=Marriage Procedures Between Muslim and Non-Muslim|archivedate=August 13, 2009}}</ref> Canadian Islamic scholar [[Ahmad Kutty]] has expressed disapproval of all interfaith marriages, citing Umar.<ref name="onislam.net" /> According to Canadian Islamic teacher [[Bilal Philips]], the verse permitting Muslim men to marry non-Muslim women is no longer valid for several reasons (including its misinterpretation).<ref>{{cite web|date=2006-12-14|title=Marriage to Non Muslim - Contemporary Issues - Bilal Philips|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7boA3baF2dg |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/7boA3baF2dg| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|access-date=2012-11-07|publisher=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Canadian Islamic scholar [[Shabir Ally]] has also said that it is ''makruh'' for a Muslim man to marry outside his religion.<ref>{{cite web|title=Can a Muslim Woman Marry a Non-Muslim Man?|url=http://www.onislam.net/english/ask-about-islam/society-and-family/interfaith-issues/461537-can-a-muslim-women-marry-a-non-muslim-man.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228192858/http://www.onislam.net/english/ask-about-islam/society-and-family/interfaith-issues/461537-can-a-muslim-women-marry-a-non-muslim-man.html|archive-date=28 February 2013|access-date=17 March 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The movement of [[progressive Islam]] permits marriage between Muslim women and Non-Muslim men; Members opining this view include Muslim scholars [[Khaleel Mohammed]], [[Daayiee Abdullah]], and [[Hassan Al-Turabi]], among others.<ref name="Jahangir2017"/> === Judaism === {{Main|Interfaith marriage in Judaism}} Interfaith marriage in Judaism was historically viewed with disfavor by Jewish leaders, and it remains controversial. The [[Talmud]] and ''[[Posek|poskim]]'' prohibit non-Jews to marry Jews, and discuss when the prohibition is from the [[Torah]] and when it is rabbinical.<ref>Talmud Bavli, [[Avodah Zarah]] 36b; [[Maimonides]], [[Mishneh Torah]], Sanctity, Laws of Prohibited Relations 12:1 and commentaries; Rabbi [[Yosef Karo]], [[Shulchan Aruch]] II:16:2 and commentaries</ref> In 1236, [[Moses of Coucy]] encouraged Jewish men who had married Christian or Muslim women to divorce them.<ref>Moses of Coucy, ''Sefer Mitzvot ha-Gadol'', 112, as per JE</ref> In 1844, the reform [[Rabbinical Conference of Brunswick]] permitted Jews to marry "any adherent of a monotheistic religion" if children of the marriage were raised Jewish.<ref name="JewEncInter">''Jewish Encyclopedia'', ''Intermarriage''</ref> This conference was controversial; one of its resolutions called on members to abolish the [[Kol Nidre]] prayer, which opens the [[Yom Kippur]] service.<ref>Jewish Encyclopedia, "Conferences, Rabbinical"</ref> One member of the conference later changed his opinion, becoming an opponent of intermarriage.<ref>Ludwig Philippson, ''Israelitische Religionslehre'' (1865), 3:350</ref> Traditional Judaism does not consider marriage between a Jew by birth and a convert as intermarriage;<ref>[[Berakhot (Talmud)|Berakhot]] 28a</ref><ref>Kiddushin 5:4 (Tosefta)</ref><ref>Rabbi [[Yosef Karo]], ''[[Shulchan Aruch]]'' III:4:10</ref> Biblical passages which apparently support intermarriage, such as that of [[Joseph (son of Jacob)|Joseph]] to [[Asenath]] and [[Ruth (biblical figure)|Ruth]] to [[Boaz]], were regarded by classical rabbis as having occurred after the non-Jewish spouse had converted.<ref>Genesis Rabbah, 65</ref> Some still considered Canaanites forbidden to marry even after conversion, although this did not necessarily apply to their children.<ref>Maimonides, Mishneh Torah, Sanctity, Laws of Prohibited Relations, 12:22 and Maggid Mashnah ad. loc.</ref> [[Orthodox Judaism]] refuses to accept intermarriage and tries to avoid facilitating them. [[Conservative Judaism]] does not sanction intermarriage but encourages acceptance of the non-Jewish spouse by the family in the hope that such acceptance will lead to the spouse's [[conversion to Judaism]].<ref>''Leadership Council of Conservative Judaism'', ''Statement on Intermarriage'', Adopted on March 7, 1995</ref> In December 2014 the [[United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism]]'s [[United Synagogue Youth]] controversially modified a binding rule that its leaders would not [[Dating|date]] [[Goy|non-Jews]], replacing it with a "recogni[tion of] the importance of dating within the Jewish community."<ref name="A7-intermarriage">{{cite news|last1=Fendel|first1=Hillel|title=Conservative Judaism Youth Group Relaxes Inter-Dating Rules|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/189151|access-date=26 December 2014|issue=Main-News-Jewish World|publisher=Arutz Sheva|date=26 December 2014}}</ref> [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] and [[Reconstructionist Judaism|Reconstructionist]] Judaism do not generally regard the authority of classical rabbis; many [[rabbi]]s from these denominations are willing to officiate at interfaith marriages,<ref>''Survey of the American Rabbinate'', The Jewish Outreach Institute, {{cite web |url=http://joi.org/library/research/rabbis.shtml |title=The Jewish Outreach Institute |access-date=2009-11-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903010038/http://joi.org/library/research/rabbis.shtml |archive-date=3 September 2009 |df=dmy-all }} (retrieved 6 May 2009)</ref><ref>''Summary of Rabbinic Center for Research and Counseling 2003 Survey'', Irwin H. Fishbein, Rabbi, D. Min., Rabbinic Center for Research and Counseling, [http://www.rcrconline.org/research.htm] (retrieved 6 May 2009)</ref> although some try to persuade intermarried couples to raise their children as Jews. In 1870, some Reform Jews published the opinion that intermarriage is prohibited.<ref>D.Einhorn, in ''The Jewish Times'', (1870), No. 45, p. 11</ref> In 2015 the [[Reconstructionist Rabbinical College]] voted to accept rabbinical students in interfaith relationships, making [[Reconstructionist Judaism]] the first major movement within Judaism to allow rabbis to have relationships with non-Jewish partners.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/75811/reconstructionists-give-green-light-to-intermarried-rabbinical-students|title=Reconstructionists give green light to intermarried rabbinical students|publisher=Jweekly|author=Lisa Hostein|date=October 1, 2015|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> [[Humanistic Judaism]] is a nontheistic alternative in contemporary Jewish life, defining Judaism as the cultural and historical experience of the Jewish people. The [[Society for Humanistic Judaism]] answers the question, "Is intermarriage contributing to the demise of Judaism?" on its website: "Intermarriage is the positive consequence of a free and open society. If the Jewish community is open, welcoming, embracing, and pluralistic, we will encourage more people to identify with the Jewish people rather than fewer. Intermarriage could contribute to the continuity of the Jewish people."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shj.org/humanistic-judaism/13-tough-questions |title=13 Tough Questions |publisher=Shj.org |date=2013-05-13 |access-date=2015-10-22}}</ref> During the early 19th century, intermarriage was relatively rare; less than one-tenth of one percent of the Jews of Algeria, for example, practiced [[exogamy]].<ref>Ricoux, ''Demography of Algeria'', Paris, 1860, p. 71</ref> Since the early 20th century, rates of Jewish intermarriage have increased. In the [[United States]] from 1996 to 2001, nearly half (47 percent) of marriages involving Jews were intermarriages with non-Jewish partners<ref>[[National Jewish Population Survey 2000-01]]</ref> (a similar proportion—44 percent—as in the early 20th century in [[New South Wales]]).<ref>''Census of New South Wales, 1901'', Bulletin No. 14</ref> In [[Israel]], the religious authorities, which are the only entities authorized to perform weddings in Israel, can only perform marriages within the confines of whatever religion they are a religious figure for. Therefore, interfaith couples can usually be legally married in Israel only if one of the partners converts to the religion of the other.<ref name="thejewishweek.com"/> Interfaith couples from Israel and Lebanon often travel to Cyprus to be legally wed.<ref>{{cite news | title=Interfaith couples go to Cyprus to wed | work = The Washington Times | date=2009-10-21 | url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/oct/21/interfaith-couples-go-to-cyprus-to-wed/ | access-date=2023-04-19}}</ref> === Serer religion === In orthodox [[Serer religion]] (an [[Ethnoreligious group|ethnoreligious faith]]), interfaith and [[interracial marriage|interracial]] marriages are forbidden. Banishment and disinheritance may be levied against a [[Serer people|Serer]] who disobeys the law.<ref name="Serer Race">Ndiaye, Ousmane Sémou, "Diversité et unicité [[Serer people|Sérères]]: L'Exemple Le de la [[Thies Region|Région de Thiès]]", [in] Ethiopiques n°54, revue semestrielle, de culture négro-africaine, Nouvelle série volume 7., 2e semestre (1991)[http://ethiopiques.refer.sn/spip.php?page=imprimer-article&id_article=1253] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630093306/http://ethiopiques.refer.sn/spip.php?page=imprimer-article&id_article=1253|date=30 June 2020}}</ref> The [[Serer-Noon]] (a sub-group of the Serer people) adhere strongly to this teaching.<ref name="Serer Race"/> === Sikhism === Despite some ''[[gurdwara]]s'' allowing weddings [[Anand Karaj#Anand Karaj of a Sikh with a non-Sikh|between a Sikh and a non-Sikh]], the vast majority oppose it. As per the 1945 Sikh Rehat Maryada (Code of Conduct), an interfaith anand karaj is not allowed within the Sikh faith.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://kaurlife.org/2016/09/14/inter-faith-anand-karaj/ | title=The Inter-Faith Anand Karaj | date=14 September 2016 }}</ref> The 10th Sikh Guru had indicated within [[The 52 Hukams of Guru Gobind Singh]] that "a Sikh’s daughter must be married to a Sikh". In 2014, the Sikh Council in the UK developed a consistent approach towards marriages in Gurdwaras where one partner is not of Sikh origin, following a two-year consultation with Gurdwara Sahib Committees, Sikh Organisations, and individuals. The resulting guidelines were approved by the General Assembly of Sikh Council UK on 11 October 2014, and state that Gurdwaras are encouraged to ensure that both parties to an Anand Karaj wedding are Sikhs, but that where a couple chooses to undertake a civil marriage they should be offered the opportunity to hold an ''Ardas'', ''Sukhmani Sahib Path'', ''Akhand Path'', or other service to celebrate their marriage in the presence of family and friends.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sikh Council UK|date=25 October 2014|title=Sikh Council UK Develops Guidelines of Approach to Inter-Faith Marriages in Gurdwaras|url=https://www.sikh24.com/2014/10/25/sikh-council-uk-develops-guidelines-of-approach-to-inter-faith-marriages-in-gurdwaras/|access-date=11 September 2016|website=Sikh24.com}}</ref> [[Gurdwara Sahib Leamington and Warwick#Conflict|Some gurdwaras]] permit mixed marriages, which has led to controversy. === Zoroastrianism === Some traditional [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]] in India disapprove of and discourage interfaith marriages, and female adherents who marry outside the faith are often considered to be excommunicated. When a female adherent marries a partner from another religion, they go through the risk of not being able to enter the [[Fire temple#Atash Adaran|Agyaris]] and [[Atash Behram]]s. In the past, their partner and children were forbidden from entering Zoroastrian religious buildings; this is often still observed. A loophole was found to avoid such expulsion: the offspring (especially born out of wedlock) of a Parsi man and a non-Parsi woman were often "adopted" by the Parsi father and tacitly accepted into the religion. Alternatively in a few cases such as that of [[Suzanne RD Tata]], the non-Zoroastrian spouse has been allowed to convert Zoroastrianism by undergoing the [[navjote]] ritual<ref>{{cite web|date=17 December 2010|title=Conversion Allowed in Zoroastrianism ?|url=https://zoroastrians.net/2010/12/17/conversion-allowed-in-zoroastrianism/|access-date=22 October 2017|website=zoroastrians.net}}</ref> Interfaith marriages may skew Zoroastrian demographics, since the number of adherents is low. According to Indian law (where most Parsis live), only the father of the child must be a Zoroastrian for the child (or children) to be accepted into the faith. This has been debated, since the religion promotes gender equality (which the law violates). Zoroastrians in North America and Europe defy the rule, and children of a non-Zoroastrian father are accepted as Zoroastrians. == Sacred music == In modern times various composers have written sacred music for use during interfaith marriage ceremonies including: * [[John Serry Sr.]]<ref>[https://www.esm.rochester.edu/sibley/files/John-J-Serry-Sr-Collection.pdf Eastman School of Music - University of Rochester - Sibley Music Library: John J. Serry Sr. Collection score "Processional March (1951, Revised for Organ 1968)" Folder 18 p. 10 archived at the University of Rochester Eastman School of Music Sibley Music Library Special collections on esm.rochester.edu]</ref> ==See also== {{col div|colwidth=30em}} * [[Auto-segregation]] * [[Ecumenism]] * [[Endogamy]] * [[Flirty Fishing]] * [[Interdenominational marriage]] * [[Interracial marriage]] * [[Love jihad]] * [[Multiple religious belonging]] {{Div col end}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== * ''Interfaith Marriage: Share and Respect with Equality,'' Dr. Dilip Amin, Mount Meru publishing * ''This is My Friend, This is My Beloved: A Pastoral Letter on Human Sexuality'' (Jewish) Elliot N. Dorff, The Rabbinical Assembly * ''It All Begins with a Date: Jewish Concerns about Intermarriage: Jewish Concerns about Intermarriage'', Alan Silverstein, [[Jason Aronson]], 1995, {{ISBN|1-56821-542-8}} * Leadership Council of Conservative Judaism, Statement on Intermarriage. Adopted on March 7, 1995 * 'Why Marry Jewish: Surprising Reasons for Jews to Marry Jews', Doron Kornbluth, [Targum/Feldheim], 2003, {{ISBN|1-56871-250-2}} * 'Dear Rabbi, Why Can't I Marry Her?', Eliezer Shemtov, [Targum/Feldheim], 2006, {{ISBN|1-56871-410-6}} * Strange Wives: Intermarriage in the biblical world, Stanley Ned Rosenbaum and [[Allen Secher]], 2014, {{ISBN|0986322601}} *''Intimate Diversity: an Anglican Practical Theology of Interreligious Marriage,'' Paul Aidan Smith, [Brill], 2021, {{ISBN|978-90-04-46032-4 }} *''Being Both: Embracing Two Religions in One Interfaith Family'', [[Susan Katz Miller]], 2013, {{ISBN|9780807013199}} ==External links== {{Wikiquote}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20171123110214/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09698a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Mixed Marriage] *[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8137-intermarriage/ Jewish Encyclopedia: Intermarriage] *[http://www.chabad.org/library/article.asp?AID=145413 More on the Jewish view on Intermarriage] *[http://www.jewishexponent.com/article/12561 The Marriage Imbroglio] *[http://www.interfaithfamily.com Resources for Interfaith Families where one partner is Jewish] from [[Interfaithfamily.com]] {{Religious pluralism}} {{Types of marriages|state=autocollapse}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Interfaith marriage| ]] [[Category:Religious pluralism|Marriage]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Authority_control" title="Template:Authority control">Template:Authority control</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Authority_control&action=edit" title="Template:Authority control">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Bibleverse" 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