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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Principal teachings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principal_teachings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meaning_of_"Investigation_of_Things"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meaning_of_"Investigation_of_Things""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Meaning of "Investigation of Things"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meaning_of_"Investigation_of_Things"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Great_Learning_and_education_in_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Great_Learning_and_education_in_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The <i>Great Learning</i> and education in China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Great_Learning_and_education_in_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_education_in_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_education_in_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Impact on education in China</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact_on_education_in_China-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impact on education in China subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_education_in_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effects_on_education_in_Modern_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_education_in_Modern_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Effects on education in Modern China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_education_in_Modern_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_Chinese_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_Chinese_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Impact on Chinese politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_Chinese_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textual_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textual_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Textual significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textual_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velk%C3%A9_u%C4%8Den%C3%AD" title="Velké učení – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Velké učení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Gro%C3%9Fe_Lernen" title="Das Große Lernen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Das Große Lernen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Saber" title="Gran Saber – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gran Saber" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B4_%DA%A9%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="آموزش کبیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آموزش کبیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_%C3%89tude" title="Grande Étude – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grande Étude" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daxue" title="Daxue – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Daxue" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99_(%EC%B1%85)" title="대학 (책) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대학 (책)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Xue" title="Da Xue – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Da Xue" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Studio" title="Grande Studio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grande Studio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Great Learning</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7" class="extiw" title="wikt:大">大</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AD%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:學">學</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7" class="extiw" title="wikt:大">大</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A6" class="extiw" title="wikt:学">学</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Dàxué</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Dàxué</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;">ㄉㄚˋ   ㄒㄩㄝˊ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Dahshyue</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Ta<sup>4</sup> Hsüeh<sup>2</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tâ.ɕɥě]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">Da-ghoh</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Daaihok</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Daai3hok3</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[taj˧.hɔk̚˧]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Tāi-ha̍k</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Tāi-ha̍k</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Late Middle Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ltc-Latn">Dai Hæwk</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Baxter–Sagart_(2014)" title="Reconstructions of Old Chinese">Baxter–Sagart (2014)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Old Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="och-Latn">*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">lˤa[t]-s<span class="wrap"> </span>m-kˤruk</span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Vietnamese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Đại Học</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">Chữ Hán</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi-Hani">大學</span></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">대학</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">大學</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">Daehak</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大学</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">だいがく</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn">Daigaku</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Great Learning</b></i> or <i><b>Daxue</b></i> was one of the "<a href="/wiki/Four_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Books">Four Books</a>" in Confucianism attributed to one of Confucius' disciples, <a href="/wiki/Zengzi" title="Zengzi">Zengzi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Great Learning</i> had come from a chapter in the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Rites" title="Book of Rites">Book of Rites</a></i> which formed one of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Classics" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Classics">Five Classics</a>. It consists of a short main text of the teachings of Confucius transcribed by Zengzi and then ten commentary chapters supposedly written by Zengzi.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ideals of the book were attributed to Confucius, but the text was written by Zengzi after his death. </p><p>The "Four Books" were selected by the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Confucian">neo-Confucian</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> as a foundational introduction to Confucianism. <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">Examinations for the state civil service</a> in China came to follow his lead. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_and_influence">Writing and influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Learning&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Writing and influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:CADAL06043760_%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8.djvu&page=17" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/CADAL06043760_%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8.djvu/page17-217px-CADAL06043760_%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8.djvu.jpg" decoding="async" width="217" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/CADAL06043760_%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8.djvu/page17-326px-CADAL06043760_%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8.djvu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/CADAL06043760_%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8.djvu/page17-434px-CADAL06043760_%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8.djvu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="1359" /></a><figcaption>A page from a <i>Siku Quanshu</i> manuscript of the <i>Great Learning</i> from the Zhejiang University</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:CADAL06043760_%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8.djvu&page=27" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/CADAL06043760_%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8.djvu/page27-217px-CADAL06043760_%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8.djvu.jpg" decoding="async" width="217" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/CADAL06043760_%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8.djvu/page27-326px-CADAL06043760_%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8.djvu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/CADAL06043760_%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8.djvu/page27-434px-CADAL06043760_%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8.djvu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="1359" /></a><figcaption>Another page from a <i>Siku Quanshu</i> manuscript of the <i>Great Learning</i></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>, who incorporated ideas from earlier philosophers, compiled or edited the <i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Rites" class="mw-redirect" title="Classic of Rites">Classic of Rites</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals" title="Spring and Autumn Annals">Spring and Autumn Annals</a></i>, two of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Classics" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Classics">Five Classics</a>. Confucius' student Zengzi wrote the introduction and exposition of the <i>Great Learning</i>. Zengzi lived from 505 to 436 BCE. Confucius taught 100 pupils, 72 of whom mastered his teachings . It is still unclear how much his students wrote and edited.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <i>Great Learning</i> developed from many authors adapting to the needs and beliefs of the community at the time. The <a href="/wiki/Cheng_brothers" title="Cheng brothers">Cheng brothers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheng_Yi_(philosopher)" title="Cheng Yi (philosopher)">Yi</a> (1033–1107) and <a href="/wiki/Cheng_Hao" title="Cheng Hao">Hao</a> (1032–1085) both utilized the <i>Great Learning's</i> philosophies. Their ideas met with strong official opposition, but were reconstituted by <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a>. Cheng's idea of <i><a href="/wiki/Yi_(Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi (Confucianism)">yi</a></i> was that it was identical with nature, which he believed was essentially good. Cheng's <i>yi</i> emphasized the necessity of acquiring knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song Dynasty">Southern Song Dynasty</a>, Zhu Xi rearranged the <i>Great Learning</i> and included it in the Four Books, along with the <i><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_the_Mean" title="Doctrine of the Mean">Doctrine of the Mean</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Analects" title="Analects">Analects</a></i> of Confucius and the <i><a href="/wiki/Mencius_(book)" title="Mencius (book)">Mencius</a></i>. Zhu Xi separated the <i>Great Learning</i>, which was originally a chapter in the <i>Classic of Rites</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhu Xi organized the book as Jing followed by ten expositions. Zhu Xi was a student of Li Tong. Zhu Xi developed the Chengs' Confucian ideas and drew from <a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Daoism">Daoism</a>. He adapted some ideas from these competing religions into his form of Confucianism.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Li_Ao_(philosopher)" title="Li Ao (philosopher)">Li Ao</a>, a scholar, poet, and official, used and brought attention to the <i>Great Learning</i>. After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, The <i>Great Learning</i> became a required textbook in schools and a required reading for imperial examinations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Warring States <a href="/wiki/Xun_Kuang" class="mw-redirect" title="Xun Kuang">Xunzi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mengzi</a> were influenced by the <i>Great Learning</i>. The <i>Great Learning</i> also greatly influenced countries like Japan and Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such critics such as <a href="/wiki/Lu_Xiangshan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lu Xiangshan">Lu Xiangshan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yangming" title="Wang Yangming">Wang Yangming</a> later disliked the <i>Great Learning</i> because of the stress on scholarship rather than action. Wang Yangming rejected Zhu Xi's changes and returned the text to the original, from the <i>Classic of Rites</i>. During the Han dynasty the <i>Great Learning</i> rose to prominence, and the <i>Classic of Rites</i> had to be re-organized by <a href="/wiki/Dai_De" title="Dai De">Dai De</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dai_Sheng" title="Dai Sheng">Dai Sheng</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They divided the book into five sections. This included the <i>Great Learning</i>, the Doctrine of the Mean, the Evolution of Rites, the <i><a href="/wiki/Yili_(text)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yili (text)">Yili</a></i>, and the "Etiquette and Rites".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Han_Yu" title="Han Yu">Han Yu</a> and Li Ao both used The <i>Great Learning</i>. Li Ao incorporated a lot of Buddhist and Taoist ideas into his work. <a href="/wiki/Zi_Si" class="mw-redirect" title="Zi Si">Zi Si</a> – Confucius's grandson – is said to have taught Mencius and written the Doctrine of the Mean. He may also have written the beginning of the <i>Great Learning</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ma_Rong" title="Ma Rong">Ma Rong</a> edited the <i>Great Learning</i> in the Han dynasty, giving his views of the general meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principal_teachings">Principal teachings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Learning&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Principal teachings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Great_Learning" title="Special:EditPage/Great Learning">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Achieving a state of "rest in the highest excellence" and refining one's moral self to "illustrious virtue" that will be an example for all people of the realm.</li> <li>The "point of rest being known", the "goal of action can be determined", and "deliberation will be followed by the attainment of the desired end." <blockquote><p>大學之道，在明明德，在親民，在止於至善。知止而后有定，定而后能靜，靜而后能安，安而后能慮，慮而后能得。物有本末，事有終始，知所先後，則近道矣。 What the Great Learning teaches, is to illustrate illustrious virtue; to renovate the people; and to rest in the highest excellence. The point where to rest being known, the object of pursuit is then determined; and, that being determined, a calm unperturbedness may be attained to. To that calmness there will succeed a tranquil repose. In that repose there may be careful deliberation, and that deliberation will be followed by the attainment of the desired end. Things have their root and their branches. Affairs have their end and their beginning. To know what is first and what is last will lead near to what is taught in the Great Learning.</p></blockquote></li> <li>Ample rest and reflection such that one achieves peace of mind. When one is calm and reflected, the Way will be revealed to them.</li> <li>Setting priorities and knowing what is important is essential in one's quest for moral refinement, for it allows one to focus on that which is of the greatest importance and that which is in line with the Way as outlined in Confucian teachings.</li> <li>One must bring his affairs and relationships into order and harmony. If one hopes to attain order in the state, he must first bring his own family and personal life into order through self-cultivation and the expansion of one's knowledge and the "investigation of things."</li> <li>Each and every man is capable of learning and self-cultivation regardless of social, economic or political status. This, in turn, means that success in learning is the result of the effort of the individual as opposed to an inability to learn.</li> <li>One must treat education as an intricate and interrelated system where one must strive for balance. <a href="/wiki/Holistic_education" title="Holistic education">No one aspect of learning is isolated</a> from the other and failure to cultivate a single aspect of one's learning will lead to the failure of learning as a whole.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meaning_of_"Investigation_of_Things""><span id="Meaning_of_.22Investigation_of_Things.22"></span>Meaning of "Investigation of Things"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Learning&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Meaning of "Investigation of Things""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The text sets up a number of controversies that have underlain Chinese philosophy and political thinking. For example, one major controversy has been to define exactly the investigation of things. What things are to be investigated and how has been one of the crucial issues of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese philosophy</a>. </p><p>One of the first steps to understanding The <i>Great Learning</i> is to understand how to "investigate things". This did not consist of scientific inquiry and experimentation, but introspection, building on what is already "known" of "principle".<sup id="cite_ref-Gardner,_Four_Books,_8_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardner,_Four_Books,_8-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> True introspection was supposed to allow the mind to become all knowing with regards to morality, relationships, civic duty and nature.<sup id="cite_ref-Gardner,_Four_Books,_8_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardner,_Four_Books,_8-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Great_Learning_and_education_in_China">The <i>Great Learning</i> and education in China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Learning&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Great Learning and education in China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Great Learning</i> as we know it today is the result of multiple revisions and commentaries by a number of Confucian and Neo-Confucian scholars. The <i>Great Learning</i>, along with the <i><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_the_Mean" title="Doctrine of the Mean">Doctrine of the Mean</a></i> had their beginnings as chapters within the <i>Book of Rites</i>. Both were removed from the <i>Book of Rites</i> and designated as separate, and equally significant, works by Zhu Xi. In the winter of 1190 CE Zhu Xi published the Four Masters, a collection of the <i>Great Learning</i>, <i>Doctrine of the Mean</i>, the <i>Mencius</i> and the <i>Analects</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gardner,_Principle_and_Pedagogy_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardner,_Principle_and_Pedagogy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These four texts soon became the initial basis of study in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">Chinese imperial examination system</a>. Zhu Xi was prompted to refine the <i>Great Learning</i> and incorporate it into the curriculum as he felt that the previously utilized Classics were lengthy and too difficult to comprehend by the common individual to be used as an educational foundation for Confucian thought.<sup id="cite_ref-Gardner,_Principle_and_Pedagogy_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardner,_Principle_and_Pedagogy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Utilizing the much shorter and more comprehensible Four Books would allow Zhu to reach a much greater audience.<sup id="cite_ref-Gardner,_Principle_and_Pedagogy_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardner,_Principle_and_Pedagogy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To aid in comprehension of the <i>Great Learning</i>, he spent much of his life studying the book and published a series of commentaries explaining the principal teachings of the text. The <i>Daxue</i> itself gets its name from <span lang="zh">大人之學</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">dàrén zhī xué</span></i>, referring to the education of adults. Unlike many scholars before him, Zhu Xi presents the <i>Great Learning</i> as the way of self cultivation and governance that is to be studied by all people, not only those in, or seeking, political office.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="anchor" id="Impact_on_the_education_in_China"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_on_education_in_China">Impact on education in China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Learning&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Impact on education in China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Examination">Imperial Examination</a> System is no longer used as a means of determining one's place in the social hierarchy, education and the teachings of the <i>Great Learning</i> remain an integral part of modern educational and political culture in China. In fact, a number of scholars believe that all education in mainland China is based on Confucianism to some degree although many individuals, students and teachers alike, are unaware of the Confucian influence on their education. <i>The Great Learning</i> was written and later published as its own book, to serve as an introduction and foundational guide for the further study of Confucian texts. <i>The Great Learning</i> provides a step-by-step illustration of how all aspects of society, ranging from the refinement of the self to the order within one's household or state is ultimately dependent upon the expansion of one's knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Effects_on_the_education_in_Modern_China"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_on_education_in_Modern_China">Effects on education in Modern China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Learning&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Effects on education in Modern China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>A Valued Education:</b> China is characterized by a great appreciation for education as it is still viewed as a means of securing a rewarding career, thus elevating an individual in terms of social status. The modern schooling system relates directly to the teachings of the <i>Great Learning</i> as educational institutions represent the primary sites for the expansion of knowledge and the investigation of "things." It is quite common in China for great sums of money to be spent to secure the best possible education. Due to the high value of a quality education, illiteracy and drop-out rates throughout China are very low.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2–3">: 2–3 </span></sup></li> <li><b>Memorization:</b> Due to the service examination system which involved the memorization and recitation of Confucian Texts, including <i>The Great Learning</i>, memorization remains a key element in Chinese learning. Throughout much of China, it is still held that one should memorize as much knowledge as they possibly can, as one is incapable of the creation of intelligent thought without first obtaining enough basic knowledge. The focus on exams and the recitation of knowledge is, however, often attributed to "surface learning," but one should note that memorization is not used in isolation, but represents only one aspect of a student's quest for knowledge and self-cultivation. This focus on memorization can be seen in the consistency in which Chinese students excel in mathematics and sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4–8">: 4–8 </span></sup></li> <li><b>Working Collaboratively:</b> Due to the Confucian values of harmony, relationship and moral cultivation as presented in the <i>Great Learning</i>, students in China were traditionally taught the value of collaborative learning. To this day, group learning remains the most popular learning method throughout the bulk of China.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 554–555">: 554–555 </span></sup></li> <li><b>Hard Work:</b> <i>The Great Learning</i> states that all people are to expand their knowledge and cultivate themselves. This, in turn, is often interpreted to mean that all people are capable of learning, and that failure is not a result of a lack of ability, but a lack of effort. As a result of this philosophy, Chinese students are known worldwide as being very hardworking, putting a great deal of effort into everything they do.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 555">: 555 </span></sup></li> <li><b>A Respectful Learning Atmosphere:</b> Due largely to the high value of a quality education and the Confucian teaching of respect for one's elders, educators in Chinese culture are treated with the utmost respect. In fact, teachers are customarily granted the same level of respect given to a parent. As a result of this level of respect for educators and the institution as a whole, students are not quick to interrupt or otherwise challenge the authority of those delivering the knowledge required for a successful future.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5, 8">: 5, 8 </span></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_on_Chinese_politics">Impact on Chinese politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Learning&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Impact on Chinese politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>The Great Learning</i> played a major role in Chinese politics as it comprised one of the texts incorporated into the Imperial service examination system. Students would be tested on their knowledge of the Five Classics and Four Books as a qualification for an occupation in political office. If a student possessed adequate knowledge of the texts, they would be awarded a prestigious place in government. These exams allow anyone of sufficient knowledge and skill to obtain a place in office, as exams were based solely on one's ability. One's social or financial status did not play a role in the exam system. The text of <i>The Great Learning</i> provides an educational basis for those aspiring to obtain a leadership role. In addition to self-cultivation and the expansion of one's knowledge, the <i>Great Learning</i> goes into significant step-by-step detail with respect to the qualities of a proper ruler. The text then goes on to describe the projected quality and stability of the state if its ruler follows the guidelines described therein. One such passage states that a person should "cultivate himself, then regulate the family, then govern the state, and finally lead the world into peace" There are two common interpretations of this passage. One common interpretation of this passage is that before one can hope to successfully lead the people, he/she must first cultivate himself (herself) by bringing order to. One may also interpret this passage to be stating that once one has reached a sufficient level of cultivation, he/she should seek a position in office with which to lead the people of the state in accordance with the values and practices outlined in the Great Learning and other such Confucian and Neo-Confucian texts.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> </p><p>A term used in the text, "qin-min" (親民) which <a href="/wiki/James_Legge" title="James Legge">James Legge</a>, following Zhu Xi, amended to "xin-min" (新民) and translated "renovating the people" instead of "loving the people", became the name of the <a href="/wiki/People_First_Party_(Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="People First Party (Republic of China)">People First Party (Republic of China)</a>, one of the minor parties in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are several works that were written to give commentaries on Great Learning, such as <a href="/wiki/Zhen_Dexiu" title="Zhen Dexiu">Zhen Dexiu</a>'s <i>Expanded Meaning of the Great Learning</i> (<i>Daxue Yanyi</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Qiu_Jun_(poet)" title="Qiu Jun (poet)">Qiu Jun</a>'s <i>Complement to the Expanded Meaning of the Great Learning</i> (<i>Daxue Yanyibu</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Textual_significance">Textual significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Learning&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Textual significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Great_Learning" title="Special:EditPage/Great Learning">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>The Great Learning</i> is significant because it expresses many themes of Chinese philosophy and political thinking, and has therefore been extremely influential both in classical and modern Chinese thought. The <i>Great Learning</i> represented a key aspect of the Chinese curriculum and can be found in virtually all aspects of Chinese culture. <i>The Great Learning</i> within the Chinese curriculum acted as a "springboard" for further learning, "self cultivation and investigation of things." Through self-cultivation one can bring order and harmony to one's mind, personal life, family, state and the world as a whole. By defining the path of learning (Dao) in governmental and social terms, the <i>Great Learning</i> links the spiritual realm with daily life, thus creating a vision of the Way (Dao) that is radically different from that of non-action as presented by Daoism. <i>The Great Learning</i>, on the other hand, requires action on the part of the individual towards the ultimate goal of self-cultivation through the "expansion of knowledge and the investigation of things." <i>The Great Learning</i> presents Confucianism as being this-worldly rather than other-worldly. As opposed to basing its authority on an external deity, the <i>Great Learning</i> bases its authority on the practices of ancient kings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Learning&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Learning&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREF王" class="citation web cs1">王, 月川. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=a9fc6e58ef906ebe49df795d447968f4">"儒家经典重释的当代意义——《大学》《中庸》讲演录(之一)"</a>. 维普期刊专业版<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E9%87%8D%E9%87%8A%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%93%E4%BB%A3%E6%84%8F%E4%B9%89%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E3%80%8A%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E3%80%8B%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%BA%B8%E3%80%8B%E8%AE%B2%E6%BC%94%E5%BD%95%28%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80%29&rft.pub=%E7%BB%B4%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A%E4%B8%93%E4%B8%9A%E7%89%88&rft.aulast=%E7%8E%8B&rft.aufirst=%E6%9C%88%E5%B7%9D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fxueshu.baidu.com%2Fusercenter%2Fpaper%2Fshow%3Fpaperid%3Da9fc6e58ef906ebe49df795d447968f4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Learning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">广西师范大学出版社 (2 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://zhidao.baidu.com/question/1889199245138731428.html">https://zhidao.baidu.com/question/1889199245138731428.html</a>. Retrieved 20 September 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Bary, Theodore, et al. <i>Sources of Chinese Tradition: From Earliest Times to 1600 Columbia</i> University Press, 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wertz, Richard. 2008. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/chinesehistory/contents/02cul/c02s04.html">Chinese Classic Texts</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2015" class="citation cs2">Thompson, Kirill (3 September 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2021/entries/zhu-xi/">"Zhu Xi"</a>, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>, Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zhu+Xi&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2015-09-03&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Kirill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fsum2021%2Fentries%2Fzhu-xi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Learning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2018" class="citation cs2">Tucker, John (18 February 2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2018/entries/japanese-confucian/">"Japanese Confucian Philosophy"</a>, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Spring 2018 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Japanese+Confucian+Philosophy&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Spring+2018&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2018-02-18&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fspr2018%2Fentries%2Fjapanese-confucian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Learning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/confucianism-korea">"Confucianism in Korea ."</a> Encyclopedia of Religion. . <i>Encyclopedia.com.</i> 8 Sep. 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller1879" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Müller, Max</a>, ed. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=The+Sacred+Books+of+China&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=The+Sacred+Books+of+the+East&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exviii-%3C%2Fspan%3Exix&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1879&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FIndex%3ASacred_Books_of_the_East_-_Volume_3.djvu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Learning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zisi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gardner,_Four_Books,_8-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gardner,_Four_Books,_8_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gardner,_Four_Books,_8_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gardner, Daniel K. <i>The Four Books. The Teachings of the Later Confucian Tradition</i>. Hackett Publishing. 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gardner,_Principle_and_Pedagogy-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gardner,_Principle_and_Pedagogy_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gardner,_Principle_and_Pedagogy_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gardner,_Principle_and_Pedagogy_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gardner, Daniel K. "Principle and Pedagogy: Chu Hsi and The Four Books." <i>Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</i>, Vol. 44, No. 1 (Jun., 1984): 57–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gardner, Daniel K. "Confucian Commentary and Chinese Intellectual History." The <i>Journal of Asian Studies</i>, Vol. 57, No. 2 (May, 1998): 397–422</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wang-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wang_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wang_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wang_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wang_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wang_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wang, Ting. "Understanding Chinese Culture and Learning." Diss. U of Canberra, Australia. 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhang-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zhang_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhang_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhang, Weiyuan. "Conceptions of lifelong learning in Confucian culture: their impact on adult Learners." <i>International Journal of Lifelong Education</i>, Vol. 27, No. 5 (September–October, 2008): 551–557.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Learning&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Berthrong, John H. <i>Transformations of the Confucian Way</i>. Westview Press, 1998.</li> <li>Confucius, and Chichung Huang. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqym0cOd33MC&pg=PA13"><i>The Analects of Confucius: Lun Yu</i></a>. Oxford University Press US, 1997.</li> <li>"Daxue." <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> Online. 2008. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 27 October 2008 <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/579524/Daxue">http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/579524/Daxue</a> ></li> <li>Legge, James (trans.) <i>Confucius: Confucian Analects, The Great Learning and The Doctrine of the Mean</i>. New York: Dover 1971.</li> <li>McGivering, Jill. "China's Thriving Confucian Schools." 2008. 28 Oct. 2008. <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7169814.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7169814.stm</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>></li> <li>P.A.P. Blog "Human Rights Facts (55): China, Confucianism and Authoritarianism" 2008. <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/2008/08/20/human-rights-facts-55-china-confucianism-and-authoritarianism/">http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/2008/08/20/human-rights-facts-55-china-confucianism-and-authoritarianism/</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>></li> <li>Pound, Ezra. <i>Ta Hio -The Great Learning- Newly Rendered into the American Language</i>. London: The <a href="/wiki/Kynoch_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Kynoch Press">Kynoch Press</a> for Stanley Nott Ltd, 1936.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/chinesehistory/contents/02cul/c02s04.html">[1]</a></li> <li>Yao, Xinzhong and Hsin-chung Yao. <i>An Introduction to Confucianism</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2000.</li> <li>"Zhu Xi". anhuinews.com. Anhui, China. 2007 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://english.anhuinews.com/system/2006/07/04/001507858.shtml">[2]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Learning&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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href="/wiki/Mencius_(book)" title="Mencius (book)">Mencius</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Four_Books_and_Five_Classics#Five_Classics" title="Four Books and Five Classics">Five Classics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry" title="Classic of Poetry">Classic of Poetry</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Rites" title="Book of Rites">Book of Rites</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals" title="Spring and Autumn Annals">Spring and Autumn Annals</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Classics" title="Thirteen Classics">Thirteen Classics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry" title="Classic of Poetry">Classic of Poetry</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rites_of_Zhou" title="Rites of Zhou">Rites of Zhou</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_and_Ceremonial" title="Etiquette and Ceremonial">Etiquette and Ceremonial</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Rites" title="Book of Rites">Book of Rites</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zuo_zhuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuo zhuan">Commentary of Zuo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gongyang_Zhuan" title="Gongyang Zhuan">Commentary of Gongyang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guliang_Zhuan" title="Guliang Zhuan">Commentary of Guliang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Analects" title="Analects">Analects</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erya" title="Erya">Erya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Filial_Piety" title="Classic of Filial Piety">Classic of Filial Piety</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mencius_(book)" title="Mencius (book)">Mencius</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">San Bai Qian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Character_Classic" title="Three Character Classic">Three Character Classic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Family_Surnames" title="Hundred Family Surnames">Hundred Family Surnames</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thousand_Character_Classic" title="Thousand Character Classic">Thousand Character Classic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seven_Military_Classics" title="Seven Military Classics">Seven Military Classics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Methods_of_the_Sima" title="The Methods of the Sima">The Methods of the Sima</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Six_Secret_Teachings" title="Six Secret Teachings">Six Secret Teachings</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wei_Liaozi" title="Wei Liaozi">Wei Liaozi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wuzi" title="Wuzi">Wu Zi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Strategies_of_Huang_Shigong" title="Three Strategies of Huang Shigong">Three Strategies of Huang Shigong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Questions_and_Replies_between_Tang_Taizong_and_Li_Weigong" title="Questions and Replies between Tang Taizong and Li Weigong">Questions and Replies between Tang Taizong and Li Weigong</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Mathematics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_on_Numbers_and_Computation" title="Book on Numbers and Computation">Book on Numbers and Computation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nine_Chapters_on_the_Mathematical_Art" title="The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art">The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhoubi_Suanjing" title="Zhoubi Suanjing">Zhoubi Suanjing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shushu_Jiyi" title="Shushu Jiyi">Shushu Jiyi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haidao_Suanjing" title="Haidao Suanjing">Haidao Suanjing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunzi_Suanjing" title="Sunzi Suanjing">Sunzi Suanjing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ten_Computational_Canons" title="Ten Computational Canons">Ten Computational Canons</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bai_Hu_Tong" title="Bai Hu Tong">Bai Hu Tong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biographies_of_Exemplary_Women" title="Biographies of Exemplary Women">Biographies of Exemplary Women</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Music" title="Classic of Music">Classic of Music</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Four_Books_for_Women" title="Four Books for Women">Four Books for Women</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lessons_for_Women" title="Lessons for Women">Lessons for Women</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kongzi_Jiayu" title="Kongzi Jiayu">School Sayings of Confucius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Twenty-four_Filial_Exemplars" title="The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars">The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(book)" title="Xunzi (book)">Xunzi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox540" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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