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[r]" accesskey="r">Mabadiliko ya karibuni</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maalum:UkurasawaBahati" title="Onyesha ukurasa wa bahati [x]" accesskey="x">Ukurasa wa bahati</a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Mahali pa kueleweshwa.">Msaada</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maalum:KurasaMaalum">Kurasa maalumu</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Mwanzo" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-sw.svg" width="117" height="10" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.625em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:Tafuta" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Tafuta Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Tafuta </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Tafuta Wikipedia" aria-label="Tafuta Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Tafuta Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Maalum:Tafuta"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Tafuta</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Zana binafsi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Mandhari"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Badilisha mandhari ya ukubwa, upana, na rangi ya fonti ya ukurasa" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mandhari" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Mandhari </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=sw.wikipedia.org&uselang=sw" class="">Michango</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:SajiliAkaunti&returnto=Ulevi" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Unda akaunti</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:IngiaMtumiaji&returnto=Ulevi" title="Tunakushajiisha kuingia, lakini siyo lazima. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Ingia</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out user-links-collapsible-item" title="Chaguo zaidi" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Zana binafsi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Zana binafsi </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=sw.wikipedia.org&uselang=sw">Michango</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:SajiliAkaunti&returnto=Ulevi" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Unda akaunti</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:IngiaMtumiaji&returnto=Ulevi" title="Tunakushajiisha kuingia, lakini siyo lazima. [o]" accesskey="o"> Ingia</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tovuti"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Yaliyomo" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Yaliyomo</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">hamishia kwenye mwambaa upande</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ficha</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Mwanzo</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Uainisho_na_istilahi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uainisho_na_istilahi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Uainisho na istilahi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uainisho_na_istilahi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ishara_na_dalili" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ishara_na_dalili"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Ishara na dalili </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ishara_na_dalili-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ishara na dalili subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ishara_na_dalili-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dalili_za_matumizi_mabaya_ya_pombe_ya_muda_mrefu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dalili_za_matumizi_mabaya_ya_pombe_ya_muda_mrefu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Dalili za matumizi mabaya ya pombe ya muda mrefu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dalili_za_matumizi_mabaya_ya_pombe_ya_muda_mrefu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dalili_za_kimwili" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dalili_za_kimwili"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Dalili za kimwili </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dalili_za_kimwili-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dalili_za_akili" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dalili_za_akili"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Dalili za akili </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dalili_za_akili-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Athari_za_kijamii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athari_za_kijamii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Athari za kijamii </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Athari_za_kijamii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kuacha_pombe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuacha_pombe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Kuacha pombe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuacha_pombe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sababu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sababu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Sababu </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sababu-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sababu subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sababu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maumbile_tofauti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maumbile_tofauti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Maumbile tofauti </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maumbile_tofauti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathofisiolojia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathofisiolojia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Pathofisiolojia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathofisiolojia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utambuzi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utambuzi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Utambuzi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Utambuzi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Utambuzi subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Utambuzi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vikwazo_vya_kijamii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vikwazo_vya_kijamii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Vikwazo vya kijamii </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vikwazo_vya_kijamii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uchunguzi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uchunguzi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Uchunguzi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uchunguzi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upimaji_Hali_ya_Kimaumbile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upimaji_Hali_ya_Kimaumbile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Upimaji Hali ya Kimaumbile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upimaji_Hali_ya_Kimaumbile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utambuzi_wa_DSM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utambuzi_wa_DSM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Utambuzi wa DSM </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utambuzi_wa_DSM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mkojo_na_vipimo_vya_damu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mkojo_na_vipimo_vya_damu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Mkojo na vipimo vya damu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mkojo_na_vipimo_vya_damu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kuzuia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuzuia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Kuzuia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuzuia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usimamizi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usimamizi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Usimamizi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usimamizi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Usimamizi subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Usimamizi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usafishaji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usafishaji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Usafishaji </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usafishaji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tiba_ya_vikundi_na_tiba-akili" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tiba_ya_vikundi_na_tiba-akili"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Tiba ya vikundi na tiba-akili </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tiba_ya_vikundi_na_tiba-akili-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mgao_na_usawazisho" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mgao_na_usawazisho"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Mgao na usawazisho </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mgao_na_usawazisho-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dawa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dawa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Dawa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dawa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uzoelevu_wa_ndumakuwili" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uzoelevu_wa_ndumakuwili"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Uzoelevu wa ndumakuwili </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uzoelevu_wa_ndumakuwili-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemolojia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemolojia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Epidemolojia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemolojia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Prognosi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognosi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Historia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jamii_na_utamaduni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jamii_na_utamaduni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Jamii na utamaduni </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jamii_na_utamaduni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marejeo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marejeo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Marejeo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marejeo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usomaji_ziada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usomaji_ziada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Usomaji ziada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usomaji_ziada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viungo_vya_nje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viungo_vya_nje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Viungo vya nje </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viungo_vya_nje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Yaliyomo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Yaliyomo" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Geuza uonekanaji wa yaliyomo" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Geuza uonekanaji wa yaliyomo </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ulevi</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Nenda kwenye makala kwa lugha nyingine. Lugha 109 zinapatikana" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-109" aria-hidden="true" > Lugha 109 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholisme" title="Alkoholisme – Kiafrikana" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Alkoholisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Kiafrikana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كحولية – Kiarabu" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كحولية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Kiarabu" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholismu" title="Alcoholismu – Kiasturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alcoholismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Kiasturia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoqolizm" title="Alkoqolizm – Kiazerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alkoqolizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Kiazerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="الکولیزم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الکولیزم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Алкоголизм – Kibashkiri" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Алкоголизм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Kibashkiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Алкагалізм – Kibelarusi" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алкагалізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Kibelarusi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Алькагалізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Алькагалізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Алкохолизъм – Kibulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алкохолизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Kibulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="মদ্যাসক্তি – Kibengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মদ্যাসক্তি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Kibengali" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholizam" title="Alkoholizam – Kibosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Alkoholizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Kibosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholisme" title="Alcoholisme – Kikatalani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alcoholisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Kikatalani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholismus" title="Alkoholismus – Kicheki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alkoholismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Kicheki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Алкоголизм – Kichuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Алкоголизм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Kichuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholiaeth" title="Alcoholiaeth – Kiwelisi" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alcoholiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Kiwelisi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholisme" title="Alkoholisme – Kidenmaki" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alkoholisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Kidenmaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholkrankheit" title="Alkoholkrankheit – Kijerumani" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alkoholkrankheit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Kijerumani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Αλκοολισμός – Kigiriki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλκοολισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Kigiriki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism – Kiingereza" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Alcoholism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Kiingereza" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholismo" title="Alkoholismo – Kiesperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alkoholismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Kiesperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholismo" title="Alcoholismo – Kihispania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alcoholismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Kihispania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholism" title="Alkoholism – Kiestonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alkoholism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Kiestonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholismo" title="Alkoholismo – Kibaski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alkoholismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Kibaski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="الکلیسم – Kiajemi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکلیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Kiajemi" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholismi" title="Alkoholismi – Kifini" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alkoholismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Kifini" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoolisme" title="Alcoolisme – Kifaransa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alcoolisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Kifaransa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholisme" title="Alkoholisme – Kifrisia cha Magharibi" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Alkoholisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Kifrisia cha Magharibi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alc%C3%B3lachas" title="Alcólachas – Kiayalandi" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Alcólachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Kiayalandi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkolism" title="Alkolism – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Alkolism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholismo" title="Alcoholismo – Kigalisi" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alcoholismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Kigalisi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="મદ્યપાન – Kigujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મદ્યપાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Kigujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaye-shaye" title="Shaye-shaye – Kihausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Shaye-shaye" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Kihausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="אלכוהוליזם – Kiebrania" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלכוהוליזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Kiebrania" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8" title="शराबीपन – Kihindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शराबीपन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Kihindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Alcoholism" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholizam" title="Alkoholizam – Kikorasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alkoholizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kikorasia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkolis" title="Alkolis – Kihaiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Alkolis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kihaiti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholizmus" title="Alkoholizmus – Kihungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alkoholizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Kihungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հարբեցողություն – Kiarmenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարբեցողություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Kiarmenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholisme" title="Alkoholisme – Kiindonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alkoholisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Kiindonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8A%C3%B1%E1%BB%A5biga_mmanya_oke" title="Ịñụbiga mmanya oke – Kiigbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ịñụbiga mmanya oke" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Kiigbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alk%C3%B3h%C3%B3lismi" title="Alkóhólismi – Kiisilandi" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alkóhólismi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Kiisilandi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcolismo" title="Alcolismo – Kiitaliano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alcolismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Kiitaliano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E4%BE%9D%E5%AD%98%E7%97%87" title="アルコール依存症 – Kijapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルコール依存症" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Kijapani" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholisme" title="Alkoholisme – Kijava" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alkoholisme" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Kijava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ალკოჰოლიზმი – Kijojia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალკოჰოლიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Kijojia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Маскүнемдік – Kikazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Маскүнемдік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kikazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಮದ್ಯದ ಗೀಳು – Kikannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮದ್ಯದ ಗೀಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kikannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EC%BD%94%EC%98%AC_%EC%9D%98%EC%A1%B4%EC%A6%9D" title="알코올 의존증 – Kikorea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알코올 의존증" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Kikorea" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Аракечтик – Kikyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аракечтик" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kikyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholismus" title="Alcoholismus – Kilatini" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alcoholismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Kilatini" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molangwa_ya_seko_na_seko" title="Molangwa ya seko na seko – Kilingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Molangwa ya seko na seko" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Kilingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholizmas" title="Alkoholizmas – Kilithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alkoholizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Kilithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholisms" title="Alkoholisms – Kilatvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alkoholisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Kilatvia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Алкохолизам – Kimacedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алкохолизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Kimacedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="അതിമദ്യാസക്തി – Kimalayalamu" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അതിമദ്യാസക്തി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Kimalayalamu" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Архидалт – Kimongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Архидалт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Kimongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6" title="मद्यपाश – Kimarathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मद्यपाश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Kimarathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholisme" title="Alkoholisme – Kimalei" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alkoholisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Kimalei" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alko%C4%A7oli%C5%BCmu" title="Alkoħoliżmu – Kimalta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Alkoħoliżmu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Kimalta" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE" title="अल्कोहोलिजम – Kinewari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अल्कोहोलिजम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Kinewari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholisme" title="Alcoholisme – Kiholanzi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alcoholisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Kiholanzi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholisme" title="Alkoholisme – Kinorwe cha Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Alkoholisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Kinorwe cha Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholisme" title="Alkoholisme – Kinorwe cha Bokmal" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alkoholisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Kinorwe cha Bokmal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcolisme" title="Alcolisme – Kiokitani" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alcolisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Kiokitani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%9F" title="ମଦ୍ୟାତ୍ୟୟ – Kioriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମଦ୍ୟାତ୍ୟୟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Kioriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Алкоголизм – Kiosetia" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Алкоголизм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Kiosetia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80" title="ਸ਼ਰਾਬਬਾਜ਼ੀ – Kipunjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਰਾਬਬਾਜ਼ੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Kipunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoolismu" title="Alkoolismu – Kipampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Alkoolismu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Kipampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholizm" title="Alkoholizm – Kipolandi" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alkoholizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Kipolandi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85" title="الکوليزم – Kipashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="الکوليزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Kipashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoolismo" title="Alcoolismo – Kireno" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alcoolismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Kireno" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%27iyu_unquy" title="T'iyu unquy – Kikechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="T'iyu unquy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Kikechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibiyayura_umutwe" title="Ibiyayura umutwe – Kirundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Ibiyayura umutwe" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Kirundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoolism" title="Alcoolism – Kiromania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alcoolism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Kiromania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Алкоголизм – Kirusi" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Алкоголизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Kirusi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Алкоголизм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Алкоголизм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Алкоголизм – Kisakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Алкоголизм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Kisakha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcolismu" title="Alcolismu – Kisardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Alcolismu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Kisardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcolismu" title="Alcolismu – Kisicilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Alcolismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Kisicilia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism – Kiskoti" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Alcoholism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Kiskoti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholizam" title="Alkoholizam – Kiserbia-kroeshia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alkoholizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Kiserbia-kroeshia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alcoholism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholizmus" title="Alkoholizmus – Kislovakia" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alkoholizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Kislovakia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholizem" title="Alkoholizem – Kislovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alkoholizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Kislovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholism" title="Alkoholism – Kisami cha Inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Alkoholism" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Kisami cha Inari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoolizmi" title="Alkoolizmi – Kialbania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alkoolizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Kialbania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Алкохолизам – Kiserbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алкохолизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Kiserbia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholism" title="Alkoholism – Kiswidi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alkoholism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Kiswidi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="குடிப்பழக்கம் – Kitamili" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குடிப்பழக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Kitamili" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="మద్యపాన వ్యసనం – Kitelugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మద్యపాన వ్యసనం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Kitelugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Алкоголизм – Kitajiki" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Алкоголизм" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Kitajiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="โรคพิษสุรา – Kithai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรคพิษสุรา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Kithai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholismo" title="Alkoholismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alkoholismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkolizm" title="Alkolizm – Kituruki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alkolizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Kituruki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Алкоголизм – Kitatari" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Алкоголизм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Kitatari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Алкоголізм – Kiukraini" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Алкоголізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Kiukraini" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%92_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="مے پرستی – Kiurdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مے پرستی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Kiurdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkogolizm" title="Alkogolizm – Kiuzbeki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Alkogolizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Kiuzbeki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A9ng_nghi%E1%BB%87n_r%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3u" title="Chứng nghiện rượu – Kivietinamu" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chứng nghiện rượu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Kivietinamu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwesson" title="Bwesson – Kiwaloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bwesson" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Kiwaloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkoholismo" title="Arkoholismo – Kiwaray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Arkoholismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Kiwaray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%97%E9%85%92" title="酗酒 – Kichina cha Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="酗酒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Kichina cha Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ალკოჰოლიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალკოჰოლიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="אלקאהאליזם – Kiyiddi" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אלקאהאליזם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Kiyiddi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanh_laeuj" title="Lanh laeuj – Kizhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Lanh laeuj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Kizhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%97%E9%85%92" title="酗酒 – Kichina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="酗酒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Kichina" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C3%BA-cheng_ti%C3%B2ng-to%CC%8Dk" title="Chiú-cheng tiòng-to̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chiú-cheng tiòng-to̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%97%E9%85%92" title="酗酒 – Kikantoni" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="酗酒" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kikantoni" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15326#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Hariri viungo vya lugha zingine" class="wbc-editpage">Hariri viungo</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Maeneo ya wiki"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ulevi" title="Onyesha kurasa zilizopo [c]" accesskey="c">Makala</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Majadiliano:Ulevi&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Mazungumzo kuhusu makala (bado haujaandikwa) [t]" accesskey="t">Majadiliano</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Badilisha lahaja ya lugha" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Kiswahili </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Mitazamo"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ulevi">Soma</a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&veaction=edit" title="Hariri ukurasa huu na VisualEditor [v]" accesskey="v">Hariri</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&action=edit" title="Hariri chanzo msimbo za ukurasa huu [e]" accesskey="e">Hariri chanzo</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&action=history" title="Mapitio ya awali ya ukurasa huu [h]" accesskey="h">Fungua historia</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Zana za ukurasa"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input 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husika</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=sw" title="Pakia picha, video, au sauti [u]" accesskey="u">Pakia faili</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&oldid=1381788" title="Kiungo cha daima cha kufikisha pitio hili la ukurasa">Kiungo cha daima</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&action=info" title="More information about this page">Maelezo ya ukurasa</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:Taja&page=Ulevi&id=1381788&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Taarifa juu ya njia ya kutaja ukurasa huu">Taja ukurasa huu</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUlevi">Pata URL iliyofupishwa</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Kutoka Wikipedia, kamusi elezo huru</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sw" dir="ltr"><div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Help-translate.svg/80px-Help-translate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Help-translate.svg/120px-Help-translate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Help-translate.svg/160px-Help-translate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="144" /> Makala hii ina dalili ya kutungwa kwa kutegemea programu ya kompyuta kama vile "<a 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Wakiridhika na hali yake wanaweza kuondoa kigezo hiki kinachoonekana kwenye dirisha la kuhariri juu ya matini ya makala kwa kutumia alama za {{tafsiri kompyuta}} . </div> <table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: lightgrey">Ulevi</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">Mwainisho na taarifa za nje</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kundi_Maalumu(medicine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kundi Maalumu(medicine) (bado haujaandikwa)">Kundi Maalumu</a></th><td>Psychiatry, medical toxicology, <a href="/wiki/Elimunafsia" title="Elimunafsia">elimunafsia</a>, vocational rehabilitation, narcology <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15326?uselang=sw#P1995" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/ICD" class="mw-redirect" title="ICD">ICD</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_ICD-10_codes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of ICD-10 codes (bado haujaandikwa)">10</a></th><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=ICD-10_Chapter_F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ICD-10 Chapter F (bado haujaandikwa)">F</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/?gf10.htm+f10">10.</a>.2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/ICD" class="mw-redirect" title="ICD">ICD</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_ICD-9_codes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of ICD-9 codes (bado haujaandikwa)">9</a></th><td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=303">303</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/w/index.php?title=MedlinePlus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MedlinePlus (bado haujaandikwa)">MedlinePlus</a></th><td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/alcoholism.htm">alcoholism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_Subject_Headings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medical Subject Headings (bado haujaandikwa)">MeSH</a></th><td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2010/MB_cgi?field=uid&term=D000437">D000437</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Ulevi au uraibu wa pombe <a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> ni <a href="/wiki/Ulemavu" title="Ulemavu">ulemavu</a> unaotokana na unywaji <a href="/wiki/Pombe" title="Pombe">pombe</a> bila udhibiti licha ya madhara yake kwa <a href="/wiki/Afya" title="Afya">afya</a> ya mnywaji, mahusiano na hadhi yake machoni pa jamii. Kama matatizo mengine ya kiafya, ulevi ni mojawapo ya <a href="/wiki/Ugonjwa" title="Ugonjwa">magonjwa</a> yanayoweza kutibika.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Neno "ulevi" hutumika kwa kawaida, lakini <a href="/wiki/Shirika_la_Afya_Duniani" title="Shirika la Afya Duniani">Shirika la Afya Duniani</a> (WHO) limelifafanua kama "neno lililotumika kwa muda mrefu kwa maana tofautitofauti", na matumizi ya neno yalikataliwa na Kamati ya Wataalamu wake mwaka 1979 kama istilali ya kiafya, huku ikipendekeza "utegemezi pombe".<a href="#cite_note-ladtpwho-4">[4]</a> Katika miktadha ya kitaalamu na kiutafiti, neno "ulevi" wakati mwingine hujumuisha utumiaji mbaya na utegemezi wa pombe.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> na wakati mwingine kuchukuliwa kama kisawe cha utegemezi pombe. Hapana uhakika wa sababu za <a href="/wiki/Biolojia" title="Biolojia">kibiolojia</a> zinazochangia ulevi, hata hivyo, hali hiyo yaweza kutokana na <a href="/wiki/Mazingira" title="Mazingira">mazingira</a> ya kijamii, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mfadhaiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mfadhaiko (bado haujaandikwa)">mfadhaiko</a> wa <a href="/wiki/Ubongo" title="Ubongo">ubongo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Glavas-6">[6]</a> tatizo la <a href="/wiki/Akili" title="Akili">akili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maumbile" class="mw-redirect" title="Maumbile">maumbile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umri" title="Umri">umri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabila" title="Kabila">kabila</a>, na <a href="/wiki/Jinsia" title="Jinsia">jinsia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Agarwal-Kozlowski-2000-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Matumizi mabaya ya pombe kwa muda mrefu huleta mabadiliko ya kimwili katika ubongo kama vile uhimili na utegemezi. Mabadiliko ya <a href="/wiki/Kemia" title="Kemia">kikemia</a> katika ubongo hudumisha hali ya mlevi kushindwa kuacha pombe na huweza kusababisha dalili za mtegemea-pombe pale aachapo kunywa.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffman-1996-9">[9]</a> Pombe huharibu takribani kila kiungo katika mwili, kwa sababu ya athari jumlishi ya <a href="/wiki/Sumu" title="Sumu">sumu</a> ya utegemezi pombe, mlevi hukumbwa na hatari nyingi za kimagonjwa na kiakili.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> ulevi una madhara makubwa ya kijamii kwa walevi na watu wanaohusika na maisha yao.<a href="#cite_note-tcemh2006-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-abd2009-12">[12]</a> Ulevi ni athari inayodumu ya kuhimili na kutegemea matumizi ya pombe kupita kiasi; ukosefu wa kudhibiti ulevi, licha ya kufahamu madhara kwa afya, hudhihirisha kwamba mtu anaweza kuwa mlevi.<a href="#cite_note-DSMIV-13">[13]</a> Uchunguzi kupitia hojaji ni njia ya kutambua mienendo ya unywaji hatari, ikiwemo utegemezi pombe.<a href="#cite_note-Kahan-1996-14">[14]</a> Utoaji sumu ya pombe hufanywa ili kumwondoa mnywaji katika ulevi, kwa kawaida kwa dawa mbalimbali, kama vile benzodiazepini.<a href="#cite_note-Blondell-2005-15">[15]</a> Utunzaji baada ya matibabu kama vile tiba ya kimakundi au katika vikundi vya kujisaidia binafsi, kwa kawaida huhitajika ili kudumisha ususiaji pombe.<a href="#cite_note-Morgan-Lopez-2006-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Soyka-2001-17">[17]</a> Mara nyingi, walevi pia ni wategemezi wa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mihadarati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mihadarati (bado haujaandikwa)">mihadarati</a> mingineyo, hasa benzodiazepini, ambayo inaweza kuhitaji matibabu ya ziada.<a href="#cite_note-dolpdaa-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mwanamke" title="Mwanamke">Mwanamke</a> mlevi huathirika zaidi kimwili, kihisia, na kiakili na ongezeko la unyanyapaa wa kijamii, kutokana na hali ya ulevi.<a href="#cite_note-Blume_Laura_N.,_Nielson_Nancy_H.,_Riggs_Joseph_A.,_et_all_1998_861–870-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walter_H.,_Gutierrez_K.,_Ramskogler_K.,_Hertling_I.,_Dvorak_A.,_Lesch_O.M.,_et_al._2003_253–268-20">[20]</a> Shirika la Afya Duniani linakadiria kuwa pana walevi milioni 140 duniani kote.<a href="#cite_note-whoemcoypaa-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-whotmbcrtdhrai-22">[22]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uainisho_na_istilahi">Uainisho na istilahi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Hariri sehemu: Uainisho na istilahi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Uainisho na istilahi">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> Utumiaji mbaya, utumiaji tatizi, utegemezi, na matumizi mazito hurejelea unywaji usiofaa wa pombe ambao unasababisha madhara ya kimwili, kijamii, au kimaadili.<a href="#cite_note-the_american_heritage_dictionary_of_the_english_language_a12-23">[23]</a> Matumizi ya wastani yanaelezwa na Mwongozo wa Lishe kwa Wamarekani kuwa yale yasiyozidi chupa mbili za vileo kwa siku kwa ajili ya wanaume na yasiyozidi chupa moja kwa siku kwa wanawake.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Katika mwaka 1960, Bill W. alisema: <dl><dd>Sisi kamwe hatujawahi kuuita ulevi ugonjwa kwa sababu, kwa mising ya kitaalamu, si namna ya ugonjwa. Kwa mfano, hakuna kitu kama ugonjwa wa moyo. Badala yake kuna aina tofauti ya kuugua moyo, au michanganyiko ya kuugua huko. Ni kitu kama hicho kwa ulevi. Ndiyo maana hatukutaka kuzua makosa na taaluma ya matibabu kwa kuchukulia taathira ya ulevi kuwa aina ya ugonjwa. Ndiyo maana sisi daima tukaiita kuugua, au maradhi - istilahi bora zaidi na salama muda sasa kwa ajili yetu kutumia.<a href="#cite_note-McGovernWhite2003-25">[25]</a></dd></dl> Licha ya ukosefu wa hakika kuhusu neno hili, pamekuwa na majaribio ya kuelekeza jinsi neno "ulevi" linapaswa kufasiriwa wakati wowote.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:1904_Claim_of_Alcoholism_being_Disease.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/1904_Claim_of_Alcoholism_being_Disease.jpg/150px-1904_Claim_of_Alcoholism_being_Disease.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="403" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/1904_Claim_of_Alcoholism_being_Disease.jpg/225px-1904_Claim_of_Alcoholism_being_Disease.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/1904_Claim_of_Alcoholism_being_Disease.jpg/300px-1904_Claim_of_Alcoholism_being_Disease.jpg 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="1003" /></a><figcaption>Tangazo la mwaka 1904 lililoeleza ulevi kama ugonjwa.</figcaption></figure> Katika karne ya 19 na mapema karne ya 20, utegemezi pombe uliitwa dipsomania kabla ya kubadilishwa kuwa ulevi.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Kihistoria, jina dipsomania lilibuniwa na daktari Mjerumani C W Hufeland mwaka 1819.<a href="#cite_note-lexikon_psychiatrie_psychotherapie_medizinische_psychologie-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Neno "alcoholism" lilitumika mara ya kwanza mwaka wa 1849 na daktari Mswidi, Magnus Huss kuelezea madhara ya kitaratibu ya pombe.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Chama cha Alcoholics Anonymous kinaeleza ulevi kama kuugua kunakohusu mzio wa kimwili<a href="#cite_note-AABigBook-31">[31]</a>: p.28  na uzoefu wa kiakili.<a href="#cite_note-AABigBook-31">[31]</a>: p.23 <a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Ufafanuzi wa "mzio" katika muktadha huu si sawa na unavyotumika katika utabibu wa kisasa.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Daktari na mtalamu wa uzoefu wa dawa za kulevya William D. Silkworth MD anaandika kwa niaba ya AA kwamba "Walevi hukumbwa na tamaa (ya kimwili) "inayoshinda udhibiti wa akili".<a href="#cite_note-AABigBook-31">[31]</a>: XXVI  Utafiti wa 1960 uliofanywa na E. Morton Jellinek unachukuliwa kuwa msingi wa nadharia ya kisasa ya ugonjwa wa ulevi.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Ufafanuzi wa Jellinek uliwekea mipaka matumizi ya neno "ulevi" "kuwarejelea hasa walio na historia fulani asilia, lakini umerekibishwa mara nyingi tangu wakati huo. Chama cha Matabibu wa Marekani kwa sasa hutumia neno ulevi kurejelea hasa ugonjwa sugu wa msingi.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-35">[35]</a> Maoni ya wachache, hususan Herbert Fingarette na Stanton Peele, yanapinga kuwepo kwa ulevi kama ugonjwa. Wao hupendelea kutumia neno "unywaji mzito" wanapojadili athari hasi za matumizi ya pombe. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ishara_na_dalili">Ishara na dalili</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Hariri sehemu: Ishara na dalili" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Ishara na dalili">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dalili_za_matumizi_mabaya_ya_pombe_ya_muda_mrefu">Dalili za matumizi mabaya ya pombe ya muda mrefu</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Hariri sehemu: Dalili za matumizi mabaya ya pombe ya muda mrefu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Dalili za matumizi mabaya ya pombe ya muda mrefu">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> Ulevi hudhihirisha ongezeko la ustahimilivu na utegemezi kimwili katika pombe, na kuathiri uwezo wa mtu kudhibiti matumizi salama ya pombe. Dalili hizi ni huaminika kuchangia kushindwa kwa mlevi kuwa na uwezo wa kuacha kunywa.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffman-1996-9">[9]</a> Ulevi unaweza kuwa na madhara kwa afya ya akili, na kusababisha mvurugiko wa kiakili pamoja na ongezeko la hatari ya kujiua.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-drug_abuse_prevention_a03-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dalili_za_kimwili">Dalili za kimwili</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Hariri sehemu: Dalili za kimwili" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Dalili za kimwili">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Possible_long-term_effects_of_ethanol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Possible_long-term_effects_of_ethanol.svg/500px-Possible_long-term_effects_of_ethanol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="351" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Possible_long-term_effects_of_ethanol.svg/960px-Possible_long-term_effects_of_ethanol.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="2079" data-file-height="1485" /></a><figcaption>Baadhi ya madhara ya muda mrefu ya ethanol ambayo yanaweza kumkumba mtu. Zaidi ya hayo, pombe inaweza kuathiri mimba kwa wanawake wajawazito,</figcaption></figure> Matumizi mabaya ya muda mrefu yanaweza kuzua dalili kadhaa katika mwili, zikiwa ni pamoja na sairosisi ya ini, ugonjwa wa kongosho, kifafa, polineuropathi, usahaulivu wa pombe, maradhi ya moyo, ukosefu wa lishe, na kutosisimka katika ngono. Madhara mengine ya kimwili ni pamoja na ongezeko la hatari ya ugonjwa wa mishipa ya moyo, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kutofyonza_lishe_mwilini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kutofyonza lishe mwilini (bado haujaandikwa)">kutofyonza lishe mwilini</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugonjwa_wa_pombe_unaoathiri_ini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ugonjwa wa pombe unaoathiri ini (bado haujaandikwa)">ugonjwa wa pombe unaoathiri ini</a>, na <a href="/wiki/Kansa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansa">kansa</a>. Uharibifu wa mfumo mkuu wa neva na mfumo wa neva za pembeni huweza kutokea pia.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Wanawake hukabiliwa na matatizo ya muda mrefu ya utegemezi pombe haraka kuliko wanaume. Zaidi ya hayo, wanawake hufa kwa kiwango cha juu zaidi kutokana na ulevi.<a href="#cite_note-Blume_Laura_N.,_Nielson_Nancy_H.,_Riggs_Joseph_A.,_et_all_1998_861–870-19">[19]</a> Mifano ya matatizo ya muda mrefu ni pamoja na uharibifu wa ubongo, moyo, na ini <a href="#cite_note-Walter_H.,_Gutierrez_K.,_Ramskogler_K.,_Hertling_I.,_Dvorak_A.,_Lesch_O.M.,_et_al._2003_253–268-20">[20]</a>, pia ongezeko la hatari ya saratani ya matiti. Zaidi ya hayo, unywaji mzito wa muda mrefu umegunduliwa kuwa na athari hasi katika uwezo wa kuzaa kwa wanawake. Hii husababisha mvurugiko wa uzazi kama vile kutozalisha vijiyai, kupunguka kwa kiwango cha molekuli ya ovari matatizo, au kukosa utaratibu wa hedhi, na kufunga uzazi mapema.<a href="#cite_note-Blume_Laura_N.,_Nielson_Nancy_H.,_Riggs_Joseph_A.,_et_all_1998_861–870-19">[19]</a> Ketoasidisi za pombe zinaweza kutokea kwa watu ambao hutumia pombe vibaya mara nyingi na walio na historia ya hivi majuzi ya ulevi kupindukia.<a href="#cite_note-Mihai--40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dalili_za_akili">Dalili za akili</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Hariri sehemu: Dalili za akili" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Dalili za akili">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> Matumizi mabaya ya muda mrefu wa pombe yanaweza kusababisha matatizo mbalimbali ya afya ya akili. Matatizo sugu ya ubongo si ya nadra, takribani asilimia 10 ya matukio yote ya shida za akili huhusiana na matumizi ya pombe, na hivyo kuifanya sababu kuu ya matatizo ya akili.<a href="#cite_note-aamaibnc-41">[41]</a> Matumizi ya pombe kupita kiasi husababisha uharibifu wa kazi za ubongo, na afya ya kisaikolojia inaweza kuathirika baada ya muda.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Mvurugiko wa akili ni jambo la kawaida kwa walevi, na hadi asilimia 25 hutatizika kwa mvurugiko sugu wa akili. Dalili ya tatizo la akili inayodhihirika zaidi ni wasiwasi na mfadhaiko. Dalili kwa kawaida huzidi mwanzoni mwa kuacha pombe, lakini hatimaye hupungua au kukoma baada ya mlevi kuacha pombe.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Saikosi, kuchanganyikiwa, na dalili za ubongo zinaweza kusababishwa na matumizi mabaya ya pombe, ambayo yanaweza kudhanika kimakosa kuwa skizofrenia.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Vurugu ya hofu inaweza kuendelea au kuzidi kutokana na matumizi mabaya ya moja kwa moja ya pombe kwa muda mrefu.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Kutokea-kuwili kwa mvurugiko wa mfadhaiko na ulevi umeshugulikiiwa kwa mapana.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Miongoni mwa walio na hali ya komobidi; tofauti hubainishwa kwa kawaida kati ya mfadhaiko wa akili unaotokana na kuacha pombe ("Kutokana na vileweshaji"), na matukio ya msongangamano wa akili ya kimsingi na yasiyoondoshwa na kuacha ulevi(matukio "huru").<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Matumizi ya ziada ya dawa nyinginezo huweza kuzidisha hatari ya unyogovu. <a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Ugonjwa wa akili hutofautiana kutegemea jinsia. Wanawake walio na matatizo ya kutumia pombe mara nyingi huwa na utambuzi-andamizi wa matatizo ya akili ambayo hutokea kama msukumo mkubwa, wasiwasi, mvurugiko wa hofu, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulimia,-kiwewe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulimia,-kiwewe (bado haujaandikwa)">bulimia,-kiwewe</a> cha baada ya tukio (PTSD), au mvurugo wa hali ya kitabia. Wanaume walio na matatizo ya kutumia pombe aghalabu zaidi hukumbwa na utambuzi-andamivu watabia ya kujienzi au kukosa mlahaka na watu , undumakuwili wa kitabia skizofrenia, matatizo ya msukumo au mvurugano wa hisia.<a href="#cite_note-Karrol_Brad_R._2002_337–356-53">[53]</a> Wanawake wanaolewa sana huwa na uwezekano mkubwa kuliko kawaida wa kuwa na historia ya mashambulizi ya kingono, udhalilishwaji na unyanyaswaji wa nyumbani ,<a href="#cite_note-Karrol_Brad_R._2002_337–356-53">[53]</a> ambayo yanaweza kusababisha matukio mengi ya kutatizika kiakili na utegemezi zaidi wa pombe. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Athari_za_kijamii">Athari za kijamii</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Hariri sehemu: Athari za kijamii" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Athari za kijamii">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> Matatizo ya kijamii kutokana na ulevi ni sugu, husababishwa na mabadiliko katika ubongo na kuleweshwa na pombe.<a href="#cite_note-aamaibnc-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jessica_Kingsley_Publishers-54">[54]</a> Matumizi mabaya ya pombe huhusishwa na ongezeko la hatari ya kutenda makosa ya jinai, ikiwa ni pamoja na unyanyasaji wa watoto, ukatili wa nyumbani, ubakaji, uvunjaji na kushambuliaji.<a href="#cite_note-drug_use_a_reference_handbook-55">[55]</a> Ulevi huhusishwa na upotezaji ajira, <a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> ambayo huweza kusababisha matatizo ya kifedha. Kunywa wakati usiofaa, na matendo yanayosababishwa na kupungua kwa uwezo wa kuamua, kunaweza kusababisha matatizo ya kisheria, kama vile mashtaka ya mtu kuendesha gari akiwa mlevi <a href="#cite_note-abd2009-12">[12]</a> au machafuko ya umma, au adhabu za kijamii kwa ukosefu wa nidhamu, na kuhukumiwa kwa uhalifu. Tabia ya mlevi na kutatizika akili inaweza kuwaathiri sana walio karibu nao na kusababisha kutengwa na familia na marafiki. kutengwa huku kunaweza kusababisha migogoro ya ndoa na kutalikiana, au kuchangia vurugu za nyumbani. Ulevi pia unaweza kusababisha kutelekezwa kwa watoto, na uharibifu wa kudumu wa ukuaji kihisia wa watoto wa mlevi.<a href="#cite_note-tcemh2006-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kuacha_pombe">Kuacha pombe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Hariri sehemu: Kuacha pombe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Kuacha pombe">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> Sawa na vileweshaji vya aina hii vyenye uwezo wa kudumaza-kupagaza, kama babitureti na benzodiazepini, kuacha utegemezi wa pombe kunaweza kuleta madhara kusipotekelezwa vyema.<a href="#cite_note-Jessica_Kingsley_Publishers-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Athari ya msingi ya pombe ni kuzidisha msisimko wa vihisishi vy aGABA A, kuendeleza maudhiko ya mfumo mkuu wa neva. Kufutana na matumizi mazito ya pombe, vihisishi hivi hupoteza uwezo wa kuhisi na kupungua kwa idadi, na hivyo kusababisha uzoefu na utegemezi wa kimwili. Matumizi ya pombe yakisimamishwa ghafla mno, mfumo wa neva wa mtu hukumbwa na ukosefu wa udhibiti wa matukio ya kihisia. Hii inaweza kusababisha dalili kama vile wasiwasi, kutishika, kupagawa kudhania, mitetemo wa mwili na kuugua moyo.<a href="#cite_note-Medical_toxicology-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Mifumo mingine ya kimawasiliano ya neva pia hushirikishwa, hasa dopamini na NMDA.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffman-1996-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Dalili kali za kuacha pombe aghalabu hupungua baada ya wiki 1-3. Dalili zisizo kali (k.m. kukosa usingizi na wasiwasi, anhedonia) huendelea kama sehemu ya dalili za baada ya kuacha pombe, na hatimaye hupungua angalau baada ya mwaka au zaidi.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Dalili za baada ya kuacha pombe huanza kupunguka jinsi mwili na mfumo mkuu wa neva hendelea kurejesha pombe udhibiti wa pombe na GABA kurejelea kazi kikawaida.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sababu">Sababu</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Hariri sehemu: Sababu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Sababu">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> Mchanganyiko changamano wa maumbile na mazingira huchangia kuendelea kwa ulevi.<a href="#cite_note-Enoch-2006-66">[66]</a> Jeni zinazoathiri metaboli ya pombe pia huchangia hatari ya kutumbukia ulevini, na huweza kuonekana kutokana na historia ya familia ya ulevi.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Chapisho moja liligundua kwamba matumizi ya pombe tokea umri mdogo unaweza kuendeleza ukuaji wa jeni ambayo huongeza hatari ya utegemezi wa pombe.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Watu walio na uwezekano / kimaumbile wa kutegemea ulevi pia huwa na uwezekano mkubwa wa kuanza kunywa katika umri mapema kuliko wastani.<a href="#cite_note-eattrfad-69">[69]</a> Kuanza unywaji pombe katika umri mdogo pia huhusishwa na ongezeko la hatari ya kuzidisha ulevi,<a href="#cite_note-eattrfad-69">[69]</a>na takribani asilimia 40 ya walevi hunywa kupita kiasi kufikia umri wa kubaleghe. Haijaeleweka wazi kabisa iwapo uhusiano huu ndiyo kiini cha ulevi, na watafiti wengine hawakubaliana na mtazamo huu.<a href="#cite_note-Schwandt-2010-70">[70]</a> Kiwewe kikali cha utotoni pia huhusishwa na ongezeko la jumla katika hatari ya utegemezi wa dawa za kulevya.<a href="#cite_note-Enoch-2006-66">[66]</a> Ukosefu wa usaidizi wa rika na familia huhusishwa na ongezeko la hatari ya kuendeleza ulevi.<a href="#cite_note-Enoch-2006-66">[66]</a> Maumbile na ujana huhusishwa na ongezeko la athiri za madhara ya ya pombe kwa neva kutokana na matumizi ya pombe kupindukia. Kuzorota kwa gamba la ubongo kutokana na athari za ulevi kwa ubongo huongeza tabia ya kutotulia, ambayo yaweza kuchangia kukua, kudumu na usugu wa matatizo ya matumizi ya pombe. Kuna ushahidi kwamba kuacha pombe, husaidia kugeuza baadhi ya uharibifu ya pombe kwa mfumo mkuu wa neva .<a href="#cite_note-Crews-2009-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maumbile_tofauti">Maumbile tofauti</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Hariri sehemu: Maumbile tofauti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Maumbile tofauti">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> Tofauti za kimaumbile huwepo kati ya makundi mbalimbali ya kimbari nazo huchangia hatari ya kuanza utegemezi wa pombe. Kwa mfano, zipo tofauti kati ya Afrika Mashariki, Asia Mashariki na vikundi vya mbari za- Kihindi kuhusu jinsi ya uvunjaji kemikali za pombe. Hali hizi za kimaumbile huaminika, kwa kiasi, kueleza viwango tofauti vya utegemezi pombe miongoni mwa makundi ya kimbari.<a href="#cite_note-Moore-2007-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eng-2007-73">[73]</a> Dehaidrojenesi ya pombe allele ADH1 B * 3 husababisha metaboliki ya haraka zaidi ya pombe. Allele ADH1 3 B * hupatikana tu kwa watu wa asili ya Afrika na baadhi ya makabila ya wenyeji asilia wa Marekani. Waafrika na Wamarekani asilia walio na allele huwa katika hatari ndogo ya kulemewa na ulevi.<a href="#cite_note-Scott-2007-74">[74]</a> Wenyeji asilia wa Marekani hata hivyo, huwa na kiwango cha juu sana cha ulevi kuliko wastani, sababu ya hali hii si wazi.<a href="#cite_note-Ehlers-2007-75">[75]</a> Hatari nyinginezo kutokana na mazingira ya kitamaduni kama vilekiwewe zimehusishwa na kiwango cha juu cha ulevi miongoni mwa Wamarekani Wenyeji ikilinganishwa na viwango vya ulevi miongoni mwa wazungu.<a href="#cite_note-Szlemko-2006-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spillane-2007-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathofisiolojia">Pathofisiolojia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Hariri sehemu: Pathofisiolojia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Pathofisiolojia">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> Athari za msingi za pombe ni kuongezeka kwa msisimuo wa vipohisishi vya GABA A, kuendeleza unyongovu wa rmfumo mkuu wa neva. Kwa matumizi ya pombe kwa wingi, vihisishi hivyo hulemazwa na kupungua kwa idadi, na hivyo kusababisha uzoelevu na utegemezi wa kimwili.<a href="#cite_note-Medical_toxicology-58">[58]</a> Kiasi cha pombe ambacho kinaweza kuhimilika pamoja na athari zake hutofautiana kati ya jinsia. Kiasi sawa cha pombe kinaponywewa na wanaume na wanawake, kwa ujumla husababisha wanawake kuwa na viwango vilivyokolea vya pombe katika damu (BACs).<a href="#cite_note-Karrol_Brad_R._2002_337–356-53">[53]</a> Hali hiyo inaweza kuhusishwa na sababu nyingi, ya msingi ikiwa kwamba wanawake wana maji machache mwilini kuliko wanaume, hivyo pombe hukolea zaidi katika mwili wa mwanamke. Pia kiasi kilekile cha pombe husababisha athari kubwa kwa wanawake kutokana na homoni tofauti zinazosisimuliwa ikilinganishwa na wanaume.<a href="#cite_note-Walter_H.,_Gutierrez_K.,_Ramskogler_K.,_Hertling_I.,_Dvorak_A.,_Lesch_O.M.,_et_al._2003_253–268-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utambuzi">Utambuzi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Hariri sehemu: Utambuzi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Utambuzi">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vikwazo_vya_kijamii">Vikwazo vya kijamii</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Hariri sehemu: Vikwazo vya kijamii" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Vikwazo vya kijamii">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> Mitazamo na imani za jamii vinaweza kusababisha vizuizi kwa utambuzi na tiba kwa utumiaji mbaya wa pombe. Hiki ni kikwazo zaidi kwa wanawake kuliko wanaume. Hofu ya unyanyapaa inaweza kusababisha wanawake kukana kuwa wanatatizika na ulevi, kujificha ili kunywa, na hata kunywa peke yao. Mazoea haya kwa upande wake, hupelekea familia, madaktari, na wengine kukosa uwezekano wa kushuku kuwa mwanamke wanayemjua ni mlevi kupindukia.<a href="#cite_note-Blume_Laura_N.,_Nielson_Nancy_H.,_Riggs_Joseph_A.,_et_all_1998_861–870-19">[19]</a> Kinyume na hivi, upungufu wa hofu ya unyanyapaa unaweza kusababisha watu wanaokabiliwa na matatizo ya kiafya kuonyesha ulevi wao hadharani, na kunywa katika vikundi. Mazoea haya, kwa upande wake, hupelekea familia, madaktari na wengine kuwa uwezekano wa kumshuku mtu wanayemjua.<a href="#cite_note-Karrol_Brad_R._2002_337–356-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uchunguzi">Uchunguzi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Hariri sehemu: Uchunguzi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Uchunguzi">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> Vifaa kadhaa vinaweza kutumika kugundua ukosefu wa udhibiti wa matumizi ya pombe. Vifaa hivi mara nyingi huwa ripoti na fomu za hojaji za mtu binafsi. Suala jingine la kawaida ni kipimo au ujumla wa ukali wa matumizi ya pombe.<a href="#cite_note-Kahan-1996-14">[14]</a> Hojaji za CAGE, zinazoitwa hivyo kufuatana na maswali yake manne, ni mfano unaoweza kutumika kwa kuchunguza wagonjwa kwa haraka katika ofisi ya daktari. <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px; display:table;"> Two "yes" responses indicate that the respondent should be investigated further. The questionnaire asks the following questions: <ol><li>Have you ever felt you needed to Cut down on your drinking?</li> <li>Have people Annoyed you by criticizing your drinking?</li> <li>Have you ever felt Guilty about drinking?</li> <li>Have you ever felt you needed a drink first thing in the morning (Eye-opener) to steady your nerves or to get rid of a hangover?<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></li></ol> </blockquote> <dl><dd>Hojaji za CAGE zimedhihirisha ufanisi mkubwa katika kuchunguza matatizo kuhusiana na pombe, hata hivyo, huwa na pungufu zitumiwapo kwa watu wasio na matatizo sugu kuhusiana na pombe , wanawake wazungu na na wanafunzi wa chuo.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></dd></dl> Vipimo vingine wakati mwingine hutumika kwa uchunguzi wa utegemezi wa pombe, kama vile Hojaji ya Data ya Utegemezi wa Pombe, ambayo ni utambuzi changanuzi zaidi kuliko ile ya CAGE. Husaidia kutofautisha utambuzi kati ya utegemezi pombe na matumizi sugu ya pombe.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Kipimo cha Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (MAST) ni chombo cha uchunguzi wa ulevi itumiwayo kwingi na mahakama kuamua adhabu mwafaka kwa watu wapatikanao na makosa yanayohusiana na pombe,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a>ambapo uendeshaji gari baada ya kunywa ndilo la kawaida mno. Kipimo cha Utambuzi wa Matatizo ya Pombe (Audit),ambayo ni hojaji ya uchunguzi iliyovumbuliwa na <a href="/wiki/Shirika_la_Afya_Duniani" title="Shirika la Afya Duniani">Shirika</a> la <a href="/wiki/Shirika_la_Afya_Duniani" title="Shirika la Afya Duniani">Afya Duniani</a>, ina upekee kwa kuwa imeidhinishwa katika nchi sita na hutumiwa kimataifa. Kama vile hojaji za CAGE, matumizi yake ni hutegemea maswali rahisi - kipimo cha juu hupelekea uchunguzi wa kina.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Kipimo cha Paddington Alcohol Test (PAT) kiliundwa kuchunguzia matatizo kuhusiana na pombe miongoni mwa wale wanaohudhuria matibabu ya ajali na ya dharura s. Huwiana vyema na hojaji ya AUDIT lakini hutumiwa kwa kiwango cha moja kwa tano ya nyakati zote.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upimaji_Hali_ya_Kimaumbile">Upimaji Hali ya Kimaumbile</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Hariri sehemu: Upimaji Hali ya Kimaumbile" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Upimaji Hali ya Kimaumbile">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> Madaktari wa akili John I. Nurnberger, Jr, na Laura Jean Bierut wanadai kwamba ulevi hauna sababu moja mahususi-ikiwa ni pamoja na maumbile-lakini jeni huwa na jukumu muhimu "kwa kuathiri michakato ya ndani ya mwili na ubongo ambayo huingiliana na na tajriba ya mtu binafsi ya maisha na kusababisha kinga au kuugua ". Pia waliripoti kuwa chini ya dazeni-ya jeni zinazohusishwa na ulevi zimetambuliwa, lakini nyinginezo zaidi zangojea kugunduliwa.<a href="#cite_note-Nurnberger-85">[85]</a> Angalau upo uchunguzi mmoja wa kimaumbile wa allele ambao huhusiana na ulevi na dawa za kulevya.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Vihisishi vya dopamini vya jeni huwa na tofauti bainifu zinazojulikana kama polimofi kama vile DRD2 TaqI. Wale walio na (aina hii ya )polimofimi ya A1 allele huwa na uzoefu wa kiwango kidogo lakini muhimu wa dawa za kulevya na vilewevu vya endofini-kutokana dawa kama pombe.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Ingawa allele hii hupatikana zaidi katika walevi na watumiaji wa dawa za kulevya, yenyewe sio ishara tosha ya mazoea ya ulevi, na baadhi ya watafiti wanasema kuwa ushahidi wa DRD2 ni tofauti.<a href="#cite_note-Nurnberger-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utambuzi_wa_DSM">Utambuzi wa DSM</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Hariri sehemu: Utambuzi wa DSM" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Utambuzi wa DSM">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> Utambuzi wa DSM-IV wa utegemezi pombe ni mojawapo ya mitazamo fafanuzi ya ulevi. Hii husaidia kukuza itifaki za kitafiti ambapo matokeo yanaweza kufananishwa na mengine. Kwa mujibu wa DSM-IV, ni utambuzi wa utegemezi pombe :<a href="#cite_note-DSMIV-13">[13]</a> <blockquote class="templatequote"><div> ... maladaptive alcohol use with clinically significant impairment as manifested by at least three of the following within any one-year period: tolerance; withdrawal; taken in greater amounts or over longer time course than intended; desire or unsuccessful attempts to cut down or control use; great deal of time spent obtaining, using, or recovering from use; social, occupational, or recreational activities given up or reduced; continued use despite knowledge of physical or psychological <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sequela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sequela (bado haujaandikwa)">sequelae</a>. </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mkojo_na_vipimo_vya_damu">Mkojo na vipimo vya damu</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Hariri sehemu: Mkojo na vipimo vya damu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Mkojo na vipimo vya damu">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> Pana majaribio ya kuaminika ya matumizi hakika ya pombe, mojawapo ya majaribio ya kawaida ni ya kiasi cha pombe katika damu (BAC).<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Majaribio haya hayatofautishi walevi na wasiolewa; hata hivyo, unywaji mzito wa muda mrefu una athari chache za kimwili zinazotambulika, ikiwa ni pamoja:<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <ul><li>Makrosaitosi (upanuzi MCV)</li> <li>GGT iliyoinuka</li> <li>Mwinuko wa wastani AST na Alt na AST: Alt uwiano wa 02:01</li> <li>Upungufu wa juu wa ayoni kutokana na kabohaidreti (CDT)</li></ul> Hata hivyo, hamna hata moja ya vipimo hivi vya damu vya kibiolojia iliyo bora kama hojaji za uchunguzi. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kuzuia">Kuzuia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Hariri sehemu: Kuzuia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Kuzuia">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Shirika_la_Afya_Duniani" title="Shirika la Afya Duniani">Shirika la Afya Duniani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umoja_wa_Ulaya" title="Umoja wa Ulaya">Umoja wa Ulaya</a> na mashirika mengine ya kimaeneo, serikali za kitaifa na bunge vimeanzisha sera kuhusu pombe ili kupunguza madhara ya ulevi.<a href="#cite_note-alchwho2010-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-apitwhoer-91">[91]</a> Kulenga wanaobalehe na vijana kunachukuliwa kama hatua muhimu ya kupunguza madhara ya utumizi mbaya wa pombe. Kuongeza umri ambapo dawa halali lewevu kama vile pombe zinaweza kununuliwa; kupiga marufuku au kuzuia matangazo ya pombe kumependekezwa kama njia za ziada za kupunguza madhara na utegemezi wa pombe. Ushahidi wa kuaminika, unaojikita katika kampeni za kuelimisha kupitia vyombo vya habari kuhusu madhara ya utumizi mbaya wa pombe, umependekezwa. Miongozo kwa wazazi kuzuia matumizi mabaya miongoni mwa waliobalehe, na kwa ajili ya kuwasaidia vijana wenye matatizo ya afya ya akili pia imependekezwa.<a href="#cite_note-acdacpovfa-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usimamizi">Usimamizi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Hariri sehemu: Usimamizi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Usimamizi">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> Matibabu ni ya aina mbalimbali kwa sababu pana mitazamo mbalimbali ya ulevi. Wale ambao huchukulia ulevi kama tatizo la kiafya au ugonjwa hupendekeza matibabu mbalimbali, kwa mfano, wale ambao hutazama hali hii kama moja uteuzi mojawapo ya kijamii. Matibabu mengi hulenga kuwasaidia watu kusitisha unywaji pombe, ikifuatiwa na mafunzo ya maisha na / au msaada wa kijamii ili kuwasaidia kujiepusha na kurejelea matumizi ya pombe. kwa vile ulevi huhusisha mambo kadhaa ambayo husababisha mtu kuendelea kunywa, lazima zote kushughulikiwa ili kuzuia kurejelea ulevi. Mfano wa aina hii ya matibabu ni kusafisha ulewevu ukifuatiwa na mchanganyiko wa matibabu saidizi, kuhudhuria vikundi vya kujisaidia kibinafsi, na taratibu endelevu ya kuyakabili. Jumuiya-tiba kwa ulevi kwa kawaida huunga mkono mtazamo wa kutoruhusu pombekamwe, hata hivyo, wapo baadhi ya watu ambao huendeleza mtazamo wa kupunguza madhara pia.<a href="#cite_note-Gabbard-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usafishaji">Usafishaji</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Hariri sehemu: Usafishaji" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Usafishaji">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> Usafishaji wa ulewevu au 'usafishaji' kwa walevi ni kuacha pombe ghafla na kupata kibadala cha dawa lewevu, kama vile benzodiazepini, zilizo na athari sawa katika uzuiaji athari za kuacha pombe. Watu wanaokumbwa na hatari hafifu hadi wastani ya dalili za kuacha pombe wanaweza kusaidiwa kusafisha pombe bila ya kulazwa. Watu wanaokumbwa na hatari ya dalili kali za kuacha pombe pamoja na walio na hali sugu ya komobidi, hutibiwa kwa jumla kama wagonjwa wa kulazwa. Usafishaji kwa kweli hautibu ulevi, na huhitaji kufuatiliwa na utaratibu mwafaka wa matibabu dhidi ya utegemezi wa pombe , ili kupunguza hatari ya kurejelea ulevi.<a href="#cite_note-Blondell-2005-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tiba_ya_vikundi_na_tiba-akili">Tiba ya vikundi na tiba-akili</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Hariri sehemu: Tiba ya vikundi na tiba-akili" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Tiba ya vikundi na tiba-akili">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Alcoholics_Anonymous_Regional_Service_Center_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Alcoholics_Anonymous_Regional_Service_Center_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/250px-Alcoholics_Anonymous_Regional_Service_Center_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Alcoholics_Anonymous_Regional_Service_Center_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/330px-Alcoholics_Anonymous_Regional_Service_Center_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Alcoholics_Anonymous_Regional_Service_Center_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/500px-Alcoholics_Anonymous_Regional_Service_Center_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Kituo cha Kieneo cha huduma za Alcoholics Anonymous.</figcaption></figure> Aina mbalimbali za tiba ya vikundi au tiba-akili zinaweza kutumika kushughulikia masuala ya kimsingi ya kisaikolojia ambayo huhusiana na utegemezi pombe, na pia kutoa ujuzi wa kuzuia kurejelea pombe. Mtazamo wa-kusaidina kimashauri kwa makundi ni njia moja ya inayotumika zaidi kuwasaidia walevi kudumisha hali ya kutolewa.<a href="#cite_note-Morgan-Lopez-2006-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Soyka-2001-17">[17]</a> Alcoholics Anonymous lilikuwa shirika mojawapo la kwanza kubuniwa ili kutoa ushauri usio wa kitaalamu wa kutegemeana, na ingali ndiyo kubwa. Mengine ni pamoja na LifeRing Secular Recovery, SMART Recovery, na Women For sobriety. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mgao_na_usawazisho">Mgao na usawazisho</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Hariri sehemu: Mgao na usawazisho" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Mgao na usawazisho">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> Mgao na mipango ya usawazisho kama vile Mederation Management na DrinkWise hazipendekezi kuacha pombe kabisa. Ingawa walevi wengi hawawezi kuzuia unywaji wao kwa njia hii, baadhi yao hurudia unywaji wa wastani. Utafiti wa Taasisi ya Kitaifa ya Marekani ya Matumizi Mabaya ya Pombe (NIAAA)ya 2002 ulionyesha kuwa asilimia 17.7 ya watu waliotambuliwa kama wategemezi pombe mwaka mmoja kabla ya kurejelea-hatari hafifu ya kunywa. Kundi hili, hata hivyo, ilionyesha dalili chache za awali za utegemezi.<a href="#cite_note-DAWSON2005-94">[94]</a> Utafiti wa kufuatilia, kwa kutumia wahusika walioonekana kuwa katika hali ya kujirekebisha kutokana na pombe mnamo 2001-2002, ulichunguza kiwango chao cha kerejelea unywaji wa kutatiza 2004-2005. Utafiti uligndua kuwa kujitenga na pombe ndiyo iliyokuwa njia imara zaidi ya marerekebisho kwa walevi wanaorekebika.<a href="#cite_note-DAWSON2007-95">[95]</a> Mfuatilio wa muda mrefu (miaka 60) wa makundi mawili ya wanaume walevi ilihitimisha kuwa "kurudia unywaji uliodhibitiwa hakuwezi kudumishwa kwa zaidi ya miaka kumi bila kurejelea ulevi au kuacha kabisa".<a href="#cite_note-VAILLANT2003-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dawa">Dawa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Hariri sehemu: Dawa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Dawa">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> Aina tofauti za dawa zinaweza kupendekezwa kusaidia kutibu ulevi. Dawa zinazotumika kwa sasa <ul><li>Antabuse (disulfiram) huzuia uondoaji wa asetaldehide, kemikali itokayo mwilini wakati wa kusagwa kwa ethanoli. Asetaldehidi yenyewe husababisha dalili nyingi za uchovu baada-ulevi kutokana na pombe. Athari jumla ni usumbufu mkubwa wakati pombe inaponywewa: uchovu mbaya ushikao kwa haraka na kudumu kwa muda mrefu. Hii humkatisha mlevi tamaa ya kunywa pombe na unywaji wa kiasi kikubwa wanapotumia dawa hii. Utafiti wa miaka 9 ya hivi karibuni uligundua kwamba ujumuishaji wa disulfiram kwa mpango pamoja na kemikali husika ya carbamide kwa mpangilio mpana wa tiba hupelekea kiwango cha asilimia 50 ya kuacha ya pombe.<a href="#cite_note-Krampe-2006-97">[97]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Temposil (kalsiamu kabimidi) hufanya kazi kwa njia sawa na Antabuse; hata hivyo, ubora wake ni kuwa athari mbaya za mara kwa mara za disulfiram; kama vile sumu ya hepato na kizunguzungu, hazitokei kama vile kwa kabimidi kalsiamu.<a href="#cite_note-Krampe-2006-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Naltrexone ni kemikali kinzani kwa vihisishi vya opioidi, ambayo huzuia kikamilifu madhara ya endofinina opiati. Naltrexone hutumika kupunguza utashi wa pombe na kuhimiza kuacha. Pombe husababisha mwili ya kutoa endofini ambayo nayo huamsha dopamini na kusisimua kuamsha pathways ya; kwa hivyo wakati naltrexone imo mwilini hupunguza madhara kutokana na unywaji pombe.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Naltrexone pia hutumika katika njia ya kutibu ulevi iitwayo Sinclair, ambayo hutibu wagonjwa kupitia mchanganyiko wa Naltrexone na unywaji pombe.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Campral (akamproseti) hudhibiti ya kemikali za ubongo ambazo hubadilishwa na utegemezi wa pombe kupitia matendo kinzani ya glutamati, kiungo wasilifu cha neuro ambacho ni sisimivu katika awamu ya kujitenga na ulevi.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></li></ul> Dawa za jaribio <ul><li>Topamax (topirameti) ni kizalia katika sukari za kawaida zinazopatikana katika monosakaraidi D fruktosi-zimegundulika kuwa na uwezo wa kumsaidia mlevi kuacha au kupunguza kiasi cha pombe wanachokunywa. Ushahidi unaonyesha kuwa topirameti hukinza visisimuzi vya glutameti eksitatori, hufisha utoaji wa dopamini na kuzidisha utendaji wa asidi ya gamma-aminobutirik fifishi. Tathmini ya mwaka 2008 ya ufanisi wa topirameti aliafiki kuwa matokeo ya majaribio yaliyochapishwa ni ya kutia matumaini, hata hivyo, kufikia 2008, takwimu hazikutosha kusaidia kutumika kwa topirameti pamoja na ushauri mfupi wa kila wiki kama njia ya kimsingi dhidi ya utegemezi pombe.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Tathmini ya 2010 iligundua kuwa topirameti inaweza kuwa na upevu kuliko njia nyinginezo zilizopo za kutibu unywaji pombe. Topirameti hupunguza kikamilifu tamaa ya pombe na ukali wa athari za kujitenga na unywaji mbali na kuboresha viwango vya hali ya maisha.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></li></ul> Dawa zinazoweza kuvuruga matokeo <ul><li>Benzodiazepini, licha ya kuwa muhimu katika utunzaji wa walioathirika vibaya na kuacha pombe, ikitumika kwa muda mrefu husababisha matokeo mabaya zaidi kwa mlevi. Walevi wanaotumia benzodiazepini sugu huwa na kiwango cha chini cha kufikia kuacha pombe kuliko wale wasiotumia benzodiazepini. Aina hii ya dawa aghalabu hupendekezwa kwa walevi katika kutibu ukosefu wa usingizi au kupunguza wasiwasi.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Kuanzisha matumizi ya benzodiazepini au vitulizi-hiponozi kwa watu wanaotibiwa hupelekea kiwango cha juu cha urejeleaji ulevi huku mwandishi mmoja akieleza kuwa zaidi ya robo ya watu hurejelea ulevi baada ya kupewa vitulizi-hiponozi. Mara nyingi wagonjwa hufikiria kimakosa kwamba wamelevuka licha ya kuendelea kutumia benzodiazepini. Wale ambao ni watumiaji wa muda mrefu wa benzodiazepini hawafai kuondolewa kwa haraka, kwa vile wasiwasi kali na hofu zinaweza kuibuka, nazo ni hatari bainifu zinazoweza kusababisha kurejelea pombe. Kanuni za Taper za miezi 6-12 zimepatikana kuwa zenye mafanikio zaidi, kwani ina viwangi vya chini zaidi vya athari za kuacha ulevi.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uzoelevu_wa_ndumakuwili">Uzoelevu wa ndumakuwili</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Hariri sehemu: Uzoelevu wa ndumakuwili" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Uzoelevu wa ndumakuwili">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> Walevi pia wanaweza kuhitaji matibabu kwa uzoelevu wa dawa nyinginezo za kulevya ubongo. Uzoelevu wa ndumakuwili ujulikanao zaidi wa utegemezi pombe ni utegemezi wa benzodiazepini huku tafiti zikionyesha asilimia 10-20 ya wategemezi wa pombe walikuwa na matatizo ya utegemezi au / na matatizo ya matumizi mabaya ya benzodiazepini. Benzodiazepines huongeza utashi wa pombe na kiasi cha pombe kinachnywewa na wanywaji-tatizi.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Utegemevu wa benzodiazepini unahitaji kupunguzwa wa kitaratibu kwa vipimo ili kuepuka dalili za athari za kujiondoa katika benzodiazepini na madhara mengine ya kiafya . Utegemevu kwa vitulizi hiponozi kama vile zolpidemi na zopikloni pamoja na opiati na dawa za kulevya haramu ni kitu cha kawaida kwa walevi. Pombe yenyewe ni kitulizi-hiponozi na huweza kuhimiliana na vitulizi-hiponozi nyingine kama vile babitureti, benzodiazepini na zisizo benzodiazepini. Utegemezi na kujiondoa kwa vitulizi-hiponozi kunaweza kuonyesha dalili kali za kiafya, sawa na, kama kujiondoa katika pombe, pana hatari ya kichaa au kutwalika kiakili isiposimamiwa vizuri.<a href="#cite_note-dolpdaa-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemolojia">Epidemolojia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Hariri sehemu: Epidemolojia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Epidemolojia">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Alcohol_by_Country.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Alcohol_by_Country.png/330px-Alcohol_by_Country.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Alcohol_by_Country.png/500px-Alcohol_by_Country.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Alcohol_by_Country.png/960px-Alcohol_by_Country.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>Jumla ya rekodi za matumizi ya pombe kila mwaka kwa kila mwananchi (15 +), kwa lita ya pombe halisi.</figcaption></figure> Madhara ya utumizi wa mihadarati ni tatizo kubwa la afya ya umma linalozikabili nchi nyingi. "Mihadarati inayotumika vibaya na wengi zaidi / inayotegemewa na wagonjwa wanaotafuta matibabu ni pombe".<a href="#cite_note-Gabbard-93">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ufalme_wa_Muungano" title="Ufalme wa Muungano">Nchini</a> Uingereza, idadi ya 'wanywaji wategemezi' imlikadiriwa kuwa zaidi ya 2,800,000 mwaka 2001.<a href="#cite_note-cosu-108">[108]</a> Takribani asilimia 12% ya watu wazima Marekani wamekuwa na tatizo la utegemezi pombe kwa wakati fulani katika maisha yao.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shirika_la_Afya_Duniani" title="Shirika la Afya Duniani">Shirika</a> la <a href="/wiki/Shirika_la_Afya_Duniani" title="Shirika la Afya Duniani">Afya Duniani</a> linakadiria kuwa karibu watu 140,000,000 ulimwenguni wanakabiliwa na utegemezi wa pombe.<a href="#cite_note-whoemcoypaa-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-whotmbcrtdhrai-22">[22]</a> Nchini Marekani na Ulaya magharibi asilimia 10 hadi 20 ya wanaume na aslimia 5-10 ya wanawake kwa wakati mmoja katika maisha yao watafikia vigezo vya ulevi.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Miongoni mwa jamii za wataalamu wa kimatibabu na kisayansi, pana makubaliano mapana kuhusu ulevi kuwa hali ya ugonjwa. Kwa mfano, Chama cha Matabibu wa Marekani huchukulia pombe kama mihadarati na kuongeza kwamba " utegemevu wa dawa za kulevya ni ugonjwa sugu wa ubongo unaorejearejea ambao una sifa zinazojumuisha utashi wa juu wa kutumia dawa za kulevya licha ya madhara makubwa. Hutokana na maingiliano tata za udhaifu wa kibayolojia, mfichuo wa kimazingira, na sababu za ukuaji (kwa mfano, hatua ya ukomavu ubongo)."<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-35">[35]</a> Ulevi una kiwango cha juu cha kutatiza minogni mwa wanaume, ingawa katika miongo ya hivi karibuni, idadi ya walevi wa kike imeongezeka.<a href="#cite_note-Walter_H.,_Gutierrez_K.,_Ramskogler_K.,_Hertling_I.,_Dvorak_A.,_Lesch_O.M.,_et_al._2003_253–268-20">[20]</a> Ushahidi wa kisasa unaonyesha kwamba asilimia 50-60 ya sababu za ulevi miongoni mwa wanaume na wanawake ni kutokana na jeni , kwa hivyo, asilimia 40-50 iliyobakia ni kutokana na sababu za mazingira.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Walevi wengi huingilia ulevi wakati wa ujana au kabla utuzima.<a href="#cite_note-Enoch-2006-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosi">Prognosi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Hariri sehemu: Prognosi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Prognosi">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> Utafiti wa 2002 wa Taasisi ya Taifa ya Madhara ya Pombe na Ulevi uliochunguza kundi la watu wazima 4,422walioafiki vigezo vya utegemezi pombe na kugundua kwamba baada ya mwaka mmoja, baadhi yao waliafiki vigezo vya mwandishi vya-hatari ya kiwango cha chini, ingawa asilimia 25.5 ya kundi hili hawakupata tiba yoyote, kwa viwango vifuatavyo: asilimia 25 walionekana wangali wategemezi, asilimia 27.3 walikuwa katika hali ya kujaribu kujiondoa (baadhi ya dalili zikiendelea), asilimia 11.8 ya wanywaji wenye dalili (huzidisha hatari ya kurejelea) na asilimia 35.9 walipona kikamilifu - kutokana na asilimia 17.7 walio katika hatari ndogo na asilimia 18.2 ya wanaojiepusha.<a href="#cite_note-NIAAA2002-112">[112]</a> Kinyume na hayo, hata hivyo, matokeo ya mfuatilio wa muda mrefu (miaka 60) wa makundi mawili ya walevi na George Vaillant katika Chuo cha Matibabu cha Harvard alieleza kuwa "ni nadra kwa warejeleaji ulevi wa kudhibitiwa kudumu zaidi ya miaka kumi bila kurejelea au kufikia kuacha".<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Vaillant pia alibainisha kuwa "kurejelea-unywaji-wa kudhibitiwa, kama ilivyoripotiwa katika chunguzi za muda mfupi, mara kwa mara ni hazina za uhakika." Sababu ya kawaida zaidi ya vifo kwa walevi hutokana na matatizo ya mishipa ya moyo.<a href="#cite_note-Zuskin-2006-114">[114]</a> Pana kiwango cha juu cha kujiua miongoni mwa walevi sugu, ambayo huongeza jinsi mnywaji anavyozidi kunywa. Hii huaminika kusababishwa na sababu kwamba pombe husababisha mvurugiko wa kemia za kimwili katika ubongo, na pia kutengwa kijamii. Kujiua pia ni jambo la kawaida sana miongoni mwa watumiaji pombe vijana, na asilimia 25 ya mauaji kwa vijana huhusiana na utumiaji pombe vibaya.<a href="#cite_note-understanding_suicidal_behaviour_a02-115">[115]</a> Takribani asilimia 18 ya walevi hujiua,<a href="#cite_note-drug_abuse_prevention_a03-37">[37]</a> na utafiti umegundua kwamba zaidi ya asilimia 50 ya visa vyote vya kujiua huhusiana na pombe au utegemezi wa dawa. Takwimu hii ni kubwa kwa vijana, wanaokunywa pombe au kutumia vibaya dawa nayo huchangia asilimia 70 ya visa vya kujiua<a href="#cite_note-pmid1932152-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Hariri sehemu: Historia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Historia">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> Pombe ina historia ndefu ya kutumika kwake na matumizi mabaya katika historia ya binadamu iliyorekodiwa. Vyanzo vya Kibiblia, Wamisri na Wababeli vina rekodi za historia ya ulewaji na utegemezi wa pombe. Katika baadhi ya tamaduni za kale pombe ilichiwa na nyinginezo zikishutumu ulevi. Matumizi mabaya ya pombe kupita kiasi na ulevi yalitambuliwa kama visababishi vya matatizo, maelfu ya miaka iliyopita. Hata hivyo, ufafanuzi wa ulevi wa kuzoeleka kama ilivyojulikana nyakati hizo na athari zake mbaya hazikueleweka vyema kwa misingi ya kiafya hadi miaka ya 1700. Katika mwaka 1647 mtawa wa Kigiriki[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words (bado haujaandikwa)">who?</a>] alikuwa wa kwanza kurekodi kwamba matumizi mabaya sugu ya pombe yalihusiana na sumu ya pombe kwa mfumo wa neva na mwili ambao ulisababisha matatizo mbalimbali ya kimatibabu kama vile,mishtuko ya moyo , kupooza na kutokwa damu kwa ndani. Katika mwaka 1920 madhara ya kutumia pombe vibaya na ulevi sugu yalisababisha kufikirika kwa utekelezwaji wa marufuku ya pombe yaliyoshindikana na hatimaye kuzingatiwa nchini Marekanui kwa muda ufupi. Mwaka 2005 gharama ya utegemezi pombe na matumizi mabaya ilikadiriwa kugharimu uchumi wa Marekani takriban dola bilioni 220 kwa mwaka, kuliko matatizo ya kansa na unenepaji.<a href="#cite_note-soa2008-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jamii_na_utamaduni">Jamii na utamaduni</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Hariri sehemu: Jamii na utamaduni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Jamii na utamaduni">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:William_Hogarth_-_Gin_Lane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/William_Hogarth_-_Gin_Lane.jpg/250px-William_Hogarth_-_Gin_Lane.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/William_Hogarth_-_Gin_Lane.jpg/330px-William_Hogarth_-_Gin_Lane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/William_Hogarth_-_Gin_Lane.jpg/500px-William_Hogarth_-_Gin_Lane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4638" /></a><figcaption>William Hogarth's Gin Lane, 1751</figcaption></figure> Matatizo mbalimbali ya kiafya yanayohusiana na matumizi ya pombe kwa muda mrefu huchukuliwa kijumla kama yenye kudhuru jamii, kwa mfano fedha kutokana kupoteza masaa-ya kazi gharama za kimatibabu, na gharama za upeo wa pili za kimatibabu. Matumizi ya pombe ni sababu kubwa inayochangia majeraha ya kichwa, ajali za magari, mvurugano, na mashambulizi. Mbali na fedha, pia pana gharama kubwa za kijamii kwa mlevi, familia yake na marafiki.<a href="#cite_note-Jessica_Kingsley_Publishers-54">[54]</a> Kwa mfano, matumizi ya pombe yanaweza kusababisha dalili za ulevi kwa mimba ya mwanamke mja mzito,<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> ambayo ni hali haribifu na isiyotibika.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Makadirio ya gharama za kiuchumi ya matumizi mabaya ya pombe, yaliyokusanywa na Shirika la Afya Duniani; hufikia baina ya asilimia mmoja hadi sita ya Pato la Taifa.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Ukadiriaji mmoja wa Australia ulikisia kuwa gharama ya pombe kwa jamii hufikia asilimia 24 ya gharama zote za dawa za kulevya, na utafiti kama huo kule Canada ulihitimisha kuwa gharama ya pombe ilifikia asilimia 41.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Utafiti mmoja uliafikia kuwa gharama ya aina zote za matumizi mabaya ya pombe nchini Uingereza katika 2001 ulikuwa bilioni £ 18.5-20.<a href="#cite_note-cosu-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Taasubi kuhusu walevi mara nyingi hupatikana katika tungo bunilizi na tamaduni maarufu. 'Mnywaji wa jijini' ni mhusika maarufu katika tamaduni maarufu za Kimagharibi. Taasubi za ulevi zinaweza kujikita kwa <a href="/wiki/Ubaguzi_wa_rangi" title="Ubaguzi wa rangi">ubaguzi wa rangi</a> au chuki dhidi ya wageni, kama vile kuwachukualia Waayalandikuwa walevi wakubwa.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Tafiti za wanasaikolojia wa kijamii Stivers na Greeley hujaribu kukusanya rekodi ya visa vingi vya matumizi mabaya ya pombe miongoni mwa Waayalandi nchini Marekani.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marejeo">Marejeo</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Hariri sehemu: Marejeo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Marejeo">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1346650">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMedlinePlus2009" class="citation web cs1">MedlinePlus (15 Januari 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000944.htm">"Alcoholism"</a>. National Institute of Health.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alcoholism&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Health&rft.date=2009-01-15&rft.au=MedlinePlus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlm.nih.gov%2Fmedlineplus%2Fency%2Farticle%2F000944.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_web" title="Kigezo:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Health and Human Services (bado haujaandikwa)">Department of Health and Human Services</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528081546/http://www.nih.gov//about/researchresultsforthepublic/AlcoholDependenceAlcoholism.pdf">"Alcohol Dependence (Alcoholism)"</a> (PDF). National Institutes of Health. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nih.gov/about/researchresultsforthepublic/AlcoholDependenceAlcoholism.pdf">chanzo</a> (PDF) mnamo 2010-05-28. Iliwekwa mnamo 2010-10-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alcohol+Dependence+%28Alcoholism%29&rft.pub=National+Institutes+of+Health&rft.au=Department+of+Health+and+Human+Services&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nih.gov%2Fabout%2Fresearchresultsforthepublic%2FAlcoholDependenceAlcoholism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Medical_Association" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Medical_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Medical Association (bado haujaandikwa)">American Medical Association</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5nyRluZTi?url=http://www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/388/alcoholism_treatable.pdf">"DEFINITIONS"</a> (PDF). USA: AMA. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/388/alcoholism_treatable.pdf">chanzo</a> (PDF) mnamo 2010-03-04. Iliwekwa mnamo 2010-10-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DEFINITIONS&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=AMA&rft.au=American+Medical+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ama-assn.org%2Fama1%2Fpub%2Fupload%2Fmm%2F388%2Falcoholism_treatable.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ladtpwho-4"><a href="#cite_ref-ladtpwho_4-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFWHO" class="citation web cs1">WHO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/terminology/who_lexicon/en/">"Lexicon of alcohol and drug terms published by the World Health Organization"</a>. World Health Organisation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lexicon+of+alcohol+and+drug+terms+published+by+the+World+Health+Organization&rft.pub=World+Health+Organisation&rft.au=WHO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fsubstance_abuse%2Fterminology%2Fwho_lexicon%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/one/000002709.htm">alcoholism</a>" at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorland%27s_Medical_Dictionary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorland's Medical Dictionary (bado haujaandikwa)">Dorland's Medical Dictionary</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glavas-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Glavas_6-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFGlavas_MM,_Weinberg_J2006" class="citation book cs1">Glavas MM, Weinberg J (2006). 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Ther Umsch. 57 (4): 179–84. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10804873">10804873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ther+Umsch&rft.atitle=%5BGenetic+predisposition+for+alcoholism%5D&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=179-84&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10804873&rft.aulast=Agarwal-Kozlowski&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Agarwal%2C+DP.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFChenStorrAnthony2009" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, CY.; Storr, CL.; Anthony, JC. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_addictive-behaviors_2009-03_34_3/page/319">"Early-onset drug use and risk for drug dependence problems"</a>. Addict Behav. 34 (3): 319–22. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.addbeh.2008.10.021">10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.10.021</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2677076">2677076</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19022584">19022584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Addict+Behav&rft.atitle=Early-onset+drug+use+and+risk+for+drug+dependence+problems.&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=319-22&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2677076%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19022584&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.addbeh.2008.10.021&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=CY.&rft.au=Storr%2C+CL.&rft.au=Anthony%2C+JC.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_addictive-behaviors_2009-03_34_3%2Fpage%2F319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoffman-1996-9">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffman-1996_9-0">9.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffman-1996_9-1">9.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffman-1996_9-2">9.2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFHoffmanTabakoff1996" class="citation journal cs1">Hoffman, PL.; Tabakoff, B. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_alcohol-and-alcoholism_1996-07_31_4/page/333">"Alcohol dependence: a commentary on mechanisms"</a>. Alcohol Alcohol. 31 (4): 333–40. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8879279">8879279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alcohol+Alcohol&rft.atitle=Alcohol+dependence%3A+a+commentary+on+mechanisms.&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=333-40&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8879279&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=PL.&rft.au=Tabakoff%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_alcohol-and-alcoholism_1996-07_31_4%2Fpage%2F333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFCaanBelleroche2002" class="citation book cs1">Caan, Woody; Belleroche, Jackie de, whr. (11 Aprili 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=nPvbDUw4w5QC">Drink, Drugs and Dependence: From Science to Clinical Practice</a> (tol. la 1st). Routledge. ku. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-415-27891-1" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-415-27891-1"><bdi>978-0-415-27891-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drink%2C+Drugs+and+Dependence%3A+From+Science+to+Clinical+Practice&rft.pages=19-20&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002-04-11&rft.isbn=978-0-415-27891-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DnPvbDUw4w5QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tcemh2006-11">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-tcemh2006_11-0">11.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tcemh2006_11-1">11.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFSchadé2006" class="citation book cs1">Schadé, Johannes Petrus (Oktoba 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=j8DuEHxSCU4C">The Complete Encyclopedia of Medicine and Health</a>. Foreign Media Books. ku. 132–133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-1-60136-001-4" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-1-60136-001-4"><bdi>978-1-60136-001-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Encyclopedia+of+Medicine+and+Health&rft.pages=132-133&rft.pub=Foreign+Media+Books&rft.date=2006-10&rft.isbn=978-1-60136-001-4&rft.aulast=Schad%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Johannes+Petrus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dj8DuEHxSCU4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-abd2009-12">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-abd2009_12-0">12.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-abd2009_12-1">12.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFGifford2009" class="citation book cs1">Gifford, Maria (22 Oktoba 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=2OJV12astRUC">Alcoholism (Biographies of Disease)</a>. Greenwood Press. ku. 89–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-313-35908-8" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-313-35908-8"><bdi>978-0-313-35908-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alcoholism+%28Biographies+of+Disease%29&rft.pages=89-91&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2009-10-22&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35908-8&rft.aulast=Gifford&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D2OJV12astRUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DSMIV-13">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-DSMIV_13-0">13.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSMIV_13-1">13.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=W-BGAAAAMAAJ">Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV</a>. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. 31 Julai 1994. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-89042-025-6" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-89042-025-6"><bdi>978-0-89042-025-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diagnostic+and+statistical+manual+of+mental+disorders%3A+DSM-IV&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=American+Psychiatric+Association&rft.date=1994-07-31&rft.isbn=978-0-89042-025-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DW-BGAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kahan-1996-14">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Kahan-1996_14-0">14.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kahan-1996_14-1">14.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFKahan1996" class="citation journal cs1">Kahan, M. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2146411">"Identifying and managing problem drinkers"</a>. Can Fam Physician. 42: 661–71. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2146411">2146411</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8653034">8653034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Can+Fam+Physician&rft.atitle=Identifying+and+managing+problem+drinkers.&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=661-71&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2146411%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8653034&rft.aulast=Kahan&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2146411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Blondell-2005-15">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Blondell-2005_15-0">15.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blondell-2005_15-1">15.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFBlondell2005" class="citation journal cs1">Blondell, RD. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2005-02-01_71_3/page/n104">"Ambulatory detoxification of patients with alcohol dependence"</a>. Am Fam Physician. 71 (3): 495–502. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15712624">15712624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am+Fam+Physician&rft.atitle=Ambulatory+detoxification+of+patients+with+alcohol+dependence.&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=495-502&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15712624&rft.aulast=Blondell&rft.aufirst=RD.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_american-family-physician_2005-02-01_71_3%2Fpage%2Fn104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Morgan-Lopez-2006-16">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan-Lopez-2006_16-0">16.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan-Lopez-2006_16-1">16.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFMorgan-LopezFals-Stewart2006" class="citation journal cs1">Morgan-Lopez, AA.; Fals-Stewart, W. (2006). "Analytic complexities associated with group therapy in substance abuse treatment research: problems, recommendations, and future directions". Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 14 (2): 265–73. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F1064-1297.14.2.265">10.1037/1064-1297.14.2.265</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16756430">16756430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Exp+Clin+Psychopharmacol&rft.atitle=Analytic+complexities+associated+with+group+therapy+in+substance+abuse+treatment+research%3A+problems%2C+recommendations%2C+and+future+directions.&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=265-73&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F1064-1297.14.2.265&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16756430&rft.aulast=Morgan-Lopez&rft.aufirst=AA.&rft.au=Fals-Stewart%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Soyka-2001-17">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Soyka-2001_17-0">17.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soyka-2001_17-1">17.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFSoykaHeltenScharfenberg2001" class="citation journal cs1">Soyka, M.; Helten, C.; Scharfenberg, CO. (2001). "[Psychotherapy of alcohol addiction—principles and new findings of therapy research]". Wien Med Wochenschr. 151 (15–17): 380–8, discussion 389. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11603209">11603209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wien+Med+Wochenschr&rft.atitle=%5BPsychotherapy+of+alcohol+addiction%E2%80%94principles+and+new+findings+of+therapy+research%5D&rft.volume=151&rft.issue=15%E2%80%9317&rft.pages=380-8%2C+discussion+389&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11603209&rft.aulast=Soyka&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Helten%2C+C.&rft.au=Scharfenberg%2C+CO.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite has empty unknown parameter: <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#param_unknown_empty" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-dolpdaa-18">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-dolpdaa_18-0">18.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dolpdaa_18-1">18.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFJohansson_BA,_Berglund_M,_Hanson_M,_Pöhlén_C,_Persson_I2003" class="citation journal cs1">Johansson BA, Berglund M, Hanson M, Pöhlén C, Persson I (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/38/6/613">"Dependence on legal [[psychotropic]] drugs among alcoholics"</a> (PDF). Alcohol Alcohol. 38 (6): 613–8. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Falcalc%2Fagg123">10.1093/alcalc/agg123</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0735-0414">0735-0414</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14633651">14633651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alcohol+Alcohol.&rft.atitle=Dependence+on+legal+psychotropic+drugs+among+alcoholics&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=613-8&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0735-0414&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14633651&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Falcalc%2Fagg123&rft.au=Johansson+BA%2C+Berglund+M%2C+Hanson+M%2C+P%C3%B6hl%C3%A9n+C%2C+Persson+I&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falcalc.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F38%2F6%2F613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: URL–wikilink conflict (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#wikilink_in_url" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>); Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Blume_Laura_N.,_Nielson_Nancy_H.,_Riggs_Joseph_A.,_et_all_1998_861–870-19">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Blume_Laura_N.,_Nielson_Nancy_H.,_Riggs_Joseph_A.,_et_all_1998_861–870_19-0">19.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blume_Laura_N.,_Nielson_Nancy_H.,_Riggs_Joseph_A.,_et_all_1998_861–870_19-1">19.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blume_Laura_N.,_Nielson_Nancy_H.,_Riggs_Joseph_A.,_et_all_1998_861–870_19-2">19.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blume_Laura_N.,_Nielson_Nancy_H.,_Riggs_Joseph_A.,_et_all_1998_861–870_19-3">19.3</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFBlume_Laura_N.,_Nielson_Nancy_H.,_Riggs_Joseph_A.,_et_all1998" class="citation journal cs1">Blume Laura N., Nielson Nancy H., Riggs Joseph A., et all (1998). "Alcoholism and alcohol abuse among women: report of the council on scientific affairs". Journal of women's health. 7 (7): 861–870. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fjwh.1998.7.861">10.1089/jwh.1998.7.861</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+women%27s+health&rft.atitle=Alcoholism+and+alcohol+abuse+among+women%3A+report+of+the+council+on+scientific+affairs&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=861-870&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fjwh.1998.7.861&rft.au=Blume+Laura+N.%2C+Nielson+Nancy+H.%2C+Riggs+Joseph+A.%2C+%27%27et+all%27%27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Walter_H.,_Gutierrez_K.,_Ramskogler_K.,_Hertling_I.,_Dvorak_A.,_Lesch_O.M.,_et_al._2003_253–268-20">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Walter_H.,_Gutierrez_K.,_Ramskogler_K.,_Hertling_I.,_Dvorak_A.,_Lesch_O.M.,_et_al._2003_253–268_20-0">20.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walter_H.,_Gutierrez_K.,_Ramskogler_K.,_Hertling_I.,_Dvorak_A.,_Lesch_O.M.,_et_al._2003_253–268_20-1">20.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walter_H.,_Gutierrez_K.,_Ramskogler_K.,_Hertling_I.,_Dvorak_A.,_Lesch_O.M.,_et_al._2003_253–268_20-2">20.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walter_H.,_Gutierrez_K.,_Ramskogler_K.,_Hertling_I.,_Dvorak_A.,_Lesch_O.M.,_et_al._2003_253–268_20-3">20.3</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFWalterGutierrezRamskoglerHertling2003" class="citation journal cs1">Walter, H.; Gutierrez, K.; Ramskogler, K.; Hertling, I.; Dvorak, A.; Lesch, OM. (2003). "Gender-specific differences in alcoholism: implications for treatment". Arch Womens Ment Health. 6 (4): 253–8. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00737-003-0014-8">10.1007/s00737-003-0014-8</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14628177">14628177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arch+Womens+Ment+Health&rft.atitle=Gender-specific+differences+in+alcoholism%3A+implications+for+treatment.&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=253-8&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00737-003-0014-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14628177&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Gutierrez%2C+K.&rft.au=Ramskogler%2C+K.&rft.au=Hertling%2C+I.&rft.au=Dvorak%2C+A.&rft.au=Lesch%2C+OM.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-whoemcoypaa-21">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-whoemcoypaa_21-0">21.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-whoemcoypaa_21-1">21.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFDr_Gro_Harlem_Brundtland2001" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gro_Harlem_Brundtland" title="Gro Harlem Brundtland">Dr Gro Harlem Brundtland</a> (19 Februari 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/2001/english/20010219_youngpeoplealcohol.en.html">"WHO European Ministerial Conference on Young People and Alcohol"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Health_Organisation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Health Organisation (bado haujaandikwa)">World Health Organisation</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WHO+European+Ministerial+Conference+on+Young+People+and+Alcohol&rft.pub=World+Health+Organisation&rft.date=2001-02-19&rft.au=Dr+Gro+Harlem+Brundtland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fdirector-general%2Fspeeches%2F2001%2Fenglish%2F20010219_youngpeoplealcohol.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-whotmbcrtdhrai-22">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-whotmbcrtdhrai_22-0">22.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-whotmbcrtdhrai_22-1">22.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFMs_Leanne_Riley2003" class="citation web cs1">Ms Leanne Riley (31 Januari 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2003/pr6/en/index.html">"WHO to meet beverage company representatives to discuss health-related alcohol issues"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Health_Organisation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Health Organisation (bado haujaandikwa)">World Health Organisation</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WHO+to+meet+beverage+company+representatives+to+discuss+health-related+alcohol+issues&rft.pub=World+Health+Organisation&rft.date=2003-01-31&rft.au=Ms+Leanne+Riley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmediacentre%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2003%2Fpr6%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-the_american_heritage_dictionary_of_the_english_language_a12-23"><a href="#cite_ref-the_american_heritage_dictionary_of_the_english_language_a12_23-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Heritage_Dictionaries2006" class="citation book cs1">American Heritage Dictionaries (12 Aprili 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=uPCFIQAACAAJ">The American Heritage dictionary of the English language</a> (tol. la 4). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-618-70172-8" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-618-70172-8"><bdi>978-0-618-70172-8</bdi></a>. <q>To use wrongly or improperly; misuse: abuse alcohol</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+dictionary+of+the+English+language&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2006-04-12&rft.isbn=978-0-618-70172-8&rft.au=American+Heritage+Dictionaries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DuPCFIQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070701174135/http://www.health.gov/DIETARYGUIDELINES/dga2005/document/html/chapter9.htm">"Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005"</a>. USA: health.gov. 2005. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.health.gov/DIETARYGUIDELINES/dga2005/document/html/chapter9.htm">chanzo</a> mnamo 2007-07-01. Iliwekwa mnamo 2010-10-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dietary+Guidelines+for+Americans+2005&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=health.gov&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.gov%2FDIETARYGUIDELINES%2Fdga2005%2Fdocument%2Fhtml%2Fchapter9.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_web" title="Kigezo:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) malazi Mwongozo </li> <li id="cite_note-McGovernWhite2003-25"><a href="#cite_ref-McGovernWhite2003_25-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas_F._McGovernWilliam_L._White2003" class="citation book cs1">Thomas F. McGovern; William L. White (20 Mei 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=3gRwmYohuooC&pg=PA7">Alcohol Problems in the United States: Twenty Years of Treatment Perspective</a>. Routledge. ku. 7–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-7890-2049-9" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-7890-2049-9"><bdi>978-0-7890-2049-9</bdi></a>. Iliwekwa mnamo 17 Aprili 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alcohol+Problems+in+the+United+States%3A+Twenty+Years+of+Treatment+Perspective&rft.pages=7-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003-05-20&rft.isbn=978-0-7890-2049-9&rft.au=Thomas+F.+McGovern&rft.au=William+L.+White&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D3gRwmYohuooC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFMorse_RM,_Flavin_DK1992" class="citation journal cs1">Morse RM, Flavin DK (1992). "The definition of alcoholism. The Joint Committee of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism". JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association. 268 (8): 1012–4. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.268.8.1012">10.1001/jama.268.8.1012</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0098-7484">0098-7484</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1501306">1501306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA+%3A+the+journal+of+the+American+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=The+definition+of+alcoholism.+The+Joint+Committee+of+the+National+Council+on+Alcoholism+and+Drug+Dependence+and+the+American+Society+of+Addiction+Medicine+to+Study+the+Definition+and+Criteria+for+the+Diagnosis+of+Alcoholism&rft.volume=268&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1012-4&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0098-7484&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1501306&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.268.8.1012&rft.au=Morse+RM%2C+Flavin+DK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFTracy2005" class="citation book cs1">Tracy, Sarah J. (25 Mei 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=JkYyd4qmme0C&pg=PA31">Alcoholism in America: from reconstruction to prohibition</a>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ku. 31–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-8018-8119-0" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-8018-8119-0"><bdi>978-0-8018-8119-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alcoholism+in+America%3A+from+reconstruction+to+prohibition&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=31-52&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2005-05-25&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8119-0&rft.aulast=Tracy&rft.aufirst=Sarah+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DJkYyd4qmme0C%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lexikon_psychiatrie_psychotherapie_medizinische_psychologie-28"><a href="#cite_ref-lexikon_psychiatrie_psychotherapie_medizinische_psychologie_28-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFPeters2007" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Uwe Henrik (30 Aprili 2007). Lexikon Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie, Medizinische Psychologie. Urban Fischer bei Elsev. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-3-437-15061-6" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-3-437-15061-6"><bdi>978-3-437-15061-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexikon+Psychiatrie%2C+Psychotherapie%2C+Medizinische+Psychologie&rft.pub=Urban+Fischer+bei+Elsev&rft.date=2007-04-30&rft.isbn=978-3-437-15061-6&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Uwe+Henrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFValverde1998" class="citation book cs1">Valverde, Mariana (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=Kl5ugmvDgH0C&pg=PA48&lpg=PA48&dq=valentin+magnan+dipsomania">Diseases of the Will</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. uk. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-521-64469-3" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-521-64469-3"><bdi>978-0-521-64469-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diseases+of+the+Will&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-64469-3&rft.aulast=Valverde&rft.aufirst=Mariana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DKl5ugmvDgH0C%26pg%3DPA48%26lpg%3DPA48%26dq%3Dvalentin%2Bmagnan%2Bdipsomania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=wt6r2Zw8sCEC&pg=PR5">Alcoholismus chronicus, eller Chronisk alkoholssjukdom:</a>. Stockholm und Leipzig. 1852. Iliwekwa mnamo 19 Februari 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alcoholismus+chronicus%2C+eller+Chronisk+alkoholssjukdom%3A&rft.pub=Stockholm+und+Leipzig&rft.date=1852&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dwt6r2Zw8sCEC%26pg%3DPR5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AABigBook-31">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-AABigBook_31-0">31.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AABigBook_31-1">31.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AABigBook_31-2">31.2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholics_Anonymous&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcoholics Anonymous (bado haujaandikwa)">Anonymous</a> (1939, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aa.org">Alcoholics Anonymous: the story of how many thousands of men and women have recovered from alcoholism</a>. New York City: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services. xxxii, 575 p. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/1-893007-16-2" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/1-893007-16-2"><bdi>1-893007-16-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alcoholics+Anonymous%3A+the+story+of+how+many+thousands+of+men+and+women+have+recovered+from+alcoholism&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=xxxii%2C+575+p.&rft.pub=Alcoholics+Anonymous+World+Services&rft.isbn=1-893007-16-2&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: Check date values in: <code class="cs1-code">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#bad_date" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>); Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>); Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|nopp=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|no-pp=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intoaction.us/SelfTest.html">The Big Book Self Test:</a>. intoaction.us. Retrieved on <a href="/w/index.php?title=19_Februari_2008&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="19 Februari 2008 (bado haujaandikwa)">19 Februari 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFKay_AB2000" class="citation journal cs1">Kay AB (2000). "Overview of 'allergy and allergic diseases: with a view to the future'". Br. Med. Bull. 56 (4): 843–64. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1258%2F0007142001903481">10.1258/0007142001903481</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0007-1420">0007-1420</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11359624">11359624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Br.+Med.+Bull.&rft.atitle=Overview+of+%27allergy+and+allergic+diseases%3A+with+a+view+to+the+future%27&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=843-64&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=0007-1420&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11359624&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1258%2F0007142001903481&rft.au=Kay+AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayinsci.com/10/10_22.htm">OCTOBER 22 DEATHS</a>. todayinsci.com. Retrieved on <a href="/w/index.php?title=18_Februari_2008&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="18 Februari 2008 (bado haujaandikwa)">18 Februari 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-35">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_35-0">35.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_35-1">35.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFNora_Volkow" class="citation web cs1">Nora Volkow. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629022654/http://www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/388/sci_drug_addiction.pdf">"Science of Addiction"</a> (PDF). American Medical Association. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/388/sci_drug_addiction.pdf">chanzo</a> (PDF) mnamo 2011-06-29. Iliwekwa mnamo 2010-10-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Science+of+Addiction&rft.pub=American+Medical+Association&rft.au=Nora+Volkow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ama-assn.org%2Fama1%2Fpub%2Fupload%2Fmm%2F388%2Fsci_drug_addiction.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_web" title="Kigezo:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFDunnCook1999" class="citation journal cs1">Dunn, N; Cook (1999). "Psychiatric aspects of alcohol misuse". Hospital medicine (London, England : 1998). 60 (3): 169–72. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1462-3935">1462-3935</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10476237">10476237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hospital+medicine+%28London%2C+England+%3A+1998%29&rft.atitle=Psychiatric+aspects+of+alcohol+misuse.&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=169-72&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10476237&rft.issn=1462-3935&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Cook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: More than one of <code class="cs1-code">|author2=</code> na <code class="cs1-code">|last2=</code> specified (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#redundant_parameters" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>); Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-drug_abuse_prevention_a03-37">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-drug_abuse_prevention_a03_37-0">37.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-drug_abuse_prevention_a03_37-1">37.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFWilsonKolander2003" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Richard; Kolander, Cheryl A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=Cm1MfcBSucUC">Drug abuse prevention: a school and community partnership</a>. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett. ku. 40–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-7637-1461-1" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-7637-1461-1"><bdi>978-0-7637-1461-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drug+abuse+prevention%3A+a+school+and+community+partnership&rft.place=Sudbury%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=40-45&rft.pub=Jones+and+Bartlett&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-1461-1&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Kolander%2C+Cheryl+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DCm1MfcBSucUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFMüller_D,_Koch_RD,_von_Specht_H,_Völker_W,_Münch_EM1985" class="citation journal cs1">Müller D, Koch RD, von Specht H, Völker W, Münch EM (1985). "[Neurophysiologic findings in chronic alcohol abuse]". Psychiatr Neurol Med Psychol (Leipz) (kwa German). 37 (3): 129–32. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2988001">2988001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychiatr+Neurol+Med+Psychol+%28Leipz%29&rft.atitle=%5BNeurophysiologic+findings+in+chronic+alcohol+abuse%5D&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=129-32&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2988001&rft.au=M%C3%BCller+D%2C+Koch+RD%2C+von+Specht+H%2C+V%C3%B6lker+W%2C+M%C3%BCnch+EM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (<a href="/wiki/Jamii:CS1_maint:_unrecognized_language" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: unrecognized language">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFTestino_G2008" class="citation journal cs1">Testino G (2008). "Alcoholic diseases in hepato-gastroenterology: a point of view". Hepatogastroenterology. 55 (82–83): 371–7. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18613369">18613369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hepatogastroenterology&rft.atitle=Alcoholic+diseases+in+hepato-gastroenterology%3A+a+point+of+view&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=82%E2%80%9383&rft.pages=371-7&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18613369&rft.au=Testino+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mihai--40"><a href="#cite_ref-Mihai-_40-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFMihaiLăcătuşuGraur2008" class="citation journal cs1">Mihai, B.; Lăcătuşu, C.; Graur, M. (2008). "[Alcoholic ketoacidosis]". Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. 112 (2): 321–6. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19294998">19294998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rev+Med+Chir+Soc+Med+Nat+Iasi&rft.atitle=%5BAlcoholic+ketoacidosis%5D&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=321-6&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19294998&rft.aulast=Mihai&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=L%C4%83c%C4%83tu%C5%9Fu%2C+C.&rft.au=Graur%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-aamaibnc-41">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-aamaibnc_41-0">41.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aamaibnc_41-1">41.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFProfessor_Georgy_Bakalkin2008" class="citation web cs1">Professor Georgy Bakalkin (8 Julai 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111130152434/http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-07/econ-ma070808.php">"Alcoholism-associated molecular adaptations in brain neurocognitive circuits"</a>. eurekalert.org. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-07/econ-ma070808.php">chanzo</a> mnamo 2011-11-30. Iliwekwa mnamo 14 Februari 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alcoholism-associated+molecular+adaptations+in+brain+neurocognitive+circuits&rft.pub=eurekalert.org&rft.date=2008-07-08&rft.au=Professor+Georgy+Bakalkin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekalert.org%2Fpub_releases%2F2008-07%2Fecon-ma070808.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFOscar-Berman,_Marlene2003" class="citation journal cs1">Oscar-Berman, Marlene (2003). "Alcoholism and the brain: an overview". Alcohol Res Health. 27 (2): 125–33. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15303622">15303622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alcohol+Res+Health&rft.atitle=Alcoholism+and+the+brain%3A+an+overview&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=125-33&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15303622&rft.au=Oscar-Berman%2C+Marlene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFWetterling_TJunghanns2000" class="citation journal cs1">Wetterling T; Junghanns, K (2000). "Psychopathology of alcoholics during withdrawal and early abstinence". Eur Psychiatry. 15 (8): 483–8. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0924-9338%2800%2900519-8">10.1016/S0924-9338(00)00519-8</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0924-9338">0924-9338</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11175926">11175926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eur+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Psychopathology+of+alcoholics+during+withdrawal+and+early+abstinence&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=483-8&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=0924-9338&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11175926&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0924-9338%2800%2900519-8&rft.au=Wetterling+T&rft.au=Junghanns%2C+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFSchuckit_MA1983" class="citation journal cs1">Schuckit MA (1983). "Alcoholism and other psychiatric disorders". Hosp Community Psychiatry. 34 (11): 1022–7. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1597">0022-1597</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6642446">6642446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hosp+Community+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Alcoholism+and+other+psychiatric+disorders&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1022-7&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6642446&rft.issn=0022-1597&rft.au=Schuckit+MA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFCowley_DS1992" class="citation journal cs1">Cowley DS (24 Januari 1992). 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Am J Med. 92 (1A): 41S–48S. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0002-9343%2892%2990136-Y">10.1016/0002-9343(92)90136-Y</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9343">0002-9343</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1346485">1346485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Med&rft.atitle=Alcohol+abuse%2C+substance+abuse%2C+and+panic+disorder&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=1A&rft.pages=41S-48S&rft.date=1992-01-24&rft.issn=0002-9343&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1346485&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0002-9343%2892%2990136-Y&rft.au=Cowley+DS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFCosci_FSchruersAbramsGriez2007" class="citation journal cs1">Cosci F; Schruers, KR; Abrams, K; Griez, EJ (2007). 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J Clin Psychiatry. 68 (6): 874–80. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4088%2FJCP.v68n0608">10.4088/JCP.v68n0608</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0160-6689">0160-6689</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17592911">17592911</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Clin+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Alcohol+use+disorders+and+panic+disorder%3A+a+review+of+the+evidence+of+a+direct+relationship&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=874-80&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=0160-6689&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17592911&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4088%2FJCP.v68n0608&rft.au=Cosci+F&rft.au=Schruers%2C+KR&rft.au=Abrams%2C+K&rft.au=Griez%2C+EJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFGrant_BF,_Harford_TC1995" class="citation journal cs1">Grant BF, Harford TC (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0376871695011604">"Comorbidity between DSM-IV alcohol use disorders and major depression: results of a national survey"</a>. Drug Alcohol Depend. 39 (3): 197–206. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0376-8716%2895%2901160-4">10.1016/0376-8716(95)01160-4</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0376-8716">0376-8716</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8556968">8556968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Drug+Alcohol+Depend&rft.atitle=Comorbidity+between+DSM-IV+alcohol+use+disorders+and+major+depression%3A+results+of+a+national+survey&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=197-206&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=0376-8716&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8556968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0376-8716%2895%2901160-4&rft.au=Grant+BF%2C+Harford+TC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2F0376871695011604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFKandel_DB,_Huang_FY,_Davies_M2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kandel DB, Huang FY, Davies M (2001). 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Drug Alcohol Depend. 64 (2): 233–41. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0376-8716%2801%2900126-0">10.1016/S0376-8716(01)00126-0</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0376-8716">0376-8716</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11543993">11543993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Drug+Alcohol+Depend&rft.atitle=Comorbidity+between+patterns+of+substance+use+dependence+and+psychiatric+syndromes&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=233-41&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0376-8716&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11543993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0376-8716%2801%2900126-0&rft.au=Kandel+DB%2C+Huang+FY%2C+Davies+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFCornelius_JR,_Bukstein_O,_Salloum_I,_Clark_D2003" class="citation journal cs1">Cornelius JR, Bukstein O, Salloum I, Clark D (2003). 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Recent Dev Alcohol. 16: 361–74. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F0-306-47939-7_24">10.1007/0-306-47939-7_24</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0738-422X">0738-422X</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12638646">12638646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Recent+Dev+Alcohol&rft.atitle=Alcohol+and+psychiatric+comorbidity&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=361-74&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0738-422X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12638646&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F0-306-47939-7_24&rft.au=Cornelius+JR%2C+Bukstein+O%2C+Salloum+I%2C+Clark+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFSchuckit_MA,_Tipp_JE,_Bergman_M,_Reich_W,_Hesselbrock_VM,_Smith_TL1997" class="citation journal cs1">Schuckit MA, Tipp JE, Bergman M, Reich W, Hesselbrock VM, Smith TL (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9210745">"Comparison of induced and independent major depressive disorders in 2,945 alcoholics"</a>. Am J Psychiatry. 154 (7): 948–57. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-953X">0002-953X</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9210745">9210745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Comparison+of+induced+and+independent+major+depressive+disorders+in+2%2C945+alcoholics&rft.volume=154&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=948-57&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9210745&rft.issn=0002-953X&rft.au=Schuckit+MA%2C+Tipp+JE%2C+Bergman+M%2C+Reich+W%2C+Hesselbrock+VM%2C+Smith+TL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fajp.psychiatryonline.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D9210745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFSchuckit_MA,_Smith_TL,_Danko_GP2007" class="citation journal cs1">Schuckit MA, Smith TL, Danko GP (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-studies-on-alcohol-and-drugs_2007-11_68_6/page/805">"A comparison of factors associated with substance-induced versus independent depressions"</a>. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 68 (6): 805–12. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1937-1888">1937-1888</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17960298">17960298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Stud+Alcohol+Drugs&rft.atitle=A+comparison+of+factors+associated+with+substance-induced+versus+independent+depressions&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=805-12&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17960298&rft.issn=1937-1888&rft.au=Schuckit+MA%2C+Smith+TL%2C+Danko+GP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-studies-on-alcohol-and-drugs_2007-11_68_6%2Fpage%2F805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFSchuckit_M1983" class="citation journal cs1">Schuckit M (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=6846629">"Alcoholic patients with secondary depression"</a>. Am J Psychiatry. 140 (6): 711–4. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-953X">0002-953X</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6846629">6846629</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Alcoholic+patients+with+secondary+depression&rft.volume=140&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=711-4&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6846629&rft.issn=0002-953X&rft.au=Schuckit+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fajp.psychiatryonline.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D6846629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Karrol_Brad_R._2002_337–356-53">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Karrol_Brad_R._2002_337–356_53-0">53.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karrol_Brad_R._2002_337–356_53-1">53.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karrol_Brad_R._2002_337–356_53-2">53.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karrol_Brad_R._2002_337–356_53-3">53.3</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFKarrol_Brad_R.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Karrol Brad R. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-social-work_2002-04_32_3/page/337">"Women and alcohol use disorders: a review of important knowledge and its implications for social work practitioners"</a>. Journal of social work. 2 (3): 337–356. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F146801730200200305">10.1177/146801730200200305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+social+work&rft.atitle=Women+and+alcohol+use+disorders%3A+a+review+of+important+knowledge+and+its+implications+for+social+work+practitioners&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=337-356&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F146801730200200305&rft.au=Karrol+Brad+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_british-journal-of-social-work_2002-04_32_3%2Fpage%2F337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jessica_Kingsley_Publishers-54">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Jessica_Kingsley_Publishers_54-0">54.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jessica_Kingsley_Publishers_54-1">54.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jessica_Kingsley_Publishers_54-2">54.2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCully2004" class="citation book cs1">McCully, Chris (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jkp.com/catalogue/book/9781843102656/contents">Goodbye Mr. Wonderful. Alcohol, Addition and Early Recovery</a>. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-1-84310-265-6" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-1-84310-265-6"><bdi>978-1-84310-265-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goodbye+Mr.+Wonderful.+Alcohol%2C+Addition+and+Early+Recovery.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jessica+Kingsley+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84310-265-6&rft.aulast=McCully&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jkp.com%2Fcatalogue%2Fbook%2F9781843102656%2Fcontents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: Cite has empty unknown parameter: <code class="cs1-code">|chapterurl=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#param_unknown_empty" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>); More than one of <code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> na <code class="cs1-code">|last1=</code> specified (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#redundant_parameters" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-drug_use_a_reference_handbook-55"><a href="#cite_ref-drug_use_a_reference_handbook_55-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFIsralowitz2004" class="citation book cs1">Isralowitz, Richard (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=X0mxxfbIbp4C">Drug use: a reference handbook</a>. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. ku. 122–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-1-57607-708-5" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-1-57607-708-5"><bdi>978-1-57607-708-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drug+use%3A+a+reference+handbook&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=122-123&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-708-5&rft.aulast=Isralowitz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DX0mxxfbIbp4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFLangdana2009" class="citation book cs1">Langdana, Farrokh K. (27 Machi 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=GCYWQn79JYwC">Macroeconomic Policy: Demystifying Monetary and Fiscal Policy</a> (tol. la 2nd). Springer. uk. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-387-77665-1" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-387-77665-1"><bdi>978-0-387-77665-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macroeconomic+Policy%3A+Demystifying+Monetary+and+Fiscal+Policy&rft.pages=81&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009-03-27&rft.isbn=978-0-387-77665-1&rft.aulast=Langdana&rft.aufirst=Farrokh+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DGCYWQn79JYwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFGalanterKleber2008" class="citation book cs1">Galanter, Marc; Kleber, Herbert D. (1 Julai 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=6wdJgejlQzYC">The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Substance Abuse Treatment</a> (tol. la 4th). United States of America: American Psychiatric Publishing Inc. uk. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-1-58562-276-4" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-1-58562-276-4"><bdi>978-1-58562-276-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Psychiatric+Publishing+Textbook+of+Substance+Abuse+Treatment&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pages=58&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=American+Psychiatric+Publishing+Inc&rft.date=2008-07-01&rft.isbn=978-1-58562-276-4&rft.aulast=Galanter&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Kleber%2C+Herbert+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D6wdJgejlQzYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: Cite has empty unknown parameter: <code class="cs1-code">|chapterurl=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#param_unknown_empty" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Medical_toxicology-58">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Medical_toxicology_58-0">58.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medical_toxicology_58-1">58.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFDart2003" class="citation book cs1">Dart, Richard C. (1 Desemba 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=qDf3AO8nILoC">Medical Toxicology</a> (tol. la 3rd). USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ku. 139–140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-7817-2845-4" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-7817-2845-4"><bdi>978-0-7817-2845-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+Toxicology&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=139-140&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2003-12-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-2845-4&rft.aulast=Dart&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DqDf3AO8nILoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFIdemudia_SO,_Bhadra_S,_Lal_H1989" class="citation journal cs1">Idemudia SO, Bhadra S, Lal H (1989). "The pentylenetetrazol-like interoceptive stimulus produced by ethanol withdrawal is potentiated by bicuculline and picrotoxinin". Neuropsychopharmacology. 2 (2): 115–22. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0893-133X%2889%2990014-6">10.1016/0893-133X(89)90014-6</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0893-133X">0893-133X</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2742726">2742726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuropsychopharmacology&rft.atitle=The+pentylenetetrazol-like+interoceptive+stimulus+produced+by+ethanol+withdrawal+is+potentiated+by+bicuculline+and+picrotoxinin&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=115-22&rft.date=1989&rft.issn=0893-133X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2742726&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0893-133X%2889%2990014-6&rft.au=Idemudia+SO%2C+Bhadra+S%2C+Lal+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFChastain,_G2006" class="citation journal cs1">Chastain, G (Oktoba 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-general-psychology_2006-10_133_4/page/329">"Alcohol, neurotransmitter systems, and behavior"</a>. The Journal of general psychology. 133 (4): 329–35. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3200%2FGENP.133.4.329-335">10.3200/GENP.133.4.329-335</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1309">0022-1309</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17128954">17128954</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+general+psychology&rft.atitle=Alcohol%2C+neurotransmitter+systems%2C+and+behavior.&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=329-35&rft.date=2006-10&rft.issn=0022-1309&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17128954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3200%2FGENP.133.4.329-335&rft.au=Chastain%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-general-psychology_2006-10_133_4%2Fpage%2F329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFMartinotti_GNicolaReinaAndreoli2008" class="citation journal cs1">Martinotti G; Nicola, MD; Reina, D; Andreoli, S; Focà, F; Cunniff, A; Tonioni, F; Bria, P; Janiri, L (2008). "Alcohol protracted withdrawal syndrome: the role of anhedonia". Subst Use Misuse. 43 (3–4): 271–84. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10826080701202429">10.1080/10826080701202429</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1082-6084">1082-6084</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18365930">18365930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Subst+Use+Misuse&rft.atitle=Alcohol+protracted+withdrawal+syndrome%3A+the+role+of+anhedonia&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=271-84&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=1082-6084&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18365930&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10826080701202429&rft.au=Martinotti+G&rft.au=Nicola%2C+MD&rft.au=Reina%2C+D&rft.au=Andreoli%2C+S&rft.au=Foc%C3%A0%2C+F&rft.au=Cunniff%2C+A&rft.au=Tonioni%2C+F&rft.au=Bria%2C+P&rft.au=Janiri%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFStojek_AMadejskiDedelisJanicki1990" class="citation journal cs1">Stojek A; Madejski, J; Dedelis, E; Janicki, K (1990). "[Correction of the symptoms of late substance withdrawal syndrome by intra-conjunctival administration of 5% homatropine solution (preliminary report)]". Psychiatr Pol. 24 (3): 195–201. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0033-2674">0033-2674</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2084727">2084727</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychiatr+Pol&rft.atitle=%5BCorrection+of+the+symptoms+of+late+substance+withdrawal+syndrome+by+intra-conjunctival+administration+of+5%25+homatropine+solution+%28preliminary+report%29%5D&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=195-201&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2084727&rft.issn=0033-2674&rft.au=Stojek+A&rft.au=Madejski%2C+J&rft.au=Dedelis%2C+E&rft.au=Janicki%2C+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFLe_Bon_OMurphyStanerHoffmann2003" class="citation journal cs1">Le Bon O; Murphy, JR; Staner, L; Hoffmann, G; Kormoss, N; Kentos, M; Dupont, P; Lion, K; Pelc, I (2003). "Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of trazodone in alcohol post-withdrawal syndrome: polysomnographic and clinical evaluations". J Clin Psychopharmacol. 23 (4): 377–83. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.jcp.0000085411.08426.d3">10.1097/01.jcp.0000085411.08426.d3</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0271-0749">0271-0749</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12920414">12920414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Clin+Psychopharmacol&rft.atitle=Double-blind%2C+placebo-controlled+study+of+the+efficacy+of+trazodone+in+alcohol+post-withdrawal+syndrome%3A+polysomnographic+and+clinical+evaluations&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=377-83&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0271-0749&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12920414&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.jcp.0000085411.08426.d3&rft.au=Le+Bon+O&rft.au=Murphy%2C+JR&rft.au=Staner%2C+L&rft.au=Hoffmann%2C+G&rft.au=Kormoss%2C+N&rft.au=Kentos%2C+M&rft.au=Dupont%2C+P&rft.au=Lion%2C+K&rft.au=Pelc%2C+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFSanna,_EMostallino,_McBusonero,_FTalani,_G2003" class="citation journal cs1">Sanna, E; Mostallino, Mc; Busonero, F; Talani, G; Tranquilli, S; Mameli, M; Spiga, S; Follesa, P; Biggio, G (17 Desemba 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/full/23/37/11711">"Changes in GABA(A) receptor gene expression associated with selective alterations in receptor function and pharmacology after ethanol withdrawal"</a>. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 23 (37): 11711–24. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0270-6474">0270-6474</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14684873">14684873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+neuroscience+%3A+the+official+journal+of+the+Society+for+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Changes+in+GABA%28A%29+receptor+gene+expression+associated+with+selective+alterations+in+receptor+function+and+pharmacology+after+ethanol+withdrawal&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=37&rft.pages=11711-24&rft.date=2003-12-17&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14684873&rft.issn=0270-6474&rft.au=Sanna%2C+E&rft.au=Mostallino%2C+Mc&rft.au=Busonero%2C+F&rft.au=Talani%2C+G&rft.au=Tranquilli%2C+S&rft.au=Mameli%2C+M&rft.au=Spiga%2C+S&rft.au=Follesa%2C+P&rft.au=Biggio%2C+G&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jneurosci.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F23%2F37%2F11711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFIdemudia_SO,_Bhadra_S,_Lal_H1989" class="citation journal cs1">Idemudia SO, Bhadra S, Lal H (1989). "The pentylenetetrazol-like interoceptive stimulus produced by ethanol withdrawal is potentiated by bicuculline and picrotoxinin". Neuropsychopharmacology. 2 (2): 115–22. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0893-133X%2889%2990014-6">10.1016/0893-133X(89)90014-6</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2742726">2742726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuropsychopharmacology&rft.atitle=The+pentylenetetrazol-like+interoceptive+stimulus+produced+by+ethanol+withdrawal+is+potentiated+by+bicuculline+and+picrotoxinin&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=115-22&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0893-133X%2889%2990014-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2742726&rft.au=Idemudia+SO%2C+Bhadra+S%2C+Lal+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Enoch-2006-66">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Enoch-2006_66-0">66.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enoch-2006_66-1">66.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enoch-2006_66-2">66.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enoch-2006_66-3">66.3</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFEnoch2006" class="citation journal cs1">Enoch, MA. (2006). "Genetic and environmental influences on the development of alcoholism: resilience vs. risk". Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1094: 193–201. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1196%2Fannals.1376.019">10.1196/annals.1376.019</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17347351">17347351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ann+N+Y+Acad+Sci&rft.atitle=Genetic+and+environmental+influences+on+the+development+of+alcoholism%3A+resilience+vs.+risk.&rft.volume=1094&rft.pages=193-201&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1196%2Fannals.1376.019&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17347351&rft.aulast=Enoch&rft.aufirst=MA.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFBierutSchuckitHesselbrockReich2000" class="citation journal cs1">Bierut, LJ.; Schuckit, MA.; Hesselbrock, V.; Reich, T. (2000). "Co-occurring risk factors for alcohol dependence and habitual smoking". Alcohol Res Health. 24 (4): 233–41. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15986718">15986718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alcohol+Res+Health&rft.atitle=Co-occurring+risk+factors+for+alcohol+dependence+and+habitual+smoking.&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=233-41&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15986718&rft.aulast=Bierut&rft.aufirst=LJ.&rft.au=Schuckit%2C+MA.&rft.au=Hesselbrock%2C+V.&rft.au=Reich%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFAgrawalSartorLynskeyGrant2009" class="citation journal cs1">Agrawal, Arpana; Sartor, Carolyn E.; Lynskey, Michael T.; Grant, Julia D.; Pergadia, Michele L.; Grucza, Richard; Bucholz, Kathleen K.; Nelson, Elliot C.; Madden, Pamela A. F. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2883563">"Evidence for an Interaction Between Age at First Drink and Genetic Influences on DSM-IV Alcohol Dependence Symptoms"</a>. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 33 (12): 2047. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1530-0277.2009.01044.x">10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01044.x</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2883563">2883563</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19764935">19764935</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alcoholism%3A+Clinical+and+Experimental+Research&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+an+Interaction+Between+Age+at+First+Drink+and+Genetic+Influences+on+DSM-IV+Alcohol+Dependence+Symptoms&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2047&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2883563%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19764935&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1530-0277.2009.01044.x&rft.aulast=Agrawal&rft.aufirst=Arpana&rft.au=Sartor%2C+Carolyn+E.&rft.au=Lynskey%2C+Michael+T.&rft.au=Grant%2C+Julia+D.&rft.au=Pergadia%2C+Michele+L.&rft.au=Grucza%2C+Richard&rft.au=Bucholz%2C+Kathleen+K.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Elliot+C.&rft.au=Madden%2C+Pamela+A.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2883563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eattrfad-69">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-eattrfad_69-0">69.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eattrfad_69-1">69.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100213100208/http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/164576.php">"Early Age At First Drink May Modify Tween/Teen Risk For Alcohol Dependence"</a>. Medical News Today. 21 Septemba 2009. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/164576.php">chanzo</a> mnamo 2010-02-13. Iliwekwa mnamo 2010-10-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Age+At+First+Drink+May+Modify+Tween%2FTeen+Risk+For+Alcohol+Dependence&rft.pub=Medical+News+Today&rft.date=2009-09-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalnewstoday.com%2Farticles%2F164576.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_web" title="Kigezo:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwandt-2010-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Schwandt-2010_70-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFSchwandt2010" class="citation journal cs1">Schwandt, M.L. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_alcohol_2010-02_44_1/page/67">"Alcohol response and consumption in adolescent rhesus macaques"</a>. Alcohol. 44 (1): 67–80. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.alcohol.2009.09.034">10.1016/j.alcohol.2009.09.034</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2818103">2818103</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20113875">20113875</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alcohol&rft.atitle=Alcohol+response+and+consumption+in+adolescent+rhesus+macaques&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-80&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2818103%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20113875&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.alcohol.2009.09.034&rft.aulast=Schwandt&rft.aufirst=M.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_alcohol_2010-02_44_1%2Fpage%2F67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>); Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Crews-2009-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Crews-2009_71-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFCrewsBoettiger2009" class="citation journal cs1">Crews, FT.; Boettiger, CA. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2730661">"Impulsivity, frontal lobes and risk for addiction"</a>. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 93 (3): 237–47. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pbb.2009.04.018">10.1016/j.pbb.2009.04.018</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2730661">2730661</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19410598">19410598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmacol+Biochem+Behav&rft.atitle=Impulsivity%2C+frontal+lobes+and+risk+for+addiction.&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=237-47&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2730661%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19410598&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pbb.2009.04.018&rft.aulast=Crews&rft.aufirst=FT.&rft.au=Boettiger%2C+CA.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2730661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore-2007-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Moore-2007_72-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFMooreMontane-JaimeCarrEhlers2007" class="citation journal cs1">Moore, S.; Montane-Jaime, LK.; Carr, LG.; Ehlers, CL. (2007). "Variations in alcohol-metabolizing enzymes in people of East Indian and African descent from Trinidad and Tobago". Alcohol Res Health. 30 (1): 28–30. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17718398">17718398</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alcohol+Res+Health&rft.atitle=Variations+in+alcohol-metabolizing+enzymes+in+people+of+East+Indian+and+African+descent+from+Trinidad+and+Tobago.&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=28-30&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17718398&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Montane-Jaime%2C+LK.&rft.au=Carr%2C+LG.&rft.au=Ehlers%2C+CL.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eng-2007-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Eng-2007_73-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFEngLuczakWall2007" class="citation journal cs1">Eng, MY.; Luczak, SE.; Wall, TL. (2007). "ALDH2, ADH1B, and ADH1C genotypes in Asians: a literature review". Alcohol Res Health. 30 (1): 22–7. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17718397">17718397</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alcohol+Res+Health&rft.atitle=ALDH2%2C+ADH1B%2C+and+ADH1C+genotypes+in+Asians%3A+a+literature+review.&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-7&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17718397&rft.aulast=Eng&rft.aufirst=MY.&rft.au=Luczak%2C+SE.&rft.au=Wall%2C+TL.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott-2007-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Scott-2007_74-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFScottTaylor2007" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, DM.; Taylor, RE. (2007). "Health-related effects of genetic variations of alcohol-metabolizing enzymes in African Americans". Alcohol Res Health. 30 (1): 18–21. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17718396">17718396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alcohol+Res+Health&rft.atitle=Health-related+effects+of+genetic+variations+of+alcohol-metabolizing+enzymes+in+African+Americans.&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18-21&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17718396&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=DM.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+RE.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ehlers-2007-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Ehlers-2007_75-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFEhlers2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ehlers, CL. (2007). "Variations in ADH and ALDH in Southwest California Indians". Alcohol Res Health. 30 (1): 14–7. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17718395">17718395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alcohol+Res+Health&rft.atitle=Variations+in+ADH+and+ALDH+in+Southwest+California+Indians.&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14-7&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17718395&rft.aulast=Ehlers&rft.aufirst=CL.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Szlemko-2006-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Szlemko-2006_76-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFSzlemkoWoodThurman2006" class="citation journal cs1">Szlemko, WJ.; Wood, JW.; Thurman, PJ. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-general-psychology_2006-10_133_4/page/435">"Native Americans and alcohol: past, present, and future"</a>. J Gen Psychol. 133 (4): 435–51. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3200%2FGENP.133.4.435-451">10.3200/GENP.133.4.435-451</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17128961">17128961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Gen+Psychol&rft.atitle=Native+Americans+and+alcohol%3A+past%2C+present%2C+and+future.&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=435-51&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3200%2FGENP.133.4.435-451&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17128961&rft.aulast=Szlemko&rft.aufirst=WJ.&rft.au=Wood%2C+JW.&rft.au=Thurman%2C+PJ.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-general-psychology_2006-10_133_4%2Fpage%2F435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Spillane-2007-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Spillane-2007_77-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFSpillaneSmith2007" class="citation journal cs1">Spillane, NS.; Smith, GT. 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JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association. 252 (14): 1905–7. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.252.14.1905">10.1001/jama.252.14.1905</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0098-7484">0098-7484</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6471323">6471323</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA+%3A+the+journal+of+the+American+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=Detecting+alcoholism.+The+CAGE+questionnaire&rft.volume=252&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=1905-7&rft.date=1984&rft.issn=0098-7484&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6471323&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.252.14.1905&rft.au=Ewing+JA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728175054/http://www.whoguidemhpcuk.org/downloads/primary_care/11-1_CAGE_questionnaire.pdf">"CAGE questionnaire – screen for alcohol misuse"</a> (PDF). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whoguidemhpcuk.org/downloads/primary_care/11-1_CAGE_questionnaire.pdf">chanzo</a> (PDF) mnamo 2011-07-28. Iliwekwa mnamo 2010-10-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CAGE+questionnaire+%E2%80%93+screen+for+alcohol+misuse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whoguidemhpcuk.org%2Fdownloads%2Fprimary_care%2F11-1_CAGE_questionnaire.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFDhallaKopec2007" class="citation journal cs1">Dhalla, S.; Kopec, JA. (2007). "The CAGE questionnaire for alcohol misuse: a review of reliability and validity studies". 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Iliwekwa mnamo 2010-10-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alcohol+Dependence+Data+Questionnaire+%28SADD%29&rft.pub=European+Monitoring+Centre+for+Drugs+and+Drug+Addiction&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Raistrick%2C+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emcdda.europa.eu%2Fhtml.cfm%2Findex3556EN.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_web" title="Kigezo:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>); Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060906123532/http://www.ncadd-sfv.org/symptoms/mast_test.html">"Michigan Alcohol Screening Test"</a>. The National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncadd-sfv.org/symptoms/mast_test.html">chanzo</a> mnamo 2006-09-06. Iliwekwa mnamo 2010-10-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michigan+Alcohol+Screening+Test&rft.pub=The+National+Council+on+Alcoholism+and+Drug+Dependence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncadd-sfv.org%2Fsymptoms%2Fmast_test.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas_F._Babor" class="citation web cs1">Thomas F. 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Iliwekwa mnamo 2010-10-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Alcohol+Use+Disorders+Identification+Test%2C+Guidelines+for+Use+in+Primary+Care&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.au=Thomas+F.+Babor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhqlibdoc.who.int%2Fhq%2F2001%2FWHO_MSD_MSB_01.6a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_web" title="Kigezo:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>); Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFSmithTouquetWrightDas_Gupta1996" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, SG; Touquet, R; Wright, S; Das Gupta, N (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1342761">"Detection of alcohol misusing patients in accident and emergency departments: the Paddington alcohol test (PAT)"</a>. Journal of Accident and Emergency Medicine. 13 (5). British Association for Accident and Emergency Medicine: 308–312. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Falcalc%2Fagh049">10.1093/alcalc/agh049</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1351-0622">1351-0622</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1342761">1342761</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8894853">8894853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Accident+and+Emergency+Medicine&rft.atitle=Detection+of+alcohol+misusing+patients+in+accident+and+emergency+departments%3A+the+Paddington+alcohol+test+%28PAT%29&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=308-312&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1342761%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1351-0622&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8894853&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Falcalc%2Fagh049&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=SG&rft.au=Touquet%2C+R&rft.au=Wright%2C+S&rft.au=Das+Gupta%2C+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1342761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|access-date=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#accessdate_missing_url" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>); Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Nurnberger-85">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Nurnberger_85-0">85.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nurnberger_85-1">85.1</a> Nurnberger, Jr, John I., na Bierut, Laura Jean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&colID=1&articleID=5C303E5F-E7F2-99DF-315ADC8A107AE976">"Kubaini Mahusiano: Ulevi na Jeni zetu."</a> Scientific American, Apr 2007, Vol. 296, Kua 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a> [205] ^ New York Daily News (William Sherman) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/2006/02/12/2006-02-12_test_targets_addiction_gene.html">Jaribio Hulenga Jeni ya kulevya </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20200406113524/http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/2006/02/12/2006-02-12_test_targets_addiction_gene.html">Ilihifadhiwa</a> 6 Aprili 2020 kwenye <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.11 Februari 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFBerggren_U,_Fahlke_C,_Aronsson_E2006" class="citation journal cs1">Berggren U, Fahlke C, Aronsson E (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/41/5/479">"The taqI DRD2 A1 allele is associated with alcohol-dependence although its effect size is small"</a> (Free full text). Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). 41 (5): 479–85. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Falcalc%2Fagl043">10.1093/alcalc/agl043</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0735-0414">0735-0414</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16751215">16751215</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alcohol+and+alcoholism+%28Oxford%2C+Oxfordshire%29&rft.atitle=The+taqI+DRD2+A1+allele+is+associated+with+alcohol-dependence+although+its+effect+size+is+small&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=479-85&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0735-0414&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16751215&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Falcalc%2Fagl043&rft.au=Berggren+U%2C+Fahlke+C%2C+Aronsson+E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falcalc.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F41%2F5%2F479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFJones2006" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, AW. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_toxicological-reviews_2006_25_1/page/15">"Urine as a biological specimen for forensic analysis of alcohol and variability in the urine-to-blood relationship"</a>. Toxicol Rev. 25 (1): 15–35. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2165%2F00139709-200625010-00002">10.2165/00139709-200625010-00002</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16856767">16856767</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toxicol+Rev&rft.atitle=Urine+as+a+biological+specimen+for+forensic+analysis+of+alcohol+and+variability+in+the+urine-to-blood+relationship.&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-35&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2165%2F00139709-200625010-00002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16856767&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=AW.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_toxicological-reviews_2006_25_1%2Fpage%2F15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFDasDhanyaVasudevan2008" class="citation journal cs1">Das, SK.; Dhanya, L.; Vasudevan, DM. (2008). "Biomarkers of alcoholism: an updated review". Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 68 (2): 81–92. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00365510701532662">10.1080/00365510701532662</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17852805">17852805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scand+J+Clin+Lab+Invest&rft.atitle=Biomarkers+of+alcoholism%3A+an+updated+review.&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=81-92&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00365510701532662&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17852805&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=SK.&rft.au=Dhanya%2C+L.&rft.au=Vasudevan%2C+DM.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-alchwho2010-90"><a href="#cite_ref-alchwho2010_90-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organisation2010" class="citation web cs1">World Health Organisation (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/topics/alcohol_drinking/en/">"Alcohol"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alcohol&rft.date=2010&rft.au=World+Health+Organisation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Ftopics%2Falcohol_drinking%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-apitwhoer-91"><a href="#cite_ref-apitwhoer_91-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100123105252/http://www.euro.who.int/document/mediacentre/fs1005e.pdf">"Alcohol policy in the WHO European Region: current status and the way forward"</a> (PDF). World Health Organisation. 12 Septemba 2005. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euro.who.int/document/mediacentre/fs1005e.pdf">chanzo</a> (PDF) mnamo 2010-01-23. Iliwekwa mnamo 2010-10-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alcohol+policy+in+the+WHO+European+Region%3A+current+status+and+the+way+forward&rft.pub=World+Health+Organisation&rft.date=2005-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euro.who.int%2Fdocument%2Fmediacentre%2Ffs1005e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-acdacpovfa-92"><a href="#cite_ref-acdacpovfa_92-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFCrewsHeHodge2007" class="citation journal cs1">Crews, F.; He, J.; Hodge, C. (2007). "Adolescent cortical development: a critical period of vulnerability for addiction". Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 86 (2): 189–99. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pbb.2006.12.001">10.1016/j.pbb.2006.12.001</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17222895">17222895</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmacol+Biochem+Behav&rft.atitle=Adolescent+cortical+development%3A+a+critical+period+of+vulnerability+for+addiction.&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=189-99&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pbb.2006.12.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17222895&rft.aulast=Crews&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=He%2C+J.&rft.au=Hodge%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Gabbard-93">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Gabbard_93-0">93.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gabbard_93-1">93.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFGabbard2001" class="citation book cs1">Gabbard, Glen O. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=hLVrAAAAMAAJ">Treatments of psychiatric disorders</a> (tol. la 3). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-88048-910-2" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-88048-910-2"><bdi>978-0-88048-910-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treatments+of+psychiatric+disorders&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=American+Psychiatric+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-88048-910-2&rft.aulast=Gabbard&rft.aufirst=Glen+O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DhLVrAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DAWSON2005-94"><a href="#cite_ref-DAWSON2005_94-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFDawsonGrantStinsonChou2005" class="citation journal cs1">Dawson, Deborah A.; Grant, Bridget F.; Stinson, Frederick S.; Chou, Patricia S.; Huang, Boji; Ruan, W. Juni (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719104620/http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh29-2/131-142.htm">"Recovery from DSM-IV alcohol dependence: United States, 2001–2002"</a>. Addiction. 100 (3): 281. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1360-0443.2004.00964.x">10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00964.x</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15733237">15733237</a>. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh29-2/131-142.htm">chanzo</a> mnamo 2011-07-19. Iliwekwa mnamo 2010-10-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Addiction&rft.atitle=Recovery+from+DSM-IV+alcohol+dependence%3A+United+States%2C+2001%E2%80%932002&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=281&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1360-0443.2004.00964.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15733237&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Deborah+A.&rft.au=Grant%2C+Bridget+F.&rft.au=Stinson%2C+Frederick+S.&rft.au=Chou%2C+Patricia+S.&rft.au=Huang%2C+Boji&rft.au=Ruan%2C+W.+Juni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.niaaa.nih.gov%2Fpublications%2Farh29-2%2F131-142.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|dead-url=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-DAWSON2007-95"><a href="#cite_ref-DAWSON2007_95-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFDawsonGoldsteinGrant2007" class="citation journal cs1">Dawson, Deborah A.; Goldstein, Risë B.; Grant, Bridget F. (2007). "Rates and correlates of relapse among individuals in remission from DSM-IV alcohol dependence: a 3-year follow-up". Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 31 (12): 2036. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1530-0277.2007.00536.x">10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00536.x</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18034696">18034696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alcoholism%3A+Clinical+and+Experimental+Research&rft.atitle=Rates+and+correlates+of+relapse+among+individuals+in+remission+from+DSM-IV+alcohol+dependence%3A+a+3-year+follow-up&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2036&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1530-0277.2007.00536.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18034696&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Deborah+A.&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+Ris%C3%AB+B.&rft.au=Grant%2C+Bridget+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VAILLANT2003-96"><a href="#cite_ref-VAILLANT2003_96-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFVaillant2003" class="citation journal cs1">Vaillant, GE (2003). "A 60-year follow-up of alcoholic men". Addiction (Abingdon, England). 98 (8): 1043–51. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12873238">12873238</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Addiction+%28Abingdon%2C+England%29&rft.atitle=A+60-year+follow-up+of+alcoholic+men&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1043-51&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12873238&rft.aulast=Vaillant&rft.aufirst=GE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krampe-2006-97">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Krampe-2006_97-0">97.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krampe-2006_97-1">97.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFKrampe_H,_Stawicki_S,_Wagner_T2006" class="citation journal cs1">Krampe H, Stawicki S, Wagner T (2006). "Follow-up of 180 alcoholic patients for up to 7 years after outpatient treatment: impact of alcohol deterrents on outcome". Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research. 30 (1): 86–95. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1530-0277.2006.00013.x">10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00013.x</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0145-6008">0145-6008</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16433735">16433735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alcoholism%2C+clinical+and+experimental+research&rft.atitle=Follow-up+of+180+alcoholic+patients+for+up+to+7+years+after+outpatient+treatment%3A+impact+of+alcohol+deterrents+on+outcome&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=86-95&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0145-6008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16433735&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1530-0277.2006.00013.x&rft.au=Krampe+H%2C+Stawicki+S%2C+Wagner+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFOgborne2000" class="citation journal cs1">Ogborne, AC. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1232509">"Identifying and treating patients with alcohol-related problems"</a>. CMAJ. 162 (12): 1705–8. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1232509">1232509</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10870503">10870503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CMAJ&rft.atitle=Identifying+and+treating+patients+with+alcohol-related+problems.&rft.volume=162&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1705-8&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1232509%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10870503&rft.aulast=Ogborne&rft.aufirst=AC.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1232509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFSoykaRösner2008" class="citation journal cs1">Soyka, M.; Rösner, S. 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Curr Drug Abuse Rev. 1 (3): 280–91. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19630726">19630726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Curr+Drug+Abuse+Rev&rft.atitle=Opioid+antagonists+for+pharmacological+treatment+of+alcohol+dependence+%E2%80%93+a+critical+review.&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=280-91&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19630726&rft.aulast=Soyka&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=R%C3%B6sner%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a> [243] ^ Hataza ya Marekani No. 4,882,335 (iliyotolewa 21 Novemba 1989), inapatikana kwa: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u">http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20210126205602/http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u">Ilihifadhiwa</a> 26 Januari 2021 kwenye <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. =% 2Fnetahtml% 2FPTO% 2Fsrchnum.htm & r = 1 & f = G & l. & OS = 50 & s1 = 4882335.PN = PN/4882335 & RS = PN/4882335 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFMasonHeyser2010" class="citation journal cs1">Mason, BJ.; Heyser, CJ. (2010). "The neurobiology, clinical efficacy and safety of acamprosate in the treatment of alcohol dependence". Expert Opin Drug Saf. 9 (1): 177–88. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1517%2F14740330903512943">10.1517/14740330903512943</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20021295">20021295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expert+Opin+Drug+Saf&rft.atitle=The+neurobiology%2C+clinical+efficacy+and+safety+of+acamprosate+in+the+treatment+of+alcohol+dependence.&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=177-88&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1517%2F14740330903512943&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20021295&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=BJ.&rft.au=Heyser%2C+CJ.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFOlmsted_CL,_Kockler_DR2008" class="citation journal cs1">Olmsted CL, Kockler DR (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-pharmacotherapy_2008-10_42_10/page/1475">"Topiramate for alcohol dependence"</a>. Ann Pharmacother. 42 (10): 1475–80. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1345%2Faph.1L157">10.1345/aph.1L157</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1060-0280">1060-0280</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18698008">18698008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ann+Pharmacother&rft.atitle=Topiramate+for+alcohol+dependence&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1475-80&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=1060-0280&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18698008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1345%2Faph.1L157&rft.au=Olmsted+CL%2C+Kockler+DR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_annals-of-pharmacotherapy_2008-10_42_10%2Fpage%2F1475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFKennaLomastroSchieslLeggio2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kenna, GA.; Lomastro, TL.; Schiesl, A.; Leggio, L.; Swift, RM. (2009). "Review of topiramate: an antiepileptic for the treatment of alcohol dependence". Curr Drug Abuse Rev. 2 (2): 135–42. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19630744">19630744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Curr+Drug+Abuse+Rev&rft.atitle=Review+of+topiramate%3A+an+antiepileptic+for+the+treatment+of+alcohol+dependence.&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=135-42&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19630744&rft.aulast=Kenna&rft.aufirst=GA.&rft.au=Lomastro%2C+TL.&rft.au=Schiesl%2C+A.&rft.au=Leggio%2C+L.&rft.au=Swift%2C+RM.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFLindsayPowell1998" class="citation book cs1">Lindsay, S.J.E.; Powell, Graham E., whr. (28 Julai 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=a6A9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA380">The Handbook of Clinical Adult Psychology</a> (tol. la 2nd). Routledge. uk. 402. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-415-07215-1" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-415-07215-1"><bdi>978-0-415-07215-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Clinical+Adult+Psychology&rft.pages=402&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998-07-28&rft.isbn=978-0-415-07215-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Da6A9AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: Cite has empty unknown parameter: <code class="cs1-code">|chapterurl=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#param_unknown_empty" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFGitlow2006" class="citation book cs1">Gitlow, Stuart (1 Oktoba 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=rbrSdWVerBUC">Substance Use Disorders: A Practical Guide</a> (tol. la 2nd). USA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. ku. 52 and 103–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-7817-6998-3" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-7817-6998-3"><bdi>978-0-7817-6998-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Substance+Use+Disorders%3A+A+Practical+Guide&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=52+and+103-121&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+and+Wilkins&rft.date=2006-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-6998-3&rft.aulast=Gitlow&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DrbrSdWVerBUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFKushner_MG,_Abrams_K,_Borchardt_C2000" class="citation journal cs1">Kushner MG, Abrams K, Borchardt C (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0272-7358(99)00027-6">"The relationship between anxiety disorders and alcohol use disorders: a review of major perspectives and findings"</a>. Clin Psychol Rev. 20 (2): 149–71. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0272-7358%2899%2900027-6">10.1016/S0272-7358(99)00027-6</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10721495">10721495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clin+Psychol+Rev&rft.atitle=The+relationship+between+anxiety+disorders+and+alcohol+use+disorders%3A+a+review+of+major+perspectives+and+findings&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=149-71&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0272-7358%2899%2900027-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10721495&rft.au=Kushner+MG%2C+Abrams+K%2C+Borchardt+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0272-7358%2899%2900027-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFPoulos_CX,_Zack_M2004" class="citation journal cs1">Poulos CX, Zack M (2004). "Low-dose diazepam primes motivation for alcohol and alcohol-related semantic networks in problem drinkers". Behav Pharmacol. 15 (7): 503–12. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00008877-200411000-00006">10.1097/00008877-200411000-00006</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0955-8810">0955-8810</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15472572">15472572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behav+Pharmacol&rft.atitle=Low-dose+diazepam+primes+motivation+for+alcohol+and+alcohol-related+semantic+networks+in+problem+drinkers&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=503-12&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=0955-8810&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15472572&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00008877-200411000-00006&rft.au=Poulos+CX%2C+Zack+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-cosu-108">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-cosu_108-0">108.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cosu_108-1">108.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061102085849/http://www.strategy.gov.uk/downloads/files/econ.pdf">"Alcohol misuse: How much does it cost?"</a> (PDF). Cabinet Office Strategy Unit. Septemba 2003. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strategy.gov.uk/downloads/files/econ.pdf">chanzo</a> (PDF) mnamo 2006-11-02. Iliwekwa mnamo 2010-10-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alcohol+misuse%3A+How+much+does+it+cost%3F&rft.pub=Cabinet+Office+Strategy+Unit&rft.date=2003-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.strategy.gov.uk%2Fdownloads%2Ffiles%2Fecon.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_web" title="Kigezo:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Cite has empty unknown parameter: <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#param_unknown_empty" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFHasin_D2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hasin D; na wenz. (2007). "Prevalence, Correlates, Disability, and Comorbidity of DSM-IV Alcohol Abuse and Dependence in the United States". Archives of General Psychiatry. 64 (7): 830. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchpsyc.64.7.830">10.1001/archpsyc.64.7.830</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17606817">17606817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+General+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Prevalence%2C+Correlates%2C+Disability%2C+and+Comorbidity+of+DSM-IV+Alcohol+Abuse+and+Dependence+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=830&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchpsyc.64.7.830&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17606817&rft.au=Hasin+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Explicit use of et al. in: <code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#explicit_et_al" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/13448/alcoholism">"alcoholism"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=alcoholism&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F13448%2Falcoholism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFDick_DM,_Bierut_LJ2006" class="citation journal cs1">Dick DM, Bierut LJ (2006). "The genetics of alcohol dependence". Current psychiatry reports. 8 (2): 151–7. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11920-006-0015-1">10.1007/s11920-006-0015-1</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1523-3812">1523-3812</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16539893">16539893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+psychiatry+reports&rft.atitle=The+genetics+of+alcohol+dependence&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=151-7&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=1523-3812&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16539893&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11920-006-0015-1&rft.au=Dick+DM%2C+Bierut+LJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-NIAAA2002-112"><a href="#cite_ref-NIAAA2002_112-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_National_Institute_on_Alcohol_Abuse_and_Alcoholism2005" class="citation web cs1">The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (18 Januari 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060818230335/http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jan2005/niaaa-18.htm">"2001–2002 Survey Finds That Many Recover From Alcoholism"</a>. National Institutes of Health. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jan2005/niaaa-18.htm">chanzo</a> mnamo 2006-08-18. Iliwekwa mnamo 2010-10-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2001%E2%80%932002+Survey+Finds+That+Many+Recover+From+Alcoholism&rft.pub=National+Institutes+of+Health&rft.date=2005-01-18&rft.au=The+National+Institute+on+Alcohol+Abuse+and+Alcoholism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nih.gov%2Fnews%2Fpr%2Fjan2005%2Fniaaa-18.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_web" title="Kigezo:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>); Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFVaillant_GE2003" class="citation journal cs1">Vaillant GE (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-addiction_2003-08_98_8/page/1043">"A 60-year follow-up of alcoholic men"</a>. Addiction. 98 (8): 1043–51. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1360-0443.2003.00422.x">10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00422.x</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0965-2140">0965-2140</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12873238">12873238</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Addiction.&rft.atitle=A+60-year+follow-up+of+alcoholic+men&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1043-51&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0965-2140&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12873238&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1360-0443.2003.00422.x&rft.au=Vaillant+GE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_british-journal-of-addiction_2003-08_98_8%2Fpage%2F1043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Zuskin-2006-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Zuskin-2006_114-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFZuskinJukićLipozencićMatosić2006" class="citation journal cs1">Zuskin, E.; Jukić, V.; Lipozencić, J.; Matosić, A.; Mustajbegović, J.; Turcić, N.; Poplasen-Orlovac, D.; Bubas, M.; Prohić, A. (2006). "[Alcoholism—how it affects health and working capacity]". Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 57 (4): 413–26. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17265681">17265681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arh+Hig+Rada+Toksikol&rft.atitle=%5BAlcoholism%E2%80%94how+it+affects+health+and+working+capacity%5D&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=413-26&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17265681&rft.aulast=Zuskin&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Juki%C4%87%2C+V.&rft.au=Lipozenci%C4%87%2C+J.&rft.au=Matosi%C4%87%2C+A.&rft.au=Mustajbegovi%C4%87%2C+J.&rft.au=Turci%C4%87%2C+N.&rft.au=Poplasen-Orlovac%2C+D.&rft.au=Bubas%2C+M.&rft.au=Prohi%C4%87%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-understanding_suicidal_behaviour_a02-115"><a href="#cite_ref-understanding_suicidal_behaviour_a02_115-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorSheehy2000" class="citation book cs1">O'Connor, Rory; Sheehy, Noel (29 Jan 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=79hEYGdDA3oC">Understanding suicidal behaviour</a>. Leicester: BPS Books. ku. 33–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-1-85433-290-5" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-1-85433-290-5"><bdi>978-1-85433-290-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+suicidal+behaviour&rft.place=Leicester&rft.pages=33-37&rft.pub=BPS+Books&rft.date=2000-01-29&rft.isbn=978-1-85433-290-5&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft.au=Sheehy%2C+Noel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D79hEYGdDA3oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Jamii:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid1932152-116"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid1932152_116-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFMillerMahlerGold1991" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, NS; Mahler; Gold (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-addictive-diseases_1991_10_3/page/49">"Suicide risk associated with drug and alcohol dependence"</a>. Journal of addictive diseases. 10 (3): 49–61. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ069v10n03_06">10.1300/J069v10n03_06</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1055-0887">1055-0887</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1932152">1932152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+addictive+diseases&rft.atitle=Suicide+risk+associated+with+drug+and+alcohol+dependence.&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=49-61&rft.date=1991&rft.issn=1055-0887&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1932152&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1300%2FJ069v10n03_06&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=NS&rft.au=Mahler&rft.au=Gold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-addictive-diseases_1991_10_3%2Fpage%2F49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: More than one of <code class="cs1-code">|author2=</code> na <code class="cs1-code">|last2=</code> specified (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#redundant_parameters" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>); More than one of <code class="cs1-code">|author3=</code> na <code class="cs1-code">|last3=</code> specified (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#redundant_parameters" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-soa2008-117"><a href="#cite_ref-soa2008_117-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFPotter2008" class="citation book cs1">Potter, James V. (14 Januari 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=WU73eJAIDI4C&pg=PA1">Substances of Abuse</a>. Juz. la 2. AFS Publishing Co. ku. 1–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-1-930327-46-7" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-1-930327-46-7"><bdi>978-1-930327-46-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Substances+of+Abuse&rft.pages=1-13&rft.pub=AFS+Publishing+Co&rft.date=2008-01-14&rft.isbn=978-1-930327-46-7&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=James+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DWU73eJAIDI4C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFJulie_Louise_Gerberding2005" class="citation web cs1">Julie Louise Gerberding (Mei 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/fasd/documents/FAS_guidelines_accessible.pdf">"Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Guidelines for Referral and Diagnosis"</a> (PDF). USA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fetal+Alcohol+Syndrome%3A+Guidelines+for+Referral+and+Diagnosis&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.date=2005-05&rft.au=Julie+Louise+Gerberding&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fncbddd%2Ffasd%2Fdocuments%2FFAS_guidelines_accessible.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_web" title="Kigezo:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFStreissguth1997" class="citation book cs1">Streissguth, Ann Pytkowicz (1 Septemba 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=kptHAAAAMAAJ">Fetal alcohol syndrome: a guide for families and communities</a>. Baltimore, MD, USA: Paul H Brookes Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-1-55766-283-5" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-1-55766-283-5"><bdi>978-1-55766-283-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fetal+alcohol+syndrome%3A+a+guide+for+families+and+communities&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD%2C+USA&rft.pub=Paul+H+Brookes+Pub.&rft.date=1997-09-01&rft.isbn=978-1-55766-283-5&rft.aulast=Streissguth&rft.aufirst=Ann+Pytkowicz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DkptHAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_status_report_2004_overview.pdf">"Global Status Report on Alcohol 2004"</a> (PDF). World Health Organization. Iliwekwa mnamo 3 Januari 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Status+Report+on+Alcohol+2004&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fsubstance_abuse%2Fpublications%2Fglobal_status_report_2004_overview.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/globalatlas/dataQuery/objectInterface.asp?objID=359&boCat=&p=null&lvl=0&catID=520700000000&level=2">"Economic cost of alcohol consumption"</a>. World Health Organization Global Alcohol Database. Iliwekwa mnamo 3 Januari 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Economic+cost+of+alcohol+consumption&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization+Global+Alcohol+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fglobalatlas%2FdataQuery%2FobjectInterface.asp%3FobjID%3D359%26boCat%3D%26p%3Dnull%26lvl%3D0%26catID%3D520700000000%26level%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/3122244.stm">"Q&A: The costs of alcohol"</a>. BBC. 19 Septemba 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Q%26A%3A+The+costs+of+alcohol&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2003-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fhealth%2F3122244.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finfacts.ie/Private/bestprice/alcoholdrinkconsumptionpriceseurope.htm">"World/Global Alcohol/Drink Consumption"</a>. Finfacts Ireland. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World%2FGlobal+Alcohol%2FDrink+Consumption&rft.pub=Finfacts+Ireland&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.finfacts.ie%2FPrivate%2Fbestprice%2Falcoholdrinkconsumptionpriceseurope.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFStivers2000" class="citation book cs1">Stivers, Richard (Mei 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=MH3aAAAAMAAJ">Hair of the dog: Irish drinking and its American stereotype</a>. New York: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-8264-1218-8" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-8264-1218-8"><bdi>978-0-8264-1218-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hair+of+the+dog%3A+Irish+drinking+and+its+American+stereotype&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2000-05&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1218-8&rft.aulast=Stivers&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DMH3aAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usomaji_ziada">Usomaji ziada</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Hariri sehemu: Usomaji ziada" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: Usomaji ziada">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> <div class="references-small" style="margin-left:1.5em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFGalanter2005" class="citation book cs1">Galanter, Marc (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/recentdevelopmen17gala">Alcohol Problems in Adolescents and Young Adults: Epidemiology, Neurobiology, Prevention, Treatment</a>. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-306-48625-3" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-306-48625-3"><bdi>0-306-48625-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=OCLC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OCLC (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/133155628%2056653179%2057724687%2071290784">133155628 56653179 57724687 71290784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alcohol+Problems+in+Adolescents+and+Young+Adults%3A+Epidemiology%2C+Neurobiology%2C+Prevention%2C+Treatment&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic%2FPlenum&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-306-48625-3&rft.aulast=Galanter&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frecentdevelopmen17gala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: Check <code class="cs1-code">|oclc=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#bad_oclc" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFHedblom2007" class="citation book cs1">Hedblom, Jack H. (2007). Last Call: Alcoholism and Recovery. Baltimore, MD: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johns_Hopkins_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johns Hopkins University Press (bado haujaandikwa)">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-8018-8677-5" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-8018-8677-5"><bdi>978-0-8018-8677-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=OCLC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OCLC (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/237901552%2077708730">237901552 77708730</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last+Call%3A+Alcoholism+and+Recovery&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8677-5&rft.aulast=Hedblom&rft.aufirst=Jack+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: Check <code class="cs1-code">|oclc=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#bad_oclc" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li>Taasisi ya Taifa ya Matumizi Mabaya ya Pombe na Ulevi. " <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/Social/Module2Etiology&NaturalHistory/Module2.html">Chanzo na Historia Asilia ya Ulevi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20181211133510/http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/Social/Module2Etiology%26NaturalHistory/Module2.html">Ilihifadhiwa</a> 11 Desemba 2018 kwenye <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. ".</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Farrell2006" class="citation book cs1">O'Farrell, Timothy J. and William Fals-Stewart (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/behavioralcouple0000ofar">Behavioral Couples Therapy for Alcoholism and Drug Abuse</a>. New York, NY: Guilford Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/1-59385-324-6" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/1-59385-324-6"><bdi>1-59385-324-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=OCLC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OCLC (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/64336035">64336035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behavioral+Couples+Therapy+for+Alcoholism+and+Drug+Abuse&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Guilford+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F64336035&rft.isbn=1-59385-324-6&rft.aulast=O%27Farrell&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.+and+William+Fals-Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbehavioralcouple0000ofar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Pence, Gregory, "Kant kuhusu Iwapo Ulevi ni Ugonjwa," Sura ya 2, Elementi za Adili za Kibayolojia , McGraw-Hill Books, 2007 <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0073132772" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-07-313277-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFPlant2006" class="citation book cs1">Plant, Martin A. and Moira Plant (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bingebritainalco0000plan">Binge Britain: Alcohol and the National Response</a>. Oxford, UK; New York, NY: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-19-929940-4" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-19-929940-4"><bdi>0-19-929940-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=OCLC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OCLC (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/238809013%2064554668">238809013 64554668</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Binge+Britain%3A+Alcohol+and+the+National+Response&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK%3B+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-929940-4&rft.aulast=Plant&rft.aufirst=Martin+A.+and+Moira+Plant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbingebritainalco0000plan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: Check <code class="cs1-code">|oclc=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#bad_oclc" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>); Cite has empty unknown parameter: <code class="cs1-code">|chapterurl=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#param_unknown_empty" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFSmart2007" class="citation book cs1">Smart, Lesley (2007). Alcohol and Human Health. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-19-923735-7" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-19-923735-7"><bdi>978-0-19-923735-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=OCLC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OCLC (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/163616466">163616466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alcohol+and+Human+Health&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F163616466&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923735-7&rft.aulast=Smart&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650" /><cite id="CITEREFSutton2007" class="citation book cs1">Sutton, Philip M. (2007). "Alcoholism and Drug Abuse". Katika Michael L. Coulter, Stephen M. Krason, Richard S. Myers, and Joseph A. Varacalli (mhr.). Encyclopedia of Catholic Social Thought, Social Science, and Social Policy. Lanham, MD; Toronto, Canada; Plymouth, UK: Scarecrow Press. ku. 22–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-8108-5906-7" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/978-0-8108-5906-7"><bdi>978-0-8108-5906-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alcoholism+and+Drug+Abuse&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Catholic+Social+Thought%2C+Social+Science%2C+and+Social+Policy&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD%3B+Toronto%2C+Canada%3B+Plymouth%2C+UK&rft.pages=22-24&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5906-7&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Philip+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AUlevi" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: Cite has empty unknown parameter: <code class="cs1-code">|chapterurl=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Msaada:CS1_errors#param_unknown_empty" title="Msaada:CS1 errors">help</a>)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_editors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>)</li> <li>Thompson, Warren, MD, FACP. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic98.htm">Ulevi</a>. " Emedicine.com, 6 Juni 2007. Ilinakiliwa 2007/09/02.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viungo_vya_nje">Viungo vya nje</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Hariri sehemu: Viungo vya nje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">hariri</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulevi&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: Viungo vya nje">hariri chanzo</a>]</div> <table class="infobox sisterproject" style="width:235px; line-height:2.25em; font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr style="line-height:1.3em;"> <th colspan="2" align="center">Jua habari zaidi kuhusu Ulevi kwa kutafuta kupitia mradi wa Wikipedia Sister </th></tr> <tr> <th width="37px"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/25px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/50px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a> </th> <td><a href="https://sw.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ulevi" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Ulevi">Uchambuzi wa kamusi</a> kutoka <a href="https://sw.wiktionary.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="wikt:Main Page">Wikamusi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Faili:Wikibooks-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a> </th> <td><a href="https://sw.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ulevi" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Ulevi">Vitabu</a> kutoka <a href="https://sw.wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="b:Main Page">Wikitabu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Faili:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a> </th> <td><a href="https://sw.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ulevi" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Ulevi">Dondoo</a> kutoka <a href="https://sw.wikiquote.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="q:Main Page">Wikidondoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Faili:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> </th> <td><a href="https://sw.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ulevi" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Ulevi">Matini za vyanzo</a> kutoka <a href="https://sw.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="s:Main Page">Wikichanzo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Faili:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> </th> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ulevi" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Ulevi">Picha na media</a> kutoka <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="commons:Main Page">Commons</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Faili:Wikinews-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a> </th> <td><a href="https://sw.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ulevi" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Ulevi">Habari</a> kutoka <a href="https://sw.wikinews.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="n:Main Page">Wikihabari</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Faili:Wikiversity-logo-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/27px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/41px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/54px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="900" /></a> </th> <td><a 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