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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Biology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Building_and_structural_monitoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_and_structural_monitoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Building and structural monitoring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building_and_structural_monitoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Medical applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Navigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volcanology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volcanology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Volcanology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volcanology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumer_electronics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumer_electronics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Consumer electronics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumer_electronics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Motion_input" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motion_input"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.1</span> <span>Motion input</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motion_input-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sound_recording" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_recording"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.2</span> <span>Sound recording</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound_recording-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orientation_sensing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orientation_sensing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.3</span> <span>Orientation sensing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orientation_sensing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image_stabilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_stabilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.4</span> <span>Image stabilization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_stabilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Device_integrity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Device_integrity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.5</span> <span>Device integrity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Device_integrity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gravimetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gravimetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Gravimetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gravimetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_accelerometer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_accelerometer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types of accelerometer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_accelerometer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploits_and_privacy_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploits_and_privacy_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Exploits and privacy concerns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploits_and_privacy_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Accelerometer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9" title="مقياس تسارع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مقياس تسارع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akselerometr" title="Akselerometr – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Akselerometr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Акселерометър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Акселерометър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjera%C4%8D_ubrzanja" title="Mjerač ubrzanja – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mjerač ubrzanja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceler%C3%B2metre" title="Acceleròmetre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Acceleròmetre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akcelerometr" title="Akcelerometr – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Akcelerometr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Accelerometer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beschleunigungssensor" title="Beschleunigungssensor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Beschleunigungssensor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiirendusandur" title="Kiirendusandur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kiirendusandur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceler%C3%B3metro" title="Acelerómetro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Acelerómetro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AC" title="شتاب‌سنج – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شتاب‌سنج" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acc%C3%A9l%C3%A9rom%C3%A8tre" title="Accéléromètre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Accéléromètre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%86%8D%EB%8F%84%EA%B3%84" title="가속도계 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가속도계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%BF%D6%80" title="Աքսելերոմետր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աքսելերոմետր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80" title="त्वरणमापी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="त्वरणमापी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akcelerometar" title="Akcelerometar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Akcelerometar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akselerometer" title="Akselerometer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Akselerometer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Accelerometer" title="I-Accelerometer – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Accelerometer" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerometro" title="Accelerometro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Accelerometro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93_%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%94" title="מד תאוצה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מד תאוצה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Акселерометр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Акселерометр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Акселерометр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Акселерометр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akselerometrs" title="Akselerometrs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Akselerometrs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akcelerometras" title="Akcelerometras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Akcelerometras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyorsul%C3%A1sm%C3%A9r%C5%91" title="Gyorsulásmérő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gyorsulásmérő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akselerometer" title="Akselerometer – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Akselerometer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versnellingsmeter" title="Versnellingsmeter – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Versnellingsmeter" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="प्रवेगमापक यन्त्र – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रवेगमापक यन्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6%E8%A8%88" title="加速度計 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="加速度計" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akselerometer" title="Akselerometer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Akselerometer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akselerometr" title="Akselerometr – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Akselerometr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przyspieszeniomierz" title="Przyspieszeniomierz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przyspieszeniomierz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceler%C3%B4metro" title="Acelerômetro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Acelerômetro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerometru" title="Accelerometru – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Accelerometru" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Акселерометр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Акселерометр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Accelerometer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akcelerometer" title="Akcelerometer – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Akcelerometer" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Акцелерометар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Акцелерометар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akcelerometar" title="Akcelerometar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Akcelerometar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiihtyvyysmittari" title="Kiihtyvyysmittari – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiihtyvyysmittari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Accelerometer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="முடுக்கமானி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முடுக்கமானி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0vme%C3%B6l%C3%A7er" title="İvmeölçer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İvmeölçer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Акселерометр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Акселерометр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1" title="ایکسلرومیٹر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایکسلرومیٹر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E8%A6%8F" title="加速規 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="加速規" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Device that measures proper acceleration</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>An <b>accelerometer</b> is a device that measures the <a href="/wiki/Proper_acceleration" title="Proper acceleration">proper acceleration</a> of an object.<sup id="cite_ref-Tinder_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tinder-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proper acceleration is the <a href="/wiki/Acceleration" title="Acceleration">acceleration</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Rate_of_change_(mathematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rate of change (mathematics)">rate of change</a> of <a href="/wiki/Velocity" title="Velocity">velocity</a>) of the object relative to an observer who is in <a href="/wiki/Free_fall" title="Free fall">free fall</a> (that is, relative to an <a href="/wiki/Inertial_frame_of_reference" title="Inertial frame of reference">inertial frame of reference</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Rindler_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rindler-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proper acceleration is different from coordinate acceleration, which is acceleration with respect to a given <a href="/wiki/Coordinate_system" title="Coordinate system">coordinate system</a>, which may or may not be accelerating. For example, an accelerometer at rest on the surface of the Earth will measure an <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_acceleration" title="Gravitational acceleration">acceleration due to Earth's gravity</a> straight upwards<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of about <a href="/wiki/Standard_gravity" title="Standard gravity"><i>g</i></a> ≈ 9.81 m/s<sup>2</sup>. By contrast, an accelerometer that is in <a href="/wiki/Free_fall" title="Free fall">free fall</a> will measure zero acceleration. </p><p>Accelerometers have many uses in industry, consumer products, and science. Highly sensitive accelerometers are used in <a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">inertial navigation systems</a> for aircraft and missiles. In <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned aerial vehicles">unmanned aerial vehicles</a>, accelerometers help to stabilize flight. Micromachined <a href="/wiki/Microelectromechanical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Microelectromechanical systems">micro-electromechanical systems</a> (MEMS) accelerometers are used in handheld electronic devices such as <a href="/wiki/Smartphones" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartphones">smartphones</a>, cameras and video-game controllers to <a href="/wiki/Positional_tracking" class="mw-redirect" title="Positional tracking">detect movement</a> and orientation of these devices. Vibration in industrial machinery is monitored by accelerometers. <a href="/wiki/Seismometer" title="Seismometer">Seismometers</a> are sensitive accelerometers for monitoring ground movement such as earthquakes. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acelerometro_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Acelerometro_1.JPG/220px-Acelerometro_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Acelerometro_1.JPG/330px-Acelerometro_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Acelerometro_1.JPG/440px-Acelerometro_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2226" data-file-height="2970" /></a><figcaption>An accelerometer</figcaption></figure> <p>When two or more accelerometers are coordinated with one another, they can measure differences in proper acceleration, particularly gravity, over their separation in space—that is, the gradient of the <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_field" title="Gravitational field">gravitational field</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gravity_gradiometry" title="Gravity gradiometry">Gravity gradiometry</a> is useful because absolute gravity is a weak effect and depends on the local density of the Earth, which is quite variable. </p><p>A single-axis accelerometer measures acceleration along a specified axis. A multi-axis accelerometer detects both the magnitude and the direction of the proper acceleration, as a <a href="/wiki/Euclidean_vector" title="Euclidean vector">vector</a> quantity, and is usually implemented as several single-axis accelerometers oriented along different axes. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_principles">Physical principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accelerometer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Physical principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An accelerometer measures <a href="/wiki/Proper_acceleration" title="Proper acceleration">proper acceleration</a>, which is the acceleration it experiences relative to freefall and is the acceleration felt by people and objects.<sup id="cite_ref-Rindler_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rindler-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Put another way, at any point in spacetime the <a href="/wiki/Equivalence_principle" title="Equivalence principle">equivalence principle</a> guarantees the existence of a local <a href="/wiki/Inertial_frame_of_reference" title="Inertial frame of reference">inertial frame</a>, and an accelerometer measures the acceleration relative to that frame.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such accelerations are popularly denoted <a href="/wiki/G-force" title="G-force">g-force</a>; i.e., in comparison to <a href="/wiki/Standard_gravity" title="Standard gravity">standard gravity</a>. </p><p>An accelerometer at rest relative to the Earth's surface will indicate approximately 1 g <i>upwards</i> because the Earth's surface exerts a normal force upwards relative to the local inertial frame (the frame of a freely falling object near the surface). To obtain the acceleration due to motion with respect to the Earth, this "gravity offset" must be subtracted and corrections made for effects caused by the Earth's rotation relative to the inertial frame. </p><p>The reason for the appearance of a gravitational offset is Einstein's <a href="/wiki/Equivalence_principle" title="Equivalence principle">equivalence principle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which states that the effects of gravity on an object are indistinguishable from acceleration. When held fixed in a gravitational field by, for example, applying a ground reaction force or an equivalent upward thrust, the reference frame for an accelerometer (its own casing) accelerates upwards with respect to a free-falling reference frame. The effects of this acceleration are indistinguishable from any other acceleration experienced by the instrument so that an accelerometer cannot detect the difference between sitting in a rocket on the launch pad, and being in the same rocket in deep space while it uses its engines to accelerate at 1 g. For similar reasons, an accelerometer will read <i>zero</i> during any type of <a href="/wiki/Free_fall" title="Free fall">free fall</a>. This includes use in a coasting spaceship in deep space far from any mass, a spaceship orbiting the Earth, an airplane in a parabolic "zero-g" arc, or any free-fall in a vacuum. Another example is free-fall at a sufficiently high altitude that atmospheric effects can be neglected. </p><p>However, this does not include a (non-free) fall in which air resistance produces drag forces that reduce the acceleration until constant <a href="/wiki/Terminal_velocity" title="Terminal velocity">terminal velocity</a> is reached. At terminal velocity, the accelerometer will indicate 1 g acceleration upwards. For the same reason a <a href="/wiki/Parachuting" title="Parachuting">skydiver</a>, upon reaching terminal velocity, does not feel as though he or she were in "free-fall", but rather experiences a feeling similar to being supported (at 1 g) on a "bed" of uprushing air. </p><p>Acceleration is quantified in the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI</a> unit <a href="/wiki/Metre_per_second_squared" title="Metre per second squared">metres per second per second</a> (m/s<sup>2</sup>), in the <a href="/wiki/Centimetre%E2%80%93gram%E2%80%93second_system_of_units" title="Centimetre–gram–second system of units">cgs</a> unit <a href="/wiki/Gal_(unit)" title="Gal (unit)">gal</a> (Gal), or popularly in terms of <a href="/wiki/Standard_gravity" title="Standard gravity">standard gravity</a> (<i>g</i>). </p><p>For the practical purpose of finding the acceleration of objects with respect to the Earth, such as for use in an <a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">inertial navigation system</a>, a knowledge of local gravity is required. This can be obtained either by calibrating the device at rest,<sup id="cite_ref-analog.com_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-analog.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or from a known model of gravity at the approximate current position. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accelerometer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Accelerometer" title="Special:EditPage/Accelerometer">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Accelerometer%22">"Accelerometer"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Accelerometer%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Accelerometer%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Accelerometer%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Accelerometer%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Accelerometer%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A basic mechanical accelerometer is a <a href="/wiki/Damping" title="Damping">damped</a> <a href="/wiki/Proof_mass" title="Proof mass">proof mass</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Spring_(device)" title="Spring (device)">spring</a>. When the accelerometer experiences an acceleration, <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_third_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Newton's third law">Newton's third law</a> causes the spring's compression to adjust to exert an equivalent force on the mass to counteract the acceleration. Since the spring's force scales linearly with amount of compression (according to <a href="/wiki/Hooke%27s_law" title="Hooke's law">Hooke's law</a>) and because the spring constant and mass are known constants, a measurement of the spring's compression is also a measurement of acceleration. The system is damped to prevent <a href="/wiki/Oscillation" title="Oscillation">oscillations</a> of the mass and spring interfering with measurements. However, the damping causes accelerometers to have a <a href="/wiki/Frequency_response" title="Frequency response">frequency response</a>. </p><p>Many animals have sensory organs to detect acceleration, especially gravity. In these, the proof mass is usually one or more crystals of calcium carbonate <a href="/wiki/Otolith" title="Otolith">otoliths</a> (Latin for "ear stone") or <a href="/wiki/Statoconia" class="mw-redirect" title="Statoconia">statoconia</a>, acting against a bed of hairs connected to neurons. The hairs form the springs, with the neurons as sensors. The damping is usually by a fluid. Many vertebrates, including humans, have these structures in their inner ears. Most invertebrates have similar organs, but not as part of their hearing organs. These are called <a href="/wiki/Statocysts" class="mw-redirect" title="Statocysts">statocysts</a>. </p><p>Mechanical accelerometers are often designed so that an electronic circuit senses a small amount of motion, then pushes on the proof mass with some type of <a href="/wiki/Linear_motor" title="Linear motor">linear motor</a> to keep the proof mass from moving far. The motor might be an <a href="/wiki/Electromagnet" title="Electromagnet">electromagnet</a> or in very small accelerometers, <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrostatic">electrostatic</a>. Since the circuit's electronic behavior can be carefully designed, and the proof mass does not move far, these designs can be very stable (i.e. they do not <a href="/wiki/Oscillate" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscillate">oscillate</a>), very linear with a controlled frequency response. (This is called <a href="/wiki/Servomechanism" title="Servomechanism">servo</a> mode design.) </p><p>In mechanical accelerometers, measurement is often electrical, <a href="/wiki/Piezoelectricity" title="Piezoelectricity">piezoelectric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piezoresistive_effect" title="Piezoresistive effect">piezoresistive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Capacitive_sensing" title="Capacitive sensing">capacitive</a>. <a href="/wiki/Piezoelectric_accelerometer" title="Piezoelectric accelerometer">Piezoelectric accelerometers</a> use piezoceramic sensors (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Lead_zirconate_titanate" title="Lead zirconate titanate">lead zirconate titanate</a>) or single crystals (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">tourmaline</a>). They are unmatched in high frequency measurements, low packaged weight, and resistance to high temperatures. Piezoresistive accelerometers resist shock (very high accelerations) better. Capacitive accelerometers typically use a silicon micro-machined sensing element. They measure low frequencies well. </p><p>Modern mechanical accelerometers are often small <i>micro-electro-mechanical systems</i> (<a href="/wiki/Microelectromechanical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Microelectromechanical systems">MEMS</a>), and are often very simple MEMS devices, consisting of little more than a <a href="/wiki/Cantilever" title="Cantilever">cantilever beam</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Proof_mass" title="Proof mass">proof mass</a> (also known as <i>seismic mass</i>). Damping results from the residual gas sealed in the device. As long as the <a href="/wiki/Q_factor" title="Q factor">Q-factor</a> is not too low, damping does not result in a lower sensitivity. </p><p>Under the influence of external accelerations, the proof mass deflects from its neutral position. This deflection is measured in an analog or digital manner. Most commonly, the capacitance between a set of fixed beams and a set of beams attached to the proof mass is measured. This method is simple, reliable, and inexpensive. Integrating <a href="/wiki/Piezoresistive_effect" title="Piezoresistive effect">piezoresistors</a> in the springs to detect spring deformation, and thus deflection, is a good alternative, although a few more process steps are needed during the fabrication sequence. For very high sensitivities <a href="/wiki/Quantum_tunnelling" title="Quantum tunnelling">quantum tunnelling</a> is also used; this requires a dedicated process making it very expensive. Optical measurement has been demonstrated in laboratory devices. </p><p>Another MEMS-based accelerometer is a thermal (or <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convective</a>) accelerometer.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contains a small heater in a very small dome. This heats the air or other fluid inside the dome. The thermal bubble acts as the <a href="/wiki/Proof_mass" title="Proof mass">proof mass</a>. An accompanying temperature sensor (like a <a href="/wiki/Thermistor" title="Thermistor">thermistor</a>; or <a href="/wiki/Thermopile" title="Thermopile">thermopile</a>) in the dome measures the temperature in one location of the dome. This measures the location of the heated bubble within the dome. When the dome is accelerated, the colder, higher density fluid pushes the heated bubble. The measured temperature changes. The temperature measurement is interpreted as acceleration. The fluid provides the damping. Gravity acting on the fluid provides the spring. Since the proof mass is very lightweight gas, and not held by a beam or lever, thermal accelerometers can survive high <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical shock">shocks</a>. Another variation uses a wire to both heat the gas and detect the change in temperature. The change of temperature changes the resistance of the wire. A two dimensional accelerometer can be economically constructed with one dome, one bubble and two measurement devices. </p><p>Most micromechanical accelerometers operate <i>in-plane</i>, that is, they are designed to be sensitive only to a direction in the plane of the <a href="/wiki/Die_(manufacturing)" title="Die (manufacturing)">die</a>. By integrating two devices perpendicularly on a single die a two-axis accelerometer can be made. By adding another <i>out-of-plane</i> device, three axes can be measured. Such a combination may have much lower misalignment error than three discrete models combined after packaging. </p><p>Micromechanical accelerometers are available in a wide variety of measuring ranges, reaching up to thousands of <i>g</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s. The designer must compromise between sensitivity and the maximum acceleration that can be measured. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accelerometer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engineering">Engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accelerometer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Accelerometers can be used to measure vehicle acceleration. Accelerometers can be used to measure <a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">vibration</a> on cars, machines, buildings, <a href="/wiki/Process_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Process control">process control</a> systems and safety installations. They can also be used to measure <a href="/wiki/Seismic_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic activity">seismic activity</a>, inclination, machine vibration, dynamic distance and speed with or without the influence of gravity. Applications for accelerometers that measure gravity, wherein an accelerometer is specifically configured for use in <a href="/wiki/Gravimetry" title="Gravimetry">gravimetry</a>, are called <a href="/wiki/Gravimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravimeter">gravimeters</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biology">Biology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accelerometer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Accelerometers are also increasingly used in the biological sciences. High frequency recordings of bi-axial<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or tri-axial acceleration<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allows the discrimination of behavioral patterns while animals are out of sight. Furthermore, recordings of acceleration allow researchers to quantify the rate at which an animal is expending energy in the wild, by either determination of limb-stroke frequency<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or measures such as overall dynamic body acceleration<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such approaches have mostly been adopted by marine scientists due to an inability to study animals in the wild using visual observations, however an increasing number of terrestrial biologists are adopting similar approaches. For example, accelerometers have been used to study flight energy expenditure of <a href="/wiki/Harris%27s_hawk" title="Harris's hawk">Harris's Hawk</a> (<i>Parabuteo unicinctus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers are also using smartphone accelerometers to collect and extract mechano-biological descriptors of resistance exercise.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasingly, researchers are deploying accelerometers with additional technology, such as cameras or microphones, to better understand animal behaviour in the wild (for example, hunting behaviour of <a href="/wiki/Canada_lynx" title="Canada lynx">Canada lynx</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accelerometer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Condition_monitoring" title="Condition monitoring">Condition monitoring</a></div> <p>Accelerometers are also used for machinery health monitoring to report the vibration and its changes in time of shafts at the bearings of rotating equipment such as turbines, <a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">pumps</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fans,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rollers,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">compressors</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-web._18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web._-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or bearing fault<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which, if not attended to promptly, can lead to costly repairs. Accelerometer vibration data allows the user to monitor machines and detect these faults before the rotating equipment fails completely. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Building_and_structural_monitoring">Building and structural monitoring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accelerometer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Building and structural monitoring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Accelerometer" title="Special:EditPage/Accelerometer">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Accelerometers are used to measure the motion and vibration of a structure that is exposed to dynamic loads. Dynamic loads originate from a variety of sources including: </p> <ul><li>Human activities – walking, running, dancing or skipping</li> <li>Working machines – inside a building or in the surrounding area</li> <li>Construction work – driving piles, demolition, drilling and excavating</li> <li>Moving loads on bridges</li> <li>Vehicle collisions</li> <li>Impact loads – falling debris</li> <li>Concussion loads – internal and external explosions</li> <li>Collapse of structural elements</li> <li>Wind loads and wind gusts</li> <li>Air blast pressure</li> <li>Loss of support because of ground failure</li> <li>Earthquakes and aftershocks</li></ul> <p>Under structural applications, measuring and recording how a structure dynamically responds to these inputs is critical for assessing the safety and viability of a structure. This type of monitoring is called Health Monitoring, which usually involves other types of instruments, such as displacement sensors -Potentiometers, LVDTs, etc.- deformation sensors -Strain Gauges, Extensometers-, load sensors -Load Cells, Piezo-Electric Sensors- among others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_applications">Medical applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accelerometer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Medical applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zoll's <a href="/wiki/Automated_external_defibrillator" title="Automated external defibrillator">AED</a> Plus uses CPR-D•padz which contain an accelerometer to measure the depth of CPR chest compressions. </p><p>Within the last several years, several companies have produced and marketed sports watches for runners that include <a href="/wiki/Inertial_footpod" title="Inertial footpod">footpods</a>, containing accelerometers to help determine the speed and distance for the runner wearing the unit. </p><p>In Belgium, accelerometer-based step counters are promoted by the government to encourage people to walk a few thousand steps each day. </p><p>Herman Digital Trainer uses accelerometers to measure strike force in physical training.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been suggested to build <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">football</a> helmets with accelerometers in order to measure the impact of head collisions.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Accelerometers have been used to <a href="/wiki/Gait_analysis" title="Gait analysis">calculate gait parameters</a>, such as stance and swing phase. This kind of sensor can be used to measure or monitor people.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navigation">Navigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accelerometer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Navigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">Inertial navigation system</a></div> <p>An inertial navigation system is a <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigation</a> aid that uses a computer and motion sensors (accelerometers) to continuously calculate via <a href="/wiki/Dead_reckoning" title="Dead reckoning">dead reckoning</a> the position, orientation, and <a href="/wiki/Velocity" title="Velocity">velocity</a> (direction and speed of movement) of a moving object without the need for external references. Other terms used to refer to inertial navigation systems or closely related devices include inertial guidance system, inertial reference platform, and many other variations. </p><p>An accelerometer alone is unsuitable to determine changes in altitude over distances where the vertical decrease of gravity is significant, such as for aircraft and rockets. In the presence of a gravitational gradient, the calibration and data reduction process is numerically unstable.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accelerometer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Accelerometers are used to detect <a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">apogee</a> in both professional<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in amateur<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rocketry. </p><p>Accelerometers are also being used in Intelligent Compaction rollers. Accelerometers are used alongside <a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscopes</a> in inertial navigation systems.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the most common uses for <a href="/wiki/Microelectromechanical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Microelectromechanical systems">MEMS</a> accelerometers is in <a href="/wiki/Airbag" title="Airbag">airbag</a> deployment systems for modern automobiles. In this case, the accelerometers are used to detect the rapid negative acceleration of the vehicle to determine when a collision has occurred and the severity of the collision. Another common automotive use is in <a href="/wiki/Electronic_stability_control" title="Electronic stability control">electronic stability control</a> systems, which use a lateral accelerometer to measure cornering forces. The widespread use of accelerometers in the automotive industry has <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">pushed their cost down</a> dramatically.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another automotive application is the monitoring of <a href="/wiki/Noise,_vibration,_and_harshness" title="Noise, vibration, and harshness">noise, vibration, and harshness</a> (NVH), conditions that cause discomfort for drivers and passengers and may also be indicators of mechanical faults. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tilting_train" title="Tilting train">Tilting trains</a> use accelerometers and gyroscopes to calculate the required tilt.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volcanology">Volcanology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accelerometer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Volcanology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern electronic accelerometers are used in remote sensing devices intended for the monitoring of active <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a> to detect the motion of <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumer_electronics">Consumer electronics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accelerometer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Consumer electronics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Accelerometers are increasingly being incorporated into personal electronic devices to detect the orientation of the device, for example, a display screen. </p><p>A <i>free-fall sensor</i> (FFS) is an accelerometer used to detect if a system has been dropped and is falling. It can then apply safety measures such as parking the head of a <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard disk">hard disk</a> to prevent a <a href="/wiki/Head_crash" title="Head crash">head crash</a> and resulting data loss upon impact. This device is included in the many common computer and consumer electronic products that are produced by a variety of manufacturers. It is also used in some <a href="/wiki/Data_logger" title="Data logger">data loggers</a> to monitor handling operations for <a href="/wiki/Shipping_container" title="Shipping container">shipping containers</a>. The length of time in free fall is used to calculate the height of drop and to estimate the shock to the package. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Motion_input">Motion input</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accelerometer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Motion input"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Motorola_Xoom_-_Kionix_KXTF9-1171.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Motorola_Xoom_-_Kionix_KXTF9-1171.jpg/220px-Motorola_Xoom_-_Kionix_KXTF9-1171.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Motorola_Xoom_-_Kionix_KXTF9-1171.jpg/330px-Motorola_Xoom_-_Kionix_KXTF9-1171.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Motorola_Xoom_-_Kionix_KXTF9-1171.jpg/440px-Motorola_Xoom_-_Kionix_KXTF9-1171.jpg 2x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="929" /></a><figcaption>Tri-axis Digital Accelerometer by <a href="/wiki/Kionix" title="Kionix">Kionix</a>, inside <a href="/wiki/Motorola_Xoom" title="Motorola Xoom">Motorola Xoom</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>, digital audio players and <a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">personal digital assistants</a> contain accelerometers for user interface control; often the accelerometer is used to present <a href="/wiki/Page_orientation" title="Page orientation">landscape or portrait views</a> of the device's screen, based on the way the device is being held. <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> has included an accelerometer in every generation of <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IPod_Touch" title="IPod Touch">iPod touch</a>, as well as in every <a href="/wiki/IPod_Nano" title="IPod Nano">iPod nano</a> since the 4th generation. Along with orientation view adjustment, accelerometers in mobile devices can also be used as <a href="/wiki/Pedometer" title="Pedometer">pedometers</a>, in conjunction with specialized <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">applications</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Automatic_Collision_Notification" title="Advanced Automatic Collision Notification">Automatic Collision Notification</a> (ACN) systems also use accelerometers in a system to call for help in event of a vehicle crash. Prominent ACN systems include <a href="/wiki/OnStar" title="OnStar">OnStar</a> AACN service, <a href="/wiki/Ford_Sync#911_Assist" title="Ford Sync">Ford Link's 911 Assist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safety_Connect" title="Safety Connect">Toyota's Safety Connect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lexus_Link" title="Lexus Link">Lexus Link</a>, or <a href="/wiki/BMW_Assist" title="BMW Assist">BMW Assist</a>. Many accelerometer-equipped smartphones also have ACN software available for download. ACN systems are activated by detecting crash-strength accelerations. </p><p>Accelerometers are used in vehicle <a href="/wiki/Electronic_stability_control" title="Electronic stability control">Electronic stability control</a> systems to measure the vehicle's actual movement. A computer compares the vehicle's actual movement to the driver's steering and throttle input. The stability control computer can selectively brake individual wheels and/or reduce engine power to minimize the difference between driver input and the vehicle's actual movement. This can help prevent the vehicle from spinning or rolling over. </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Pedometer" title="Pedometer">pedometers</a> use an accelerometer to more accurately measure the number of steps taken and distance traveled than a mechanical sensor can provide. </p><p>Nintendo's <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a> video game console uses a controller called a <a href="/wiki/Wii_Remote" title="Wii Remote">Wii Remote</a> that contains a three-axis accelerometer and was designed primarily for motion input. Users also have the option of buying an additional motion-sensitive attachment, the <a href="/wiki/Wii_Remote#Nunchuk" title="Wii Remote">Nunchuk</a>, so that motion input could be recorded from both of the user's hands independently. Is also used on the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_3DS" title="Nintendo 3DS">Nintendo 3DS</a> system. </p><p>Sleep phase <a href="/wiki/Alarm_clock" title="Alarm clock">alarm clocks</a> use accelerometric sensors to detect movement of a sleeper, so that it can wake the person when he/she is not in REM phase, in order to awaken the person more easily.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sound_recording">Sound recording</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accelerometer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sound recording"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A microphone or eardrum is a membrane that responds to oscillations in air pressure. These oscillations cause acceleration, so accelerometers can be used to record sound.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2012 study found that voices can be detected by smartphone accelerometers in 93% of typical daily situations.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversely, carefully designed sounds can cause accelerometers to report false data. One study tested 20 models of (MEMS) smartphone accelerometers and found that a majority were susceptible to this attack.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orientation_sensing">Orientation sensing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accelerometer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Orientation sensing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of 21st-century devices use accelerometers to align the screen depending on the direction the device is held (e.g., switching between <a href="/wiki/Page_orientation" title="Page orientation">portrait and landscape modes</a>). Such devices include many <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet PCs</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a>. The Amida <a href="/wiki/Simputer" title="Simputer">Simputer</a>, a handheld Linux device launched in 2004, was the first commercial handheld to have a built-in accelerometer. It incorporated many gesture-based interactions using this accelerometer, including page-turning, zoom-in and zoom-out of images, change of portrait to landscape mode, and many simple gesture-based games. </p><p>As of January 2009, almost all new mobile phones and digital cameras contain at least a <a href="/wiki/Tilt_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tilt sensor">tilt sensor</a> and sometimes an accelerometer for the purpose of auto image rotation, motion-sensitive mini-games, and correcting shake when taking photographs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Image_stabilization">Image stabilization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accelerometer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Image stabilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Camcorders use accelerometers for <a href="/wiki/Image_stabilization" title="Image stabilization">image stabilization</a>, either by moving optical elements to adjust the light path to the sensor to cancel out unintended motions or digitally shifting the image to smooth out detected motion. Some stills cameras use accelerometers for anti-blur capturing. The camera holds off capturing the image when the camera is moving. When the camera is still (if only for a millisecond, as could be the case for vibration), the image is captured. An example of the application of this technology is the Glogger VS2,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a phone application which runs on <a href="/wiki/Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a> based phones with accelerometers such as the <a href="/wiki/Nokia_N96" title="Nokia N96">Nokia N96</a>. Some digital cameras contain accelerometers to determine the orientation of the photo being taken and also for rotating the current picture when viewing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Device_integrity">Device integrity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accelerometer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Device integrity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Active_hard-drive_protection" title="Active hard-drive protection">Active hard-drive protection</a></div> <p>Many laptops feature an accelerometer which is used to detect drops. If a drop is detected, the heads of the <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disk</a> are parked to avoid data loss and possible head or disk damage by the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Shock_(mechanics)" title="Shock (mechanics)">shock</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gravimetry">Gravimetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accelerometer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Gravimetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gravimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravimeter">gravimeter</a></div> <p>A <b>gravimeter</b> or gravitometer, is an instrument used in <a href="/wiki/Gravimetry" title="Gravimetry">gravimetry</a> for measuring the local <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_field" title="Gravitational field">gravitational field</a>. A gravimeter is a type of accelerometer, except that accelerometers are susceptible to all <a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">vibrations</a> including <a href="/wiki/Noise" title="Noise">noise</a>, that cause oscillatory accelerations. This is counteracted in the gravimeter by integral vibration isolation and <a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">signal processing</a>. Though the essential principle of design is the same as in accelerometers, gravimeters are typically designed to be much more sensitive than accelerometers in order to measure very tiny changes within the <a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth" title="Gravity of Earth">Earth's gravity</a>, of 1 <i>g</i>. In contrast, other accelerometers are often designed to measure 1000 <i>g</i> or more, and many perform multi-axial measurements. The constraints on <a href="/wiki/Temporal_resolution" title="Temporal resolution">temporal resolution</a> are usually less for gravimeters, so that resolution can be increased by processing the output with a longer "time constant". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_accelerometer">Types of accelerometer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accelerometer&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Types of accelerometer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Bulk micromachined capacitive</li> <li>Bulk micromachined piezoelectric resistive</li> <li>Capacitive spring mass system base</li> <li>DC response</li> <li>Electromechanical <a href="/wiki/Servomechanism" title="Servomechanism">servo</a> (servo force balance)</li> <li>High gravity</li> <li>High temperature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_accelerometer" title="Laser accelerometer">Laser accelerometer</a></li> <li>Low frequency</li> <li>Magnetic induction</li> <li>Modally tuned impact hammers</li> <li>Null-balance</li> <li>Optical</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIGA_accelerometer" title="PIGA accelerometer">Pendulous integrating gyroscopic accelerometer</a> (PIGA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piezoelectric_accelerometer" title="Piezoelectric accelerometer">Piezoelectric accelerometer</a></li> <li>Quantum (rubidium atom cloud, laser cooled)</li> <li>Resonance</li> <li>Seat pad accelerometers</li> <li>Shear mode accelerometer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strain_gauge" title="Strain gauge">Strain gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_acoustic_wave" title="Surface acoustic wave">Surface acoustic wave</a> (SAW)</li> <li>Surface micromachined capacitive (<a href="/wiki/Microelectromechanical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Microelectromechanical systems">MEMS</a>)</li> <li>Thermal (submicrometre <a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a> process)</li> <li>Triaxial</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vacuum_tubes#DDR" title="List of vacuum tubes">Vacuum diode with flexible anode</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>potentiometric type</li> <li>LVDT type accelerometer</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exploits_and_privacy_concerns">Exploits and privacy concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accelerometer&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Exploits and privacy concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Accelerometer data, which can be accessed by third-party apps without user permission in many mobile devices,<sup id="cite_ref-BaiYin2017_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BaiYin2017-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been used to infer rich information about users based on the recorded motion patterns (e.g., driving behavior, level of intoxication, age, gender, touchscreen inputs, geographic location).<sup id="cite_ref-Kröger2019_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kröger2019-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If done without a user's knowledge or consent, this is referred to as an <a href="/wiki/Inference_attack" title="Inference attack">inference attack</a>. Additionally, millions of <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> could be vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Software_cracking" title="Software cracking">software cracking</a> via accelerometers.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accelerometer&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Accelerometers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Accelerometers">Accelerometers</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerograph" title="Accelerograph">Accelerograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom" title="Degrees of freedom">Degrees of freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-force" title="G-force">g-force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophone" title="Geophone">Geophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">Gyroscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclinometer" title="Inclinometer">Inclinometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_measurement_unit" title="Inertial measurement unit">Inertial measurement unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">Inertial navigation system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">Magnetometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismometer" title="Seismometer">Seismometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibration_calibrator" title="Vibration calibrator">Vibration calibrator</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accelerometer&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Tinder-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tinder_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTinder2007" class="citation book cs1">Tinder, Richard F. (2007). <i>Relativistic Flight Mechanics and Space Travel: A Primer for Students, Engineers and Scientists</i>. Morgan & Claypool Publishers. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59829-130-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59829-130-8"><bdi>978-1-59829-130-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relativistic+Flight+Mechanics+and+Space+Travel%3A+A+Primer+for+Students%2C+Engineers+and+Scientists&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Morgan+%26+Claypool+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59829-130-8&rft.aulast=Tinder&rft.aufirst=Richard+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccelerometer" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-uMRwLaNbC8C&pg=PA33">Extract of page 33</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rindler-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rindler_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rindler_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRindler2013" class="citation book cs1">Rindler, W. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WTfnBwAAQBAJ"><i>Essential Relativity: Special, General, and Cosmological</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Springer. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4757-1135-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4757-1135-6"><bdi>978-1-4757-1135-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Relativity%3A+Special%2C+General%2C+and+Cosmological&rft.pages=61&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4757-1135-6&rft.aulast=Rindler&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWTfnBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccelerometer" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WTfnBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61">Extract of page 61</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorke2017" class="citation book cs1">Corke, Peter (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d4EkDwAAQBAJ"><i>Robotics, Vision and Control: Fundamental Algorithms In MATLAB</i></a> (second, completely revised, extended and updated ed.). Springer. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-54413-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-54413-7"><bdi>978-3-319-54413-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robotics%2C+Vision+and+Control%3A+Fundamental+Algorithms+In+MATLAB&rft.pages=83&rft.edition=second%2C+completely+revised%2C+extended+and+updated&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-319-54413-7&rft.aulast=Corke&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd4EkDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccelerometer" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d4EkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA83">Extract of page 83</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinstein1920" class="citation book cs1">Einstein, Albert (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/173/20.html">"20"</a>. <i>Relativity: The Special and General Theory</i>. New York: Henry Holt. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58734-092-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58734-092-5"><bdi>978-1-58734-092-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=20&rft.btitle=Relativity%3A+The+Special+and+General+Theory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=1920&rft.isbn=978-1-58734-092-5&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F173%2F20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccelerometer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenrose2005" class="citation book cs1">Penrose, Roger (2005) [2004]. "17.4 The Principle of Equivalence". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roadtorealitycom00penr_0"><i>The Road to Reality</i></a></span>. New York: Knopf. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roadtorealitycom00penr_0/page/393">393–394</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-08578-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-08578-3"><bdi>978-0-470-08578-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=17.4+The+Principle+of+Equivalence&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Reality&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=393-394&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-470-08578-3&rft.aulast=Penrose&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froadtorealitycom00penr_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccelerometer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-analog.com-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-analog.com_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoscher" class="citation web cs1">Doscher, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081213001559/http://www.analog.com/en/technical-library/faqs/design-center/faqs/CU_faq_MEMs/resources/fca.html">"Accelerometer Design and Applications"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Analog_Devices" title="Analog Devices">Analog Devices</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Spectrum%3A+Technology%2C+Engineering%2C+and+Science+News&rft.atitle=Smartphone+Accelerometers+Can+Be+Fooled+by+Sound+Waves&rft.date=2017-03-17&rft.aulast=Nordrum&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fsmartphone-accelerometers-can-be-fooled-by-sound-waves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccelerometer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Accelerometer&oldid=1237701590">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Accelerometer&oldid=1237701590</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Accelerometers" title="Category:Accelerometers">Accelerometers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Acceleration" title="Category:Acceleration">Acceleration</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2022">Use dmy dates from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_April_2024" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2024">Articles needing additional references from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_November_2019" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2019">Articles needing additional references from November 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 31 July 2024, at 03:01<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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