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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Symbols of Europe</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D4%BD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Եւրոպայի Խորհրդանիշներ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Եւրոպայի Խորհրդանիշներ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avropan%C4%B1n_simvollar%C4%B1" title="Avropanın simvolları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avropanın simvolları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europ%C3%A6iske_symboler" title="Europæiske symboler – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Europæiske symboler" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CF%81%CF%89%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Ευρωπαϊκά σύμβολα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ευρωπαϊκά σύμβολα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADmbolos_de_Europa" title="Símbolos de Europa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Símbolos de Europa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%ADropaj_simboloj" title="Eŭropaj simboloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eŭropaj simboloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symboles_europ%C3%A9ens" title="Symboles européens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Symboles européens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%9F%BD%EC%9D%98_%EC%83%81%EC%A7%95" title="유럽의 상징 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유럽의 상징" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Եվրոպայի խորհրդանիշներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եվրոպայի խորհրդանիշներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolo_de_Europa" title="Symbolo de Europa – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Symbolo de Europa" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simboli_europei" title="Simboli europei – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Simboli europei" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%97%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99" title="סמלי האיחוד האירופי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סמלי האיחוד האירופי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%91%E3%81%AE%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AB" title="ヨーロッパのシンボル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヨーロッパのシンボル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbole_europejskie" title="Symbole europejskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Symbole europejskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B" title="Символы Европы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Символы Европы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbolet_e_Evrop%C3%ABs" title="Simbolet e Evropës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Simbolet e Evropës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropski_simboli" title="Evropski simboli – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Evropski simboli" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Символи Європи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Символи Європи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1123840#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about pan-European symbols. For a list of national coats of arms, see <a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Europe" title="Armorial of Europe">Armorial of Europe</a>. For a list of national flags, see <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Europe" title="Flags of Europe">Flags of Europe</a>. For symbols of the European Union, see <a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_European_Union" title="Symbols of the European Union">Symbols of the European Union</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Symbols_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Symbols of Europe">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Symbols+of+Europe%22">"Symbols of Europe"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Symbols+of+Europe%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Symbols+of+Europe%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Symbols+of+Europe%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Symbols+of+Europe%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Symbols+of+Europe%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> A number of symbols of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> have emerged since antiquity, notably the mythological figure of <i><a href="/wiki/Europa_(consort_of_Zeus)" title="Europa (consort of Zeus)">Europa</a></i>. </p><p>Several symbols were introduced in the 1950s and 1960s by the <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a>. The <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a> created additional symbols for itself in 1985, which was to become inherited by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) in 1993. Such <a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_European_Union" title="Symbols of the European Union">symbols of the European Union</a> now represent political positions in support of EU policies and <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a> as advocated by <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Europeans</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europa_and_the_bull"><span class="anchor" id="Europa"></span> Europa and the bull</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbols_of_Europe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Europa and the bull"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Europa_(consort_of_Zeus)" title="Europa (consort of Zeus)">Europa (consort of Zeus)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Kidnapping_of_Europa_Mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/The_Kidnapping_of_Europa_Mosaic.jpg/220px-The_Kidnapping_of_Europa_Mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/The_Kidnapping_of_Europa_Mosaic.jpg/330px-The_Kidnapping_of_Europa_Mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/The_Kidnapping_of_Europa_Mosaic.jpg/440px-The_Kidnapping_of_Europa_Mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="1889" /></a><figcaption>Europa <i><a href="/wiki/Velificatio" title="Velificatio">velificans</a></i>, "her fluttering tunic… in the breeze" (mosaic, <a href="/wiki/Zeugma_Mosaic_Museum" title="Zeugma Mosaic Museum">Zeugma Mosaic Museum</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_by_Fredericus_de_Wit_with_Europa_personification.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Map_by_Fredericus_de_Wit_with_Europa_personification.jpg/220px-Map_by_Fredericus_de_Wit_with_Europa_personification.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Map_by_Fredericus_de_Wit_with_Europa_personification.jpg/330px-Map_by_Fredericus_de_Wit_with_Europa_personification.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Map_by_Fredericus_de_Wit_with_Europa_personification.jpg/440px-Map_by_Fredericus_de_Wit_with_Europa_personification.jpg 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>Europa as a representation of Europe (<i>Nova et accurata totius Europæ descriptio</i> by <a href="/wiki/Frederik_de_Wit" title="Frederik de Wit">Fredericus de Wit</a>, 1700)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Union_residence_permit_emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/European_Union_residence_permit_emblem.svg/220px-European_Union_residence_permit_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/European_Union_residence_permit_emblem.svg/330px-European_Union_residence_permit_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/European_Union_residence_permit_emblem.svg/440px-European_Union_residence_permit_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>Symbol displayed on all EU and residence permits</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Europa</i> was used as a geographical term, for one of the great divisions of the <a href="/wiki/Ecumene" title="Ecumene">known world</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (in a reduced geographical scope, referring to parts of <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> or <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a>, also in the <a href="/wiki/Homeric_hymn" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeric hymn">Homeric hymn</a> to <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>). It became the geographical term for the landmass west of the <a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a> in the Roman-era geography by <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>. <i>Europa</i> first began to be used in a cultural sense, denoting the territory of <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian period">Carolingian period</a>. </p><p><i>Europa</i> is a feminine name, the name of a <a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">nymph</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, and in a legend first related by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, the name of a <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> noble-woman abducted by Greeks (in Herodotus' opinion, <a href="/wiki/Cretans" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretans">Cretans</a>). The classical legend of Europa being abducted not by Greek pirates but by <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> in the shape of a <a href="/wiki/Bull" title="Bull">bull</a> is told in <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i>. According to the account, Zeus took the guise of a tame white bull and mixed himself with the herds of Europa's father. While Europa and her female attendants were gathering flowers, she saw the bull, and got onto his back. Zeus took that opportunity and ran to the sea and swam, with her on his back, to the island of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>. There he revealed his true identity, and Europa became the first queen of Crete. Zeus gave her a necklace made by <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a> and three additional gifts: <a href="/wiki/Talos" title="Talos">Talos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laelaps_(mythology)" title="Laelaps (mythology)">Laelaps</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Pilum" title="Pilum">javelin</a> that never missed. Zeus later re-created the shape of the white bull in the stars, which is now known as the constellation <a href="/wiki/Taurus_(constellation)" title="Taurus (constellation)">Taurus</a>. </p><p>In addition to generally being a frequent motif in European art since <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman">Greco-Roman</a> times, the <a href="/wiki/Founding_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding myth">founding myth</a> of Europa and the bull has frequently been alluded to in relation to the continent and by the modern European Union, and can thus be considered not only a piece of <a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">toponymy</a>, but also as a symbol, or <a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">national personification</a> of Europe. For instance, statues of Europa and the bull are located outside several of the European Union's institutions, as well as on the <a href="/wiki/Greek_euro_coins" title="Greek euro coins">Greek €2 coin</a>. Europa's name appeared on postage stamps commemorating the Council of Europe, which were first issued in 1956.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Furthermore, the dome of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Espace_L%C3%A9opold#Paul-Henri_Spaak" title="Espace Léopold">Paul-Henri Spaak building</a> contains a large mosaic by <a href="/wiki/Aligi_Sassu" title="Aligi Sassu">Aligi Sassu</a> portraying the <a href="/wiki/Europa_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa (mythology)">abduction of Europa</a> with other elements of <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>. The bull is also in the top-left corner of the new design of the residence permit card of all European Union countries.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europa_regina">Europa regina</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbols_of_Europe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Europa regina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Europa_regina" title="Europa regina">Europa regina</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg/200px-Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg/300px-Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg/400px-Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="1450" /></a><figcaption><i>Europa regina</i> in <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster" title="Sebastian Münster">Sebastian Münster</a>'s "<i><a href="/wiki/Cosmographia_(Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster)" title="Cosmographia (Sebastian Münster)">Cosmographia</a></i>".</figcaption></figure> <p>Europa regina (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> for <i>Queen Europe</i>) is the <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartographic</a> depiction of the European continent as a queen.<sup id="cite_ref-Landwehr279_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landwehr279-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Werner_2009,_p._243_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werner_2009,_p._243-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Introduced and made popular during the <a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">mannerist</a> period, <i>Europa Regina</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">map</a>-like depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European continent</a> as a queen.<sup id="cite_ref-Landwehr279_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landwehr279-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Werner_2009,_p._243_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werner_2009,_p._243-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Made popular in the 16th century, the map shows Europe as a young and graceful woman wearing <a href="/wiki/Imperial_regalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial regalia">imperial regalia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> (<i>Hispania</i>) is the head, wearing a crown shaped like the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a> <a href="/wiki/Hoop_crown" title="Hoop crown">hoop crown</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>, forming the neck, separate the Iberian Peninsula from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gallia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallia">Gallia</a>), which makes up the upper chest. The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> and other territories) is the centre of the torso, with <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> (sometimes <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> in early depictions) being the heart of the woman (alternatively described as a medallion at her waist). Her long gown stretches to <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Muscovy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>. In her arms, formed by <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, she holds a <a href="/wiki/Sceptre" title="Sceptre">sceptre</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Globus_cruciger" title="Globus cruciger">orb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Werner244_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werner244-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most depictions, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> peninsula are partially shown,<sup id="cite_ref-Werner244_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werner244-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as are the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, in schematic form.<sup id="cite_ref-Werner244_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werner244-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first map to depict Europe in this manner was made by Johannes Bucius Aenicola (1516–1542) in 1537.<sup id="cite_ref-BennholdtThomsen22_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennholdtThomsen22-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Borgolte16_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borgolte16-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schmale244_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmale244-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though much about the origination and initial perception of this map is uncertain,<sup id="cite_ref-Schmale244_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmale244-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is known that Putsch maintained close relations with <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a> of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Schmale244_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmale244-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wendehorst63_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendehorst63-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that the map's popularity increased significantly during the second half of the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmale244_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmale244-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Europa Regina</i> was introduced in the 1530s by the Austrian cartographer Johannes Putsch, possibly with the intent of depicting Europe as the spouse of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a>, who aspired to become the universal monarch of Christendom and reigned over numerous realms including the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, Austrian lands, Burgundian territories, and the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Werner244_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werner244-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wendehorst63_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendehorst63-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arguments in favour of this hypothesis are the westward orientation of the map to have <i>Hispania</i> as the crowned head, said to resemble the face of Charles V's wife, <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Portugal">Isabella of Portugal</a>; the use of the Holy Roman Empire's <i>insignia</i> – its Carolingian crown, sceptre and orb – and the portrayal of Habsburg realms (Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, Germany) as the heart and centre of the body; the design of the gown, which resembles the contemporary dress code at the Habsburg court.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wendehorst63_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendehorst63-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Werner244_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werner244-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Werner245_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werner245-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in contemporary portraits of couples, <i>Europa regina</i> has her head turned to her right and also holds the orb with her right hand, which has been interpreted as facing and offering power to her imaginary husband, the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-Werner245_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werner245-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More general, Europe is shown as the <i><a href="/wiki/Res_publica_christiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Res publica christiana">res publica christiana</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Wendehorst63_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendehorst63-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the united <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> in medieval tradition,<sup id="cite_ref-Werner244_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werner244-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great</a><sup id="cite_ref-Landwehr279_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landwehr279-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or even dominant power in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Werner245_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werner245-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another allegory is the attribution of Europe as the <a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">paradise</a> by special placement of the water bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-Wendehorst63_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendehorst63-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As contemporary iconography depicted the paradise as a closed form, <i>Europa regina</i> is enclosed by seas and rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-Wendehorst63_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendehorst63-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> river is depicted in a way that it resembles the course of the biblical river flowing through the paradise, with its estuary formed by four arms.<sup id="cite_ref-Wendehorst63_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendehorst63-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That <i>Europa regina</i> is surrounded by water is also an allusion to the mythological Europa, who was abducted by Zeus and carried over the water.<sup id="cite_ref-Werner245_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werner245-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Europa regina</i> belongs to the Early Modern allegory of <i>Europa triumphans</i>, as opposed to <i>Europa deplorans</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pater_Europae">Pater Europae</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbols_of_Europe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pater Europae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Carolus Magnus</i>; <a href="/wiki/List_of_Frankish_kings" title="List of Frankish kings">King of the Franks</a> from 768; <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> c. 742 – 814), also known as Charles the Great, is considered the founder of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_monarchs" title="List of German monarchs">German</a> monarchies. Known as <i>Pater Europae</i> («Father of Europe»),<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he established <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">an empire</a> that represented the most expansive European unification since the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a> and brought about <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance" title="Carolingian Renaissance">a renaissance</a> that formed a pan-European identity whilst marking the end of <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Late Antiquity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was also a contemporary intellectual and cultural revival which profoundly marked the history of Western Europe. This gave Charlemagne a legendary standing that transcended his military accomplishments.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aachen_Domschatz_Bueste1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Aachen_Domschatz_Bueste1.jpg/170px-Aachen_Domschatz_Bueste1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Aachen_Domschatz_Bueste1.jpg/255px-Aachen_Domschatz_Bueste1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Aachen_Domschatz_Bueste1.jpg/340px-Aachen_Domschatz_Bueste1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2443" data-file-height="3564" /></a><figcaption>Reliquary, golden bust of Charlemagne wearing the Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire in <a href="/wiki/Aachen_Cathedral" title="Aachen Cathedral">Aachen Cathedral</a>, with the German <a href="/wiki/Reichsadler" title="Reichsadler">reichsadler</a> embossed on the metal and the French <a href="/wiki/Fleur-de-lis" title="Fleur-de-lis">fleur-de-lis</a> embroidered on the fabric</figcaption></figure> <p>For many centuries, European royal houses sought to associate themselves with the Carolingian heritage. The crowns of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Napoleon" title="Crown of Napoleon">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> were for instance both respectively named "The Crown of Charlemagne", and Charlemagne's personal sword, <i><a href="/wiki/Joyeuse" title="Joyeuse">Joyeuse</a></i>, served as a coronation sword for French kings from the 11th century onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cult of Charlemagne was further embellished by the French renaissance author <a href="/wiki/Jean_Lemaire_de_Belges" title="Jean Lemaire de Belges">Jean Lemaire de Belges</a>, who postulated that the emperor was part of an illustrious <i><a href="/wiki/Translatio_imperii" title="Translatio imperii">translatio imperii</a></i> originating with King <a href="/wiki/Priam" title="Priam">Priam</a> of <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Trojan Wars">Trojan Wars</a>, and thus by extension <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, the "Father of Gods and men" in <a href="/wiki/Greek_Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Mythology">Greek Mythology</a>. </p><p>Today, much of the pan-European, symbolic value of Charlemagne is attributed to the fact that he is considered an embodiment of the Franco-German friendship which was absent during <a href="/wiki/French%E2%80%93German_enmity" title="French–German enmity">the long-lasting enmity</a> which culminated in the two world wars, but has become indispensable in the process of <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a>. Thus, in the 1952 design competition for the Council of Europe's flag, several of the unsuccessful proposals were redolent of the <i><a href="/wiki/Oriflamme" title="Oriflamme">Oriflamme</a></i>; the banner given to Charlemagne by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a> at his coronation in the <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> in the year 800.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarities between Charlemagne's empire and the modern European integration were also suggested by professor Hans von Hentig the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> is also alluding to Charlemagne by means of naming one of its central buildings in Brussels after him (The <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_building" title="Charlemagne building">Charlemagne building</a>). The German city of <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a> has since 1949 annually awarded the <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_Prize" title="Charlemagne Prize">Charlemagne Prize</a> to champions of European unity, including <a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Monnet" title="Jean Monnet">Jean Monnet</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> itself. Each edition of the international affairs newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> features a column called «Charlemagne's notebook», focusing on European Union affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his speech at the award ceremony for the 2010 <a href="/wiki/European_Charlemagne_Youth_Prize" title="European Charlemagne Youth Prize">Charlemagne Youth Prize</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="President of the European Parliament">European Parliament President</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Buzek" title="Jerzy Buzek">Jerzy Buzek</a> said the following:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Imagine, if you will, the age of Charlemagne, twelve hundred years ago. Already then, he had a vision of a united Europe. Just think how many wars there have been since then and how much European blood has been spilled. We were devoured by hatred. We were in the grip of our emotions. We were unable to think in common. People had a vision of a united Europe then, but did not achieve it. We must remember, my dear young friends, always to keep this vision in mind.</p></blockquote> <p>Later monarchs who also have carried <a href="/wiki/Sobriquet" title="Sobriquet">sobriquets</a> as "relatives" of Europe include <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> of the United Kingdom (<i><a href="/wiki/Grandmother_of_Europe" title="Grandmother of Europe">grandmother of Europe</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Christian_IX_of_Denmark" title="Christian IX of Denmark">Christian IX of Denmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Montenegro" title="Nicholas I of Montenegro">Nicholas I of Montenegro</a> (both respectively <i><a href="/wiki/Father-in-law_of_Europe" title="Father-in-law of Europe">father-in-law of Europe</a></i>). These late 19th and early 20th century sobriquets are however purely on account of the marriage of these monarchs' offspring to foreign princes and princesses, and involve no wider symbolism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patron_saints">Patron saints</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbols_of_Europe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Patron saints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> venerates six saints as "<a href="/wiki/Patron_saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron saints">patrons of Europe</a>". <a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a> had been declared "Patron saint of all Europe" by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> named between 1980 and 1999 Ss. <a href="/wiki/Cyril_and_Methodius" title="Cyril and Methodius">Cyril and Methodius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridget_of_Sweden" title="Bridget of Sweden">Bridget of Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Teresa Benedicta of the Cross</a> as co-patrons.<sup id="cite_ref-Egregiae_Virtutis_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egregiae_Virtutis-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flag">Flag</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbols_of_Europe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Flag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Europe" title="Flag of Europe">Flag of Europe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/220px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/330px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/440px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Europe</figcaption></figure> <p>A "Flag of Europe" was introduced by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> in 1955, originally intended as a "symbol for the whole of Europe",<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but due to its adoption by the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> (EEC) in 1985, and hence by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) as the successor organisation of the EEC, the flag is now strongly associated with the European Union so that it no longer serves the function of representing "Europe as a whole" at least since the early 2000s. The flag has notably been used by pro-EU protestors in the <a href="/wiki/Colour_revolutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour revolutions">colour revolutions</a> of the 2000s, e.g., in <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> in 2004<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the pro-EU faction in the <a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a> riots in Ukraine in 2013, and by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_campaign_organisations_supporting_Remain_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="List of campaign organisations supporting Remain in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">pro-EU faction</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Brexit campaigns</a> of 2016. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pan-European_flags_adopted_before_1955">Pan-European flags adopted before 1955</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbols_of_Europe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pan-European flags adopted before 1955"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community">Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Western_European_Union" title="Flag of the Western European Union">Flag of the Western European Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa_Congres_Ridderzaal_Den_Haag._Overzicht,_Bestanddeelnr_902-7379.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Europa_Congres_Ridderzaal_Den_Haag._Overzicht%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-7379.jpg/220px-Europa_Congres_Ridderzaal_Den_Haag._Overzicht%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-7379.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Europa_Congres_Ridderzaal_Den_Haag._Overzicht%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-7379.jpg/330px-Europa_Congres_Ridderzaal_Den_Haag._Overzicht%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-7379.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Europa_Congres_Ridderzaal_Den_Haag._Overzicht%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-7379.jpg/440px-Europa_Congres_Ridderzaal_Den_Haag._Overzicht%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-7379.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3397" data-file-height="2854" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Federalist_flag" title="Federalist flag">Federalist flag</a> displayed at the 1948 <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Europe" title="Congress of Europe">Congress of Europe</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ridderzaal" title="Ridderzaal">Hall of Knights</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Union_Standard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Western_Union_Standard.jpg/220px-Western_Union_Standard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Western_Union_Standard.jpg/330px-Western_Union_Standard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Western_Union_Standard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Western_Union" title="Flag of the Western Union">Western Union Standard</a> displayed in 1949</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to development of political institutions, flags representing Europe were limited to unification movements. The most popular were the <a href="/wiki/European_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="European Movement">European Movement</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Federalist_flag" title="Federalist flag">large green 'E' on a white background</a>, and the "Pan European flag" of the <a href="/wiki/Paneuropean_Union" title="Paneuropean Union">Paneuropean Union</a> (1922).<sup id="cite_ref-ENA_page_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENA_page-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_Flag_of_the_International_Paneuropean_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The original flag of the Paneuropean Union (1922)"><img alt="The original flag of the Paneuropean Union (1922)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Former_Flag_of_the_International_Paneuropean_Union.svg/315px-Former_Flag_of_the_International_Paneuropean_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Former_Flag_of_the_International_Paneuropean_Union.svg/473px-Former_Flag_of_the_International_Paneuropean_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Former_Flag_of_the_International_Paneuropean_Union.svg/630px-Former_Flag_of_the_International_Paneuropean_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The original flag of the <a href="/wiki/Paneuropean_Union" title="Paneuropean Union">Paneuropean Union</a> (1922)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_flag_of_the_European_Movement.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The original Federalist flag of the European Movement"><img alt="The original Federalist flag of the European Movement" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Old_flag_of_the_European_Movement.svg/360px-Old_flag_of_the_European_Movement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Old_flag_of_the_European_Movement.svg/540px-Old_flag_of_the_European_Movement.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Old_flag_of_the_European_Movement.svg/720px-Old_flag_of_the_European_Movement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The original <a href="/wiki/Federalist_flag" title="Federalist flag">Federalist flag</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="European Movement">European Movement</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 188.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Western_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Western Union (1949–1954)"><img alt="Flag of the Western Union (1949–1954)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_Western_Union.svg/283px-Flag_of_the_Western_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="189" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_Western_Union.svg/425px-Flag_of_the_Western_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_Western_Union.svg/567px-Flag_of_the_Western_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="384" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Western_Union" title="Flag of the Western Union">Flag of the Western Union</a> (1949–1954)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbols_of_Europe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brand_EU" title="Brand EU">Brand EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Euro" title="Captain Euro">Captain Euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CE_marking" title="CE marking">CE marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_Prize" title="Charlemagne Prize">Charlemagne Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estimated_sign" title="Estimated sign">Estimated sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father-in-law_of_Europe" title="Father-in-law of Europe">Father-in-law of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_fathers_of_the_European_Union" title="Founding fathers of the European Union">Founding fathers of the European Union</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbols_of_Europe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDemey2007" class="citation book cs1">Demey, Thierry (2007). <i>Brussels, capital of Europe</i>. S. Strange (trans.). Brussels: Badeaux. p. 387. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9600414-2-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-9600414-2-2"><bdi>978-2-9600414-2-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brussels%2C+capital+of+Europe&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pages=387&rft.pub=Badeaux&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-9600414-2-2&rft.aulast=Demey&rft.aufirst=Thierry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbols+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Landwehr279-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Landwehr279_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landwehr279_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landwehr279_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Landwehr & Stockhorst (2004), p. 279</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Werner_2009,_p._243-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Werner_2009,_p._243_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Werner_2009,_p._243_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Werner (2009), p. 243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Werner244-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Werner244_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Werner244_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Werner244_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Werner244_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Werner244_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Werner244_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Werner (2009), p. 244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BennholdtThomsen22-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BennholdtThomsen22_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennholdt-Thomsen (1999), p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Borgolte16-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Borgolte16_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Borgolte (2001), p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmale244-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmale244_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmale244_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmale244_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmale244_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmale (2004), p. 244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wendehorst63-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wendehorst63_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wendehorst63_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wendehorst63_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wendehorst63_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wendehorst63_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wendehorst63_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wendehorst63_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wendehorst & Westphal (2006), p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Europeanness in Early Modern Latin Literature</i>, Isabella Walser-Bürgler, p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Werner245-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Werner245_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Werner245_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Werner245_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Werner245_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Werner (2009), p. 245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Werner (2009), pp. 243ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Riché, Preface xviii, Pierre Riché reflects: "[H]e enjoyed an exceptional destiny, and by the length of his reign, by his conquests, legislation and legendary stature, he also profoundly marked the history of Western Europe."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117151907/http://www.karlspreis.de/preistraeger/seine_heiligkeit_papst_johannes_paul_ii/ansprache_von_seiner_heiligkeit_papst_johannes_paul_ii.html">"Der Karlspreisträger Seine Heiligkeit Papst Johannes Paul II. außerordentlicher Karlspreis 2004"</a>. Karlspreis.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karlspreis.de/preistraeger/seine_heiligkeit_papst_johannes_paul_ii/ansprache_von_seiner_heiligkeit_papst_johannes_paul_ii.html">the original</a> on 17 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Der+Karlspreistr%C3%A4ger+Seine+Heiligkeit+Papst+Johannes+Paul+II.+au%C3%9Ferordentlicher+Karlspreis+2004&rft.pub=Karlspreis.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.karlspreis.de%2Fpreistraeger%2Fseine_heiligkeit_papst_johannes_paul_ii%2Fansprache_von_seiner_heiligkeit_papst_johannes_paul_ii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbols+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/santiago/histchrl.html">"Home – Humanities Division – UCLA"</a>. <i>Humanities Division – UCLA</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Humanities+Division+%E2%80%93+UCLA&rft.atitle=Home+%E2%80%93+Humanities+Division+%E2%80%93+UCLA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humnet.ucla.edu%2Fsantiago%2Fhistchrl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbols+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117151907/http://www.karlspreis.de/preistraeger/seine_heiligkeit_papst_johannes_paul_ii/ansprache_von_seiner_heiligkeit_papst_johannes_paul_ii.html">"karlspreis.de"</a>. karlspreis.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karlspreis.de/preistraeger/seine_heiligkeit_papst_johannes_paul_ii/ansprache_von_seiner_heiligkeit_papst_johannes_paul_ii.html">the original</a> on 17 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=karlspreis.de&rft.pub=karlspreis.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.karlspreis.de%2Fpreistraeger%2Fseine_heiligkeit_papst_johannes_paul_ii%2Fansprache_von_seiner_heiligkeit_papst_johannes_paul_ii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbols+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chamberlin, Russell, <i>The Emperor Charlemagne</i>, p. ???</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/detail_notice.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226044&CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226044&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500909&bmLocale=en">Coronation sword and scabbard of the Kings of France</a>, Decorative Arts : Early Middle Ages, Louvre</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvce.eu/obj/proposals_for_european_flags_from_arsene_heitz_1952_1955-en-3c8f111a-6be6-4111-a433-20f1a7f9fdba.html">"Proposals for European flags from Arsène Heitz (1952–1955)"</a>. cvce.eu. 8 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proposals+for+European+flags+from+Ars%C3%A8ne+Heitz+%281952%E2%80%931955%29&rft.pub=cvce.eu&rft.date=2011-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cvce.eu%2Fobj%2Fproposals_for_european_flags_from_arsene_heitz_1952_1955-en-3c8f111a-6be6-4111-a433-20f1a7f9fdba.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbols+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvce.eu/obj/proposals_for_european_flags_from_arsene_heitz_1952_1955-en-3c8f111a-6be6-4111-a433-20f1a7f9fdba.html">"Proposals for European flags from Arsène Heitz (1952–1955)"</a>. cvce.eu. 5 January 1952<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proposals+for+European+flags+from+Ars%C3%A8ne+Heitz+%281952%E2%80%931955%29&rft.pub=cvce.eu&rft.date=1952-01-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cvce.eu%2Fobj%2Fproposals_for_european_flags_from_arsene_heitz_1952_1955-en-3c8f111a-6be6-4111-a433-20f1a7f9fdba.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbols+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvce.eu/obj/charlemagne_and_coke_from_the_frankfurter_allgemeine_zeitung_5_january_1952-en-7dc178c9-ddfd-416d-8106-b14229d2d59d.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Charlemagne and coke' from the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (5 January 1952)"</a>. cvce.eu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Charlemagne+and+coke%27+from+the+Frankfurter+Allgemeine+Zeitung+%285+January+1952%29&rft.pub=cvce.eu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cvce.eu%2Fobj%2Fcharlemagne_and_coke_from_the_frankfurter_allgemeine_zeitung_5_january_1952-en-7dc178c9-ddfd-416d-8106-b14229d2d59d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbols+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/charlemagne">«Must try harder»</a>. <i>The Economist</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/president/view/en/press/speeches/sp-2010/sp-2010-May/speeches-2010-May-7.html">"europarl.europa.eu"</a>. europarl.europa.eu. 11 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=europarl.europa.eu&rft.pub=europarl.europa.eu&rft.date=2010-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fpresident%2Fview%2Fen%2Fpress%2Fspeeches%2Fsp-2010%2Fsp-2010-May%2Fspeeches-2010-May-7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbols+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johan Fornäs, <i>Signifyingo Europe</i> (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PG73B_1Xha4C&pg=PA256">p. 255f</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Egregiae_Virtutis-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Egregiae_Virtutis_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_31121980_egregiae-virtutis_lt.html">"Egregiae Virtutis"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090104182217/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_31121980_egregiae-virtutis_lt.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egregiae+Virtutis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2Fapost_letters%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_apl_31121980_egregiae-virtutis_lt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbols+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span> <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_letter#Letters_of_the_popes_in_modern_times" title="Ecclesiastical letter">Apostolic letter</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>, 31 December 1980 <span class="languageicon">(in Latin)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johan Fornäs, <i>Signifyingo Europe</i> (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PG73B_1Xha4C&pg=PA256">p. 255f</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coe.int/en/web/about-us/the-european-flag">The European flag</a>, Council of Europe. Retrieved 27 October 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMite2004" class="citation cs2">Mite (20 October 2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2004/10/340afaf0-ebf7-4a03-8a25-ebda21070598.html"><i>Belarus: Scores Arrested, Opposition Leader Hospitalized After Minsk Protests</i></a>, rferl.org<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belarus%3A+Scores+Arrested%2C+Opposition+Leader+Hospitalized+After+Minsk+Protests&rft.pub=rferl.org&rft.date=2004-10-20&rft.au=Mite&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Ffeaturesarticle%2F2004%2F10%2F340afaf0-ebf7-4a03-8a25-ebda21070598.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASymbols+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ENA_page-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ENA_page_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCVCE" class="citation cs2">CVCE (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvce.eu/education/unit-content/-/unit/eeacde09-add1-4ba1-ba5b-dcd2597a81d0/2b4e569f-9aa3-48dd-b877-13d0d5f1d177/Resources#39d51e24-2e68-4497-b81e-7a08e09ee0d7_en&overlay"><i>The European flag: questions and 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Symbols_of_Europe" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Symbols of Europe">Symbols of Europe</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/abc/symbols/index_en.htm">The symbols of the EU</a> – <a href="/wiki/Europa_(web_portal)" title="Europa (web portal)">Europa</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/abc/symbols/emblem/index_en.htm">The European flag</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/abc/symbols/anthem/index_en.htm">The European anthem</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/abc/symbols/9-may/index_en.htm">Europe Day, 9 May</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/abc/symbols/motto/index_en.htm">United in diversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coe.int/T/E/Com/About_Coe/flag.asp">Council of Europe Logo and the European Flag</a> – Council of Europe</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvce.eu/obj/resolution_55_32_of_the_committee_of_ministers_of_the_council_of_europe_8_december_1955-en-cbb0826e-81ea-4209-8bfa-0a644c0817de.html">Why the European flag has been chosen: Resolution (55) 32 adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe (8 December 1955)</a> – CVCE (Previously <a href="/wiki/European_NAvigator" class="mw-redirect" title="European NAvigator">European NAvigator</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coe.int/t/e/multimedia/sound/hymne.asp">The European Anthem and downloads</a> – Council of Europe</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvce.eu/obj/european_anthem-en-4b6e5671-a0fc-45fa-8368-f84e4817dc14.html">European anthem</a> – CVCE (Previously <a href="/wiki/European_NAvigator" class="mw-redirect" title="European NAvigator">European NAvigator</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvce.eu/obj/9_may_europe_day_2005-en-b1715ded-1051-428a-bbd2-b4c8a5a36e7c.html">European commission poster</a> – CVCE (Previously <a href="/wiki/European_NAvigator" class="mw-redirect" title="European NAvigator">European NAvigator</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eena.org/">The European emergency number 112</a> – European Emergency Number Association (EENA)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.112.eu/">The European emergency number 112</a> – European Commission</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europesname.eu/">Europe's name</a> – A website on illustrations of Europa in relation to the Continent</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.angeloti.info/pdfs/ioana_prisacariu_master_thesis.pdf">The Symbol's Role in the Creation of a European Identity</a> – A dissertation paper.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Symbols_of_Europe122" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Symbols_of_Europe122" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Symbols of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbols_of_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbols of Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbols_of_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbols of Austria (page does not exist)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbols_of_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbols of Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbols_of_Denmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbols of Denmark (page does not exist)">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbols_of_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbols of Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbols_of_Greece&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbols of Greece (page does not exist)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbols_of_Iceland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbols of Iceland (page does not exist)">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbols_of_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbols of Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbols_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbols of Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbols_of_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbols of Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbols_of_Norway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbols of Norway (page does not exist)">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbols_of_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbols of San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbols_of_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbols of Slovakia (page does not exist)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbols_of_Sweden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbols of Sweden (page does not exist)">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbols_of_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbols of Turkey (page does not exist)">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbols_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbols of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbols_of_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbols of Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbols_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbols of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbols_of_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbols of Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbols_of_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbols of Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbols_of_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbols of the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbols_of_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbols of Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbols_of_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbols of Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbols_of_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbols of Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbols_of_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbols of Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> 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