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</li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consideration_by_the_Supreme_Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consideration_by_the_Supreme_Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Consideration by the Supreme Court</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consideration_by_the_Supreme_Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Decision</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Decision-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Decision subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Decision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opinion_of_the_Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opinion_of_the_Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Opinion of the Court</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opinion_of_the_Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-O'Connor's_concurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#O'Connor's_concurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>O'Connor's concurrence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-O'Connor's_concurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scalia's_dissent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scalia's_dissent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Scalia's dissent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scalia's_dissent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thomas's_dissent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thomas's_dissent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Thomas's dissent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thomas's_dissent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Subsequent cases</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subsequent_cases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Subsequent cases subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sexual_privacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_privacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sexual privacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_privacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Age_of_consent_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_of_consent_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Age of consent laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_of_consent_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consensual_incest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consensual_incest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Consensual incest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consensual_incest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fornication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fornication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Fornication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fornication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teacher-student_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teacher-student_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.4</span> <span>Teacher-student relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teacher-student_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adult_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adult_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.5</span> <span>Adult entertainment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adult_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bestiality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bestiality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.6</span> <span>Bestiality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bestiality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prostitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prostitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.7</span> <span>Prostitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prostitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Same-sex_marriage_bans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Same-sex_marriage_bans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Same-sex marriage bans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Same-sex_marriage_bans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Same-sex_adoptive_parents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Same-sex_adoptive_parents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Same-sex adoptive parents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Same-sex_adoptive_parents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>United States military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women's_Health_Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women's_Health_Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span><i>Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women's_Health_Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Level_of_scrutiny_applied_in_Lawrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Level_of_scrutiny_applied_in_Lawrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Level of scrutiny applied in <i>Lawrence</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Level_of_scrutiny_applied_in_Lawrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plaintiffs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plaintiffs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Plaintiffs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plaintiffs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes and references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Original_case_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_case_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Original case links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_case_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Lawrence v. Texas</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%B6%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="لورنس ضد تكساس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لورنس ضد تكساس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas" title="Lawrence v. Texas – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lawrence v. Texas" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas" title="Lawrence v. Texas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lawrence v. Texas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caso_Lawrence_contra_Texas" title="Caso Lawrence contra Texas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caso Lawrence contra Texas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas" title="Lawrence v. Texas – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lawrence v. Texas" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="لارنس در برابر تگزاس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لارنس در برابر تگزاس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas" title="Lawrence v. Texas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lawrence v. Texas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%9F%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EB%8C%80_%ED%85%8D%EC%82%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4" title="로런스 대 텍사스 사건 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로런스 대 텍사스 사건" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas" title="Lawrence v. Texas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lawrence v. Texas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_contro_Texas" title="Lawrence contro Texas – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lawrence contro Texas" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%A7_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1_%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%93_%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%A1" title="פסק דין לורנס נגד טקסס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פסק דין לורנס נגד טקסס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas" title="Lawrence v. Texas – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lawrence v. Texas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E5%AF%BE%E3%83%86%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B5%E3%82%B9%E5%B7%9E%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="ローレンス対テキサス州事件 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ローレンス対テキサス州事件" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caso_Lawrence_v._Texas" title="Caso Lawrence v. Texas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caso Lawrence v. Texas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Лоуренс против Техаса – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лоуренс против Техаса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas" title="Lawrence v. Texas – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lawrence v. Texas" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_mot_Texas" title="Lawrence mot Texas – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lawrence mot Texas" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%B3%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%89%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%9E%E6%A1%88" title="劳伦斯诉德克萨斯州案 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="劳伦斯诉德克萨斯州案" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">2003 U.S. Supreme Court case on anti-sodomy laws</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">2003 United States Supreme Court case</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox scotus" style="line-height: 1.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #99c0ff; padding: 0.2em; line-height: 1.4em; font-size:125%; font-style: italic">Lawrence v. Texas</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Seal of the United States Supreme Court"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-top: 0.5em; font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Argued March 26, 2003<br />Decided June 26, 2003</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>John Geddes Lawrence and Tyron Garner v. <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Docket no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/docketfiles/02-102.htm">02-102</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citations</th><td class="infobox-data">539 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/us/539/558/case.html">558</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_539" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 539">more</a></i>)<div>123 S. Ct. 2472; 156 <a href="/wiki/L._Ed._2d" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Ed. 2d">L. Ed. 2d</a> 508; 2003 <a href="/wiki/U.S._LEXIS" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. LEXIS">U.S. LEXIS</a> 5013; 71 U.S.L.W. 4574; 2003 Cal. Daily Op. Service 5559; 2003 Daily Journal DAR 7036; 16 <i>Fla. L. Weekly Fed. S</i> 427</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Argument</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/2000-2009/2002/2002_02_102/argument/">Oral argument</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prior</th><td class="infobox-data">Defendants convicted, <a href="/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas" title="Harris County, Texas">Harris County</a> Criminal Court (1999), <i>rev'd</i>, 2000 WL 729417 (<a href="/wiki/Texas_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Court of Appeals">Tex. App.</a> 2000) (depublished), <i>aff'd en banc</i>, 41 <a href="/wiki/South_Western_Reporter" title="South Western Reporter">S.W.3d</a> 349 (Tex. App. 2001), <i>review denied</i> (Tex. App. 2002), <i><a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">cert.</a> granted</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_537" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 537">537</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 1044 (2002).</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subsequent</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Complaint dismissed</i>, 2003 WL 22453791, 2003 Tex. App. LEXIS 9191 (Tex. App. 2003)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Questions presented</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ol><li>Whether the petitioners' criminal convictions under the Texas "Homosexual Conduct" law—which criminalizes sexual intimacy by same-sex couples, but not identical behavior by different-sex couples—violate the Fourteenth Amendment guarantee of equal protection of the laws;</li> <li>Whether the petitioners' criminal convictions for adult consensual sexual intimacy in their home violate their vital interests in liberty and privacy protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment;</li> <li>Whether <i><a href="/wiki/Bowers_v._Hardwick" title="Bowers v. Hardwick">Bowers v. Hardwick</a></i> should be overruled.</li></ol> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Holding</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">The Texas statute making it a crime for two persons of the same sex to engage in certain intimate sexual conduct violates the <a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process Clause</a>. Court of Appeals for the Fourteenth District of Texas reversed and remanded. <i><a href="/wiki/Bowers_v._Hardwick" title="Bowers v. Hardwick">Bowers v. Hardwick</a></i> overruled.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Court membership</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><dl style="margin:0; padding:0.1em 0.5em; text-align:center; line-height:1.3em;"> <dt style="margin:0;">Chief Justice</dt> <dd style="margin:0 0 0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> </dd> <dt style="margin:0;">Associate Justices</dt> <dd style="margin:0;"><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John P. Stevens</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">David Souter</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a> </dd></dl></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case opinions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Majority</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas/Opinion_of_the_Court" class="extiw" title="s:Lawrence v. Texas/Opinion of the Court">Kennedy</a>, joined by Stevens, Souter, Ginsburg, Breyer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Concurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas/Concurrence_O%E2%80%99Connor" class="extiw" title="s:Lawrence v. Texas/Concurrence O’Connor">O'Connor</a> (in judgment)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissent</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas/Dissent_Scalia" class="extiw" title="s:Lawrence v. Texas/Dissent Scalia">Scalia</a>, joined by Rehnquist, Thomas</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissent</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas/Dissent_Thomas" class="extiw" title="s:Lawrence v. Texas/Dissent Thomas">Thomas</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Laws applied</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">U.S. Const. amend. XIV</a>;<br />Tex. Penal Code § 21.06(a) (2003)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color: green; color: white; font-weight: bold">This case overturned a previous ruling or rulings</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Bowers_v._Hardwick" title="Bowers v. Hardwick">Bowers v. Hardwick</a></i> (1986)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Lawrence v. Texas</b></i>, 539 U.S. 558 (2003), is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_landmark_court_decisions_in_the_United_States" title="List of landmark court decisions in the United States">landmark</a> decision of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> in which the Court ruled that U.S. state laws <a href="/wiki/Sodomy_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Sodomy laws in the United States">criminalizing sodomy</a> between consenting adults are <a href="/wiki/Constitutionality" title="Constitutionality">unconstitutional</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-clarification_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarification-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LawrenceSCOTUS_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LawrenceSCOTUS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChemerinsky2015§10.4,_p._881_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChemerinsky2015§10.4,_p._881-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court reaffirmed the concept of a "<a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">right to privacy</a>" that earlier cases had found the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">U.S. Constitution</a> provides, even though <a href="/wiki/Penumbra_(law)" title="Penumbra (law)">it is not explicitly enumerated</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChemerinsky2015§10.4,_p._882_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChemerinsky2015§10.4,_p._882-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It based its ruling on the notions of personal autonomy to define one's own relationships and of American traditions of non-interference with any or all forms of private sexual activities between <a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">consenting</a> adults.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowakRotunda2012§18.28(b)_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowakRotunda2012§18.28(b)-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998, John Geddes Lawrence Jr., an older white man, was arrested along with Tyron Garner, a younger black man, at Lawrence's apartment in <a href="/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas" title="Harris County, Texas">Harris County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. Garner's former boyfriend had called the police, claiming that there was a man with a weapon in the apartment. Sheriff's deputies said they found the men engaging in sexual intercourse. Lawrence and Garner were charged with a <a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">misdemeanor</a> under Texas' <a href="/wiki/Sodomy_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Sodomy laws in the United States">anti-sodomy law</a>; both pleaded <a href="/wiki/Nolo_contendere" title="Nolo contendere">no contest</a> and received a fine. Assisted by the American civil rights organization <a href="/wiki/Lambda_Legal" title="Lambda Legal">Lambda Legal</a>, Lawrence and Garner appealed their sentences to the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Courts_of_Appeals" title="Texas Courts of Appeals">Texas Courts of Appeals</a>, which ruled in 2000 that the sodomy law was unconstitutional. Texas appealed to have the court rehear the case <i><a href="/wiki/En_banc" title="En banc">en banc</a></i>, and in 2001 it overturned its prior judgment and upheld the law. Lawrence appealed this decision to the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals" title="Texas Court of Criminal Appeals">Texas Court of Criminal Appeals</a>, which denied his request for appeal. Lawrence then appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which agreed to hear his case. </p><p>The Supreme Court struck down the sodomy law in Texas in a 6–3 decision, and by extension invalidated sodomy laws in 13 other states, making all forms of private, consensual non-procreative sexual activities between two consenting individuals of either sex (especially of the same sex) legal in every <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">territory</a>. The Court, with a five-justice majority, overturned its previous ruling on the same issue in the 1986 case <i><a href="/wiki/Bowers_v._Hardwick" title="Bowers v. Hardwick">Bowers v. Hardwick</a></i>, where it upheld a challenged <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> statute and did not find a constitutional protection of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_privacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual privacy">sexual privacy</a>. It explicitly overruled <i>Bowers</i>, holding that it had viewed the liberty interest too narrowly. The Court held that intimate consensual sexual conduct was part of the liberty protected by <a href="/wiki/Substantive_due_process" title="Substantive due process">substantive due process</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process Clause</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution</a>. <i>Lawrence</i> invalidated similar laws throughout the United States that criminalized sodomy between consenting adults acting in private, whatever the sex of the participants.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The case attracted much public attention, and 33 <i><a href="/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae">amici curiae</a></i> ("friends of the court") <a href="/wiki/Brief_(law)" title="Brief (law)">briefs</a> were filed.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its outcome was celebrated by <a href="/wiki/Gay_rights_advocates" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay rights advocates">gay rights advocates</a>, and set the stage for further reconsideration of standing law, including the landmark cases of <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Windsor" title="United States v. Windsor">United States v. Windsor</a></i> (2013), which invalidated Section 3 of the <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act" title="Defense of Marriage Act">Defense of Marriage Act</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i> (2015), which recognized <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a> as a fundamental right under the United States Constitution. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_v._Texas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Legal punishments for sodomy</a> often included heavy fines, prison sentences, or both, with some states, beginning with Illinois in 1827, denying other rights, such as <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a>, to anyone convicted of the crime of sodomy.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, several states imposed various eugenics laws against anyone deemed to be a "sexual pervert". As late as 1970, Connecticut denied a driver's license to a man for being an "admitted homosexual".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 1960, every state had an anti-sodomy law.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1961, the American Law Institute's <a href="/wiki/Model_Penal_Code" title="Model Penal Code">Model Penal Code</a> advocated the repeal of sodomy laws as they applied to private, adult, consensual behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a> (ACLU) took its first major case in opposition to these laws.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Griswold_v._Connecticut" title="Griswold v. Connecticut">Griswold v. Connecticut</a></i> (1965), the Supreme Court struck down a law barring the use of <a href="/wiki/Contraceptives" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptives">contraceptives</a> by married couples. In <i>Griswold,</i> the Supreme Court recognized for the first time that couples, at least married couples, had a right to privacy,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> drawing on the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourth Amendment</a>'s protection of private homes from searches and seizures without a warrant based on probable cause, the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_Due_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourteenth Amendment Due Process">Fourteenth Amendment</a>'s guarantee of due process of law in the states, and the <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Ninth Amendment</a>'s assurance that rights not specified in the Constitution are "retained by the people". <i><a href="/wiki/Eisenstadt_v._Baird" title="Eisenstadt v. Baird">Eisenstadt v. Baird</a></i> (1972) expanded the scope of sexual privacy rights to unmarried persons.<sup id="cite_ref-Eisenstadt_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisenstadt-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1973, in <i><a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a></i> the US Supreme court extended that right to privacy to protect a woman's right to have an abortion, although the extent to which that might be regulated by the government varied, with almost absolute protection in the first trimester, and allowing for increasing regulation as the pregnancy progressed. </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Bowers_v._Hardwick" title="Bowers v. Hardwick">Bowers v. Hardwick</a></i> (1986), the Supreme Court heard a constitutional challenge to sodomy laws brought by a man who had been arrested, but was not prosecuted, for engaging in oral sex with another man in his home.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowers_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowers-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court rejected this challenge in a 5 to 4 decision. Justice <a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">Byron White</a>'s majority opinion emphasized that <i>Eisenstadt</i> and <i>Roe</i> had only recognized a <a href="/wiki/Civil_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil right">right</a> to engage in procreative sexual activity, and that long-standing moral antipathy toward homosexual sodomy was enough to argue against the notion of a right to <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a>. Justice <a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun</a>, writing in dissent, argued that <i>Eisenstadt</i> held that the Constitution protects people as individuals, not as family units.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then reasoned that because state intrusions are equally burdensome on an individual's personal life regardless of his marital status or sexual orientation, there is no reason to treat the rights of citizens in same-sex couples any differently.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time of the <i>Lawrence</i> decision, ten states—Alabama, Florida, Idaho, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Michigan, Utah, and Virginia—still banned consensual sodomy without respect to the sex of those involved, and four—Texas, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Missouri (partially)—prohibited same-sex couples from engaging in anal and oral sex.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_v._Texas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrest_of_Lawrence_and_Garner">Arrest of Lawrence and Garner</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_v._Texas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arrest of Lawrence and Garner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 17, 1998, John Geddes Lawrence Jr.,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a gay 55-year-old medical technologist, was hosting two gay acquaintances, Tyron Garner,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> age 31, and Robert Eubanks,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 40, at his apartment in northeast <a href="/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas" title="Harris County, Texas">Harris County, Texas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> east of the <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> city limits.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lawrence and Eubanks had been friends for more than 20 years. Garner and Eubanks had had an intermittent romantic relationship since 1990. Lacking transportation home, the couple were preparing to spend the night. Eubanks, who had been drinking heavily, left to purchase a soda from a nearby vending machine. Apparently outraged that Lawrence had been flirting with Garner, he called police and reported "a black male going crazy with a gun" at Lawrence's apartment.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four <a href="/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas" title="Harris County, Texas">Harris County</a> sheriff's deputies responded within minutes and Eubanks pointed them to the apartment. They entered the unlocked apartment toward 11 p.m. with their weapons drawn. In accordance with police procedures, the first to arrive, Joseph Quinn, took the lead both in approaching the scene and later in determining what charges to bring. He later reported seeing Lawrence and Garner having anal sex in the bedroom. A second officer reported seeing them engaged in oral sex, and two others did not report seeing the pair having sex. Lawrence repeatedly challenged the police for entering his home. Quinn had discretionary authority to charge them for a variety of offenses and to determine whether to arrest them. When Quinn considered charging them with having sex in violation of state law, he had to get an Assistant District Attorney to check the statutes to be certain they covered sexual activity inside a residence. He was told that Texas' anti-<a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a> statute, the "Homosexual Conduct" law, made it a Class C <a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">misdemeanor</a> if someone "engages in deviate sexual intercourse with another individual of the same sex".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statute, Chapter 21, Sec. 21.06 of the Texas Penal Code, had been adopted in 1973 when the state revised its criminal code to end its proscription on heterosexual anal and oral intercourse.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quinn decided to arrest Lawrence and Garner and charge them with having "deviate sex". In the separate arrest reports he filed for each, he wrote that he had seen the arrestee "engaged in deviate sexual conduct namely, anal sex, with another man".<sup id="cite_ref-car83_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-car83-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lawrence and Garner were held in jail overnight. At a hearing the next day, they pleaded not guilty to a charge of "homosexual conduct". They were released toward midnight.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eubanks pleaded <a href="/wiki/Nolo_contendere" title="Nolo contendere">no contest</a> to charges of filing a false police report. He was sentenced to 30 days in jail but was released early.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prosecution_and_appeals">Prosecution and appeals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_v._Texas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prosecution and appeals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The gay rights advocates from <a href="/wiki/Lambda_Legal" title="Lambda Legal">Lambda Legal</a> litigating the case convinced Lawrence and Garner not to contest the charges and to plead <a href="/wiki/No_contest" class="mw-redirect" title="No contest">no contest</a> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-lithwicknewyorker_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lithwicknewyorker-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 20, Lawrence and Garner pleaded no contest to the charges and waived their right to a trial. <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice of the Peace">Justice of the Peace</a> Mike Parrott found them guilty and imposed a $100 fine and court costs of $41.25 on each defendant. When the defense attorneys realized that the fine was below the minimum required to permit them to appeal the convictions, they asked the judge to impose a higher penalty. Parrott, well aware that the attorneys intended to use the case to raise a constitutional challenge, increased it to $125 with the agreement of the prosecutor.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To appeal, Lawrence and Garner needed to have their cases tried in Harris County Criminal Court. Their attorneys asked the court to dismiss the charges against them on Fourteenth Amendment <a href="/wiki/Equal_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal protection">equal protection</a> grounds, claiming that the law was unconstitutional since it prohibited sodomy between same-sex couples, but not between <a href="/wiki/Heterosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterosexual">heterosexual</a> couples. They also asserted a right to privacy and that the Supreme Court's decision in <i>Bowers v. Hardwick</i> that found no privacy protection for consensual sex between homosexuals was "wrongly decided".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 22, Judge Sherman Ross denied the defense motions to dismiss. The defendants again pleaded "no contest". Ross fined them $200 each, the amount agreed upon in advance by both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A three-judge panel of the Texas <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Court_of_Appeals_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourteenth Court of Appeals of Texas">Fourteenth Court of Appeals</a> heard the case on November 3, 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their 2–1 decision issued on June 8, 2000, ruled the Texas law was unconstitutional. Justice John S. Anderson and Chief Justice Paul Murphy found that the law violated the 1972 Equal Rights Amendment to the Texas Constitution, which bars discrimination based on sex, race, color, creed, or national origin. J. Harvey Hudson dissented.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court of Appeals decided to review the case <i><a href="/wiki/En_banc" title="En banc">en banc</a></i>. On March 15, 2001, without hearing oral arguments, it reversed the three-judge panel's decision and upheld the law's constitutionality 7–2, denying both the substantive due process and equal protection arguments.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attorneys for Lawrence and Garner asked the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals" title="Texas Court of Criminal Appeals">Texas Court of Criminal Appeals</a>, the highest appellate court in Texas for criminal matters, to review the case. After a year's delay, on April 17, 2002, that request was denied. Lambda Legal's Harlow called that decision "a major abdication of judicial responsibility". Bill Delmore, the Harris County prosecutor who argued the case, called the judges "big chickens" and said: "They have a history of avoiding the hot potato cases if they can."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consideration_by_the_Supreme_Court">Consideration by the Supreme Court</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_v._Texas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consideration by the Supreme Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a petition for <i><a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">certiorari</a></i> filed in the U.S. Supreme Court on July 16, 2002, Lambda Legal attorneys asked the Court to consider:<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Whether the petitioners' criminal convictions under the Texas "Homosexual Conduct" law—which criminalizes sexual intimacy by same-sex couples, but not identical behavior by different-sex couples—violate the Fourteenth Amendment guarantee of equal protection of the laws;</li> <li>Whether the petitioners' criminal convictions for adult consensual sexual intimacy in their home violate their vital interests in liberty and privacy protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment;</li> <li>Whether <i><a href="/wiki/Bowers_v._Hardwick" title="Bowers v. Hardwick">Bowers v. Hardwick</a></i> should be overruled.</li></ol> <p>On December 2, 2002, the Court agreed to hear the case. Lambda Legal coordinated the submission of sixteen <i><a href="/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae">amicus curiae</a></i> briefs to complement their own brief. Submitting organizations included the <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="American Psychological Society">American Psychological Society</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Public_Health_Association" title="American Public Health Association">American Public Health Association</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">Log Cabin Republicans</a>, a group of history professors, and a group of religious denominations.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An op-ed in support by former Senator <a href="/wiki/Alan_Simpson_(American_politician)" title="Alan Simpson (American politician)">Alan Simpson</a> appeared in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> on the morning scheduled for oral argument.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attorneys for Texas did not control the <i>amicus</i> briefs submitted in support of their position by representatives of religious and <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">social conservatism</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Jay_Sekulow" title="Jay Sekulow">Jay Alan Sekulow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">Robert P. George</a>. Several, including that of <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a>, depicted homosexuals as self-destructive, disease-prone, and promiscuous. The states of Alabama, South Carolina, and Utah advised the Court that unlike heterosexual sodomy, homosexual sodomy had "severe physical, emotional, psychological, and spiritual consequences".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Oral_argument" title="Oral argument">oral argument</a> on March 26, 2003, <a href="/wiki/Paul_M._Smith" title="Paul M. Smith">Paul M. Smith</a>, an experienced litigator who had argued eight cases before the Supreme Court, spoke on behalf of the plaintiffs.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Texas Attorney General <a href="/wiki/John_Cornyn" title="John Cornyn">John Cornyn</a>, then a candidate for the U.S. Senate, refused to have his office argue the case. <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Rosenthal_(district_attorney)" title="Chuck Rosenthal (district attorney)">Charles A. Rosenthal</a>, District Attorney of Harris County, represented the state.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His performance was later described as "the worst oral argument in years", but some believe his lack of preparation reflected his lack of enthusiasm for the statute he was defending.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decision">Decision</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_v._Texas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Decision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 26, 2003, the Supreme Court issued a 6–3 decision in favor of Lawrence that struck down Texas's statute. Five justices held it violated the <a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process Clause</a>, while a sixth, <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a>, held it violated the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opinion_of_the_Court">Opinion of the Court</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_v._Texas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Opinion of the Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthony_Kennedy_official_SCOTUS_portrait_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Anthony_Kennedy_official_SCOTUS_portrait_crop.jpg/190px-Anthony_Kennedy_official_SCOTUS_portrait_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Anthony_Kennedy_official_SCOTUS_portrait_crop.jpg/285px-Anthony_Kennedy_official_SCOTUS_portrait_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Anthony_Kennedy_official_SCOTUS_portrait_crop.jpg/380px-Anthony_Kennedy_official_SCOTUS_portrait_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1396" data-file-height="1745" /></a><figcaption>Justice Anthony Kennedy, the author of the Court's opinion in <i>Lawrence v. Texas</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Five justices formed the majority and joined an opinion written by Justice <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a>. The Court ruled that Texas's law prohibiting private homosexual activity between consenting adults violated the <a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process Clause</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChemerinsky2015§10.4,_pp._881–82_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChemerinsky2015§10.4,_pp._881–82-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court did not describe private sexual activity as a fundamental right requiring the "<a href="/wiki/Strict_scrutiny" title="Strict scrutiny">strict scrutiny</a>" standard of judicial review,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChemerinsky2015§10.4,_pp._882_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChemerinsky2015§10.4,_pp._882-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but rather focused on why its previous decision in <i>Bowers v. Hardwick</i> had been wrong. </p><p>First, the Court stated that its decision in <i>Bowers</i> went against its statements in cases involving child-rearing (<i><a href="/wiki/Pierce_v._Society_of_Sisters" title="Pierce v. Society of Sisters">Pierce v. Society of Sisters</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Meyer_v._Nebraska" title="Meyer v. Nebraska">Meyer v. Nebraska</a></i>), contraception (<i><a href="/wiki/Griswold_v._Connecticut" title="Griswold v. Connecticut">Griswold v. Connecticut</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Eisenstadt_v._Baird" title="Eisenstadt v. Baird">Eisenstadt v. Baird</a></i><span style="padding-left:0.15em;">)</span>, and abortion (<i><a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a></i>) that the Constitution protects a right to privacy and personal autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowakRotunda2012§18.28(b)_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowakRotunda2012§18.28(b)-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Next, Kennedy wrote that in <i>Bowers</i> the Court had misread the historical record regarding laws criminalizing homosexual relations. He stated that, after further research, the Court had found that historical American anti-sodomy laws had been directed at "nonprocreative sexual activity more generally," rather than specifically at homosexual acts, contrary to the Court's conclusions in <i>Bowers</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Combined with the fact that these laws were often unenforced, the Court saw this as constituting a tradition of avoiding interference with private sexual activity between consenting adults.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowakRotunda2012§18.28(b)_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowakRotunda2012§18.28(b)-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lastly, Kennedy noted that <i>Bowers</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> jurisprudential foundation had been weakened by two subsequent cases involving sexuality (<i><a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_v._Casey" title="Planned Parenthood v. Casey">Planned Parenthood v. Casey</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Romer_v._Evans" title="Romer v. Evans">Romer v. Evans</a></i>), and that the reasoning of <i>Bowers</i> had been criticized in the United States and rejected by most other developed Western countries. For this reason, Kennedy stated that there was a jurisprudential basis to think that it should be "an integral part of human freedom" for consenting adults to choose to privately engage in sexual activity.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The present case does not involve minors. It does not involve persons who might be injured or coerced or who are situated in relationships where consent might not easily be refused. It does not involve public conduct or prostitution. It does not involve whether the government must give formal recognition to any relationship that homosexual persons seek to enter. The case does involve two adults who, with full and mutual consent from each other, engaged in sexual practices common to a homosexual lifestyle. The petitioners are entitled to respect for their private lives. The State cannot demean their existence or control their destiny by making their private sexual conduct a crime. Their right to liberty under the Due Process Clause gives them the full right to engage in their conduct without intervention of the government. "It is a promise of the Constitution that there is a realm of personal liberty which the government may not enter." The Texas statute furthers no legitimate state interest which can justify its intrusion into the personal and private life of the individual.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Lawrence</i>, 539 U.S. at 578 (citation omitted).</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Kennedy reviewed the assumption the court made in <i>Bowers</i>, using the words of Chief Justice Burger's concurring opinion in that case, that "Condemnation of [homosexual practices] is firmly rooted in Judeo-Christian moral and ethical standards." He reviewed the history of legislation that criminalized certain sexual practices, but without regard for the gender of those involved. He cited the Model Penal Code's recommendations since 1955, the <a href="/wiki/Wolfenden_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfenden Report">Wolfenden Report</a> of 1957, and a 1981 decision of the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> in Case 7525/76 <i><a href="/wiki/Dudgeon_v_United_Kingdom" title="Dudgeon v United Kingdom">Dudgeon v United Kingdom</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="O'Connor's_concurrence"><span id="O.27Connor.27s_concurrence"></span>O'Connor's concurrence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_v._Texas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: O'Connor's concurrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandra_Day_O%27Connor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor.jpg/150px-Sandra_Day_O%27Connor.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor.jpg/225px-Sandra_Day_O%27Connor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor.jpg/300px-Sandra_Day_O%27Connor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="961" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Justice O'Connor</a>, argued the statute was unconstitutional under the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a> and would have kept <i>Bowers</i> intact.</figcaption></figure> <p>Justice <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a> only concurred in the judgment and offered a different rationale for invalidating the Texas sodomy statute. She disagreed with the overturning of <i>Bowers</i>—she had been in the <i>Bowers</i> majority—and disputed the court's invocation of due process guarantees of liberty in this context. Rather than including sexuality within protected liberty, she would strike down the law as violating the equal protection clause because it criminalized male–male but not male–female sodomy. O'Connor maintained that a sodomy law that was neutral both in effect and application might be constitutional, but that there was little to fear because "democratic society" would not tolerate it for long. O'Connor noted that a law limiting marriage to heterosexual couples would pass rational scrutiny as long as it was designed to "preserv[e] the traditional institution of marriage" and not simply based on the state's dislike of homosexual persons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scalia's_dissent"><span id="Scalia.27s_dissent"></span>Scalia's dissent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_v._Texas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Scalia's dissent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lawrence_v._Texas_Scalia_Dissent_Title.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Lawrence_v._Texas_Scalia_Dissent_Title.png/220px-Lawrence_v._Texas_Scalia_Dissent_Title.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Lawrence_v._Texas_Scalia_Dissent_Title.png/330px-Lawrence_v._Texas_Scalia_Dissent_Title.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Lawrence_v._Texas_Scalia_Dissent_Title.png/440px-Lawrence_v._Texas_Scalia_Dissent_Title.png 2x" data-file-width="1258" data-file-height="1898" /></a><figcaption>Opening page of Scalia's dissent in <i>Lawrence v. Texas</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Justice <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a> wrote a dissent, which <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/William_H._Rehnquist" class="mw-redirect" title="William H. Rehnquist">William H. Rehnquist</a> and Justice <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> joined. Scalia objected to the Court's decision to revisit <i>Bowers</i>, pointing out many decisions from lower courts that relied on <i>Bowers</i> that might now need to be reconsidered.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He noted that the same rationale used to overturn <i>Bowers</i><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> could have been used to overturn <i>Roe v. Wade</i>, which some of the Justices in the majority in <i>Lawrence</i> had upheld in <i><a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_v._Casey" title="Planned Parenthood v. Casey">Planned Parenthood v. Casey</a></i> (1992). Scalia also criticized the majority opinion for failing to give the same respect to <i><a href="/wiki/Stare_decisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Stare decisis">stare decisis</a></i> that three of those in the majority had insisted on in <i>Casey</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Connor's concurrence noted that Scalia's dissent conceded that if cases such as <i><a href="/wiki/Romer_v._Evans" title="Romer v. Evans">Romer v. Evans</a></i> "have <i>stare decisis</i> effect, Texas' sodomy law would not pass scrutiny under the Equal Protection Clause, regardless of the type of <a href="/wiki/Rational_basis_review" title="Rational basis review">rational basis review</a>" applied.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scalia wrote that if the court was not prepared to validate laws based on moral choices as it had done in <i>Bowers</i>, state laws against bigamy, same-sex marriage, adult incest, prostitution, masturbation, adultery, fornication, bestiality, and obscenity would not prove sustainable.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He wrote that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Today's opinion is the product of a Court, which is the product of a law-profession culture, that has largely signed on to the so-called <a href="/wiki/Homosexual_agenda" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual agenda">homosexual agenda</a>, by which I mean the agenda promoted by some homosexual activists directed at eliminating the moral opprobrium that has traditionally attached to homosexual conduct. ... [T]he Court has taken sides in the culture war, departing from its role of assuring, as a neutral observer, that the democratic rules of engagement are observed.</p></blockquote> <p>He cited the majority opinion's concern that the criminalization of sodomy could be the basis for discrimination against homosexuals as evidence that the majority ignored the views of most Americans: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>So imbued is the Court with the law profession's anti-anti-homosexual culture, that it is seemingly unaware that the attitudes of that culture are not obviously "mainstream"; that in most States what the Court calls "discrimination" against those who engage in homosexual acts is perfectly legal.</p></blockquote> <p>He continued: "Let me be clear that I have nothing against homosexuals, or any other group, promoting their agenda through normal democratic means." The majority's "invention of a brand-new 'constitutional right<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>", he wrote, showed it was "impatient of democratic change".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thomas's_dissent"><span id="Thomas.27s_dissent"></span>Thomas's dissent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_v._Texas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Thomas's dissent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Justice Thomas wrote in a separate, two-paragraph dissent that the sodomy law the Court struck down was "uncommonly silly", a phrase drawn from Justice <a href="/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart">Potter Stewart</a>'s dissent in <i><a href="/wiki/Griswold_v._Connecticut" title="Griswold v. Connecticut">Griswold v. Connecticut</a></i>. Justice Thomas added that if he were a member of the Texas Legislature, he would vote to repeal the law. The Justice opined that "punishing someone for expressing his sexual preference through noncommercial consensual conduct with another adult does not appear to be a worthy way to expend valuable law enforcement resources". Nevertheless, Thomas voted to uphold the constitutionality of the Texas sodomy law because he could find "no general right of privacy" in the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_v._Texas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>'s press secretary <a href="/wiki/Ari_Fleischer" title="Ari Fleischer">Ari Fleischer</a> refused to comment on the decision, noting only that the administration had not filed a brief in the case. As governor, Bush had opposed the repeal of the Texas sodomy provision, which he called a "symbolic gesture of traditional values".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After quoting Fleischer calling it "a state matter", <a href="/wiki/Linda_Greenhouse" title="Linda Greenhouse">Linda Greenhouse</a>, writing in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, commented: "In fact, the decision today ... took what had been a state-by-state matter and pronounced a binding national constitutional principle."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lambda Legal's lead attorney in the case, Ruth Harlow, stated in an interview after the ruling that "the court admitted its mistake in 1986, admitted it had been wrong then ... and emphasized today that gay Americans, like all Americans, are entitled to full respect and equal claim to [all] constitutional rights."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Professor <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Tribe" title="Laurence Tribe">Laurence Tribe</a> has written that <i>Lawrence</i> "may well be remembered as the <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> of gay and lesbian America".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jay_Alan_Sekulow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jay Alan Sekulow">Jay Alan Sekulow</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_and_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="American Center for Law and Justice">American Center for Law and Justice</a> has referred to the decision as having "changed the status of homosexual acts and changed a previous ruling of the Supreme Court ... this was a drastic rewrite".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The end result of <i>Lawrence v. Texas</i> was "like the <i><a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a></i> of the homosexual issue",<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to <a href="/wiki/Peter_LaBarbera" title="Peter LaBarbera">Peter LaBarbera</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Culture_and_Family_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture and Family Institute">Culture and Family Institute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Truth_about_Homosexuality" title="Americans for Truth about Homosexuality">Americans for Truth about Homosexuality</a>, an organization recognized as an anti-gay hate group by the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Then president of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops" title="United States Conference of Catholic Bishops">United States Conference of Catholic Bishops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilton_Daniel_Gregory" title="Wilton Daniel Gregory">Wilton Gregory</a>, released a statement that the Supreme Court decision was to be deplored.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsequent_cases">Subsequent cases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_v._Texas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Subsequent cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_privacy">Sexual privacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_v._Texas&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sexual privacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Age_of_consent_laws">Age of consent laws</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_v._Texas&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Age of consent laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Lawrence</i> invalidated <a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">age of consent</a> laws that differed based on the relative sexes of the partners. The day after the <i>Lawrence</i> decision, the Supreme Court ordered the State of Kansas to review its 1999 <a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Romeo and Juliet law">"Romeo and Juliet" law</a> that reduces the punishment for a teenager under 18 years of age who has consensual sexual relations with a minor no more than four years their junior but explicitly excludes same-sex conduct from the sentence reduction.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, the Kansas Appeals Court upheld the law as is, but the Kansas Supreme Court unanimously reversed the lower court's ruling on October 21, 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <i><a href="/wiki/State_v._Limon" title="State v. Limon">State v. Limon</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consensual_incest">Consensual incest</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_v._Texas&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Consensual incest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Muth_v._Frank" title="Muth v. Frank">Muth v. Frank</a></i> (2005), a man convicted of criminal behavior by having an incestuous relationship in Wisconsin appealed his ruling in an attempt to apply the logic of sexual privacy in <i>Lawrence</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit">Seventh Circuit</a> declined to extend the right of privacy stated in <i>Lawrence</i> to cases of consensual adult incest. The case was distinguished because the parties were not similarly situated since there is in the latter case an enhanced possibility of genetic mutation of a possible offspring as suggested by geneticists who were witnesses at the trial.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fornication">Fornication</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_v._Texas&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fornication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Martin_v._Ziherl" title="Martin v. Ziherl">Martin v. Ziherl</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Virginia" title="Supreme Court of Virginia">Supreme Court of Virginia</a> ruled the state's fornication law unconstitutional relying on <i>Lawrence</i> and the right to privacy.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Teacher-student_relationships">Teacher-student relationships</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_v._Texas&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Teacher-student relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Supreme_Court" title="Connecticut Supreme Court">Connecticut Supreme Court</a> rejected an argument based on <i>Lawrence</i> that a high school teacher had a constitutional right to engage in sexual activity with his consent-aged students. The court rejected the teacher's privacy and liberty arguments in the context of an "inherently coercive relationship wherein consent might not easily be refused".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adult_entertainment">Adult entertainment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_v._Texas&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Adult entertainment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon rehearing <i><a href="/wiki/Williams_v._Pryor" title="Williams v. Pryor">Williams v. Pryor</a></i> after <i>Lawrence</i>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit">Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals</a> upheld Alabama's ban on the sale of sex toys.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Facing comparable facts, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fifth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit">Fifth Circuit</a> struck down Texas's sex toy ban holding that "morality is an insufficient justification for a statute" and "interests in 'public morality' cannot constitutionally sustain the statute after <i>Lawrence</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bestiality">Bestiality</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_v._Texas&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bestiality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Joanna Grossman wrote soon after the decision that <i>Lawrence v. Texas</i> should pose no serious obstacle to bestiality prosecutions, because such laws "plainly can be upheld on a 'cruelty to animals' justification."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leighann Lassiter, animal cruelty policy director<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the <a href="/wiki/Humane_Society_of_the_United_States" title="Humane Society of the United States">Humane Society of the United States</a>, notes, however, the <i>Lawrence</i> ruling may create complications in several states that include human sexual conduct and bestiality in the same "anti-sodomy" statute.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2018, 45 states have direct prohibitions on bestiality, while others may prohibit it under broader animal cruelty laws, according to the Animal Legal and Historical Center (<a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University_College_of_Law" title="Michigan State University College of Law">Michigan State University College of Law</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prostitution">Prostitution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_v._Texas&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Prostitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2015, the Erotic Service Provider Legal Education & Research Project (ESPLERP) filed a lawsuit against George Gascon, District Attorney for San Francisco, alleging that the state of California's anti-prostitution laws prevented relations between consenting adults in violation of <i>Lawrence</i>. The District Court dismissed the lawsuit and the Ninth Circuit affirmed the dismissal, reasoning that "the commercial nature of the relationship between prostitute and client suggests a far less selective relationship than that which previously has been held to constitute an intimate association."<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Same-sex_marriage_bans">Same-sex marriage bans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_v._Texas&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Same-sex marriage bans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A few months later, on November 18, 2003, the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Supreme_Judicial_Court" title="Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court">Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court</a> ruled that same-sex couples have a right to marry. Although deciding the case on the basis of the state constitution, Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Margaret_H._Marshall" title="Margaret H. Marshall">Margaret Marshall</a> quoted <i>Lawrence</i> in its second paragraph: "Our obligation is to define the liberty of all, not to mandate our own moral code."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aside from Massachusetts, other state case law had been quite explicit in limiting the scope of <i>Lawrence</i> and upholding state bans on same-sex marriage regulations. (See <i>Standhardt v. Superior Court ex rel County of Maricopa</i>, 77 P.3d 451 (Ariz. App. 2003); <i>Morrison v. Sadler</i>, 821 N.E.2d 15 (Ind. App. 2005); <i>Hernandez v Robles</i> (7 NY3d 338 2005).) </p><p>In the first successful federal court challenge to a state same-sex marriage ban, Judge <a href="/wiki/Vaughn_Walker" title="Vaughn Walker">Vaughn Walker</a> cited Scalia's dissent in his decision in <i><a href="/wiki/Perry_v._Schwarzenegger" class="mw-redirect" title="Perry v. Schwarzenegger">Perry v. Schwarzenegger</a></i> that found <a href="/wiki/California_Proposition_8_(2008)" class="mw-redirect" title="California Proposition 8 (2008)">California's Proposition 8</a> banning same-sex marriage unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Same-sex_adoptive_parents">Same-sex adoptive parents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_v._Texas&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Same-sex adoptive parents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the majority decision, Justice Kennedy wrote: "The present case does not involve minors. It does not involve persons who might be injured or coerced or who are situated in relationships where consent might not easily be refused."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "obvious" meaning, as Nancy D. Polikoff wrote, was to point out that <i>Lawrence</i> could not be used to legalize "sex with children". Nonetheless, in 2004, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit">11th Circuit Court of Appeals</a> quoted this sentence when saying that <i>Lawrence</i> had not established a right for gay parents to adopt. In an adoption case, the 11th Circuit said, "the involved actors are not only consenting adults, but minors as well...Hence, we conclude that the <i>Lawrence</i> decision cannot be extrapolated to create a right to adopt for homosexual persons."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_military">United States military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_v._Texas&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: United States military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Armed_Forces" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces">United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces</a>, the last court of appeals for courts-martial before the Supreme Court, ruled that <i>Lawrence</i> applies to Article 125 of the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Code_of_Military_Justice" title="Uniform Code of Military Justice">Uniform Code of Military Justice</a>, the article banning sodomy. Nevertheless, it twice upheld prosecutions under that article when applied as necessary to preserve good order and discipline in the armed forces.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 125 was repealed by the <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2014" title="National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014">National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women's_Health_Organization"><span id="Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women.27s_Health_Organization"></span><i>Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_v._Texas&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 24, 2022, the Supreme Court overturned <i><a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a></i> (1973) in <i><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></i> and removed the federal protection of the right to abortion,<sup id="cite_ref-Sneed_2022_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sneed_2022-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the grounds that the "<a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">right to privacy</a>" does not extend to that of abortion on the criteria from <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_v._Glucksberg" title="Washington v. Glucksberg">Washington v. Glucksberg</a></i> that a right must be "deeply rooted in the Nation's history",<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and abortion was considered a crime, a view that some historians argued is incomplete.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson-DeVeaux_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson-DeVeaux-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the majority opinion, Justice <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a> responded to the dissent opinion's concerns, saying that the ruling would not affect other <a href="/wiki/Substantive_due_process" title="Substantive due process">substantive due process</a> cases.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thomson-DeVeaux_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson-DeVeaux-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his concurring opinion, Justice <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a>, wrote, "In future cases, we should reconsider all of this Court's substantive due process precedents, including <i><a href="/wiki/Griswold_v._Connecticut" title="Griswold v. Connecticut">Griswold</a></i>, <i>Lawrence</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell</a></i>. Because any substantive due process decision is 'demonstrably erroneous' ... we have a duty to 'correct the error' established in those precedents." The three cases Thomas mentioned concerned contraception (<i>Griswold</i>), sodomy (<i>Lawrence</i>), and same-sex marriage (<i>Obergefell</i>). respectively. The joint dissenting opinion of Justices <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a>, which criticized the majority for rejecting <i><a href="/wiki/Stare_decisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Stare decisis">stare decisis</a></i> and overruling precedents dating back to <i>Griswold</i>, responded, "Either the majority does not really believe in its own reasoning. Or if it does, all rights that have no history stretching back to the mid-19th century are insecure. Either the mass of the majority's opinion is hypocrisy, or additional constitutional rights are under threat. It is one or the other."<sup id="cite_ref-Sneed_2022_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sneed_2022-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Level_of_scrutiny_applied_in_Lawrence">Level of scrutiny applied in <i>Lawrence</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_v._Texas&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Level of scrutiny applied in Lawrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Justice Scalia and others<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (February 2014)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> have noted that the majority did not appear to apply the <a href="/wiki/Strict_scrutiny" title="Strict scrutiny">strict scrutiny</a> standard of review that would be appropriate if the <i>Lawrence</i> majority had recognized a full-fledged "fundamental right". He wrote the majority instead applied "an unheard-of form of rational basis review that will have far-reaching implications beyond this case".<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nan D. Hunter has argued that <i>Lawrence</i> used a new method of substantive due process analysis, and that the Court intended to abandon its old method of categorizing due process rights as either "fundamental" or "not fundamental" as too restrictive.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justice Souter, for example, argued in <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_v._Glucksberg" title="Washington v. Glucksberg">Washington v. Glucksberg</a></i> that the role of the Court in all cases, including unenumerated rights cases, is to ensure that the government's action has not been arbitrary.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justice Stevens had repeatedly criticized tiered scrutiny and preferred a more active judicial balancing test based on reasonability.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lower courts have read <i>Lawrence</i> differently on the question of scrutiny. In <i><a href="/wiki/Lofton_v._Secretary_of_the_Department_of_Children_and_Family_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Lofton v. Secretary of the Department of Children and Family Services">Lofton v. Secretary of the Department of Children and Family Services</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit</a> upheld a state law barring adoption of children by homosexuals, holding explicitly that <i>Lawrence</i> did not apply strict scrutiny.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Witt_v._Department_of_the_Air_Force" title="Witt v. Department of the Air Force">Witt v. Department of the Air Force</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit</a> held that <i>Lawrence</i> applied <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_scrutiny" title="Intermediate scrutiny">intermediate scrutiny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plaintiffs">Plaintiffs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_v._Texas&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Plaintiffs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2000, Robert Eubanks was beaten to death in a case that was never solved. Tyron Garner died of meningitis in 2006, aged 39.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Lawrence died of complications from a heart ailment in 2011, aged 68.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_v._Texas&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Sodomy laws in the United States">Sodomy laws in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sex-related_court_cases_in_the_United_States" title="List of sex-related court cases in the United States">List of sex-related court cases in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_in_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 in LGBT rights">2003 in LGBT rights</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobbs v. Jackson">Dobbs v. Jackson</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baker_v._Wade" title="Baker v. Wade">Baker v. Wade</a></i></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output 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portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/21px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/32px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/41px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/19px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/29px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/38px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/21px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/32px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/42px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Texas" title="Portal:Texas">Texas</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_v._Texas&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_v._Texas&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-clarification-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-clarification_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The judgment does not recognize a constitutional right to certain sexual activities such as prostitution, bestiality, and incest, due to other metrics, such as the perceived inherent harm that these activities carry.<sup id="cite_ref-LawrenceSCOTUS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LawrenceSCOTUS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_v._Texas&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LawrenceSCOTUS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LawrenceSCOTUS_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LawrenceSCOTUS_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Lawrence v. Texas</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_539" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 539">539</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/539/558/">558</a> (2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChemerinsky2015§10.4,_p._881-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChemerinsky2015§10.4,_p._881_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChemerinsky2015">Chemerinsky (2015)</a>, §10.4, p. 881.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChemerinsky2015§10.4,_p._882-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChemerinsky2015§10.4,_p._882_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChemerinsky2015">Chemerinsky (2015)</a>, §10.4, p. 882.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENowakRotunda2012§18.28(b)-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowakRotunda2012§18.28(b)_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowakRotunda2012§18.28(b)_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowakRotunda2012§18.28(b)_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNowakRotunda2012">Nowak & Rotunda (2012)</a>, §18.28(b).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">15 <i><a href="/wiki/Geo._Mason_U._C.R._L.J." class="mw-redirect" title="Geo. Mason U. C.R. L.J.">Geo. Mason U. C.R. L.J.</a></i> 105 2004–2005; 102 Mich. L. Rev. 1555 2003–2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSupreme_Court_of_the_United_Statesn.d." class="citation web cs1">Supreme Court of the United States (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/search.aspx?FileName=/docketfiles/02-102.htm">"Docket No. 02-102"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Docket+No.+02-102&rft.au=Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.gov%2Fsearch.aspx%3FFileName%3D%2Fdocketfiles%2F02-102.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+v.+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_la_Croix2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/St._Sukie_de_la_Croix" title="St. Sukie de la Croix">de la Croix, St. Sukie</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=44lheqlq-jYC&pg=PA248"><i>Chicago Whispers: A History of LGBT Chicago Before Stonewall</i></a>. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299286934" title="Special:BookSources/9780299286934"><bdi>9780299286934</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chicago+Whispers%3A+A+History+of+LGBT+Chicago+Before+Stonewall&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780299286934&rft.aulast=de+la+Croix&rft.aufirst=St.+Sukie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D44lheqlq-jYC%26pg%3DPA248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+v.+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1915&dat=19701102&id=oSIiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=S3QFAAAAIBAJ&pg=863,1064183">"Homosexual To Fight Denial of Car License"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_(New_London)" title="The Day (New London)">The Day</a></i>. November 2, 1972.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Day&rft.atitle=Homosexual+To+Fight+Denial+of+Car+License&rft.date=1972-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1915%26dat%3D19701102%26id%3DoSIiAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DS3QFAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D863%2C1064183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+v.+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/26/politics/26WIRE-SODO.html">Supreme Court Strikes Down Texas Law Banning Sodomy", June 26, 2003</a>, accessed July 16, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Illinois in 1961 became the first state to repeal its sodomy law. Laws of Illinois 1961, page 1983, enacted July 28, 1961, effective Jan. 1, 1962. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100515065329/http://www.glapn.org/sodomylaws/sensibilities/illinois.htm">The History of Sodomy Laws in the United States: Illinois</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclu.org/lgbt/gen/24578res20060316.html">"ACLU and the History of LGBT Rights & HIV/AIDS"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a>. March 26, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ACLU+and+the+History+of+LGBT+Rights+%26+HIV%2FAIDS&rft.pub=American+Civil+Liberties+Union&rft.date=2006-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aclu.org%2Flgbt%2Fgen%2F24578res20060316.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+v.+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0381_0479_ZO.html">"Opinion of the Court (Griswold v. Connecticut)"</a>. Law.cornell.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opinion+of+the+Court+%28Griswold+v.+Connecticut%29&rft.pub=Law.cornell.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fsupct%2Fhtml%2Fhistorics%2FUSSC_CR_0381_0479_ZO.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+v.+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eisenstadt-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eisenstadt_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Eisenstadt_v._Baird" title="Eisenstadt v. Baird">Eisenstadt v. Baird</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_405" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 405">405</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/405/438/">438</a> (1972)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowers-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bowers_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Bowers_v._Hardwick" title="Bowers v. Hardwick">Bowers v. Hardwick</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_478" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 478">478</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/478/186/">186</a> (1986)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Eisenstadt v. Baird,</i> 405 U.S. at 453.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bowers v. Hardwick</i>, 478 U.S. at 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Geddes Lawrence, August 2, 1943 – November 20, 2011. <i>MetroWeekly</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metroweekly.com/poliglot/2011/12/john-geddes-lawrence-of-lawren.html">Chris Geidner, "John Geddes Lawrence, of Lawrence v. Texas, Has Died at 68", December 23, 2011</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120109064321/http://metroweekly.com/poliglot/2011/12/john-geddes-lawrence-of-lawren.html">Archived</a> January 9, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed May 9, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiptak2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Liptak" title="Adam Liptak">Liptak, Adam</a> (December 23, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/24/us/john-lawrence-plaintiff-in-lawrence-v-texas-dies-at-68.html">"John Lawrence, Plaintiff in Gay Rights Case, Dies at 68"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=John+Lawrence%2C+Plaintiff+in+Gay+Rights+Case%2C+Dies+at+68&rft.date=2011-12-23&rft.aulast=Liptak&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F12%2F24%2Fus%2Fjohn-lawrence-plaintiff-in-lawrence-v-texas-dies-at-68.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+v.+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">July 10, 1967 – September 11, 2006. <i>New York Times</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/14/obituaries/14garner.html">"Tyron Garner, 39, Plaintiff in Pivotal Sodomy Case, Dies", September 14, 2006</a>, accessed September 14, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Royce Eubanks, July 22, 1958 – October 14, 2000. <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Death_Index" title="Social Security Death Index">Social Security Death Index</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian,_Carol2002" class="citation news cs1">Christian, Carol (July 16, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Gay-group-takes-Houston-case-to-high-court-2103134.php">"Gay group takes Houston case to high court"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Gay+group+takes+Houston+case+to+high+court&rft.date=2002-07-16&rft.au=Christian%2C+Carol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2Fnews%2Fhouston-texas%2Farticle%2FGay-group-takes-Houston-case-to-high-court-2103134.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+v.+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevinson,_Sanford2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Levinson, Sanford (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texasmonthly.com/articles/the-gay-case/">"The Gay Case"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Texas_Monthly" title="Texas Monthly">Texas Monthly</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Texas+Monthly&rft.atitle=The+Gay+Case&rft.date=2012-03&rft.au=Levinson%2C+Sanford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.texasmonthly.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-gay-case%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+v.+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Though Eubanks' report was false, it gave the police <a href="/wiki/Probable_cause" title="Probable cause">probable cause</a> to enter Lawrence's home.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/PE/htm/PE.21.htm#62087.53405">"Section 21.06 Was Declared Unconstitutional by Lawrence v. Texas, 123 S.Ct. 2472. Title 5. Offenses Against the Person Chapter 21. Sexual Offenses"</a>. Statutes.legis.state.tx.us<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Section+21.06+Was+Declared+Unconstitutional+by+Lawrence+v.+Texas%2C+123+S.Ct.+2472.+Title+5.+Offenses+Against+the+Person+Chapter+21.+Sexual+Offenses&rft.pub=Statutes.legis.state.tx.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutes.legis.state.tx.us%2FDocs%2FPE%2Fhtm%2FPE.21.htm%2362087.53405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+v.+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dale_Carpenter" title="Dale Carpenter">Carpenter, Dale</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flagrantconducts0000carp/page/11"><i>Flagrant Conduct: The Story of Lawrence v. Texas</i></a>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flagrantconducts0000carp/page/11">11–12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06208-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06208-3"><bdi>978-0-393-06208-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/761383909">761383909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flagrant+Conduct%3A+The+Story+of+Lawrence+v.+Texas&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=11-12&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F761383909&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06208-3&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fflagrantconducts0000carp%2Fpage%2F11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+v.+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-car83-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-car83_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpenter, <i>Flagrant Conduct</i>, 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpenter, <i>Flagrant Conduct</i>, 113–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpenter, <i>Flagrant Conduct</i>, 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lithwicknewyorker-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lithwicknewyorker_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLithwick,_Dahlia2012" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dahlia_Lithwick" title="Dahlia Lithwick">Lithwick, Dahlia</a> (March 12, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2012/03/12/120312crbo_books_lithwick?google_editors_picks=true">"Extreme Makeover: The story behind the story of Lawrence v. Texas"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Extreme+Makeover%3A+The+story+behind+the+story+of+Lawrence+v.+Texas&rft.date=2012-03-12&rft.au=Lithwick%2C+Dahlia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Farts%2Fcritics%2Fbooks%2F2012%2F03%2F12%2F120312crbo_books_lithwick%3Fgoogle_editors_picks%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+v.+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpenter, <i>Flagrant Conduct</i>, 19–40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpenter, <i>Flagrant Conduct</i>, 144–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpenter, <i>Flagrant Conduct</i>, 150–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpenter, <i>Flagrant Conduct</i>, 162–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpenter, <i>Flagrant Conduct</i>, 167–70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpenter, <i>Flagrant Conduct</i>, 173, 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpenter, <i>Flagrant Conduct</i>, 177–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpenter, <i>Flagrant Conduct</i>, 184–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpenter, <i>Flagrant Conduct</i>, 198–200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpenter, <i>Flagrant Conduct</i>, 200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpenter, <i>Flagrant Conduct</i>, 203–206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpenter, <i>Flagrant Conduct</i>, 211 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpenter, <i>Flagrant Conduct</i>, 214–216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Tushnet" title="Mark Tushnet">Mark Tushnet</a>, <i>A Court Divided: The Rehnquist Court and the Future of Constitutional Law</i> (NY: W.W. Norton, 2005), 169–170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpenter, <i>Flagrant Conduct</i>, 189–191, 214–216, 234–247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChemerinsky2015§10.4,_pp._881–82-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChemerinsky2015§10.4,_pp._881–82_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChemerinsky2015">Chemerinsky (2015)</a>, §10.4, pp. 881–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChemerinsky2015§10.4,_pp._882-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChemerinsky2015§10.4,_pp._882_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChemerinsky2015">Chemerinsky (2015)</a>, §10.4, pp. 882.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNowakRotunda2012">Nowak & Rotunda (2012)</a>, §18.28(b), quoting <i>Lawrence</i>, 539 U.S. at 568.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNowakRotunda2012">Nowak & Rotunda (2012)</a>, §18.28(b), quoting <i>Lawrence</i>, 539 U.S. at 566.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-57472">"HUDOC – European Court of Human Rights"</a>. <i>hudoc.echr.coe.int</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hudoc.echr.coe.int&rft.atitle=HUDOC+%E2%80%93+European+Court+of+Human+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhudoc.echr.coe.int%2Feng%3Fi%3D001-57472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+v.+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_v._Pryor" title="Williams v. Pryor">Williams v. Pryor</a></i>, which upheld <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>'s prohibition on the sale of <a href="/wiki/Sex_toy" title="Sex toy">sex toys</a>; <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milner_v._Apfel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milner v. Apfel (page does not exist)">Milner v. Apfel</a></i>, which asserted that "legislatures are permitted to legislate with regard to morality ... rather than confined to preventing demonstrable harms"; <i><a href="/wiki/Holmes_v._California_Army_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Holmes v. California Army National Guard">Holmes v. California Army National Guard</a></i>, which upheld the federal statute and regulations banning from military service those who engage in homosexual conduct; <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Owens_v._State&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Owens v. State (page does not exist)">Owens v. State</a></i>, 352 Md. 663, which held that "a person has no constitutional right to engage in sexual intercourse, at least outside of marriage."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He summarized the majority's criteria as: looking to (1) "whether its foundations have been 'eroded' by subsequent decisions; (2) it has been subject to 'substantial and continuing' criticism; (3) it has not induced 'individual or societal reliance<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scalia noted that in <i>Casey</i> <i>stare decisis</i> was of the utmost importance because of the divisive nature of the case. The majority in <i>Lawrence</i>, he wrote, "do[es] not bother to distinguish—or indeed, even bother to mention—the paean to <i>stare decisis</i> coauthored by three Members of today's majority in <i>Planned Parenthood v. Casey</i>. There, when <i>stare decisis</i> meant the preservation of judicially invented abortion rights, the widespread criticism of <i>Roe</i> was strong reason to reaffirm it." He continued: "Today, however, the widespread opposition to <i>Bowers</i>, a decision resolving an issue as 'intensely divisive' as the issue in <i>Roe</i>, is offered as a reason in favor of overruling it."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/lawrence_v._texas">"Lawrence v. Texas"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lawrence+v.+Texas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fwex%2Flawrence_v._texas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+v.+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a critique of this argument, see Ruth E. Sternglantz, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1335&context=penn_law_review">Raining on the Parade of Horribles: Of Slippery Slopes, Faux Slopes, and Justice Scalia's Dissent in <i>Lawrence V. Texas</i></a>", <i>University of Pennsylvania Law Review</i>, vol. 153, no. 3 (January 2005), esp. 1118–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScalia" class="citation web cs1">Scalia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/02-102.ZD.html">"Lawrence V. Texas"</a>. Law.cornell.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cleburne Living Ctr.</i>, 473 U.S. 432, 451 (1985) (Stevens, J., concurring): "I have never been persuaded that these so-called 'standards' adequately explain the decisional process."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i><a href="/wiki/Lofton_v._Secretary_of_the_Department_of_Children_%26_Family_Services" title="Lofton v. Secretary of the Department of Children & Family Services">Lofton v. Secretary of the Department of Children & Family Services</a></i></cite>, 358 F.3d 804 (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit</a> 2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Witt v. Department of the Air Force</i>, No. 06-35644.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/14/obituaries/14garner.html">"Tyron Garner, 39, Plaintiff in Pivotal Sodomy Case, Dies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. September 15, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Tyron+Garner%2C+39%2C+Plaintiff+in+Pivotal+Sodomy+Case%2C+Dies&rft.date=2006-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F09%2F14%2Fobituaries%2F14garner.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+v.+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/24/us/john-lawrence-plaintiff-in-lawrence-v-texas-dies-at-68.html">"John Lawrence, Plaintiff in Gay Rights Case, Dies at 68"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. December 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=John+Lawrence%2C+Plaintiff+in+Gay+Rights+Case%2C+Dies+at+68&rft.date=2011-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F12%2F24%2Fus%2Fjohn-lawrence-plaintiff-in-lawrence-v-texas-dies-at-68.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+v.+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_v._Texas&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dale_Carpenter" title="Dale Carpenter">Carpenter, Dale</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flagrantconducts0000carp/page/11"><i>Flagrant Conduct: The Story of Lawrence v. Texas</i></a>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flagrantconducts0000carp/page/11">11–12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06208-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06208-3"><bdi>978-0-393-06208-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/761383909">761383909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flagrant+Conduct%3A+The+Story+of+Lawrence+v.+Texas&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=11-12&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F761383909&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06208-3&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fflagrantconducts0000carp%2Fpage%2F11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+v.+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChemerinsky2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Chemerinsky" title="Erwin Chemerinsky">Chemerinsky, Erwin</a> (2015). <i>Constitutional Law: Principles and Policies</i> (5th ed.). New York: Wolters Kluwer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4548-4947-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4548-4947-6"><bdi>978-1-4548-4947-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Law%3A+Principles+and+Policies&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4548-4947-6&rft.aulast=Chemerinsky&rft.aufirst=Erwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+v.+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNowakRotunda2012" class="citation book cs1">Nowak, John E.; <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Rotunda" title="Ronald Rotunda">Rotunda, Ronald D.</a> (2012). <i>Treatise on Constitutional Law: Substance and Procedure</i> (5th ed.). Eagan, Minnesota: West Thomson/Reuters. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/798148265">798148265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treatise+on+Constitutional+Law%3A+Substance+and+Procedure&rft.place=Eagan%2C+Minnesota&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=West+Thomson%2FReuters&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F798148265&rft.aulast=Nowak&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft.au=Rotunda%2C+Ronald+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+v.+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_v._Texas&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter2003" class="citation journal cs1">Carpenter, Dale (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.law.umich.edu/context/mlr/article/1717/viewcontent/uc.pdf">"The Unknown Past of <i>Lawrence v. Texas</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Michigan Law Review</i>. <b>102</b> (7). The Michigan Law Review Association: <span class="nowrap">1464–</span>1527. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4141912">10.2307/4141912</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4141912">4141912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Michigan+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Unknown+Past+of+Lawrence+v.+Texas&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1464-%3C%2Fspan%3E1527&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4141912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4141912%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.law.umich.edu%2Fcontext%2Fmlr%2Farticle%2F1717%2Fviewcontent%2Fuc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+v.+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaider-Markel2003" class="citation web cs1">Haider-Markel, Donald P. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080627020817/http://www.glaad.org/documents/csms/lvt_final.pdf">"Media Coverage of <i>Lawrence v. Texas</i>: An Analysis of Content, Tone, and Frames in National and Local News Reporting"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glaad.org/documents/csms/lvt_final.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 27, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Media+Coverage+of+Lawrence+v.+Texas%3A+An+Analysis+of+Content%2C+Tone%2C+and+Frames+in+National+and+Local+News+Reporting&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Haider-Markel&rft.aufirst=Donald+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glaad.org%2Fdocuments%2Fcsms%2Flvt_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+v.+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLithwick2012" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dahlia_Lithwick" title="Dahlia Lithwick">Lithwick, Dahlia</a> (March 12, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2012/03/12/120312crbo_books_lithwick?google_editors_picks=true">"Extreme Makeover: The Story Behind the Story of <i>Lawrence v. Texas</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Extreme+Makeover%3A+The+Story+Behind+the+Story+of+Lawrence+v.+Texas&rft.date=2012-03-12&rft.aulast=Lithwick&rft.aufirst=Dahlia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Farts%2Fcritics%2Fbooks%2F2012%2F03%2F12%2F120312crbo_books_lithwick%3Fgoogle_editors_picks%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+v.+Texas" class="Z3988"></span> A lengthy review of Carpenter, <i>Flagrant Conduct</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_A._J._Richards" title="David A. J. Richards">Richards, David A.J.</a> (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sodomycasesbower00davi"><i>The Sodomy Cases: Bowers v. Hardwick and Lawrence v. Texas</i></a></span>. University Press of Kansas.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sodomy+Cases%3A+Bowers+v.+Hardwick+and+Lawrence+v.+Texas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=David+A.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsodomycasesbower00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+v.+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTribe2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Tribe" title="Laurence Tribe">Tribe, Laurence H.</a> (2003). "<i>Lawrence v. Texas</i>: The Fundamental Right That Dare Not Speak Its Name". <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a></i>. <b>117</b> (6). The Harvard Law Review Association: <span class="nowrap">1893–</span>1955. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4093306">10.2307/4093306</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4093306">4093306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Lawrence+v.+Texas%3A+The+Fundamental+Right+That+Dare+Not+Speak+Its+Name&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1893-%3C%2Fspan%3E1955&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4093306&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4093306%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tribe&rft.aufirst=Laurence+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+v.+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTushnet2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Tushnet" title="Mark Tushnet">Tushnet, Mark</a> (2008). <i>I Dissent: Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases</i>. Boston: Beacon Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">211–</span>220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-0036-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-0036-6"><bdi>978-0-8070-0036-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Dissent%3A+Great+Opposing+Opinions+in+Landmark+Supreme+Court+Cases&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E220&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-0036-6&rft.aulast=Tushnet&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALawrence+v.+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_E._Wilkes_Jr" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald E. Wilkes Jr">Wilkes Jr., Donald E.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.law.uga.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1051&context=fac_pm"><i>Lawrence v. Texas: An Historic Human Rights Victory</i></a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_v._Texas&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works related to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Lawrence v. Texas"><i>Lawrence v. Texas</i></a> at Wikisource</li> <li>Text of <i>Lawrence v. Texas</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_539" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 539">539</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 558 (2003) is available from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/02-102.ZS.html">Cornell</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/130160/lawrence-v-texas/">CourtListener</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/539/558.html">Findlaw</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=15714610278411834284">Google Scholar</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supreme.justia.com/us/539/558/case.html">Justia</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.loc.gov/service/ll/usrep/usrep539/usrep539558/usrep539558.pdf">Library of Congress</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openjurist.org/539/us/558">OpenJurist</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/2002/02-102">Oyez (oral argument audio)</a> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=989955">The Invasion of Sexual Privacy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Original_case_links">Original case links</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_v._Texas&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Original case links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2002/02-102.pdf">Official oral arguments (Transcript)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/oyez/resource/case/1542/opinion/transcript">Reading of opinion (Transcript)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://audio.oyez.org/case/2000-2009/2002/2002_02_102/02-102_20030326-argument.mp3">Oral arguments (MP3 file)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://audio.oyez.org/case/2000-2009/2002/2002_02_102/02-102_20030626-opinion.mp3">Reading of opinion (MP3 file)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Austin,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Dallas–Fort Worth">Dallas–Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_San_Antonio" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Tie_Dinner" title="Black Tie Dinner">Black Tie Dinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunnies_on_the_Bayou" title="Bunnies on the Bayou">Bunnies on the Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Black_Pride" title="Dallas Black Pride">Dallas Black Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dallas_Pride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dallas Pride (page does not exist)">Dallas Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Gay_and_Lesbian_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston Gay and Lesbian Film Festival">Houston Gay and Lesbian Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Gay_Pride_Parade" title="Houston Gay Pride Parade">Houston Gay Pride Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houston_Splash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Houston Splash (page does not exist)">Houston Splash</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=QCinema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="QCinema (page does not exist)">QCinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QueerBomb_Dallas" title="QueerBomb Dallas">QueerBomb Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarrant_County_Pride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarrant County Pride (page does not exist)">Tarrant County Pride</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Venues6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blur_Bar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blur Bar (page does not exist)">Blur Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazos_River_Bottom" title="Brazos River Bottom">Brazos River Bottom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Briar_Patch_(nightclub)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Briar Patch (nightclub) (page does not exist)">Briar Patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chances_Bar" title="Chances Bar">Chances Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Houston" title="Eagle Houston">Eagle Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EJ%27s_Bar_%26_Grill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EJ's Bar & Grill (page does not exist)">EJ's Bar & Grill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F_Bar" title="F Bar">F Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guava_Lamp" title="Guava Lamp">Guava Lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JR%27s_Bar_and_Grill" title="JR's Bar and Grill">JR's Bar and Grill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_Marion_%26_Lynn%27s" title="Just Marion & Lynn's">Just Marion & Lynn's</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael%27s_Outpost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael's Outpost (page does not exist)">Michael's Outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_Boots_Dancehall_%26_Saloon" title="Neon Boots Dancehall & Saloon">Neon Boots Dancehall & Saloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oilcan_Harry%27s" title="Oilcan Harry's">Oilcan Harry's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pink_Elephant" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pink Elephant">The Pink Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReBar_Houston" title="ReBar Houston">ReBar Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ripcord_(nightclub)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ripcord (nightclub) (page does not exist)">Ripcord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Beach_(nightclub)" title="South Beach (nightclub)">South Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Ellen%27s" title="Sue Ellen's">Sue Ellen's</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Closed6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Closed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary%27s_(Houston)" title="Mary's (Houston)">Mary's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_(bar)" title="Meteor (bar)">Meteor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montrose_Mining_Company" title="Montrose Mining Company">Montrose Mining Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Arts_District,_Dallas" title="Bishop Arts District, Dallas">Bishop Arts District, Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Montrose,_Houston" title="Hyde Park, Montrose, Houston">Hyde Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montrose,_Houston" title="Montrose, Houston">Montrose, Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Lawn,_Dallas" title="Oak Lawn, Dallas">Oak Lawn, Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Dolphin_Monument" title="Pink Dolphin Monument">Pink Dolphin Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westbury,_Houston" title="Westbury, Houston">Westbury, Houston</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_A-List:_Dallas" title="The A-List: Dallas">The A-List: Dallas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayou_City_Women%27s_Chorus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayou City Women's Chorus (page does not exist)">Bayou City Women's Chorus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Voice" title="Dallas Voice">Dallas Voice</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gay_Men%27s_Chorus_of_Houston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gay Men's Chorus of Houston (page does not exist)">Gay Men's Chorus of Houston</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Voice" title="Houston Voice">Houston Voice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Nuntius_%26_Our_Community&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Nuntius & Our Community (page does not exist)">The Nuntius & Our Community</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OutSmart" title="OutSmart">OutSmart</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regal_Crest_Enterprises" title="Regal Crest Enterprises">Regal Crest Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Creek_Chorale" title="Turtle Creek Chorale">Turtle Creek Chorale</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Texas">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1977_Houston_Anita_Bryant_protests" title="1977 Houston Anita Bryant protests">1977 Houston Anita Bryant protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_High_School_North_(Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran High School North (Texas)">Lutheran High School North controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_of_Billie_Ert_and_Antonio_Molina" title="Marriage of Billie Ert and Antonio Molina">Marriage of Billie Ert and Antonio Molina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Paul_Broussard" title="Murder of Paul Broussard">Murder of Paul Broussard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Lounge_raid" title="Rainbow Lounge raid">Rainbow Lounge raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_Station_police_raid" title="Village Station police raid">Village Station police raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman_Community_School" title="Walt Whitman Community School">Walt Whitman Community School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atticus_Circle" title="Atticus Circle">Atticus Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Hope_(Dallas)" title="Cathedral of Hope (Dallas)">Cathedral of Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Community_Church" title="Metropolitan Community Church">Dallas Metropolitan Community Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_Texas" title="Equality Texas">Equality Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_Archive_and_Museum" title="Gulf Coast Archive and Museum">Gulf Coast Archive and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_GLBT_Community_Center" title="Houston GLBT Community Center">Houston GLBT Community Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_LGBTQ%2B_Political_Caucus" title="Houston LGBTQ+ Political Caucus">Houston LGBTQ+ Political Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_Health_Initiative_of_Houston" title="Lesbian Health Initiative of Houston">Lesbian Health Initiative of Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_Aggies" title="LGBTQ Aggies">LGBTQ Aggies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montrose_Center" title="Montrose Center">Montrose Center</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak_Lawn_Library&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oak Lawn Library (page does not exist)">Oak Lawn Library</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phil_Johnson_Historic_Archives_and_Research_Library&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phil Johnson Historic Archives and Research Library (page does not exist)">Phil Johnson Historic Archives and Research Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_Liberaction" title="Queer Liberaction">Queer Liberaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Archive" title="Transgender Archive">Transgender Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Education_Network_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender Education Network of Texas">Transgender Education Network of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Foundation_of_America" title="Transgender Foundation of America">Transgender Foundation of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Texas">Rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_topic8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recognition_of_same-sex_unions_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Recognition of same-sex unions in Texas">Recognition of same-sex unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Texas" title="Same-sex marriage in Texas">Same-sex marriage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baker_v._Wade" title="Baker v. Wade">Baker v. Wade</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Principles" title="Dallas Principles">Dallas Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act_(Texas)" title="Defense of Marriage Act (Texas)">Defense of Marriage Act</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Leon_v._Perry" title="De Leon v. Perry">De Leon v. Perry</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gay_Student_Services_v._Texas_A%26M_University" title="Gay Student Services v. Texas A&M University">Gay Student Services v. Texas A&M University</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Houston,_Texas_Proposition_1" title="2015 Houston, Texas Proposition 1">Houston, Texas Proposition 1</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Marriage_of_J.B._and_H.B." title="In re Marriage of J.B. and H.B.">In re Marriage of J.B. and H.B.</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Byrd,_Jr._Hate_Crimes_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Act">James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Act</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lawrence v. Texas</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Littleton_v._Prange" title="Littleton v. Prange">Littleton v. Prange</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2005_Texas_Proposition_2" title="2005 Texas Proposition 2">Texas Proposition 2</a></i> (2005)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="LGBTQ_rights_in_the_United_States345" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LGBTQ_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Template:LGBTQ rights in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LGBTQ_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:LGBTQ rights in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ rights in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="LGBTQ_rights_in_the_United_States345" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ rights in the United States">LGBTQ rights in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;">By entity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U.S._federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. federal government">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/One,_Inc._v._Olesen" title="One, Inc. v. Olesen">One, Inc. v. Olesen</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12968" title="Executive Order 12968">Executive Order 12968</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romer_v._Evans" title="Romer v. Evans">Romer v. Evans</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13087" title="Executive Order 13087">Executive Order 13087</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lawrence v. Texas</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Shepard_and_James_Byrd_Jr._Hate_Crimes_Prevention_Act" title="Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act">Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Ask,_Don%27t_Tell_Repeal_Act_of_2010" title="Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010">Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_Against_Women_Act" title="Violence Against Women Act">Violence Against Women Act</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Windsor" title="United States v. Windsor">United States v. Windsor</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13672" title="Executive Order 13672">Executive Order 13672</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pavan_v._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavan v. Smith">Pavan v. Smith</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masterpiece_Cakeshop_v._Colorado_Civil_Rights_Commission" title="Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission">Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bostock_v._Clayton_County" title="Bostock v. Clayton County">Bostock</a>/<a href="/wiki/R.G._%26_G.R._Harris_Funeral_Homes_Inc._v._Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Harris Funeral Homes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Altitude_Express,_Inc._v._Zarda" title="Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda">Altitude Express</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G.G._v._Gloucester_County_School_Board" title="G.G. v. Gloucester County School Board">G.G. v. Gloucester County School Board</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13988" title="Executive Order 13988">Executive Order 13988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respect_for_Marriage_Act" title="Respect for Marriage Act">Respect for Marriage Act</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/303_Creative_LLC_v._Elenis" title="303 Creative LLC v. Elenis">303 Creative LLC v. Elenis</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Repealed or<br />overturned<br />federal laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1917" title="Immigration Act of 1917">Immigration Act of 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_10450" title="Executive Order 10450">Executive Order 10450</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowers_v._Hardwick" title="Bowers v. Hardwick">Bowers v. Hardwick</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_ask,_don%27t_tell" title="Don't ask, don't tell">DoD Directive 1304.26</a> ("Don't ask, don't tell")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act" title="Defense of Marriage Act">Defense of Marriage Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Memorandum_on_Military_Service_by_Transgender_Individuals_(2017)" title="Presidential Memorandum on Military Service by Transgender Individuals (2017)">Presidential Memorandum of August 25, 2017</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Alabama" title="LGBTQ rights in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Alaska" title="LGBTQ rights in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Arizona" title="LGBTQ rights in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Arkansas" title="LGBTQ rights in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_California" title="LGBTQ rights in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Colorado" title="LGBTQ rights in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Connecticut" title="LGBTQ rights in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Delaware" title="LGBTQ rights in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Florida" title="LGBTQ rights in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="LGBTQ rights in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Hawaii" title="LGBTQ rights in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Idaho" title="LGBTQ rights in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Illinois" title="LGBTQ rights in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Indiana" title="LGBTQ rights in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Iowa" title="LGBTQ rights in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Kansas" title="LGBTQ rights in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Kentucky" title="LGBTQ rights in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Louisiana" title="LGBTQ rights in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Maine" title="LGBTQ rights in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Maryland" title="LGBTQ rights in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Massachusetts" title="LGBTQ rights in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Michigan" title="LGBTQ rights in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Minnesota" title="LGBTQ rights in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Mississippi" title="LGBTQ rights in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Missouri" title="LGBTQ rights in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Montana" title="LGBTQ rights in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Nebraska" title="LGBTQ rights in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Nevada" title="LGBTQ rights in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_New_Hampshire" title="LGBTQ rights in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_New_Jersey" title="LGBTQ rights in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_New_Mexico" title="LGBTQ rights in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_New_York" title="LGBTQ rights in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_North_Carolina" title="LGBTQ rights in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_North_Dakota" title="LGBTQ rights in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Ohio" title="LGBTQ rights in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Oklahoma" title="LGBTQ rights in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Oregon" title="LGBTQ rights in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Pennsylvania" title="LGBTQ rights in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Rhode_Island" title="LGBTQ rights in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_South_Carolina" title="LGBTQ rights in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_South_Dakota" title="LGBTQ rights in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Tennessee" title="LGBTQ rights in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Texas" title="LGBTQ rights in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Utah" title="LGBTQ rights in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Vermont" title="LGBTQ rights in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Virginia" title="LGBTQ rights in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Washington_(state)" title="LGBTQ rights in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_West_Virginia" title="LGBTQ rights in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Wisconsin" title="LGBTQ rights in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Wyoming" title="LGBTQ rights in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_the_District_of_Columbia" title="LGBTQ rights in the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_tribal_nations_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in tribal nations in the United States">Tribal nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Navajo_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Navajo Nation">Navajo Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_tribal_nations_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in tribal nations in the United States">Indian Country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_territories_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Unincorporated territories of the United States">Unincorporated<br />territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_American_Samoa" title="LGBTQ rights in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Guam" title="LGBTQ rights in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="LGBTQ rights in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Puerto_Rico" title="LGBTQ rights in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="LGBTQ rights in the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex adoption in the United States">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in the United States">Age of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._jurisdictions_banning_conversion_therapy" title="List of U.S. jurisdictions banning conversion therapy">Conversion therapy bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Hate crime laws in the United States">Hate crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Housing discrimination in the United States">Housing discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">Intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity_in_the_United_States_military" title="Sexual orientation and gender identity in the United States military">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_personnel_in_the_United_States_military" title="Transgender personnel in the United States military">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_people_in_the_United_States_military" title="Intersex people in the United States military">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_in_the_United_States_military" title="Sexual orientation in the United States military">Sexual orientation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_employment_discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="LGBT employment discrimination in the United States">Employment discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_counties_in_the_United_States_offering_an_LGBT_non-discrimination_ordinance" title="List of cities and counties in the United States offering an LGBT non-discrimination ordinance">by municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_bans_on_local_anti-discrimination_laws_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="State bans on local anti-discrimination laws in the United States">State bans on local anti-discrimination laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_immigration_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Same-sex immigration policy of the United States">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_curriculum_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-LGBTQ curriculum laws in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ curriculum laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Parental_Rights_in_Education_Act" title="Florida Parental Rights in Education Act">Florida Parental Rights in Education Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_accommodations_in_the_United_States" title="Public accommodations in the United States">Public accommodations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_freedom_bill" title="Religious freedom bill">Religious exemptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex unions in the United States">Same-sex unions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex unions in the United States">Civil unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_partnership_in_the_United_States" title="Domestic partnership in the United States">Domestic partnerships</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_counties_in_the_United_States_offering_a_domestic_partnership_registry" title="Cities and counties in the United States offering a domestic partnership registry">by municipality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in the United States">Marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender rights in the United States">Transgender rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_disenfranchisement_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender disenfranchisement in the United States">voting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom_bill" title="Bathroom bill">Bathroom bill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protecting_Women%27s_Private_Spaces_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act">Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Repealed or<br />overturned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state_constitutional_amendments_banning_same-sex_unions" title="U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions">U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_law_in_the_United_States_by_state" title="Same-sex marriage law in the United States by state">Same-sex marriage law in the United States by state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Sodomy laws in the United States">Sodomy laws in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ movements in the United States">LGBTQ movements in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ history in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_violence_against_LGBTQ_people_in_the_United_States" title="History of violence against LGBTQ people in the United States">History of violence against LGBTQ people in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Equality_Caucus" title="Congressional Equality Caucus">Congressional Equality Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_Scare" title="Lavender Scare">Lavender Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Our_Children" title="Save Our Children">Save Our Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_in_prison" title="LGBTQ people in prison">LGBTQ people in prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger_and_LGBT_rights" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger and LGBT rights">Arnold Schwarzenegger and LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_protests_against_Donald_Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT protests against Donald Trump">LGBT protests against Donald Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_and_Florida%27s_Parental_Rights_in_Education_Act" title="Disney and Florida's Parental Rights in Education Act">Disney and Florida's Parental Rights in Education Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/16px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/24px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/32px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Category:LGBTQ rights in the United States">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Fourteenth_Amendment_case_law235" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US14thAmendment" title="Template:US14thAmendment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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href="/wiki/Citizenship_Clause" title="Citizenship Clause">Citizenship Clause</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Slaughter-House_Cases" title="Slaughter-House Cases">Slaughter-House Cases</a></i> (1873)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minor_v._Happersett" title="Minor v. Happersett">Minor v. Happersett</a></i> (1875)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elk_v._Wilkins" title="Elk v. Wilkins">Elk v. Wilkins</a></i> (1884)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wong_Kim_Ark" title="United States v. Wong Kim Ark">United States v. Wong Kim Ark</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_v._Hare" title="Mackenzie v. Hare">Mackenzie v. Hare</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perez_v._Brownell" title="Perez v. Brownell">Perez v. Brownell</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Afroyim_v._Rusk" title="Afroyim v. Rusk">Afroyim v. Rusk</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rogers_v._Bellei" title="Rogers v. Bellei">Rogers v. Bellei</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saenz_v._Roe" title="Saenz v. Roe">Saenz v. Roe</a></i> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Due_Process_Clause235" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process Clause</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lochner_era" title="Lochner era">Economic substantive<br />due process</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mugler_v._Kansas" title="Mugler v. Kansas">Mugler v. Kansas</a></i> (1887)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Allgeyer_v._Louisiana" title="Allgeyer v. Louisiana">Allgeyer v. Louisiana</a></i> (1897)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holden_v._Hardy" title="Holden v. Hardy">Holden v. Hardy</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lochner_v._New_York" title="Lochner v. New York">Lochner v. New York</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muller_v._Oregon" title="Muller v. Oregon">Muller v. Oregon</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coppage_v._Kansas" title="Coppage v. Kansas">Coppage v. Kansas</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buchanan_v._Warley" title="Buchanan v. Warley">Buchanan v. Warley</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adams_v._Tanner" title="Adams v. Tanner">Adams v. Tanner</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O%27Gorman_%26_Young,_Inc._v._Hartford_Fire_Insurance_Co." title="O'Gorman & Young, Inc. v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co.">O'Gorman & Young, Inc. v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co.</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Hotel_Co._v._Parrish" title="West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish">West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish</a></i> (1937)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Privacy_laws_of_the_United_States" title="Privacy laws of the United States">Right to privacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Meyer_v._Nebraska" title="Meyer v. Nebraska">Meyer v. Nebraska</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pierce_v._Society_of_Sisters" title="Pierce v. Society of Sisters">Pierce v. Society of Sisters</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Griswold_v._Connecticut" title="Griswold v. Connecticut">Griswold v. Connecticut</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doe_v._Bolton" title="Doe v. Bolton">Doe v. Bolton</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowers_v._Hardwick" title="Bowers v. Hardwick">Bowers v. Hardwick</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Webster_v._Reproductive_Health_Services" title="Webster v. Reproductive Health Services">Webster v. Reproductive Health Services</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_v._Casey" title="Planned Parenthood v. Casey">Planned Parenthood v. Casey</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lawrence v. Texas</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whole_Woman%27s_Health_v._Hellerstedt" title="Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt">Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion jurisprudence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Vuitch" title="United States v. Vuitch">United States v. Vuitch</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doe_v._Bolton" title="Doe v. Bolton">Doe v. Bolton</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_of_Central_Missouri_v._Danforth" title="Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth">Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellotti_v._Baird_(1976)" title="Bellotti v. Baird (1976)">Bellotti v. Baird I</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colautti_v._Franklin" title="Colautti v. Franklin">Colautti v. Franklin</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellotti_v._Baird_(1979)" title="Bellotti v. Baird (1979)">Bellotti v. Baird II</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/H._L._v._Matheson" title="H. L. v. Matheson">H. L. v. Matheson</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Akron_v._Akron_Center_for_Reproductive_Health" title="City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health">City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thornburgh_v._American_College_of_Obstetricians_%26_Gynecologists" title="Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists">Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Webster_v._Reproductive_Health_Services" title="Webster v. Reproductive Health Services">Webster v. Reproductive Health Services</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hodgson_v._Minnesota" title="Hodgson v. Minnesota">Hodgson v. Minnesota</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohio_v._Akron_Center_for_Reproductive_Health&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ohio v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health (page does not exist)">Ohio v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_v._Casey" title="Planned Parenthood v. Casey">Planned Parenthood v. Casey</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leavitt_v._Jane_L.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leavitt v. Jane L. (page does not exist)">Leavitt v. Jane L.</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lambert_v._Wicklund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lambert v. Wicklund (page does not exist)">Lambert v. Wicklund</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mazurek_v._Armstrong" title="Mazurek v. Armstrong">Mazurek v. Armstrong</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stenberg_v._Carhart" title="Stenberg v. Carhart">Stenberg v. Carhart</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayotte_v._Planned_Parenthood_of_Northern_New_England" title="Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England">Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gonzales_v._Carhart" title="Gonzales v. Carhart">Gonzales v. Carhart</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whole_Woman%27s_Health_v._Hellerstedt" title="Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt">Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Azar_v._Garza" title="Azar v. Garza">Azar v. Garza</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Box_v._Planned_Parenthood_of_Indiana_and_Kentucky,_Inc." title="Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky, Inc.">Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky, Inc.</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/June_Medical_Services,_LLC_v._Russo" title="June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo">June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Litigation under<br /><a href="/wiki/Revised_Statutes_of_the_United_States" title="Revised Statutes of the United States">R.S. </a><a href="/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act_of_1871" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Enforcement Act of 1871">§ 1979 (42 U.S.C. 1983)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Monroe_v._Pape" title="Monroe v. Pape">Monroe v. Pape</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i>McNeese v. Board of Education</i> (1963)</li> <li><i>Pierson v. Ray</i> (1967)</li> <li><i>Jenkins v. McKeithen</i> (1969)</li> <li><i>Scheuer v. Rhodes</i> (1974)</li> <li><i>Wood v. Strickland</i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O%27Connor_v._Donaldson" title="O'Connor v. Donaldson">O'Connor v. Donaldson</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paul_v._Davis" title="Paul v. Davis">Paul v. Davis</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imbler_v._Pachtman" title="Imbler v. Pachtman">Imbler v. Pachtman</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monell_v._Department_of_Social_Services_of_the_City_of_New_York" title="Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York">Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i>Procunier v. Navarette</i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Owen_v._City_of_Independence" title="Owen v. City of Independence">Owen v. City of Independence</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harlow_v._Fitzgerald" title="Harlow v. Fitzgerald">Harlow v. Fitzgerald</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Felder_v._Casey" title="Felder v. Casey">Felder v. Casey</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Will_v._Michigan_Department_of_State_Police" title="Will v. Michigan Department of State Police">Will v. Michigan Department of State Police</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gonzaga_University_v._Doe" title="Gonzaga University v. Doe">Gonzaga University v. Doe</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inyo_County_v._Paiute-Shoshone_Indians_of_the_Bishop_Community" title="Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community">Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Rancho_Palos_Verdes_v._Abrams" title="City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams">City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fitzgerald_v._Barnstable_School_Committee" title="Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee">Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashcroft_v._Iqbal" title="Ashcroft v. Iqbal">Ashcroft v. Iqbal</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_v._Humphries" title="Los Angeles County v. Humphries">Los Angeles County v. Humphries</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Connick_v._Thompson" title="Connick v. Thompson">Connick v. Thompson</a></i> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jacobson_v._Massachusetts" title="Jacobson v. Massachusetts">Jacobson v. Massachusetts</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zucht_v._King" title="Zucht v. King">Zucht v. King</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buck_v._Bell" title="Buck v. Bell">Buck v. Bell</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Powell_v._Alabama" title="Powell v. Alabama">Powell v. Alabama</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mullane_v._Central_Hanover_Bank_%26_Trust_Co." title="Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co.">Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co.</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NAACP_v._Alabama" title="NAACP v. Alabama">NAACP v. Alabama</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hoyt_v._Florida" title="Hoyt v. Florida">Hoyt v. Florida</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oyler_v._Boles" title="Oyler v. Boles">Oyler v. Boles</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epperson_v._Arkansas" title="Epperson v. Arkansas">Epperson v. Arkansas</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Winship" title="In re Winship">In re Winship</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Board_of_Education_v._LaFleur" title="Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur">Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arnett_v._Kennedy" title="Arnett v. Kennedy">Arnett v. Kennedy</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taylor_v._Louisiana" title="Taylor v. Louisiana">Taylor v. Louisiana</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goss_v._Lopez" title="Goss v. Lopez">Goss v. Lopez</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mathews_v._Eldridge" title="Mathews v. Eldridge">Mathews v. Eldridge</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moore_v._City_of_East_Cleveland" title="Moore v. City of East Cleveland">Moore v. City of East Cleveland</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duren_v._Missouri" title="Duren v. Missouri">Duren v. Missouri</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parham_v._J.R." title="Parham v. J.R.">Parham v. J.R.</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parratt_v._Taylor" title="Parratt v. Taylor">Parratt v. Taylor</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Logan_v._Zimmerman_Brush_Co." title="Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co.">Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co.</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kolender_v._Lawson" title="Kolender v. Lawson">Kolender v. Lawson</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudson_v._Palmer" title="Hudson v. Palmer">Hudson v. Palmer</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Board_of_Education_v._Loudermill" title="Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill">Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._Aguillard" title="Edwards v. Aguillard">Edwards v. Aguillard</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turner_v._Safley" title="Turner v. Safley">Turner v. Safley</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DeShaney_v._Winnebago_County" title="DeShaney v. Winnebago County">DeShaney v. Winnebago County</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_H._v._Gerald_D." title="Michael H. v. Gerald D.">Michael H. v. Gerald D.</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cruzan_v._Director,_Missouri_Department_of_Health" title="Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health">Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_v._Glucksberg" title="Washington v. Glucksberg">Washington v. Glucksberg</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troxel_v._Granville" title="Troxel v. Granville">Troxel v. Granville</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caperton_v._A.T._Massey_Coal_Co." title="Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co.">Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co.</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_v._Pennsylvania" title="Williams v. Pennsylvania">Williams v. Pennsylvania</a></i> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Equal_Protection_Clause235" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Race</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pace_v._Alabama" title="Pace v. Alabama">Pace v. Alabama</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yick_Wo_v._Hopkins" title="Yick Wo v. Hopkins">Yick Wo v. Hopkins</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cumming_v._Richmond_County_Board_of_Education" title="Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education">Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lum_v._Rice" title="Lum v. Rice">Lum v. Rice</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smith_v._Texas_(1940)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smith v. Texas (1940) (page does not exist)">Smith v. Texas</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hirabayashi_v._United_States" title="Hirabayashi v. United States">Hirabayashi v. United States</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Korematsu_v._United_States" title="Korematsu v. United States">Korematsu v. United States</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sipuel_v._Board_of_Regents_of_the_University_of_Oklahoma" title="Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma">Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shelley_v._Kraemer" title="Shelley v. Kraemer">Shelley v. Kraemer</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perez_v._Sharp" title="Perez v. Sharp">Perez v. Sharp</a></i> (Cal. 1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter" title="Sweatt v. Painter">Sweatt v. Painter</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McLaurin_v._Oklahoma_State_Regents" title="McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents">McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> (1954) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Briggs_v._Elliott" title="Briggs v. Elliott">Briggs v. Elliott</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._County_School_Board_of_Prince_Edward_County" title="Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County">Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gebhart_v._Belton" title="Gebhart v. Belton">Gebhart v. Belton</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucy_v._Adams" title="Lucy v. Adams">Lucy v. Adams</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></i> (M.D. Ala. 1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anderson_v._Martin" title="Anderson v. Martin">Anderson v. Martin</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Griffin_v._County_School_Board_of_Prince_Edward_County" title="Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County">Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McLaughlin_v._Florida" title="McLaughlin v. Florida">McLaughlin v. Florida</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reitman_v._Mulkey" title="Reitman v. Mulkey">Reitman v. Mulkey</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lee_v._Washington" title="Lee v. Washington">Lee v. Washington</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Green_v._County_School_Board_of_New_Kent_County" title="Green v. County School Board of New Kent County">Green v. County School Board of New Kent County</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hunter_v._Erickson" title="Hunter v. Erickson">Hunter v. Erickson</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadnott_v._Amos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadnott v. Amos (page does not exist)">Hadnott v. Amos</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Montgomery_County_Board_of_Education" title="United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education">United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_v._Holmes_County_Board_of_Education" title="Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education">Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Swann_v._Charlotte-Mecklenburg_Board_of_Education" title="Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education">Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=McDaniel_v._Barresi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McDaniel v. Barresi (page does not exist)">McDaniel v. Barresi</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palmer_v._Thompson" title="Palmer v. Thompson">Palmer v. Thompson</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coit_v._Green" title="Coit v. Green">Coit v. Green</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guey_Heung_Lee_v._Johnson" title="Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson">Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_v._Hackney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jefferson v. Hackney (page does not exist)">Jefferson v. Hackney</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keyes_v._School_District_No._1,_Denver" title="Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver">Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norwood_v._Harrison" title="Norwood v. Harrison">Norwood v. Harrison</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milliken_v._Bradley" title="Milliken v. Bradley">Milliken v. Bradley</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Village_of_Arlington_Heights_v._Metropolitan_Housing_Development_Corp." title="Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.">Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dayton_Bd._of_Ed._v._Brinkman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dayton Bd. of Ed. v. Brinkman (page does not exist)">Dayton Bd. of Ed. v. Brinkman</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Regents_of_the_University_of_California_v._Bakke" title="Regents of the University of California v. Bakke">Regents of the University of California v. Bakke</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_v._Seattle_School_Dist._No._1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Washington v. Seattle School Dist. No. 1 (page does not exist)">Washington v. Seattle School Dist. No. 1</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crawford_v._Los_Angeles_Board_of_Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crawford v. Los Angeles Board of Education (page does not exist)">Crawford v. Los Angeles Board of Education</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palmore_v._Sidoti" title="Palmore v. Sidoti">Palmore v. Sidoti</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hunter_v._Underwood" title="Hunter v. Underwood">Hunter v. Underwood</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wygant_v._Jackson_Board_of_Education" title="Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education">Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Richmond_v._J.A._Croson_Co." title="City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.">City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Education_of_Oklahoma_City_v._Dowell" title="Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell">Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_v._Pitts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freeman v. Pitts (page does not exist)">Freeman v. Pitts</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Fordice" title="United States v. Fordice">United States v. Fordice</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeastern_Fla._Chapter,_Associated_Gen._Contractors_of_America_v._Jacksonville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Contractors of America v. Jacksonville (page does not exist)">Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Contractors of America v. Jacksonville</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missouri_v._Jenkins" title="Missouri v. Jenkins">Missouri v. Jenkins</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_v._Lesage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Texas v. Lesage (page does not exist)">Texas v. Lesage</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gratz_v._Bollinger" title="Gratz v. Bollinger">Gratz v. Bollinger</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grutter_v._Bollinger" title="Grutter v. Bollinger">Grutter v. Bollinger</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnson_v._California_(2005)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johnson v. California (2005) (page does not exist)">Johnson v. California</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parents_Involved_in_Community_Schools_v._Seattle_School_District_No._1" title="Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1">Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fisher_v._University_of_Texas_(2013)" title="Fisher v. University of Texas (2013)">Fisher v. University of Texas I</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schuette_v._Coalition_to_Defend_Affirmative_Action" class="mw-redirect" title="Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action">Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fisher_v._University_of_Texas_(2016)" title="Fisher v. University of Texas (2016)">Fisher v. University of Texas II</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Fair_Admissions_v._President_and_Fellows_of_Harvard_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College">Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sex</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Breedlove_v._Suttles" title="Breedlove v. Suttles">Breedlove v. Suttles</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goesaert_v._Cleary" title="Goesaert v. Cleary">Goesaert v. Cleary</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reed_v._Reed" title="Reed v. Reed">Reed v. Reed</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moritz_v._Commissioner" title="Moritz v. Commissioner">Moritz v. Commissioner</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kahn_v._Shevin" title="Kahn v. Shevin">Kahn v. Shevin</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geduldig_v._Aiello" title="Geduldig v. Aiello">Geduldig v. Aiello</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stanton_v._Stanton" title="Stanton v. Stanton">Stanton v. Stanton</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._Healy" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwards v. Healy">Edwards v. Healy</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Craig_v._Boren" title="Craig v. Boren">Craig v. Boren</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orr_v._Orr" title="Orr v. Orr">Orr v. Orr</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parham_v._Hughes" title="Parham v. Hughes">Parham v. Hughes</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caban_v._Mohammed" title="Caban v. Mohammed">Caban v. Mohammed</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Personnel_Administrator_of_Massachusetts_v._Feeney" title="Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney">Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wengler_v._Druggists_Mut._Ins._Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wengler v. Druggists Mut. Ins. Co. (page does not exist)">Wengler v. Druggists Mut. Ins. Co.</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kirchberg_v._Feenstra" title="Kirchberg v. Feenstra">Kirchberg v. Feenstra</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_M._v._Superior_Court_of_Sonoma_County" title="Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County">Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_University_for_Women_v._Hogan" title="Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan">Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lehr_v._Robertson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lehr v. Robertson (page does not exist)">Lehr v. Robertson</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J.E.B._v._Alabama_ex_rel._T.B." title="J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B.">J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B.</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Virginia" title="United States v. Virginia">United States v. Virginia</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Skrmetti" title="United States v. Skrmetti">United States v. Skrmetti</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sexual orientation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowers_v._Hardwick" title="Bowers v. Hardwick">Bowers v. Hardwick</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romer_v._Evans" title="Romer v. Evans">Romer v. Evans</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alienage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Patsone_v._Pennsylvania" title="Patsone v. Pennsylvania">Patsone v. Pennsylvania</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Truax_v._Raich" title="Truax v. Raich">Truax v. Raich</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heim_v._McCall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heim v. McCall (page does not exist)">Heim v. McCall</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crane_v._New_York&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crane v. New York (page does not exist)">Crane v. New York</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Terrace_v._Thompson" title="Terrace v. Thompson">Terrace v. Thompson</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Porterfield_v._Webb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Porterfield v. Webb (page does not exist)">Porterfield v. Webb</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Webb_v._O%27Brien" title="Webb v. O'Brien">Webb v. O'Brien</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frick_v._Webb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frick v. Webb (page does not exist)">Frick v. Webb</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohio_ex_rel._Clark_v._Deckebach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ohio ex rel. Clark v. Deckebach (page does not exist)">Ohio ex rel. Clark v. Deckebach</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takahashi_v._Fish_and_Game_Comm%27n" class="mw-redirect" title="Takahashi v. Fish and Game Comm'n">Takahashi v. Fish and Game Comm'n</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hernandez_v._Texas" title="Hernandez v. Texas">Hernandez v. Texas</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Graham_v._Richardson" title="Graham v. Richardson">Graham v. Richardson</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sugarman_v._Dougall" title="Sugarman v. Dougall">Sugarman v. Dougall</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_re_Griffiths&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="In re Griffiths (page does not exist)">In re Griffiths</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Examining_Board_v._Flores_de_Otero" title="Examining Board v. Flores de Otero">Examining Board v. Flores de Otero</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nyquist_v._Mauclet" title="Nyquist v. Mauclet">Nyquist v. Mauclet</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foley_v._Connelie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foley v. Connelie (page does not exist)">Foley v. Connelie</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ambach_v._Norwick" title="Ambach v. Norwick">Ambach v. Norwick</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cabell_v._Chavez-Salido" title="Cabell v. Chavez-Salido">Cabell v. Chavez-Salido</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plyler_v._Doe" title="Plyler v. Doe">Plyler v. Doe</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bernal_v._Fainter" title="Bernal v. Fainter">Bernal v. Fainter</a></i> (1984)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Residency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shapiro_v._Thompson" title="Shapiro v. Thompson">Shapiro v. Thompson</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arlington_County_Board_v._Richards" title="Arlington County Board v. Richards">Arlington County Board v. Richards</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Life_Insurance_Co._v._Ward" title="Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Ward">Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Ward</a></i> (1985)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Cruikshank" title="United States v. Cruikshank">United States v. Cruikshank</a></i> (1876)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_County_v._Southern_Pacific_Railroad_Co." title="Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co.">Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co.</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaker_City_Cab_Co._v._Commonwealth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quaker City Cab Co. v. Commonwealth (page does not exist)">Quaker City Cab Co. v. Commonwealth</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breedlove_v._Suttles" title="Breedlove v. Suttles">Breedlove v. Suttles</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skinner_v._Oklahoma" title="Skinner v. Oklahoma">Skinner v. Oklahoma</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oyama_v._California" title="Oyama v. California">Oyama v. California</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oyler_v._Boles" title="Oyler v. Boles">Oyler v. Boles</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harper_v._Virginia_State_Board_of_Elections" title="Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections">Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rinaldi_v._Yeager&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rinaldi v. Yeager (page does not exist)">Rinaldi v. Yeager</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Levy_v._Louisiana" title="Levy v. Louisiana">Levy v. Louisiana</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_v._Rhodes" title="Williams v. Rhodes">Williams v. Rhodes</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oregon_v._Mitchell" title="Oregon v. Mitchell">Oregon v. Mitchell</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boddie_v._Connecticut" title="Boddie v. Connecticut">Boddie v. Connecticut</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eisenstadt_v._Baird" title="Eisenstadt v. Baird">Eisenstadt v. Baird</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lehnhausen_v._Lake_Shore_Auto_Parts_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co. (page does not exist)">Lehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co.</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Independent_School_District_v._Rodriguez" title="San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez">San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richardson_v._Ramirez" title="Richardson v. Ramirez">Richardson v. Ramirez</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Village_of_Belle_Terre_v._Boraas" title="Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas">Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Board_of_Retirement_v._Murgia" title="Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia">Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trimble_v._Gordon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trimble v. Gordon (page does not exist)">Trimble v. Gordon</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zablocki_v._Redhail" title="Zablocki v. Redhail">Zablocki v. Redhail</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Transit_Authority_v._Beazer" title="New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer">New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mills_v._Habluetzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mills v. Habluetzel (page does not exist)">Mills v. Habluetzel</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Cleburne_v._Cleburne_Living_Center,_Inc." title="City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc.">City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc.</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clark_v._Jeter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clark v. Jeter (page does not exist)">Clark v. Jeter</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadrmas_v._Dickinson_Public_Schools&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools (page does not exist)">Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gregory_v._Ashcroft" title="Gregory v. Ashcroft">Gregory v. Ashcroft</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vacco_v._Quill" title="Vacco v. Quill">Vacco v. Quill</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armour_v._Indianapolis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armour v. Indianapolis (page does not exist)">Armour v. Indianapolis</a></i> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Enforcement_Clause235" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Congressional_power_of_enforcement" title="Congressional power of enforcement">Enforcement Clause</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Cases" title="Civil Rights Cases">Civil Rights Cases</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katzenbach_v._Morgan" title="Katzenbach v. Morgan">Katzenbach v. Morgan</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fitzpatrick_v._Bitzer" title="Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer">Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dellmuth_v._Muth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dellmuth v. Muth (page does not exist)">Dellmuth v. Muth</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Boerne_v._Flores" title="City of Boerne v. Flores">City of Boerne v. Flores</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_Prepaid_Postsecondary_Education_Expense_Board_v._College_Savings_Bank" title="Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank">Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kimel_v._Florida_Board_of_Regents" title="Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents">Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Morrison" title="United States v. Morrison">United States v. Morrison</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Trustees_of_the_University_of_Alabama_v._Garrett" title="Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett">Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Department_of_Human_Resources_v._Hibbs" title="Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs">Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_v._Lane" title="Tennessee v. Lane">Tennessee v. Lane</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Georgia" title="United States v. Georgia">United States v. Georgia</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shelby_County_v._Holder" title="Shelby County v. Holder">Shelby County v. Holder</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other235" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gold_Clause_Cases" title="Gold Clause Cases">Gold Clause Cases</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._Anderson" title="Trump v. Anderson">Trump v. Anderson</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_v._Texas&oldid=1268459153">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_v._Texas&oldid=1268459153</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2003_in_LGBTQ_history" title="Category:2003 in LGBTQ history">2003 in LGBTQ history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2003_in_Texas" title="Category:2003 in Texas">2003 in Texas</a></li><li><a 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