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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_life_and_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_life_and_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political life and exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_life_and_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religious views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Relationship with music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declining_years_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declining_years_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Declining years and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declining_years_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drawings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drawings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Drawings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drawings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Other relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Juliette_Drouet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Juliette_Drouet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.1</span> <span>Juliette Drouet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Juliette_Drouet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Léonie_d’Aunet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Léonie_d’Aunet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.2</span> <span>Léonie d’Aunet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Léonie_d’Aunet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.3</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nicknames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nicknames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Nicknames</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nicknames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prose_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prose_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Prose fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prose_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_works_published_during_Hugo's_lifetime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_works_published_during_Hugo's_lifetime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Other works published during Hugo's lifetime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_works_published_during_Hugo's_lifetime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Published_posthumously" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Published_posthumously"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Published posthumously</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Published_posthumously-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Online_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.1</span> <span>Online works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Victor Hugo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 175 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-175" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">175 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Виктор Гюго – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Виктор Гюго" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%BE,_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Гюго, Виктор – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Гюго, Виктор" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Алтай тил</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%AA%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B6%E1%88%AD_%E1%8A%A2%E1%8B%8D%E1%8C%8E" title="ቪክቶር ኢውጎ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቪክቶር ኢውጎ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="विक्टर ह्यूगो – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="विक्टर ह्यूगो" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="فكتور هوغو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فكتور هوغو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%80%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%AF%D6%85" title="Վիքթոր Հիւկօ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Վիքթոր Հիւկօ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="भिक्टर ह्यूगो – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="भिक्टर ह्यूगो" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE,_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Юго, Виктор – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Юго, Виктор" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_H%C3%BCqo" title="Viktor Hüqo – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Viktor Hüqo" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%82%D9%88" title="ویکتور هوقو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویکتور هوقو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B" title="ভিক্টর হুগো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভিক্টর হুগো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Виктор Гюго – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Виктор Гюго" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Віктор Гюго – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Віктор Гюго" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Віктор Юго – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Віктор Юго" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="विक्टर ह्यूगो – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="विक्टर ह्यूगो" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Виктор Юго – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Виктор Юго" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Виктор Гюго – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Виктор Гюго" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Виктор Гюго – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Виктор Гюго" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%8A%DD%A3%D9%88" title="ڤيكطور هيݣو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ڤيكطور هيݣو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AF%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%89%CF%81_%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8E" title="Βίκτωρ Ουγκώ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βίκτωρ Ουγκώ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%BE,_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Гюго, Виктор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Гюго, Виктор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88" title="ویکتور هوگو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویکتور هوگو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%A8%E6%9E%9C" title="雨果 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="雨果" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%85%ED%86%A0%EB%A5%B4_%EC%9C%84%EA%B3%A0" title="빅토르 위고 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빅토르 위고" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%80%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%B8" title="Վիկտոր Հյուգո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիկտոր Հյուգո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="विक्टर ह्यूगो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विक्टर ह्यूगो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95" title="ויקטור הוגו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויקטור הוגו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Marie_Comte_Hugo" title="Victor Marie Comte Hugo – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Victor Marie Comte Hugo" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8A" title="ವಿಕ್ಟರ್ ಹ್ಯೂಗೊ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಕ್ಟರ್ ಹ್ಯೂಗೊ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D" title="ვიქტორ ჰიუგო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვიქტორ ჰიუგო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Виктор Гюго – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Виктор Гюго" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Виктор Гюго – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Виктор Гюго" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktors_Igo" title="Viktors Igo – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Viktors Igo" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Виктор Гюго – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Виктор Гюго" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/viktor.ugos" title="viktor.ugos – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="viktor.ugos" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="भिक्टर ह्यूगो – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="भिक्टर ह्यूगो" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Виктор Иго – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Виктор Иго" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B" title="വിക്ടർ യൂഗോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിക്ടർ യൂഗോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="व्हिक्तोर युगो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्हिक्तोर युगो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D" title="ვიქტორ ჰიუგო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვიქტორ ჰიუგო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88" title="فيكتور هوجو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيكتور هوجو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88" title="ویکتور هوگو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ویکتور هوگو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Виктор Гюго – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Виктор Гюго" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%82%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8" title="ဗစ်တာဟူးဂိုး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗစ်တာဟူးဂိုး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="भिक्टर ह्युगो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भिक्टर ह्युगो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B4%E3%83%BC" title="ヴィクトル・ユーゴー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴィクトル・ユーゴー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%BE,_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Гюго, Виктор – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Гюго, Виктор" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%BE,_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Гюго, Виктор – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Гюго, Виктор" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B" title="ਵਿਕਤੋਰ ਊਗੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਕਤੋਰ ਊਗੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1_%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88" title="وکٹر ہیوگو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وکٹر ہیوگو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%90%DA%A9%D9%BC%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88" title="وېکټور هوگو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="وېکټور هوگو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_H%C3%BCgo" title="Viktor Hügo – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Viktor Hügo" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%8E%D2%91%D0%BE" title="Віктор Гюґо – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Віктор Гюґо" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%BE,_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Гюго, Виктор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гюго, Виктор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Гюго Виктор – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Гюго Виктор" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="विक्टर ह्यूगो – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="विक्टर ह्यूगो" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9A_%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱦᱩᱜᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱠᱴᱚᱨ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱩᱜᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱠᱴᱚᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Hygo" title="Viktor Hygo – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Viktor Hygo" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9D" title="වික්ටර් හියුගෝ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වික්ටර් හියුගෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1_%DA%BE%D9%88%DA%AF%DB%86" title="ڤیکتۆر ھوگۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤیکتۆر ھوگۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Виктор Иго – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Виктор Иго" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B" title="விக்டர் ஹியூகோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விக்டர் ஹியூகோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktu%E1%B9%9B_Higu" title="Viktuṛ Higu – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Viktuṛ Higu" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Виктор Гюго – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Виктор Гюго" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8B" title="విక్టర్ హ్యూగో – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విక్టర్ హ్యూగో" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81" title="วิกตอร์ อูว์โก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิกตอร์ อูว์โก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D2%B2%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83" title="Виктор Ҳугу – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Виктор Ҳугу" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktor_G%C3%BDugo" title="Wiktor Gýugo – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Wiktor Gýugo" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%BE,_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Гюго, Виктор – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Гюго, Виктор" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%BE,_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Гюго, Виктор – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Гюго, Виктор" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Віктор Гюго – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Віктор Гюго" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1_%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88" title="وکٹر ہیوگو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وکٹر ہیوگو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCgo_Viktor" title="Gügo Viktor – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Gügo Viktor" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Victor" title="Hugo Victor – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Hugo Victor" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%85%8B%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E9%9B%A8%E6%9E%9C" title="維克多·雨果 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="維克多·雨果" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%92%D7%90" title="וויקטאר הוגא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וויקטאר הוגא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%9F%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E9%9B%A8%E6%9E%9C" title="域多·雨果 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="域多·雨果" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Victor Hugo" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E9%9B%A8%E6%9E%9C" title="维克多·雨果 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="维克多·雨果" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French writer and politician (1802–1885)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Victor Hugo (disambiguation)">Victor Hugo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Victor Hugo</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_Hugo_by_%C3%89tienne_Carjat_1876_-_full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Victor_Hugo_by_%C3%89tienne_Carjat_1876_-_full.jpg/220px-Victor_Hugo_by_%C3%89tienne_Carjat_1876_-_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Victor_Hugo_by_%C3%89tienne_Carjat_1876_-_full.jpg/330px-Victor_Hugo_by_%C3%89tienne_Carjat_1876_-_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Victor_Hugo_by_%C3%89tienne_Carjat_1876_-_full.jpg/440px-Victor_Hugo_by_%C3%89tienne_Carjat_1876_-_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2140" data-file-height="2632" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Carjat" title="Étienne Carjat">Étienne Carjat</a>, 1875</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Victor-Marie Hugo</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1802-02-26</span>)</span>26 February 1802<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon">Besançon</a>, Franche-Comté, <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">22 May 1885<span style="display:none">(1885-05-22)</span> (aged 83)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Paris, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a>, Paris</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li>Poet</li><li>novelist</li><li><a href="/wiki/Playwright" title="Playwright">dramatist</a></li><li>essayist</li><li>politician</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Order" title="Party of Order">Party of Order</a> (1848–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in France">Independent liberal</a> (1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Union_(France)" title="Republican Union (France)">Republican Union</a> (1876–1885)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A8le_Foucher" title="Adèle Foucher">Adèle Foucher</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1822; died 1868)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Léopold Hugo (died in infancy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opoldine_Hugo" title="Léopoldine Hugo">Léopoldine Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hugo_(writer)" title="Charles Hugo (writer)">Charles Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Victor_Hugo" title="François-Victor Hugo">François-Victor Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A8le_Hugo" title="Adèle Hugo">Adèle Hugo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L%C3%A9opold_Sigisbert_Hugo" title="Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo">Joseph Léopold Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Tr%C3%A9buchet" title="Sophie Trébuchet">Sophie Trébuchet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Writing career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r979066050"><ul class="cslist"><li>Novel</li><li>poetry</li><li>theatre</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">1829–1883</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r979066050"><ul class="cslist"><li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Les Misérables">Les Misérables</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruy_Blas" title="Ruy Blas">Ruy Blas</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame" title="The Hunchback of Notre-Dame">The Hunchback of Notre-Dame</a></i></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_Hugo_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Victor_Hugo_Signature.svg/150px-Victor_Hugo_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Victor_Hugo_Signature.svg/225px-Victor_Hugo_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Victor_Hugo_Signature.svg/300px-Victor_Hugo_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Offices held </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Senate_(France)" title="Senate (France)">Senator</a> for <a href="/wiki/Seine_(department)" title="Seine (department)">Seine</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />30 January 1876 – 22 May 1882</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data">Paris</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(1871)" title="National Assembly (1871)">National Assembly</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Gironde" title="Gironde">Gironde</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />9 February 1871 – 1 March 1871</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a><br />for Seine</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />24 April 1848 – 3 December 1851</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data">Paris</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_France" title="Peerage of France">Peer of France</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />13 April 1845 – February 1848</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" title="List of members of the Académie française">Member of the Académie française</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">Seat 14</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />7 January 1841 – 22 May 1885</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9pomuc%C3%A8ne_Lemercier" title="Népomucène Lemercier">Népomucène Lemercier</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leconte_de_Lisle" title="Leconte de Lisle">Leconte de Lisle</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Victor-Marie Hugo, vicomte Hugo</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[viktɔʁ<span class="wrap"> </span>maʁi<span class="wrap"> </span>yɡo]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a6\/Victor_Hugo.ogg\/Victor_Hugo.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Victor Hugo.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Victor_Hugo.ogg/Victor_Hugo.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_Hugo.ogg" title="File:Victor Hugo.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; 26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a French <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> author, poet, essayist, playwright, and politician. During a literary career that spanned more than sixty years, he wrote in a variety of genres and forms. </p><p>His most famous works are the novels <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame" title="The Hunchback of Notre-Dame">The Hunchback of Notre-Dame</a></i> (1831) and <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Les Misérables">Les Misérables</a></i> (1862). In France, Hugo is renowned for his poetry collections, such as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Les_Contemplations" title="Les Contemplations">Les Contemplations</a></i></span> and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/La_L%C3%A9gende_des_si%C3%A8cles" title="La Légende des siècles">La Légende des siècles</a></i></span> (<i>The Legend of the Ages</i>). Hugo was at the forefront of the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic literary movement</a> with his play <i><a href="/wiki/Cromwell_(play)" title="Cromwell (play)">Cromwell</a></i> and drama <i><a href="/wiki/Hernani_(drama)" title="Hernani (drama)">Hernani</a></i>. His works have inspired music, both during his lifetime and after his death, including the opera <i><a href="/wiki/Rigoletto" title="Rigoletto">Rigoletto</a></i> and the musicals <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(musical)" title="Les Misérables (musical)">Les Misérables</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_(musical)" title="Notre-Dame de Paris (musical)">Notre-Dame de Paris</a></i>. He produced more than 4,000 drawings in his lifetime, and campaigned for social causes such as the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_France" title="Capital punishment in France">capital punishment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">slavery</a>. </p><p>Although he was a committed <a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">royalist</a> when young, Hugo's views changed as the decades passed, and he became a passionate supporter of <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a>, serving in politics as both deputy and senator. His work touched upon most of the political and social issues and the artistic trends of his time. His opposition to <a href="/wiki/Absolutism_(European_history)" title="Absolutism (European history)">absolutism</a>, and his literary stature, established him as a national hero. Hugo died on 22 May 1885, aged 83. He was given a <a href="/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral">state funeral</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, which was attended by over 2 million people, the largest in French history.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Hugo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Victor-Marie Hugo was born on 26 February 1802 in <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon">Besançon</a></span></span> in Eastern France. He was the youngest son of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L%C3%A9opold_Sigisbert_Hugo" title="Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo">Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo</a> (1774–1828), a general in the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic army">Napoleonic army</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Tr%C3%A9buchet" title="Sophie Trébuchet">Sophie Trébuchet</a> (1772–1821). The couple had two other sons: <a href="/wiki/Abel_Hugo" title="Abel Hugo">Abel Joseph</a> (1798–1855) and <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Eugène</span></span> (1800–1837). The Hugo family came from <a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a>, where Hugo's grandfather was a wood merchant. Léopold enlisted in the army of <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary France">Revolutionary France</a> at fourteen. He was an atheist and an ardent supporter of the Republic. Hugo's mother Sophie was loyal to the deposed <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">dynasty</a> but would declare her children to be Protestants.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They met in <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teaubriant" title="Châteaubriant">Châteaubriant</a> in 1796 and married the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-Robb_1999_p._6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robb_1999_p.-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since Hugo's father was an officer in Napoleon's army, the family moved frequently from posting to posting. Léopold Hugo wrote to his son that he had been conceived on one of the highest peaks in the <a href="/wiki/Vosges_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Vosges Mountains">Vosges Mountains</a>, on a journey from Lunéville to Besançon. "This elevated origin," he went on, "seems to have had effects on you so that your muse is now continually sublime."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hugo believed himself to have been conceived on 24 June 1801, which is the origin of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Valjean" title="Jean Valjean">Jean Valjean</a>'s prisoner number <a href="/wiki/24601" class="mw-redirect" title="24601">24601</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1810, Hugo's father was made Count Hugo de Cogolludo y Sigüenza by then King of Spain <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-dHauterive_1845_p._223_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dHauterive_1845_p._223-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it seems that the Spanish title was not legally recognized in France. Hugo later titled himself as a viscount, and it was as "Vicomte Victor Hugo" that he was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_France" title="Peerage of France">peer of France</a> on 13 April 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pairs_de_France_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pairs_de_France-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Weary of the constant moving required by military life, Sophie separated temporarily from Léopold and settled in Paris in 1803 with her sons. There, she began seeing General <a href="/wiki/Victor_Fanneau_de_La_Horie" title="Victor Fanneau de La Horie">Victor Fanneau de La Horie</a>, Hugo's godfather, who had been a comrade of General Hugo's during the campaign in Vendee. In October 1807, the family rejoined Leopold, now Colonel Hugo, Governor of the province of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Avellino" title="Province of Avellino">Avellino</a>. There, Hugo was taught mathematics by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_de_Samuele_Cagnazzi" title="Giuseppe de Samuele Cagnazzi">Giuseppe de Samuele Cagnazzi</a>, elder brother of Italian scientist <a href="/wiki/Luca_de_Samuele_Cagnazzi" title="Luca de Samuele Cagnazzi">Luca de Samuele Cagnazzi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sophie found out that Leopold had been living in secret with an Englishwoman called Catherine Thomas.<sup id="cite_ref-Stephens_2019_p._24_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephens_2019_p._24-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sophie_Tr%C3%A9buchet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sophie Trébuchet, mother of Victor Hugo"><img alt="Sophie Trébuchet, mother of Victor Hugo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sophie_Tr%C3%A9buchet.jpg/156px-Sophie_Tr%C3%A9buchet.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sophie_Tr%C3%A9buchet.jpg/234px-Sophie_Tr%C3%A9buchet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sophie_Tr%C3%A9buchet.jpg/311px-Sophie_Tr%C3%A9buchet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3110" data-file-height="3595" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Tr%C3%A9buchet" title="Sophie Trébuchet">Sophie Trébuchet</a>, mother of Victor Hugo</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Joseph-Leopold_Sigisbert_Hugo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="General Joseph-Leopold Hugo, father of Victor Hugo"><img alt="General Joseph-Leopold Hugo, father of Victor Hugo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Joseph-Leopold_Sigisbert_Hugo.jpg/150px-G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Joseph-Leopold_Sigisbert_Hugo.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Joseph-Leopold_Sigisbert_Hugo.jpg/224px-G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Joseph-Leopold_Sigisbert_Hugo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Joseph-Leopold_Sigisbert_Hugo.jpg/299px-G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Joseph-Leopold_Sigisbert_Hugo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2863" data-file-height="3444" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L%C3%A9opold_Sigisbert_Hugo" title="Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo">Joseph-Leopold Hugo</a>, father of Victor Hugo</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <p>Soon, Hugo's father was called to Spain to fight the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>. Madame Hugo and her children were sent back to Paris in 1808, where they moved to an old convent, 12 <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Impasse des Feuillantines</span></span>, an isolated mansion in a deserted quarter of the left bank of the Seine. Hiding in a chapel at the back of the garden was de La Horie, who had conspired to restore the Bourbons and been condemned to death a few years earlier. He became a mentor to Hugo and his brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-Caussé_p._4_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caussé_p._4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1811, the family joined their father in Spain. Hugo and his brothers were sent to school in Madrid at the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Real Colegio de San Antonio de Abad</i></span> while Sophie returned to Paris on her own, now officially separated from her husband. In 1812, as the Peninsular War was turning against France, de La Horie was arrested and executed. In February 1815, Hugo and Eugène were taken away from their mother and placed by their father in the Pension Cordier, a private boarding school in Paris, where Hugo and Eugène remained for three years while also attending lectures at <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Louis-le-Grand" title="Lycée Louis-le-Grand">Lycée Louis le Grand.</a><sup id="cite_ref-Robb_2017_p._49_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robb_2017_p._49-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_de_Victor_Hugo_sur_fond_de_Notre-Dame_de_Reims_-_Jean_Alaux.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Portrait_de_Victor_Hugo_sur_fond_de_Notre-Dame_de_Reims_-_Jean_Alaux.jpg/220px-Portrait_de_Victor_Hugo_sur_fond_de_Notre-Dame_de_Reims_-_Jean_Alaux.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Portrait_de_Victor_Hugo_sur_fond_de_Notre-Dame_de_Reims_-_Jean_Alaux.jpg/330px-Portrait_de_Victor_Hugo_sur_fond_de_Notre-Dame_de_Reims_-_Jean_Alaux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Portrait_de_Victor_Hugo_sur_fond_de_Notre-Dame_de_Reims_-_Jean_Alaux.jpg/440px-Portrait_de_Victor_Hugo_sur_fond_de_Notre-Dame_de_Reims_-_Jean_Alaux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3894" data-file-height="4593" /></a><figcaption>Hugo by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Alaux" title="Jean Alaux">Jean Alaux</a>, 1825</figcaption></figure> <p>On 10 July 1816, Hugo wrote in his diary: "I shall be <a href="/wiki/Chateaubriand" class="mw-redirect" title="Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a> or nothing." In 1817, he wrote a poem for a competition organised by the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Académie Française">Academie Française</a>, for which he received an honorable mention. The Academicians refused to believe that he was only fifteen.<sup id="cite_ref-King_1878_p._11_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King_1878_p._11-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hugo moved in with his mother to 18 <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">rue des Petits-Augustins</span></span> the following year and began attending law school. Hugo fell in love and secretly became engaged, against his mother's wishes, to his childhood friend <a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A8le_Foucher" title="Adèle Foucher">Adèle Foucher</a>. In June 1821, Sophie Trebuchet died, and Léopold married his long-time mistress Catherine Thomas a month later. Hugo married Adèle the following year. In 1819, Hugo and his brothers began publishing a periodical called <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Conservateur littéraire</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frey_Laster_Hugo_1999_p._201_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frey_Laster_Hugo_1999_p._201-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Hugo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hugo published his first novel (<i><a href="/wiki/Hans_of_Iceland" title="Hans of Iceland">Hans of Iceland</a></i>, 1823) the year following his marriage, and his second three years later (<i><a href="/wiki/Bug-Jargal" title="Bug-Jargal">Bug-Jargal</a></i>, 1826). Between 1829 and 1840, he published five more volumes of poetry: <a href="/wiki/Les_Orientales" title="Les Orientales">Les Orientales</a>, 1829; <a href="/wiki/Les_Feuilles_d%27automne" title="Les Feuilles d'automne">Les Feuilles d'automne</a>, 1831; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Chants_du_cr%C3%A9puscule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Chants du crépuscule (page does not exist)">Les Chants du crépuscule</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Chants_du_cr%C3%A9puscule" class="extiw" title="fr:Les Chants du crépuscule">fr</a>]</span>, 1835; <a href="/wiki/Les_Voix_int%C3%A9rieures" title="Les Voix intérieures">Les Voix intérieures</a>, 1837; and <a href="/wiki/Les_Rayons_et_les_Ombres" title="Les Rayons et les Ombres">Les Rayons et les Ombres</a>, 1840. This cemented his reputation as one of the greatest elegiac and lyric poets of his time. </p><p>Like many young writers of his generation, Hugo was profoundly influenced by <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">François-René de Chateaubriand</a></span></span>, the famous figure in the literary movement of <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> and France's pre-eminent literary figure during the early 19th century. In his youth, Hugo resolved to be "<span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Chateaubriand</span></span> or nothing", and his life would come to parallel that of his predecessor in many ways. Like <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Chateaubriand</span></span>, Hugo furthered the cause of Romanticism, became involved in politics (though mostly as a champion of <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a>), and was forced into exile due to his political stances. Along with Chateaubriand he attended the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Charles_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation of Charles X">Coronation of Charles X</a> in <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a> in 1825.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The precocious passion and eloquence of Hugo's early work brought success and fame at an early age. His first collection of poetry (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Odes_et_po%C3%A9sies_diverses" class="mw-redirect" title="Odes et poésies diverses">Odes et poésies diverses</a></i></span>) was published in 1822 when he was only 20 years old and earned him a royal pension from <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVIII of France">Louis XVIII</a>. Though the poems were admired for their spontaneous fervor and fluency, the collection that followed four years later in 1826 (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Odes_et_Ballades" title="Odes et Ballades">Odes et Ballades</a></i></span>) revealed Hugo to be a great poet, a natural master of lyric and creative song. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Achille_Dev%C3%A9ria,_Victor_Hugo,_1829,_NGA_208390.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image of Victor Hugo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Achille_Dev%C3%A9ria%2C_Victor_Hugo%2C_1829%2C_NGA_208390.jpg/200px-Achille_Dev%C3%A9ria%2C_Victor_Hugo%2C_1829%2C_NGA_208390.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Achille_Dev%C3%A9ria%2C_Victor_Hugo%2C_1829%2C_NGA_208390.jpg/300px-Achille_Dev%C3%A9ria%2C_Victor_Hugo%2C_1829%2C_NGA_208390.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Achille_Dev%C3%A9ria%2C_Victor_Hugo%2C_1829%2C_NGA_208390.jpg/401px-Achille_Dev%C3%A9ria%2C_Victor_Hugo%2C_1829%2C_NGA_208390.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3231" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Victor Hugo in 1829, lithograph by Achille Devéria in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a>, Washington D.C.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monsieur_Madeleine_par_Gustave_Brion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Monsieur_Madeleine_par_Gustave_Brion.jpg/220px-Monsieur_Madeleine_par_Gustave_Brion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Monsieur_Madeleine_par_Gustave_Brion.jpg/330px-Monsieur_Madeleine_par_Gustave_Brion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Monsieur_Madeleine_par_Gustave_Brion.jpg/440px-Monsieur_Madeleine_par_Gustave_Brion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3195" data-file-height="4725" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean_Valjean" title="Jean Valjean">Jean Valjean</a> (also known as Monsieur Madeleine in the book)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the principal character in Hugo's great novel, <a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Les Misérables">Les Misérables</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Victor Hugo's first mature work of fiction was published in February 1829 by Charles Gosselin without the author's name and reflected the acute social conscience that would infuse his later work. <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Dernier jour d'un condamné</i></span> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Day_of_a_Condemned_Man" title="The Last Day of a Condemned Man">The Last Day of a Condemned Man</a></i>) would have a profound influence on later writers such as <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyodor Dostoyevsky">Fyodor Dostoyevsky</a>. <i>Claude Gueux,</i> a documentary short story about a real-life murderer who had been executed in France, was published in 1834. Hugo himself later considered it to be a precursor to his great work on social injustice, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Les Misérables">Les Misérables</a></i></span>. </p><p>Hugo became the figurehead of the Romantic literary movement with the plays <i>Cromwell</i> (1827) and <i>Hernani</i> (1830).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Hernani</i> announced the arrival of French romanticism: performed at the <a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Comédie-Française">Comédie-Française</a>, it was greeted with several nights of rioting as romantics and traditionalists clashed over the play's deliberate disregard for neo-classical rules. Hugo's popularity as a playwright grew with subsequent plays, such as <i>Marion Delorme</i> (1831), <i><a href="/wiki/Le_roi_s%27amuse" title="Le roi s'amuse">Le roi s'amuse</a></i> (1832), and <i>Ruy Blas</i> (1838).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hugo's novel <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Notre-Dame de Paris</i></span> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame" title="The Hunchback of Notre-Dame">The Hunchback of Notre-Dame</a></i>) was published in 1831 and quickly translated into other languages across Europe. One of the effects of the novel was to shame the City of Paris into restoring the much neglected <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Cathedral of Notre Dame</a>, which was attracting thousands of tourists who had read the popular novel. </p><p>Hugo began planning a major novel about social misery and injustice as early as the 1830s, but a full 17 years were needed for <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les Misérables</i></span> to be realised and finally published in 1862. Hugo had previously used the departure of prisoners for the <a href="/wiki/Bagne_of_Toulon" title="Bagne of Toulon">Bagne of Toulon</a> in <i>Le Dernier Jour d'un condamné</i>. He went to Toulon to visit the Bagne in 1839 and took extensive notes, though he did not start writing the book until 1845. On one of the pages of his notes about the prison, he wrote in large block letters a possible name for his hero: "JEAN TRÉJEAN". When the book was finally written, Tréjean became <a href="/wiki/Jean_Valjean" title="Jean Valjean">Jean Valjean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hugo was acutely aware of the quality of the novel, as evidenced in a letter he wrote to his publisher, Albert Lacroix, on 23 March 1862: "My conviction is that this book is going to be one of the peaks, if not the crowning point of my work."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Publication of <i>Les Misérables</i> went to the highest bidder. The Belgian publishing house <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Lacroix</span></span> and <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Verboeckhoven</i></span> undertook a marketing campaign unusual for the time, issuing press releases about the work a full six months before the launch. It also initially published only the first part of the novel ("<a href="/wiki/Fantine" title="Fantine">Fantine</a>"), which was launched simultaneously in major cities. Installments of the book sold out within hours and had an enormous impact on French society. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ebcosette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ebcosette.jpg/150px-Ebcosette.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ebcosette.jpg/225px-Ebcosette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ebcosette.jpg/299px-Ebcosette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="1122" /></a><figcaption>Illustration by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Bayard" title="Émile Bayard">Émile Bayard</a> from the original edition of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Les Misérables">Les Misérables</a></i></span> (1862)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_Hugo-Hunchback.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Victor_Hugo-Hunchback.jpg/150px-Victor_Hugo-Hunchback.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Victor_Hugo-Hunchback.jpg/226px-Victor_Hugo-Hunchback.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Victor_Hugo-Hunchback.jpg/301px-Victor_Hugo-Hunchback.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1170" /></a><figcaption>Illustration by <a href="/wiki/Luc-Olivier_Merson" title="Luc-Olivier Merson">Luc-Olivier Merson</a> for <a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame" title="The Hunchback of Notre-Dame">Notre-Dame de Paris</a> (1881)</figcaption></figure> <p>The critical establishment was generally hostile to the novel; <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></span></span> found it insincere, <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jules_Barbey_d%27Aurevilly" title="Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly">Barbey d'Aurevilly</a></span></span> complained of its vulgarity, <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Gustave Flaubert</a></span></span> found within it "neither truth nor greatness", the <a href="/wiki/Goncourt_brothers" title="Goncourt brothers"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Goncourt</i></span> brothers</a> lambasted its artificiality, and <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></span></span>—despite giving favourable reviews in newspapers—castigated it in private as "repulsive and inept". However, <i>Les Misérables</i> proved popular enough with the masses that the issues it highlighted were soon on the agenda of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of France">National Assembly of France</a>. Today, the novel remains his best-known work. It is popular worldwide and has been adapted for cinema, television, and stage shows. </p><p>An apocryphal tale<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has circulated, describing the shortest correspondence in history as having been between Hugo and his publisher <a href="/wiki/Hurst_and_Blackett" title="Hurst and Blackett">Hurst and Blackett</a> in 1862. Hugo was on vacation when <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les Misérables</i></span> was published. He queried the reaction to the work by sending a single-character <a href="/wiki/Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegram">telegram</a> to his publisher, asking <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">?</span>. The publisher replied with a single <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">!</span> to indicate its success.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hugo turned away from social/political issues in his next novel, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les Travailleurs de la Mer</i></span> (<i><a href="/wiki/Toilers_of_the_Sea" title="Toilers of the Sea">Toilers of the Sea</a></i>), published in 1866. The book was well received, perhaps due to the previous success of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les Misérables</i></span>. Dedicated to the channel island of <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>, where Hugo spent 15 years of exile, the novel tells of a man who attempts to win the approval of his beloved's father by rescuing his ship, intentionally marooned by its captain who hopes to escape with a treasure of money it is transporting, through an exhausting battle of human engineering against the force of the sea and an almost mythical beast of the sea, a giant squid. Superficially an adventure, one of Hugo's biographers calls it a "metaphor for the 19th century–technical progress, creative genius and hard work overcoming the immanent evil of the material world."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word used in Guernsey to refer to squid (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">pieuvre</i></span>, also sometimes applied to octopus) was to enter the French language as a result of its use in the book. Hugo returned to political and social issues in his next novel, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">L'Homme Qui Rit</i></span> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Laughs" title="The Man Who Laughs">The Man Who Laughs</a></i>), which was published in 1869 and painted a critical picture of the aristocracy. The novel was not as successful as his previous efforts, and Hugo himself began to comment on the growing distance between himself and literary contemporaries such as <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Flaubert</a></span></span> and <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a></span></span>, whose <a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">realist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(literature)" title="Naturalism (literature)">naturalist</a> novels were now exceeding the popularity of his own work. </p><p>His last novel, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Quatre-vingt-treize</i></span> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-Three" title="Ninety-Three">Ninety-Three</a></i>), published in 1874, dealt with a subject that Hugo had previously avoided: the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. Though Hugo's popularity was on the decline at the time of its publication, many now consider <i>Ninety-Three</i> to be a work on par with Hugo's better-known novels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_life_and_exile">Political life and exile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Hugo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political life and exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maison_natale_Victor_Hugo_079.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Maison_natale_Victor_Hugo_079.JPG/220px-Maison_natale_Victor_Hugo_079.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Maison_natale_Victor_Hugo_079.JPG/330px-Maison_natale_Victor_Hugo_079.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Maison_natale_Victor_Hugo_079.JPG/440px-Maison_natale_Victor_Hugo_079.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1322" data-file-height="1492" /></a><figcaption>Portrait as member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a> of the Second Republic, 1848</figcaption></figure> <p>After three unsuccessful attempts, Hugo was finally elected to the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie française">Académie française</a></i></span> in 1841, solidifying his position in the world of French arts and letters. A group of French academicians, particularly <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Victor-Joseph_%C3%89tienne_de_Jouy" title="Victor-Joseph Étienne de Jouy">Étienne de Jouy</a></span></span>, were fighting against the "romantic evolution" and had managed to delay Victor Hugo's election.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, he became increasingly involved in French politics. </p><p>On the nomination of King <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Philippe">Louis-Philippe</a></span></span>, Hugo entered the Upper Chamber of Parliament as a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Pair_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Pair de France">pair de France</a></i></span> in 1845, where he spoke against the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_France" title="Capital punishment in France">death penalty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_injustice" class="mw-redirect" title="Social injustice">social injustice</a>, and in favour of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-government" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-government">self-government</a> for Poland. </p><p>In 1848, Hugo was <a href="/wiki/1848_French_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1848 French Constituent Assembly election">elected to the National Assembly</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a> as a conservative. In 1849, he broke with the conservatives when he gave a noted speech calling for the end of misery and poverty. Other speeches called for universal suffrage and free education for all children. Hugo's advocacy to abolish the death penalty was renowned internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Hugo_-_Victor_Hugo_on_the_Rock_of_the_Exiles_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Charles_Hugo_-_Victor_Hugo_on_the_Rock_of_the_Exiles_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Charles_Hugo_-_Victor_Hugo_on_the_Rock_of_the_Exiles_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Charles_Hugo_-_Victor_Hugo_on_the_Rock_of_the_Exiles_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Charles_Hugo_-_Victor_Hugo_on_the_Rock_of_the_Exiles_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Charles_Hugo_-_Victor_Hugo_on_the_Rock_of_the_Exiles_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Charles_Hugo_-_Victor_Hugo_on_the_Rock_of_the_Exiles_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1823" data-file-height="3073" /></a><figcaption>Among the Rocks in <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> (1853–1855)</figcaption></figure> <p>When Louis Napoleon (<a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>) <a href="/wiki/French_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_1851" class="mw-redirect" title="French coup d'état of 1851">seized complete power in 1851</a>, establishing an anti-parliamentary constitution, Hugo openly declared him a traitor to France. He moved to <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>, from which he was expelled for supporting <i>L’Homme</i>, a local newspaper that had published a letter to <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> by a French republican deemed <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treasonous</a>. He finally settled with his family at <a href="/wiki/Hauteville_House" title="Hauteville House">Hauteville House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>, where he would live in exile from October 1855 until 1870. </p><p>While in exile, Hugo published his famous political pamphlets against Napoleon III, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_le_Petit" title="Napoléon le Petit">Napoléon le Petit</a></i></span> and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Histoire_d%27un_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Histoire d'un crime">Histoire d'un crime</a></i></span>. The pamphlets were banned in France but nonetheless had a strong impact there. He also composed or published some of his best work during his period in <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>, including <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Les Misérables">Les Misérables</a></i></span>, and three widely praised collections of poetry (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Les_Ch%C3%A2timents" title="Les Châtiments">Les Châtiments</a></i></span>, 1853; <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Les_Contemplations" title="Les Contemplations">Les Contemplations</a></i></span>, 1856; and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/La_L%C3%A9gende_des_si%C3%A8cles" title="La Légende des siècles">La Légende des siècles</a></i></span>, 1859). </p><p>However, Víctor Hugo said in Les Misérables:<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The wretched moral character of Thénardier, the frustrated bourgeois, was hopeless; it was in America what it had been in Europe. Contact with a wicked man is sometimes enough to rot a good deed and cause something bad to come out of it. With Marius's money, Thénardier became a slave trader.</p></blockquote> <p>Like most of his contemporaries, Hugo justified colonialism in terms of a <a href="/wiki/Civilizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilizing">civilizing</a> mission and putting an end to the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave trade</a> on the Barbary coast. In a speech delivered on 18 May 1879, during a banquet to celebrate the abolition of slavery, in the presence of the French abolitionist writer and parliamentarian Victor Schœlcher, Hugo declared that the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> formed a natural divide between "ultimate civilisation and ... utter barbarism." Hugo declared that "God offers Africa to Europe. Take it" and "in the nineteenth century the white man made a man out of the black, in the twentieth century Europe will make a world out of Africa".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This might partly explain why in spite of his deep interest and involvement in political matters he remained silent on the Algerian issue. He knew about the atrocities committed by the French Army during the <a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">French conquest of Algeria</a> as evidenced by his diary<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he never denounced them publicly; however, in <i>Les Misérables</i>, Hugo wrote: "Algeria too harshly conquered, and, as in the case of India by the English, with more barbarism than civilization."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_Hugo_Bruxelles_Radoux_1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Victor_Hugo_Bruxelles_Radoux_1861.jpg/220px-Victor_Hugo_Bruxelles_Radoux_1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Victor_Hugo_Bruxelles_Radoux_1861.jpg/330px-Victor_Hugo_Bruxelles_Radoux_1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Victor_Hugo_Bruxelles_Radoux_1861.jpg/440px-Victor_Hugo_Bruxelles_Radoux_1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3152" data-file-height="3880" /></a><figcaption>Victor Hugo in 1861</figcaption></figure><p> After coming in contact with <a href="/wiki/Victor_Sch%C5%93lcher" title="Victor Schœlcher">Victor Schœlcher</a>, a writer who fought for the abolition of slavery and French colonialism in the Caribbean, he started strongly campaigning against slavery. In a letter to American abolitionist <a href="/wiki/Maria_Weston_Chapman" title="Maria Weston Chapman">Maria Weston Chapman</a>, on 6 July 1851, Hugo wrote: "Slavery in the United States! It is the duty of this republic to set such a bad example no longer.... The United States must renounce slavery, or they must renounce liberty."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHugoAmerican_Anti-Slavery_Society18607_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHugoAmerican_Anti-Slavery_Society18607-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1859, he wrote a letter asking the United States government, for the sake of their own reputation in the future, to spare abolitionist <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown's</a> life, Hugo justified Brown's actions by these words: "Assuredly, if insurrection is ever a sacred duty, it must be when it is directed against Slavery."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEl'Esclavage_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEl'Esclavage-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hugo agreed to diffuse and sell one of his best known drawings, "Le Pendu", an homage to John Brown, so one could "keep alive in souls the memory of this liberator of our black brothers, of this heroic martyr John Brown, who died for Christ just as Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrington2005131_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrington2005131-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Only one slave on Earth is enough to dishonour the freedom of all men. So the abolition of slavery is, at this hour, the supreme goal of the thinkers.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Victor Hugo, 17 January 1862, <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangellier2014117_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangellier2014117-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>As a novelist, diarist, and member of Parliament, Victor Hugo fought a lifelong battle for the abolition of the death penalty. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Day_of_a_Condemned_Man" title="The Last Day of a Condemned Man">The Last Day of a Condemned Man</a></i> published in 1829 analyses the pangs of a man awaiting execution; several entries in <i>Things Seen</i> (<i>Choses vues</i>), the diary he kept between 1830 and 1885, convey his firm condemnation of what he regarded as a barbaric sentence;<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 15 September 1848, seven months after the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a>, he delivered a speech before the Assembly and concluded, "You have overthrown the throne. ... Now overthrow the scaffold."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His influence was credited in the removal of the death penalty from the constitutions of <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Switzerland" title="Capital punishment in Switzerland">Geneva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Portugal" title="Capital punishment in Portugal">Portugal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had also pleaded for <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a> to spare the recently captured emperor <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Maximilian I of Mexico</a>, but to no avail.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Napoleon III granted an amnesty to all political exiles in 1859, Hugo declined, as it meant he would have to curtail his criticisms of the government. It was only after Napoleon III fell from power and the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> was proclaimed that Hugo finally returned to his homeland in 1870, where he was promptly elected to the National Assembly and the Senate. </p><p>He was in Paris during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(1870%E2%80%9371)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Paris (1870–71)">siege by the Prussian Army in 1870</a>, famously eating animals given to him by the Paris Zoo. As the siege continued, and food became ever more scarce, he wrote in his diary that he was reduced to "eating the unknown".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Combats_dans_la_rue_Rivoli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Combats_dans_la_rue_Rivoli.jpg/220px-Combats_dans_la_rue_Rivoli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Combats_dans_la_rue_Rivoli.jpg/330px-Combats_dans_la_rue_Rivoli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Combats_dans_la_rue_Rivoli.jpg/440px-Combats_dans_la_rue_Rivoli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1198" data-file-height="917" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Communards</a> defending a barricade on the Rue de Rivoli</figcaption></figure><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a>—the revolutionary government that took power on 18 March 1871 and was toppled on 28 May—Victor Hugo was harshly critical of the atrocities committed on both sides. On 9 April, he wrote in his diary, "In short, this Commune is as idiotic as the National Assembly is ferocious. From both sides, folly."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet he made a point of offering his support to members of the Commune subjected to brutal repression. He had been in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> since 22 March 1871 when in the 27 May issue of the Belgian newspaper <i>l’Indépendance</i> Victor Hugo denounced the government's refusal to grant political asylum to the Communards threatened with imprisonment, banishment or execution.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This caused so much uproar that in the evening a mob of fifty to sixty men attempted to force their way into the writer's house shouting, "Death to Victor Hugo! Hang him! Death to the scoundrel!"<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hugo, who said "A war between Europeans is a civil war,"<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a strong advocate for the creation of the <a href="/wiki/European_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Federation">United States of Europe</a>. He expounded his views on the subject in a speech he delivered during the <a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Congress" title="International Peace Congress">International Peace Congress</a> which took place in Paris in 1849.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here he declared "nations of the continent, will, without losing your distinctive qualities and glorious individuality, be blended into a superior unity and constitute a European fraternity, just as <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgundy" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a>, have been blended into France", this new state would be administered by "a great Sovereign senate which will be to Europe what the Parliament is to England".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of his concern for the rights of artists and <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>, he was a founding member of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Association_Litt%C3%A9raire_et_Artistique_Internationale" title="Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale">Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale</a></i></span>, which led to the <a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works">Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works</a>. However, in <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Pauvert</span></span>'s published archives, he states strongly that "any work of art has two authors: the people who confusingly feel something, a creator who translates these feelings, and the people again who consecrate his vision of that feeling. When one of the authors dies, the rights should totally be granted back to the other, the people." He was one of the earlier supporters of the concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Domaine_public_payant" class="mw-redirect" title="Domaine public payant">domaine public payant</a></i>, under which a nominal fee would be charged for copying or performing works in the public domain, and this would go into a common fund dedicated to helping artists, especially young people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Hugo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Religious views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glyptotek-Rodin-Victor_Hugo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Glyptotek-Rodin-Victor_Hugo.jpg/220px-Glyptotek-Rodin-Victor_Hugo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Glyptotek-Rodin-Victor_Hugo.jpg/330px-Glyptotek-Rodin-Victor_Hugo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Glyptotek-Rodin-Victor_Hugo.jpg/440px-Glyptotek-Rodin-Victor_Hugo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3433" data-file-height="5150" /></a><figcaption>Head of Victor Hugo modeled by the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Auguste Rodin</a> and conserved at the <a href="/wiki/Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek" title="Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek">Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek</a> in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Hugo's religious views changed radically over the course of his life. In his youth and under the influence of his mother, he identified as a Catholic and professed respect for Church hierarchy and authority. From there he became a <a href="/wiki/Lapsed_Catholic" title="Lapsed Catholic">non-practising Catholic</a> and increasingly expressed anti-Catholic and <a href="/wiki/Anti-clerical" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-clerical">anti-clerical</a> views. He frequented <a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">spiritism</a> during his exile (where he participated also in many <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">séances</a> conducted by Madame <a href="/wiki/Delphine_de_Girardin" title="Delphine de Girardin">Delphine de Girardin</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in later years settled into a <a href="/wiki/Rationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Rationalist">rationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">deism</a> similar to that espoused by <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>. A census-taker asked Hugo in 1872 if he was a Catholic, and he replied, "No. A <a href="/wiki/Free_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Free thought">Freethinker</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1872, Hugo never lost his antipathy towards the Catholic Church. He felt the Church was indifferent to the plight of the working class under the oppression of the monarchy. Perhaps he also was upset by the frequency with which his work appeared on the Church's <a href="/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum" title="Index Librorum Prohibitorum">list of banned books</a>. Hugo counted 740 attacks on <i>Les Misérables</i> in the Catholic press.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Hugo's sons Charles and <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">François-Victor</span></span> died, he insisted that they be buried without a <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a> or priest. In his will, he made the same stipulation about his own death and funeral.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yet he believed in life after death and prayed every single morning and night, convinced as he wrote in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Laughs" title="The Man Who Laughs">The Man Who Laughs</a></i> that "Thanksgiving has wings and flies to its right destination. Your prayer knows its way better than you do."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hugo's <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a> can be found in poems such as <i><a href="/wiki/Torquemada_(play)" title="Torquemada (play)">Torquemada</a></i> (1869, about <a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">religious fanaticism</a>), <i>The Pope</i> (1878, <a href="/wiki/Anti-clerical" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-clerical">anti-clerical</a>), <i>Religions and Religion</i> (1880, denying the usefulness of churches) and, published posthumously, <i>The End of Satan</i> and <i>God</i> (1886 and 1891 respectively, in which he represents Christianity as a <a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">griffin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angel</a>). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame" title="The Hunchback of Notre-Dame">The Hunchback of Notre-Dame</a></i> also garnered attention due to its portrayal of the abuse of power by the church, even getting listed as one of the "forbidden books" by it. In fact, earlier adaptations had to change the villain, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Frollo" title="Claude Frollo">Claude Frollo</a> from being a priest to avoid backlash.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a> ascribed the saying "Religions pass away, but God remains," actually by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Jules Michelet</a>, to Hugo.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_music">Relationship with music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Hugo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Relationship with music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Hugo's many talents did not include exceptional musical ability, he nevertheless had a great impact on the music world through the inspiration that his works provided for composers of the 19th and 20th centuries. Hugo himself particularly enjoyed the music of <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Willibald_Gluck" title="Christoph Willibald Gluck">Gluck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a>. In <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les Misérables</i></span>, he calls the huntsman's chorus in Weber's <i><a href="/wiki/Euryanthe" title="Euryanthe">Euryanthe</a></i>, "perhaps the most beautiful piece of music ever composed".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also greatly admired <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a> and, rather unusually for his time, appreciated works by composers from earlier centuries such as <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" title="Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">Palestrina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Monteverdi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2002_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2002-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two famous musicians of the 19th century were friends of Hugo: <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a>. The latter played Beethoven in Hugo's home, and Hugo joked in a letter to a friend that, thanks to Liszt's piano lessons, he learned how to play a favourite song on the piano – with only one finger. Hugo also worked with composer <a href="/wiki/Louise_Bertin" title="Louise Bertin">Louise Bertin</a>, writing the libretto for her 1836 opera <i><a href="/wiki/La_Esmeralda_(opera)" title="La Esmeralda (opera)">La Esmeralda</a></i>, which was based on the character in <i>The Hunchback of Notre Dame</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2002_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2002-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although for various reasons the opera closed soon after its fifth performance and is little known today, it has enjoyed a modern revival, both in a piano/song concert version by Liszt at the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Festival international Victor Hugo et Égaux</span></span> 2007<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in a full orchestral version presented in July 2008 at <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Le Festival de Radio France et Montpellier Languedoc-Roussillon</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also on friendly terms with <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Chopin" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederic Chopin">Frederic Chopin</a>. He introduced him to <a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a> who would be his lover for years. In 1849, Hugo attended Chopin's funeral. </p><p>On the other hand, he had low esteem for <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>, whom he described as "a man of talent coupled with imbecility."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Well over one thousand musical compositions have been inspired by Hugo's works from the 19th century until the present day. In particular, Hugo's plays, in which he rejected the rules of classical theatre in favour of romantic drama, attracted the interest of many composers who adapted them into operas. More than one hundred operas are based on Hugo's works and among them are <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Lucrezia_Borgia_(opera)" title="Lucrezia Borgia (opera)">Lucrezia Borgia</a></i> (1833), <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a>'s <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Rigoletto" title="Rigoletto">Rigoletto</a></i></span> (1851) and <i><a href="/wiki/Ernani" title="Ernani">Ernani</a></i> (1844), and <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Amilcare_Ponchielli" title="Amilcare Ponchielli">Ponchielli</a></i></span>'s <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/La_Gioconda_(opera)" title="La Gioconda (opera)">La Gioconda</a></i></span> (1876).<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1981_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1981-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hugo's novels, as well as his plays, have been a great source of inspiration for musicians, stirring them to create not only opera and ballet but musical theatre such as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_(musical)" title="Notre-Dame de Paris (musical)">Notre-Dame de Paris</a></i></span> and the ever-popular <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(musical)" title="Les Misérables (musical)">Les Misérables</a></i></span>, London <a href="/wiki/West_End_of_London" title="West End of London">West End</a>'s longest running musical. Additionally, Hugo's poems have attracted an exceptional amount of interest from musicians, and numerous melodies have been based on his poetry by composers such as <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Berlioz</span></span>, <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet">Bizet</a></span></span>, <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></span></span>, <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></span></span>, <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Lalo" title="Édouard Lalo">Lalo</a></span></span>, <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Liszt</span></span>, <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet">Massenet</a></span></span>, <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a>, and <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1981_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1981-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, Hugo's work continues to stimulate musicians to create new compositions. For example, Hugo's novel against capital punishment, <i>The Last Day of a Condemned Man</i>, was adapted into an opera by <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/David_Alagna" title="David Alagna">David Alagna</a></span></span>, with a libretto by <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Frédérico Alagna</span></span> and premièred by their brother, tenor <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Alagna" title="Roberto Alagna">Roberto Alagna</a></span></span>, in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Guernsey, every two years, the Victor Hugo International Music Festival attracts a wide range of musicians and the premiere of songs specially commissioned from such composers as <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Connesson" title="Guillaume Connesson">Guillaume Connesson</a></span></span>, <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dubugnon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Dubugnon (page does not exist)">Richard Dubugnon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dubugnon" class="extiw" title="fr:Richard Dubugnon">fr</a>]</span></span></span>, <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olivier_Kaspar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olivier Kaspar (page does not exist)">Olivier Kaspar</a></span></span>, and <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Thierry_Escaich" title="Thierry Escaich">Thierry Escaich</a></span></span> and based on Hugo's poetry. </p><p>Remarkably, not only has Hugo's literary production been the source of inspiration for musical works, but also his political writings have received attention from musicians and have been adapted to music. For instance, in 2009, Italian composer Matteo Sommacal was commissioned by Festival "Bagliori d'autore" and wrote a piece for speaker and chamber ensemble entitled <i>Actes et paroles</i>, with a text elaborated by Chiara Piola Caselli after Victor Hugo's last political speech addressed to the Assemblée législative, "Sur la Revision de la Constitution" (18 July 1851),<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and premiered in Rome on 19 November 2009, in the auditorium of the Institut français, Centre Saint-Louis, French Embassy to the Holy See, by Piccola Accademia degli Specchi featuring the composer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthias_Kadar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthias Kadar (page does not exist)">Matthias Kadar</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Kadar" class="extiw" title="nl:Matthias Kadar">nl</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Declining_years_and_death">Declining years and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Hugo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Declining years and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_Hugo_Vanity_Fair_20_September_1879.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Victor_Hugo_Vanity_Fair_20_September_1879.jpg/170px-Victor_Hugo_Vanity_Fair_20_September_1879.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Victor_Hugo_Vanity_Fair_20_September_1879.jpg/255px-Victor_Hugo_Vanity_Fair_20_September_1879.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Victor_Hugo_Vanity_Fair_20_September_1879.jpg/340px-Victor_Hugo_Vanity_Fair_20_September_1879.jpg 2x" data-file-width="877" data-file-height="1525" /></a><figcaption>Caricature of Hugo in the London magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (British magazine)">Vanity Fair</a></i>, September 1879</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cort%C3%A8ge_fun%C3%A8bre_de_Victor_Hugo_arrivant_au_Panth%C3%A9on.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cort%C3%A8ge_fun%C3%A8bre_de_Victor_Hugo_arrivant_au_Panth%C3%A9on.jpg/220px-Cort%C3%A8ge_fun%C3%A8bre_de_Victor_Hugo_arrivant_au_Panth%C3%A9on.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cort%C3%A8ge_fun%C3%A8bre_de_Victor_Hugo_arrivant_au_Panth%C3%A9on.jpg/330px-Cort%C3%A8ge_fun%C3%A8bre_de_Victor_Hugo_arrivant_au_Panth%C3%A9on.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cort%C3%A8ge_fun%C3%A8bre_de_Victor_Hugo_arrivant_au_Panth%C3%A9on.jpg/440px-Cort%C3%A8ge_fun%C3%A8bre_de_Victor_Hugo_arrivant_au_Panth%C3%A9on.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Funeral procession of Victor Hugo arriving at the <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When Hugo returned to Paris in 1870, the country hailed him as a national hero. He was confident that he would be offered the dictatorship, as shown by the notes he kept at the time: "Dictatorship is a crime. This is a crime I am going to commit," but he felt he had to assume that responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his popularity, Hugo lost his bid for re-election to the National Assembly in 1872. </p><p>Throughout his life Hugo kept believing in unstoppable humanistic progress. In his last public address on 3 August 1879 he prophesied, in an over-optimistic way, "In the twentieth century war will be dead, the scaffold will be dead, hatred will be dead, frontier boundaries will be dead, dogmas will be dead; man will live."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within a brief period, he suffered a mild stroke, his daughter Adèle was interned in an <a href="/wiki/Insane_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Insane asylum">insane asylum</a>, and his two sons died. (Adèle's biography inspired the movie <i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Adele_H." title="The Story of Adele H.">The Story of Adele H.</a></i>) His wife Adèle had died in 1868. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_Hugo_deathbed_portrait_by_Nadar,_1885.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Victor_Hugo_deathbed_portrait_by_Nadar%2C_1885.png/201px-Victor_Hugo_deathbed_portrait_by_Nadar%2C_1885.png" decoding="async" width="201" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Victor_Hugo_deathbed_portrait_by_Nadar%2C_1885.png/302px-Victor_Hugo_deathbed_portrait_by_Nadar%2C_1885.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Victor_Hugo_deathbed_portrait_by_Nadar%2C_1885.png/402px-Victor_Hugo_deathbed_portrait_by_Nadar%2C_1885.png 2x" data-file-width="1987" data-file-height="1515" /></a><figcaption>Hugo on his deathbed (photographed by <a href="/wiki/Nadar" title="Nadar">Nadar</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panth%C3%A9on_Victor_Hugo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Panth%C3%A9on_Victor_Hugo.JPG/200px-Panth%C3%A9on_Victor_Hugo.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Panth%C3%A9on_Victor_Hugo.JPG/300px-Panth%C3%A9on_Victor_Hugo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Panth%C3%A9on_Victor_Hugo.JPG/400px-Panth%C3%A9on_Victor_Hugo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of Victor Hugo at the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a></span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>His faithful mistress, <a href="/wiki/Juliette_Drouet" title="Juliette Drouet">Juliette Drouet</a>, died in 1883, only two years before his own death. Despite his personal loss, Hugo remained committed to the cause of political change. On 30 January 1876, he was elected to the newly created Senate. This last phase of his political career was considered a failure. Hugo was a maverick and achieved little in the Senate. He suffered a mild stroke on 27 June 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bandw_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandw-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To honour the fact that he was entering his 80th year, he received one of the greatest tributes to a living writer ever held. The celebrations began on 25 June 1881, when Hugo was presented with a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Manufacture_nationale_de_S%C3%A8vres" title="Manufacture nationale de Sèvres">Sèvres</a></i></span> vase, the traditional gift for sovereigns. On 27 June, one of the largest parades in French history was held. </p><p>Marchers stretched from the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Avenue d'Eylau</span></span>, where the author was living, down the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Champs-Élysées">Champs-Élysées</a></span></span>, and all the way to the centre of Paris. The paraders marched for six hours past Hugo as he sat at the window at his house. Every inch and detail of the event was for Hugo; the official guides even wore cornflowers as an allusion to Fantine's song in <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les Misérables</i></span>. On 28 June, the city of Paris changed the name of the Avenue d'Eylau to <a href="/wiki/Avenue_Victor-Hugo_(Paris)" title="Avenue Victor-Hugo (Paris)">Avenue Victor-Hugo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Letters addressed to the author were from then on labelled "To Mister Victor Hugo, In his avenue, Paris". Two days before dying, he left a note with these last words: "To love is to act." </p><p>On 20 May 1885, <a href="/wiki/Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)" title="Le Petit Journal (newspaper)"><i>le Petit Journal</i></a> published the official medical bulletin on Hugo's health condition. "The illustrious patient" was fully conscious and aware that there was no hope for him. They also reported from a reliable source that at one point in the night he had whispered the following <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Alexandrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrin">alexandrin</a></i></span>, "En moi c’est le combat du jour et de la nuit."—"In me, this is the battle between day and night."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Le_Matin_(France)" title="Le Matin (France)"><i>Le Matin</i></a> published a slightly different version: "Here is the battle between day and night." </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vue_du_catafalque_sous_l%27Arc_de_Triomphe_depuis_l%27avenue_de_la_Grande_Arm%C3%A9e.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Vue_du_catafalque_sous_l%27Arc_de_Triomphe_depuis_l%27avenue_de_la_Grande_Arm%C3%A9e.jpg/229px-Vue_du_catafalque_sous_l%27Arc_de_Triomphe_depuis_l%27avenue_de_la_Grande_Arm%C3%A9e.jpg" decoding="async" width="229" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Vue_du_catafalque_sous_l%27Arc_de_Triomphe_depuis_l%27avenue_de_la_Grande_Arm%C3%A9e.jpg/344px-Vue_du_catafalque_sous_l%27Arc_de_Triomphe_depuis_l%27avenue_de_la_Grande_Arm%C3%A9e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Vue_du_catafalque_sous_l%27Arc_de_Triomphe_depuis_l%27avenue_de_la_Grande_Arm%C3%A9e.jpg/458px-Vue_du_catafalque_sous_l%27Arc_de_Triomphe_depuis_l%27avenue_de_la_Grande_Arm%C3%A9e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4330" data-file-height="5160" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Catafalque" title="Catafalque">Catafalque</a> of Victor Hugo under the <a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe" title="Arc de Triomphe">Arc de Triomphe</a> on 1 June 1885.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hugo died on May 22, 1885, at 50 Avenue Victor Hugo (now number 124). His death, from pneumonia, generated intense national mourning. He was not only revered as a towering figure in literature, he was a statesman who shaped the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> and democracy in France. All his life he remained a defender of liberty, equality and fraternity as well as an adamant champion of French culture. In 1877, aged 75, he wrote, "I am not one of these sweet-tempered old men. I am still exasperated and violent. I shout and I feel indignant and I cry. Woe to anyone who harms France! I do declare I will die a fanatic patriot."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fun%C3%A9railles_de_Victor_Hugo_-_Foule_et_personnalit%C3%A9s_devant_la_colonnade_du_Panth%C3%A9on.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Fun%C3%A9railles_de_Victor_Hugo_-_Foule_et_personnalit%C3%A9s_devant_la_colonnade_du_Panth%C3%A9on.jpg/273px-Fun%C3%A9railles_de_Victor_Hugo_-_Foule_et_personnalit%C3%A9s_devant_la_colonnade_du_Panth%C3%A9on.jpg" decoding="async" width="273" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Fun%C3%A9railles_de_Victor_Hugo_-_Foule_et_personnalit%C3%A9s_devant_la_colonnade_du_Panth%C3%A9on.jpg/410px-Fun%C3%A9railles_de_Victor_Hugo_-_Foule_et_personnalit%C3%A9s_devant_la_colonnade_du_Panth%C3%A9on.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Fun%C3%A9railles_de_Victor_Hugo_-_Foule_et_personnalit%C3%A9s_devant_la_colonnade_du_Panth%C3%A9on.jpg/546px-Fun%C3%A9railles_de_Victor_Hugo_-_Foule_et_personnalit%C3%A9s_devant_la_colonnade_du_Panth%C3%A9on.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5079" data-file-height="4195" /></a><figcaption>Crowd of mourners at the funeral,<br />1 June 1885.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although he had requested a pauper's funeral, by decree of President <a href="/wiki/Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy" title="Jules Grévy">Jules Grévy</a> he was awarded a state funeral, an event described by <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> as a "veritable orgy of bad taste".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than two million people joined Hugo's funeral procession in Paris from the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe" title="Arc de Triomphe">Arc de Triomphe</a></i></span> to the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a></span></span>, where he was buried. He shares a crypt within the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Panthéon</span></span> with <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</a></span></span> and <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a></span></span>. Most large French towns and cities have a street or square named after him. </p><p>Hugo left five sentences as his last will, to be officially published: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div lang="fr" style="margin-center: 1em; font-style: italic;" class="poem"> <p>Je donne cinquante mille francs aux pauvres. Je veux être enterré dans leur corbillard.<br /> Je refuse l'oraison de toutes les Églises. Je demande une prière à toutes les âmes.<br /> Je crois en Dieu. </p> </div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div lang="fr" style="margin-center: 1em; font-style:;" class="poem"> <p>I leave 50,000 francs to the poor. I wish to be buried in their hearse.<br /> I refuse [funeral] orations from all Churches. I ask [for] a prayer to all souls.<br /> I believe in God. </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drawings">Drawings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Hugo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Drawings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hugo produced more than 4,000 drawings, with about 3,000 drawings still in existence. Originally pursued as a casual hobby, drawing became more important to Hugo shortly before his exile when he made the decision to stop writing to devote himself to politics. Drawing became his exclusive creative outlet between 1848 and 1851.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hugo worked only on paper, and on a small scale; usually in dark brown or black <a href="/wiki/Pen_and_ink" class="mw-redirect" title="Pen and ink">pen-and-ink</a> wash, sometimes with touches of white, and rarely with colour.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Hugo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Hugo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_Hugo_et_ses_petits-enfants_Georges_et_Jeanne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Victor_Hugo_et_ses_petits-enfants_Georges_et_Jeanne.jpg/220px-Victor_Hugo_et_ses_petits-enfants_Georges_et_Jeanne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Victor_Hugo_et_ses_petits-enfants_Georges_et_Jeanne.jpg/330px-Victor_Hugo_et_ses_petits-enfants_Georges_et_Jeanne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Victor_Hugo_et_ses_petits-enfants_Georges_et_Jeanne.jpg/440px-Victor_Hugo_et_ses_petits-enfants_Georges_et_Jeanne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1744" data-file-height="2080" /></a><figcaption>Hugo with his grandchildren <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Hugo" title="Jeanne Hugo">Jeanne</a> and Georges, 1881</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marriage">Marriage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Hugo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hugo married <a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A8le_Foucher" title="Adèle Foucher">Adèle Foucher</a> in October 1822. Despite their respective affairs, they lived together for nearly 46 years until she died in August 1868. Hugo, who was still banished from France, was unable to attend her funeral in Villequier, where their daughter Léopoldine was buried. From 1830 to 1837, Adèle had an affair with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Augustin_Sainte-Beuve" title="Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve">Charles-Augustin Sainte Beuve</a>, a reviewer and writer.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Children">Children</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Hugo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adèle and Victor Hugo had their first child, Léopold, in 1823, but the boy died in infancy. On 28 August 1824, the couple's second child, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opoldine_Hugo" title="Léopoldine Hugo">Léopoldine</a>, was born, followed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hugo_(writer)" title="Charles Hugo (writer)">Charles</a> on 4 November 1826, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Victor_Hugo" title="François-Victor Hugo">François-Victor</a> on 28 October 1828, and <a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A8le_Hugo" title="Adèle Hugo">Adèle</a> on 28 July 1830. </p><p>Hugo's eldest and favourite daughter, Léopoldine, died in 1843 at the age of 19, shortly after her marriage to Charles Vacquerie. On 4 September, she drowned in the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Villequier" title="Villequier">Villequier</a> when the boat she was in overturned. Her young husband died trying to save her. The death left her father devastated; Hugo was travelling at the time, in the south of France, when he first learned about Léopoldine's death from a newspaper that he read in a café.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%C3%A9opoldine_lisant,_Ad%C3%A8le_Foucher,_1837,_dessin,_19,2_x_27_cm_,_Maison_de_Victor_Hugo,_Paris.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/L%C3%A9opoldine_lisant%2C_Ad%C3%A8le_Foucher%2C_1837%2C_dessin%2C_19%2C2_x_27_cm_%2C_Maison_de_Victor_Hugo%2C_Paris.png/220px-L%C3%A9opoldine_lisant%2C_Ad%C3%A8le_Foucher%2C_1837%2C_dessin%2C_19%2C2_x_27_cm_%2C_Maison_de_Victor_Hugo%2C_Paris.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/L%C3%A9opoldine_lisant%2C_Ad%C3%A8le_Foucher%2C_1837%2C_dessin%2C_19%2C2_x_27_cm_%2C_Maison_de_Victor_Hugo%2C_Paris.png/330px-L%C3%A9opoldine_lisant%2C_Ad%C3%A8le_Foucher%2C_1837%2C_dessin%2C_19%2C2_x_27_cm_%2C_Maison_de_Victor_Hugo%2C_Paris.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/L%C3%A9opoldine_lisant%2C_Ad%C3%A8le_Foucher%2C_1837%2C_dessin%2C_19%2C2_x_27_cm_%2C_Maison_de_Victor_Hugo%2C_Paris.png/440px-L%C3%A9opoldine_lisant%2C_Ad%C3%A8le_Foucher%2C_1837%2C_dessin%2C_19%2C2_x_27_cm_%2C_Maison_de_Victor_Hugo%2C_Paris.png 2x" data-file-width="3534" data-file-height="2516" /></a><figcaption>Léopoldine reading. Drawing by her mother <a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A8le_Foucher" title="Adèle Foucher">Adèle Foucher</a>, 1837</figcaption></figure> <p>He describes his shock and grief in his famous poem "À Villequier": <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> </p> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="frm" class="poem"> <p>Hélas ! vers le passé tournant un œil d'envie,<br /> Sans que rien ici-bas puisse m'en consoler,<br /> Je regarde toujours ce moment de ma vie<br /> Où je l'ai vue ouvrir son aile et s'envoler!<br /> <br /> Je verrai cet instant jusqu'à ce que je meure,<br /> L'instant, pleurs superflus !<br /> Où je criai : L'enfant que j'avais tout à l'heure,<br /> Quoi donc ! je ne l'ai plus ! </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>Alas! My envious eye, turning toward the past,<br /> Without anything else down here able to console me,<br /> I look continually at that moment of my life<br /> Where I saw her spread her wings and fly away!<br /> <br /> I will see that instant until I die,<br /> That instant, nothing beyond!<br /> Where I cried: "The child I had a short time ago,<br /> What! I have her no more!" </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>He wrote many poems afterward about his daughter's life and death. His most famous poem is "Demain, dès l'aube" (Tomorrow, at Dawn), in which he describes visiting her grave. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exile">Exile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Hugo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Victor_Hugo" title="Special:EditPage/Victor Hugo">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Hugo decided to live in exile after <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>'s <a href="/wiki/French_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_1851" class="mw-redirect" title="French coup d'état of 1851">coup d'état at the end of 1851</a>. After leaving France, Hugo lived in Brussels briefly in 1851, and then moved to the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>, first to Jersey (1852–1855) and then to the smaller island of Guernsey in 1855, where he stayed until Napoleon III's fall from power in 1870. Although Napoleon III proclaimed a general amnesty in 1859, under which Hugo could have safely returned to France, the author stayed in exile, only returning when Napoleon III was removed from power by the creation of the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a> in 1870, as a result of the French defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sedan" title="Battle of Sedan">Battle of Sedan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(1870-71)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Paris (1870-71)">Siege of Paris</a> from 1870 to 1871, Hugo lived again in Guernsey from 1872 to 1873, and then finally returned to France for the remainder of his life. In 1871, after the death of his son Charles, Hugo took custody of his grandchildren <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Hugo" title="Jeanne Hugo">Jeanne</a> and Georges-Victor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_relationships">Other relationships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Hugo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Juliette_Drouet">Juliette Drouet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Hugo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Juliette Drouet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maison_de_Victor_Hugo_Juliette_Drouet_Champmartin_27122012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Maison_de_Victor_Hugo_Juliette_Drouet_Champmartin_27122012.jpg/150px-Maison_de_Victor_Hugo_Juliette_Drouet_Champmartin_27122012.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Maison_de_Victor_Hugo_Juliette_Drouet_Champmartin_27122012.jpg/225px-Maison_de_Victor_Hugo_Juliette_Drouet_Champmartin_27122012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Maison_de_Victor_Hugo_Juliette_Drouet_Champmartin_27122012.jpg/300px-Maison_de_Victor_Hugo_Juliette_Drouet_Champmartin_27122012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1203" data-file-height="1465" /></a><figcaption>Juliette Drouet</figcaption></figure> <p>From February 1833 until her death in 1883, <a href="/wiki/Juliette_Drouet" title="Juliette Drouet">Juliette Drouet</a> devoted her whole life to Victor Hugo, who never married her even after his wife died in 1868. He took her on his numerous trips and she followed him in exile on <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There Hugo rented a house for her near <a href="/wiki/Hauteville_House" title="Hauteville House">Hauteville House</a>, his family home. She wrote some 20,000 letters in which she expressed her passion or vented her jealousy on her womanizing lover.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 September 1870 during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(1870%E2%80%9371)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Paris (1870–71)">Siege of Paris</a> (19 September 1870 – 28 January 1871) Hugo feared the worst. He left his children a note reading as follows: </p><p>"J.D. She saved my life in December 1851. For me she underwent exile. Never has her soul forsaken mine. Let those who have loved me love her. Let those who have loved me respect her. She is my widow." V.H.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Léonie_d’Aunet"><span id="L.C3.A9onie_d.E2.80.99Aunet"></span>Léonie d’Aunet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Hugo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Léonie d’Aunet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For more than seven years, Léonie d’Aunet, who was a married woman, was involved in a love relationship with Hugo. Both were caught in adultery on 5 July 1845. Hugo, who had been a Member of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Peers_(France)" title="Chamber of Peers (France)">Chamber of Peers</a> since April, avoided condemnation whereas his mistress had to spend two months in prison and six in a convent. Many years after their separation, Hugo made a point of supporting her financially.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Others">Others</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Hugo&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hugo gave free rein to his sensuality until a few weeks before his death. He sought a wide variety of women of all ages, be they courtesans, actresses, prostitutes, admirers, servants or revolutionaries like <a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Louise Michel</a> for sexual activity. Both a <a href="/wiki/Graphomania" title="Graphomania">graphomaniac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erotomania" title="Erotomania">erotomaniac</a>, he systematically reported his casual affairs using his own code, as <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a> did, to make sure they would remain secret. For instance, he resorted to Latin abbreviations (<i>osc.</i> for kisses) or to Spanish (<i>Misma. Mismas cosas</i>: The same. Same things). Homophones are frequent: <i>Seins</i> (Breasts) becomes Saint; <i>Poële</i> (Stove) actually refers to <i>Poils</i> (Pubic hair). Analogy also enabled him to conceal the real meaning: A woman's <i>Suisses</i> (Swiss) are her breasts—because Switzerland is renowned for its milk. After a rendezvous with a young woman named <i>Laetitia</i> he would write <i>Joie</i> (Happiness) in his diary. If he added <i>t.n.</i> (<i>toute nue</i>) he meant she stripped naked in front of him. The initials <i>S.B.</i> discovered in November 1875 may refer to <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Bernhardt" title="Sarah Bernhardt">Sarah Bernhardt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nicknames">Nicknames</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Hugo&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Nicknames"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Victor Hugo acquired several nicknames. The first one originated from his own description of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> in the introduction to his eponymous work. In this introduction to <i><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare_(essay)" title="William Shakespeare (essay)">William Shakespeare (essay)</a></i>, he tried to delve into what constituted the genius of certain artists and described Shakespeare as an "Ocean Man":<sup id="cite_ref-:0_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>There were indeed ocean men.<br />[...] all of this could exist within a mind, and then that mind is called genius, and you have <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, you have <a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a>, you have <a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a>, you have <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a>, you have <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, you have <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>, and it is the same thing to gaze upon these souls or to gaze upon the Ocean.</p></blockquote><p>During his lifetime and in the 1870s, the expression to describe him entered popular culture.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later adopted by authors and literary critics, including Joseph Serre, who identified it with an expression he himself coined.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This nickname became widespread during the 20th century and was used by the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">National Library of France</a> when organizing an exhibition about him.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, it has been frequently used in research and literary critics.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alongside "Ocean Man," the nickname "Horizon Man" was sometimes used during Hugo's lifetime as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, researchers and literary critics, such as <a href="/wiki/Henri_Meschonnic" title="Henri Meschonnic">Henri Meschonnic</a>, proposed the nickname "Century Man" to refer to Victor Hugo.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Hugo&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Victor Hugo's drawings</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_Hugo-Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ville avec le pont de Tumbledown, ("Town with Tumbledown Bridge"), 1847."><img alt="Ville avec le pont de Tumbledown, ("Town with Tumbledown Bridge"), 1847." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Victor_Hugo-Bridge.jpg/180px-Victor_Hugo-Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Victor_Hugo-Bridge.jpg/270px-Victor_Hugo-Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Victor_Hugo-Bridge.jpg/360px-Victor_Hugo-Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="251" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Ville avec le pont de Tumbledown</i></span>, ("Town with Tumbledown Bridge"), 1847.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_Hugo-Octopus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pieuvre avec les initiales V.H., ("Octopus with the initials V.H."), 1866."><img alt="Pieuvre avec les initiales V.H., ("Octopus with the initials V.H."), 1866." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Victor_Hugo-Octopus.jpg/126px-Victor_Hugo-Octopus.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Victor_Hugo-Octopus.jpg/189px-Victor_Hugo-Octopus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Victor_Hugo-Octopus.jpg/251px-Victor_Hugo-Octopus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1073" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Pieuvre avec les initiales V.H.</i></span>, ("Octopus with the initials V.H."), 1866.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Rocher_de_l%27Ermitage.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Le Rocher de l'Ermitage dans un paysage imaginaire ("Ermitage Rock in an imaginary landscape")"><img alt="Le Rocher de l'Ermitage dans un paysage imaginaire ("Ermitage Rock in an imaginary landscape")" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Le_Rocher_de_l%27Ermitage.jpg/180px-Le_Rocher_de_l%27Ermitage.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Le_Rocher_de_l%27Ermitage.jpg/270px-Le_Rocher_de_l%27Ermitage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Le_Rocher_de_l%27Ermitage.jpg/360px-Le_Rocher_de_l%27Ermitage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="835" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Rocher de l'Ermitage dans un paysage imaginaire</i></span> ("Ermitage Rock in an imaginary landscape")</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Le_phare%22_par_Victor_Hugo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Le phare ("The Lighthouse")"><img alt="Le phare ("The Lighthouse")" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%22Le_phare%22_par_Victor_Hugo.jpg/95px-%22Le_phare%22_par_Victor_Hugo.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%22Le_phare%22_par_Victor_Hugo.jpg/143px-%22Le_phare%22_par_Victor_Hugo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%22Le_phare%22_par_Victor_Hugo.jpg/191px-%22Le_phare%22_par_Victor_Hugo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le phare</i></span> ("The Lighthouse")</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_hugo_gavroche_a_11_ans.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gavroche à onze ans ("Gavroche at eleven years old")."><img alt="Gavroche à onze ans ("Gavroche at eleven years old")." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Victor_hugo_gavroche_a_11_ans.jpg/128px-Victor_hugo_gavroche_a_11_ans.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Victor_hugo_gavroche_a_11_ans.jpg/193px-Victor_hugo_gavroche_a_11_ans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Victor_hugo_gavroche_a_11_ans.jpg/257px-Victor_hugo_gavroche_a_11_ans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="925" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Gavroche à onze ans</i></span> ("<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Gavroche</i></span> at eleven years old").</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Portraits of Victor Hugo</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2tillon,_Auguste_de_-_Portrait_de_Victor_Hugo_avec_son_fils_de_Fran%C3%A7ois-Victor_Hugo_-_194_-_Maison_de_Victor_Hugo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Victor Hugo with his son François-Victor by Auguste de Châtillon, 1836."><img alt="Victor Hugo with his son François-Victor by Auguste de Châtillon, 1836." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ch%C3%A2tillon%2C_Auguste_de_-_Portrait_de_Victor_Hugo_avec_son_fils_de_Fran%C3%A7ois-Victor_Hugo_-_194_-_Maison_de_Victor_Hugo.jpg/94px-Ch%C3%A2tillon%2C_Auguste_de_-_Portrait_de_Victor_Hugo_avec_son_fils_de_Fran%C3%A7ois-Victor_Hugo_-_194_-_Maison_de_Victor_Hugo.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ch%C3%A2tillon%2C_Auguste_de_-_Portrait_de_Victor_Hugo_avec_son_fils_de_Fran%C3%A7ois-Victor_Hugo_-_194_-_Maison_de_Victor_Hugo.jpg/142px-Ch%C3%A2tillon%2C_Auguste_de_-_Portrait_de_Victor_Hugo_avec_son_fils_de_Fran%C3%A7ois-Victor_Hugo_-_194_-_Maison_de_Victor_Hugo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ch%C3%A2tillon%2C_Auguste_de_-_Portrait_de_Victor_Hugo_avec_son_fils_de_Fran%C3%A7ois-Victor_Hugo_-_194_-_Maison_de_Victor_Hugo.jpg/189px-Ch%C3%A2tillon%2C_Auguste_de_-_Portrait_de_Victor_Hugo_avec_son_fils_de_Fran%C3%A7ois-Victor_Hugo_-_194_-_Maison_de_Victor_Hugo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2622" data-file-height="4986" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Victor Hugo with his son François-Victor by <a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Ch%C3%A2tillon" title="Auguste de Châtillon">Auguste de Châtillon</a>, 1836.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_Hugo_bust.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marble bust of Victor Hugo by Auguste Rodin"><img alt="Marble bust of Victor Hugo by Auguste Rodin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Victor_Hugo_bust.jpg/180px-Victor_Hugo_bust.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Victor_Hugo_bust.jpg/270px-Victor_Hugo_bust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Victor_Hugo_bust.jpg/360px-Victor_Hugo_bust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1970" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Marble bust of Victor Hugo by <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Auguste Rodin</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_Hugo_by_Charles_Hugo,_c1850-55.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Victor Hugo by Charles Hugo c. 1853"><img alt="Victor Hugo by Charles Hugo c. 1853" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Victor_Hugo_by_Charles_Hugo%2C_c1850-55.jpg/149px-Victor_Hugo_by_Charles_Hugo%2C_c1850-55.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Victor_Hugo_by_Charles_Hugo%2C_c1850-55.jpg/224px-Victor_Hugo_by_Charles_Hugo%2C_c1850-55.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Victor_Hugo_by_Charles_Hugo%2C_c1850-55.jpg/299px-Victor_Hugo_by_Charles_Hugo%2C_c1850-55.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="1134" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Victor Hugo by Charles Hugo c. 1853</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_hugo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Photogravure"><img alt="Photogravure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Victor_hugo.jpg/140px-Victor_hugo.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Victor_hugo.jpg/210px-Victor_hugo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Victor_hugo.jpg/280px-Victor_hugo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="954" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Photogravure" title="Photogravure">Photogravure</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorials">Memorials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Hugo&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victur-Hugo-Ave-Paris-Photo-by-Pejman-Akbarzadeh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Victur-Hugo-Ave-Paris-Photo-by-Pejman-Akbarzadeh.JPG/250px-Victur-Hugo-Ave-Paris-Photo-by-Pejman-Akbarzadeh.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Victur-Hugo-Ave-Paris-Photo-by-Pejman-Akbarzadeh.JPG/375px-Victur-Hugo-Ave-Paris-Photo-by-Pejman-Akbarzadeh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Victur-Hugo-Ave-Paris-Photo-by-Pejman-Akbarzadeh.JPG/500px-Victur-Hugo-Ave-Paris-Photo-by-Pejman-Akbarzadeh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Avenue_Victor-Hugo_(Paris)" title="Avenue Victor-Hugo (Paris)">Avenue Victor-Hugo</a></span></span> in Paris.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_Hugo_Statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Statue of Victor Hugo in Rome, Italy." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Victor_Hugo_Statue.jpg/199px-Victor_Hugo_Statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="434" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Victor_Hugo_Statue.jpg/298px-Victor_Hugo_Statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Victor_Hugo_Statue.jpg/398px-Victor_Hugo_Statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1457" data-file-height="3179" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Victor Hugo in Rome, Italy. It is across from the Museo Carlo Bilotti on Viale Fiorello La Guardia.</figcaption></figure> <p>His legacy has been honored in many ways, including his portrait being placed on French currency. </p><p>The people of <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> erected a statue by sculptor <a href="/wiki/Jean_Boucher_(artist)" title="Jean Boucher (artist)">Jean Boucher</a> in <a href="/wiki/Candie_Gardens" title="Candie Gardens">Candie Gardens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a>) to commemorate his stay in the islands. The City of Paris has preserved his residences <a href="/wiki/Hauteville_House" title="Hauteville House">Hauteville House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>, and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">6, Place des Vosges</i></span>, Paris, as museums. The house where he stayed in <a href="/wiki/Vianden" title="Vianden">Vianden</a>, Luxembourg, in 1871 has also become a commemorative museum. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Avenue_Victor-Hugo_(Paris)" title="Avenue Victor-Hugo (Paris)">Avenue Victor-Hugo</a> in the <a href="/wiki/16th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="16th arrondissement of Paris">16th arrondissement of Paris</a> bears Hugo's name and links the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Place_de_l%27%C3%89toile" class="mw-redirect" title="Place de l'Étoile">Place de l'Étoile</a></span></span> to the vicinity of the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bois_de_Boulogne" title="Bois de Boulogne">Bois de Boulogne</a></span></span> by way of the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Place Victor-Hugo</span></span>. This square is served by a <a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro" title="Paris Métro">Paris Métro</a> <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Hugo (Paris Métro)">stop</a> also named in his honour. In the town of <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ziers" title="Béziers">Béziers</a></span></span> there is a main street, a school, hospital and several cafés named after Hugo, and a number of streets and avenues throughout France are named after him. The school <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Lycée Victor Hugo</span></span> was founded in his town of birth, <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon">Besançon</a></span></span> in France. <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Avenue Victor-Hugo</span></span>, located in <a href="/wiki/Shawinigan" title="Shawinigan">Shawinigan</a>, Quebec, was named to honour him. A street in San Francisco, Hugo Street, is named for him.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:France_5_Nouveaux_Francs_1959._VF-_Banknote.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/France_5_Nouveaux_Francs_1959._VF-_Banknote.jpg/195px-France_5_Nouveaux_Francs_1959._VF-_Banknote.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/France_5_Nouveaux_Francs_1959._VF-_Banknote.jpg/292px-France_5_Nouveaux_Francs_1959._VF-_Banknote.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/France_5_Nouveaux_Francs_1959._VF-_Banknote.jpg/390px-France_5_Nouveaux_Francs_1959._VF-_Banknote.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1177" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>A 1959 French banknote featuring Hugo</figcaption></figure> <p>In the city of <a href="/wiki/Avellino" title="Avellino">Avellino</a>, Italy, Victor Hugo briefly stayed in what is now known as <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Il Palazzo Culturale</i></span> when reuniting with his father, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Leopold Sigisbert Hugo</i></span>, in 1808. Hugo would later write about his brief stay here, quoting <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">"C'était un palais de marbre..."</span></span> ("It was a palace of <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>"). </p><p>There is a statue of Hugo across from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Museo_Carlo_Bilotti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Museo Carlo Bilotti (page does not exist)">Museo Carlo Bilotti</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_Carlo_Bilotti" class="extiw" title="it:Museo Carlo Bilotti">it</a>]</span> in Rome, Italy. </p><p>Victor Hugo is the namesake of the city of <a href="/wiki/Hugoton,_Kansas" title="Hugoton, Kansas">Hugoton, Kansas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, Cuba, there is a park named after him. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USSR_1596.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/USSR_1596.jpg/220px-USSR_1596.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/USSR_1596.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>Soviet stamp in Hugo's honour (1952)</figcaption></figure> <p>A bust of Hugo stands near the entrance of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Summer_Palace" title="Old Summer Palace">Old Summer Palace</a> in Beijing. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> commemorating Hugo is located on the ceiling of the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Thomas Jefferson Building</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/London_and_North_Western_Railway" title="London and North Western Railway">London and North Western Railway</a> named a 'Prince of Wales' Class 4-6-0 No 1134 after Hugo. <a href="/wiki/British_Rail" title="British Rail">British Railways</a> perpetuated this memorial, naming Class 92 Electric Unit 92001 after him. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B%E1%BB%A9c_H%E1%BB%8Da_Tam_Th%C3%A1nh_012014.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/B%E1%BB%A9c_H%E1%BB%8Da_Tam_Th%C3%A1nh_012014.JPG/220px-B%E1%BB%A9c_H%E1%BB%8Da_Tam_Th%C3%A1nh_012014.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/B%E1%BB%A9c_H%E1%BB%8Da_Tam_Th%C3%A1nh_012014.JPG/330px-B%E1%BB%A9c_H%E1%BB%8Da_Tam_Th%C3%A1nh_012014.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/B%E1%BB%A9c_H%E1%BB%8Da_Tam_Th%C3%A1nh_012014.JPG/440px-B%E1%BB%A9c_H%E1%BB%8Da_Tam_Th%C3%A1nh_012014.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2543" data-file-height="3471" /></a><figcaption>Victor Hugo, along with <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-Sen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Yat-Sen">Sun Yat-Sen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_B%E1%BB%89nh_Khi%C3%AAm" title="Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm">Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm</a>, is venerated in the <a href="/wiki/Cao_%C4%90%C3%A0i" class="mw-redirect" title="Cao Đài">Cao Đài</a> religion.</figcaption></figure><p>Hugo is venerated as a <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> in the Vietnamese religion of <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/Cao_%C4%90%C3%A0i" class="mw-redirect" title="Cao Đài">Cao Đài</a></i></span>, a new religion established in Vietnam in 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Hugo_(crater)" title="Hugo (crater)">crater</a> on the planet <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> is named after him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Hugo&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prose_fiction">Prose fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Hugo&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Prose fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hans_of_Iceland" title="Hans of Iceland">Hans of Iceland</a></i> (<i>Han d'Islande</i> – novella - 1820, novel - 1823, revised until 1833)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bug-Jargal" title="Bug-Jargal">Bug-Jargal</a></i> (short story – 1820, novel – 1826)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Day_of_a_Condemned_Man" title="The Last Day of a Condemned Man">The Last Day of a Condemned Man</a></i> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Dernier jour d'un condamné</i></span> – 1829) - prototype for <a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Les Misérables">Les Misérables</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame" title="The Hunchback of Notre-Dame">The Hunchback of Notre-Dame</a></i> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Notre-Dame de Paris</i></span> – 1831, definitive unabridged edition: 1832) <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/La_Esmeralda_(opera)" title="La Esmeralda (opera)">La Esmeralda</a></i></span> (the only libretto of an opera written by Victor Hugo himself) (1836) – the ending was altered for the play</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claude_Gueux" title="Claude Gueux">Claude Gueux</a></i> (1834) - prototype for <a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Les Misérables">Les Misérables</a></li> <li>The Rhine (<a href="/wiki/Le_Rhin" title="Le Rhin">Le Rhin</a><i> – 1842) - also contains essays and a political manifesto</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Poor_People" title="The Poor People">The Poor People</a></i> (1854) - short story included in <a href="/wiki/La_L%C3%A9gende_des_si%C3%A8cles" title="La Légende des siècles">La Légende des siècles</a>, later rewritten or retold by <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> (1908)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Les Misérables">Les Misérables</a></i></span> (1862) - mega-novel, initially begun as <i>Les Misères</i>. 7 chapters from Book 7 of Part 3 were excised by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Lacroix" title="Albert Lacroix">Albert Lacroix</a> at the time of publication. None of the English translations include the excised chapters but some French editions include them as Appendix or in Notes. <ul><li><i>Les Misères</i> (1845-48) - 2 draft versions of <a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Les Misérables">Les Misérables</a> - not yet translated into English but available online in French</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toilers_of_the_Sea" title="Toilers of the Sea">Toilers of the Sea</a></i> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les Travailleurs de la Mer</i></span> – 1866)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Laughs" title="The Man Who Laughs">The Man Who Laughs</a></i> ( <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">L'Homme qui rit</i></span> – 1869)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-Three" title="Ninety-Three">Ninety-Three</a></i> (Quatrevingt-treize – 1874)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_works_published_during_Hugo's_lifetime"><span id="Other_works_published_during_Hugo.27s_lifetime"></span>Other works published during Hugo's lifetime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Hugo&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Other works published during Hugo's lifetime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cromwell_(play)" title="Cromwell (play)">Cromwell</a></i>, preface only (1819)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Odes_et_po%C3%A9sies_diverses" class="mw-redirect" title="Odes et poésies diverses">Odes et poésies diverses</a></i></span> (1822)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odes_(Hugo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odes (Hugo) (page does not exist)">Odes</a></i> (1823)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Nouvelles_Odes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouvelles Odes">Nouvelles Odes</a></i></span> (1824)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Odes_et_Ballades" title="Odes et Ballades">Odes et Ballades</a></i></span> (1826)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cromwell_(play)" title="Cromwell (play)">Cromwell</a></i> (1827)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Les_Orientales" title="Les Orientales">Les Orientales</a></i></span> (1829)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hernani_(drama)" title="Hernani (drama)">Hernani</a></i> (1830)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Marion_de_Lorme_(Hugo)" title="Marion de Lorme (Hugo)">Marion de Lorme</a></i></span> (1831)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Les_Feuilles_d%27automne" title="Les Feuilles d'automne">Les Feuilles d'automne</a></i></span> (<i>Autumn Leaves</i>; 1831)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Le_roi_s%27amuse" title="Le roi s'amuse">Le roi s'amuse</a></i></span> (1832)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucrezia_Borgia_(play)" title="Lucrezia Borgia (play)">Lucrezia Borgia</a></i> (1833)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marie_Tudor" title="Marie Tudor">Marie Tudor</a></i> (1833)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litt%C3%A9rature_et_philosophie_m%C3%AAl%C3%A9es&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Littérature et philosophie mêlées (page does not exist)">Littérature et philosophie mêlées</a></i></span> (<i>A Blend of Literature and Philosophy</i>; 1834)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angelo,_Tyrant_of_Padua" title="Angelo, Tyrant of Padua">Angelo, Tyrant of Padua</a></i> (1835)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Chants_du_cr%C3%A9puscule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Chants du crépuscule (page does not exist)">Les Chants du crépuscule</a></i></span> (<i>Songs of the Half Light</i>; 1835)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Les_Voix_int%C3%A9rieures" title="Les Voix intérieures">Les Voix intérieures</a></i></span> (1837)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruy_Blas" title="Ruy Blas">Ruy Blas</a></i> (1838)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Les_Rayons_et_les_Ombres" title="Les Rayons et les Ombres">Les Rayons et les Ombres</a></i></span> (1840)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Les_Burgraves" title="Les Burgraves">Les Burgraves</a></i></span> (1843)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_le_Petit" title="Napoléon le Petit">Napoléon le Petit</a></i></span> (<i>Napoleon the Little</i>; 1852)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Les_Ch%C3%A2timents" title="Les Châtiments">Les Châtiments</a></i></span> (1853)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Les_Contemplations" title="Les Contemplations">Les Contemplations</a></i></span> (<i>The Contemplations</i>; 1856)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_TRYNE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les TRYNE (page does not exist)">Les TRYNE</a></i></span> (1856)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/La_L%C3%A9gende_des_si%C3%A8cles" title="La Légende des siècles">La Légende des siècles</a></i></span> (<i>The Legend of the Ages</i>; 1859)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare_(essay)" title="William Shakespeare (essay)">William Shakespeare</a></i> (1864)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Chansons_des_rues_et_des_bois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Chansons des rues et des bois (page does not exist)">Les Chansons des rues et des bois</a></i></span> (<i>Songs of Street and Wood</i>; 1865)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_voix_de_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La voix de Guernsey (page does not exist)">La voix de Guernsey</a></i></span> (1867)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/L%27Ann%C3%A9e_terrible" title="L'Année terrible">L'Année terrible</a></i></span> (1872)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mes_Fils&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mes Fils (page does not exist)">Mes Fils</a></i></span> (1874)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Actes_et_paroles" class="mw-redirect" title="Actes et paroles">Actes et paroles</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Avant_l%27exil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avant l'exil (page does not exist)">Avant l'exil</a></i></span> (1875)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Actes et paroles – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendant_l%27exil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendant l'exil (page does not exist)">Pendant l'exil</a></i></span> (<i>Deeds and Words</i>; 1875)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Actes et paroles – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Depuis_l%27exil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Depuis l'exil (page does not exist)">Depuis l'exil</a></i></span> (1876)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La Légende des Siècles 2e série</i></span> (1877)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/L%27Art_d%27%C3%AAtre_grand-p%C3%A8re" title="L'Art d'être grand-père">L'Art d'être grand-père</a></i></span> (<i>The Art of Being a Grandfather</i>; 1877)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr"><i><a href="/wiki/Histoire_d%27un_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Histoire d'un crime">Histoire d'un crime</a></i> 1re partie</span></span> (<i>History of a Crime</i>; 1877)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr"><i>Histoire d'un crime</i> 2e partie</span></span> (1878)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Le_Pape" title="Le Pape">Le Pape</a></i></span> (1878)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/La_Piti%C3%A9_supr%C3%AAme" title="La Pitié suprême">La Pitié suprême</a></i></span> (1879)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Religions_et_religion" title="Religions et religion">Religions et religion</a></i></span> (<i>Religions and Religion</i>; 1880)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27%C3%82ne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Âne (page does not exist)">L'Âne</a></i></span> (1880)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Quatres_vents_de_l%27esprit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Quatres vents de l'esprit (page does not exist)">Les Quatres vents de l'esprit</a></i></span> (<i>The Four Winds of the Spirit</i>; 1881)</li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Torquemada_(play)" title="Torquemada (play)">Torquemada</a></i></span> (1882)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr"><i>La Légende des siècles</i> Tome III</span></span> (1883)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Archipel_de_la_Manche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Archipel de la Manche (page does not exist)">L'Archipel de la Manche</a></i></span> (1883)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Poems_of_Victor_Hugo" title="Poems of Victor Hugo">Poems of Victor Hugo</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hernani" title="Battle of Hernani">Battle of Hernani</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Published_posthumously">Published posthumously</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Hugo&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Published posthumously"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Théâtre en liberté</i></span> (1886)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/La_Fin_de_Satan" title="La Fin de Satan">La Fin de Satan</a></i></span> (1886)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Choses vues</i></span> (1887)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Toute la lyre</i></span> (1888), (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Whole_Lyre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Whole Lyre (page does not exist)">The Whole Lyre</a></i>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Amy_Robsart_(play)" title="Amy Robsart (play)">Amy Robsart</a></i></span> (1889)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les Jumeaux</i></span> (1889)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Actes et Paroles – Depuis l'exil, 1876–1885</i></span> (1889)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Alpes et Pyrénées</i></span> (1890), (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alps_and_Pyrenees&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alps and Pyrenees (page does not exist)">Alps and Pyrenees</a></i>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Dieu" title="Dieu">Dieu</a></i></span> (1891)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">France et Belgique</i></span> (1892)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Toute la lyre – dernière série</i></span> (1893)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les fromages</i></span> (1895)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Correspondences – Tome I</i></span> (1896)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Correspondences – Tome II</i></span> (1898)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les années funestes</i></span> (1898)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Choses vues – nouvelle série</i></span> (1900)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Post-scriptum de ma vie</i></span> (1901)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Dernière Gerbe</i></span> (1902)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Mille francs de récompense</i></span> (1934)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Océan. Tas de pierres</i></span> (1942)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">L'Intervention</i></span> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conversations_with_Eternity" title="Conversations with Eternity">Conversations with Eternity</a></i> (1998)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Hugo&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These parliamentary speeches are published in <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Œuvres complètes: actes et paroles I : avant l'exil, 1841–1851</i></span>. Scroll down to the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Assemblée Constituante 1848</i></span> heading and subsequent pages.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Hugo&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senat.fr/pair-de-france/hugo_marie_victorpf0733.html">"HUGO Marie-Victor, vicomte Hugo"</a>. <i>Sénat</i> (in French). 17 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=S%C3%A9nat&rft.atitle=HUGO+Marie-Victor%2C+vicomte+Hugo&rft.date=2024-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senat.fr%2Fpair-de-france%2Fhugo_marie_victorpf0733.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehrent2013" class="citation journal cs1">Behrent, Megan (May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isreview.org/issue/89/enduring-relevance-victor-hugo">"The enduring relevance of Victor Hugo"</a>. <i>International Socialist Review</i> (89)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Socialist+Review&rft.atitle=The+enduring+relevance+of+Victor+Hugo&rft.issue=89&rft.date=2013-05&rft.aulast=Behrent&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisreview.org%2Fissue%2F89%2Fenduring-relevance-victor-hugo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kU9LloPylhQC&q=protestant"><i>Victor Hugo</i></a>. W. W. Norton & Company. 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393318999" title="Special:BookSources/9780393318999"><bdi>9780393318999</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victor+Hugo&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780393318999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkU9LloPylhQC%26q%3Dprotestant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IExIAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22madame+hugo%22+%22protestant%22&pg=PA133">"The Andover Review"</a>. Houghton, Mifflin and Company. 1886.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Andover+Review&rft.pub=Houghton%2C+Mifflin+and+Company&rft.date=1886&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIExIAQAAMAAJ%26dq%3D%2522madame%2Bhugo%2522%2B%2522protestant%2522%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=--EEAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22madame+hugo%22+%22protestant%22&pg=PA734">"The Home and foreign review [formerly the Rambler]"</a>. 1863.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Home+and+foreign+review+%26%2391%3Bformerly+the+Rambler%26%2393%3B&rft.date=1863&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D--EEAAAAQAAJ%26dq%3D%2522madame%2Bhugo%2522%2B%2522protestant%2522%26pg%3DPA734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robb_1999_p.-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robb_1999_p._6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobb1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Robb, G. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kU9LloPylhQC"><i>Victor Hugo</i></a> (in Lithuanian). W.W. Norton & Company. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31899-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31899-9"><bdi>978-0-393-31899-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victor+Hugo&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-393-31899-9&rft.aulast=Robb&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkU9LloPylhQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Escholier, Raymond, <i>Victor Hugo raconté par ceux qui l'ont vu</i>, Librairie Stock, 1931, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellos2017" class="citation book cs1">Bellos, David (2017). <i>The Novel of the Century : The extraordinary adventure of Les Miserables</i>. 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Reaktion Books. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78914-111-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78914-111-5"><bdi>978-1-78914-111-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victor+Hugo&rft.series=Critical+Lives&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-78914-111-5&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlaCKDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caussé_p._4-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Caussé_p._4_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaussé0101" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Caussé, E. 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(2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XNslDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT49"><i>Victor Hugo</i></a> (in Lithuanian). Pan Macmillan. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5098-5565-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5098-5565-0"><bdi>978-1-5098-5565-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victor+Hugo&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Pan+Macmillan&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5098-5565-0&rft.aulast=Robb&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXNslDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-King_1878_p._11-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-King_1878_p._11_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1878" class="citation book cs1">King, E. 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(1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=olFboDm4bcgC&pg=PA201"><i>A Victor Hugo Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-Clio ebook (in Polish). Greenwood Press. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29896-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29896-7"><bdi>978-0-313-29896-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Victor+Hugo+Encyclopedia&rft.series=ABC-Clio+ebook&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29896-7&rft.aulast=Frey&rft.aufirst=J.A.&rft.au=Laster%2C+A.&rft.au=Hugo%2C+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DolFboDm4bcgC%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pearson, Roger. <i>Unacknowledged Legislators: The Poet as Lawgiver in Post-Revolutionary France</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alalettre.com&rft.atitle=Les+Mis%C3%A9rables+de+Victor+Hugo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alalettre.com%2FHugo-miserables.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garson O'Toole, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quoteinvestigator.com/2014/06/14/exclamation/">"Briefest Correspondence: Question Mark? Exclamation Mark!"</a> (14 June 2014).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norris McWhirter (1981). <i>Guinness Book of World Records: 1981 Edition</i>. Bantam Books, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobb1997" class="citation book cs1">Robb, Graham (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kU9LloPylhQC&pg=PA414"><i>Victor Hugo: A Biography</i></a>. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 414. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393318999" title="Special:BookSources/9780393318999"><bdi>9780393318999</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victor+Hugo%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=414&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780393318999&rft.aulast=Robb&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkU9LloPylhQC%26pg%3DPA414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the role of E. de Jouy against V. Hugo, see <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les aventures militaires, littéraires et autres de Etienne de Jouy de l'Académie française</i></span> by <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Michel Faul</span></span> (Editions Seguier, France, 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84049-556-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84049-556-7">978-2-84049-556-7</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guides.slv.vic.gov.au/content.php?pid=572687&sid=4722472">"Victor Hugo: Les Misérables – From Page to Stage research guide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/State_Library_of_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="State Library of Victoria">State Library of Victoria</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Victor+Hugo%3A+Les+Mis%C3%A9rables+%E2%80%93+From+Page+to+Stage+research+guide&rft.pub=State+Library+of+Victoria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fguides.slv.vic.gov.au%2Fcontent.php%3Fpid%3D572687%26sid%3D4722472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallego_Urrutia2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gallego Urrutia, María Teresa (2013). <i>Los miserables</i> (in European Spanish) (orhi ed.). Madrid: Biblioteca de Traductores. p. 1784.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+miserables&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=1784&rft.edition=orhi&rft.pub=Biblioteca+de+Traductores&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Gallego+Urrutia&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa+Teresa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span>(From castilian in the original Maria Teresa Gallego Urrutia' translation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>In God's Empire French Missionaries and the Modern World</i>. Oxford University Press. 2012. p. 62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+God%27s+Empire+French+Missionaries+and+the+Modern+World&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugo1972" class="citation book cs1">Hugo, Victor (1972). <i>Choses Vues</i>. Paris: Gallimard. pp. 286–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-07-040217-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-07-040217-7"><bdi>2-07-040217-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Choses+Vues&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=286-87&rft.pub=Gallimard&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=2-07-040217-7&rft.aulast=Hugo&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Les Misérables, Random House Publishing Group, 2000, 1280 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780679641551" title="Special:BookSources/9780679641551">9780679641551</a>, p. 720.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHugoAmerican_Anti-Slavery_Society18607-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHugoAmerican_Anti-Slavery_Society18607_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHugoAmerican_Anti-Slavery_Society1860">Hugo & American Anti-Slavery Society 1860</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEl'Esclavage-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEl'Esclavage_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFl'Esclavage">l'Esclavage</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrington2005131-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrington2005131_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerrington2005">Herrington 2005</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangellier2014117-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangellier2014117_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangellier2014">Langellier 2014</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugo1972" class="citation book cs1">Hugo, Victor (1972). <i>Choses vues</i>. Paris: Gallimard. pp. 267–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-07-040217-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-07-040217-7"><bdi>2-07-040217-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Choses+vues&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=267-69&rft.pub=Gallimard&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=2-07-040217-7&rft.aulast=Hugo&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugo1848" class="citation web cs1">Hugo, Victor (15 September 1848). <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Discours_%C3%A0_l%E2%80%99Assembl%C3%A9e_constituante_1848">"Speech on the death penalty"</a>. <i>Wikisource.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wikisource.org&rft.atitle=Speech+on+the+death+penalty&rft.date=1848-09-15&rft.aulast=Hugo&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FDiscours_%25C3%25A0_l%25E2%2580%2599Assembl%25C3%25A9e_constituante_1848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://expositions.bnf.fr/hugo/pedago/dossiers/mort/reperes/signe.htm">"Victor Hugo, l'homme océan"</a>. <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Bibliothèque nationale de France</span></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Victor+Hugo%2C+l%27homme+oc%C3%A9an&rft.pub=%3Cspan+title%3D%22French-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22fr%22+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%3B%22%3EBiblioth%C3%A8que+nationale+de+France%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+French-language+text&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexpositions.bnf.fr%2Fhugo%2Fpedago%2Fdossiers%2Fmort%2Freperes%2Fsigne.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mexicoliving.org/benito-juarez-life-history/">"Benito Juarez Life and History – Mexico Living"</a>. 21 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Benito+Juarez+Life+and+History+%E2%80%93+Mexico+Living&rft.date=2022-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmexicoliving.org%2Fbenito-juarez-life-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7NtVAAAAIBAJ&pg=5281%2C6531479">"Victor Hugo's diary tells how Parisians dined on zoo animals"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spokesman-Review" title="The Spokesman-Review">The Spokesman-Review</a></i>. Spokane, Washington. 7 February 1915. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spokesman-Review&rft.atitle=Victor+Hugo%27s+diary+tells+how+Parisians+dined+on+zoo+animals&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1915-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D7NtVAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5281%252C6531479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugo, Victor, <i>Choses vues</i>, 1870–1885, Gallimard, 1972, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-07-036141-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-07-036141-1">2-07-036141-1</a>, p. 164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugo1872" class="citation book cs1">Hugo, Victor (1 January 1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/actesetparoles06hugogoog"><i>Actes et paroles: 1870–1871–1872</i></a>. Michel Lévy frères<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2017</span> – via Internet Archive. <q>l'indépendance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Actes+et+paroles%3A+1870%E2%80%931871%E2%80%931872&rft.pub=Michel+L%C3%A9vy+fr%C3%A8res&rft.date=1872-01-01&rft.aulast=Hugo&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Factesetparoles06hugogoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugo, Victor, <i>Choses vues</i>, Gallimard, 1972, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-07-036141-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-07-036141-1">2-07-036141-1</a>, pp. 176–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugo, Victor, <i>Choses vues</i>, Gallimard, 1972, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-07-036141-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-07-036141-1">2-07-036141-1</a>, p. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peace Congress, 2d, Paris, 1849. Report of the proceedings of the second general Peace Congress, held in Paris on the 22nd, 23rd, and 24 August 1849. Compiled from authentic documents under the superintendence of the Peace Congress Committee. London, Charles Gilpin, 1849</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEfronNanes1969" class="citation journal cs1">Efron, Reuben; Nanes, Allan S. (October 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41885808">"The Genesis of European Unity"</a>. <i>Social Science</i>. <b>44</b> (4): 215.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science&rft.atitle=The+Genesis+of+European+Unity&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=215&rft.date=1969-10&rft.aulast=Efron&rft.aufirst=Reuben&rft.au=Nanes%2C+Allan+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41885808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalgras1906" class="citation book cs1">Malgras, J. (1906). <i>Les Pionniers du Spiritisme en France: Documents pour la formation d'un livre d'Or des Sciences Psychiques</i>. Paris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Pionniers+du+Spiritisme+en+France%3A+Documents+pour+la+formation+d%27un+livre+d%27Or+des+Sciences+Psychiques&rft.place=Paris&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Malgras&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Chez Victor Hugo. Les tables tournantes de Jersey.</i></span> Extracts from meeting minutes published by <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Gustave Simon</span></span> in 1923</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGjelten2008" class="citation book cs1">Gjelten, Tom (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3BDH9FK6grMC&pg=PA48"><i>Bacardi and the Long Fight for Cuba</i></a>. Penguin. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780670019786" title="Special:BookSources/9780670019786"><bdi>9780670019786</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bacardi+and+the+Long+Fight+for+Cuba&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780670019786&rft.aulast=Gjelten&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3BDH9FK6grMC%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobb1997" class="citation book cs1">Robb, Graham (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kU9LloPylhQC&pg=PA32"><i>Victor Hugo</i></a>. London: Picador. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393318999" title="Special:BookSources/9780393318999"><bdi>9780393318999</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victor+Hugo&rft.place=London&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780393318999&rft.aulast=Robb&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkU9LloPylhQC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrucelli2009" class="citation book cs1">Petrucelli, Alan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r7csXXH7S9UC&pg=PT152"><i>Morbid Curiosity: The Disturbing Demises of the Famous and Infamous</i></a>. Penguin. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781101140499" title="Special:BookSources/9781101140499"><bdi>9781101140499</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morbid+Curiosity%3A+The+Disturbing+Demises+of+the+Famous+and+Infamous&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781101140499&rft.aulast=Petrucelli&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr7csXXH7S9UC%26pg%3DPT152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugo, Victor, <i>The Man Who Laughs</i>, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1495441936" title="Special:BookSources/978-1495441936">978-1495441936</a>, p. 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dappledthings.org/deep-down-things/14453/horror-abuse-scandals-and-the-hunchback-of-notre-dame">"Horror, Abuse Scandals, and The Hunchback of Notre Dame"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Horror%2C+Abuse+Scandals%2C+and+The+Hunchback+of+Notre+Dame&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dappledthings.org%2Fdeep-down-things%2F14453%2Fhorror-abuse-scandals-and-the-hunchback-of-notre-dame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let294/letter.html#n-6">"Vincent van Gogh to Theo van Gogh. The Hague, between about Wednesday, 13 & about Monday, 18 December 1882"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh_Museum" title="Van Gogh Museum">Van Gogh Museum</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vincent+van+Gogh+to+Theo+van+Gogh.+The+Hague%2C+between+about+Wednesday%2C+13+%26+about+Monday%2C+18+December+1882&rft.pub=Van+Gogh+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvangoghletters.org%2Fvg%2Fletters%2Flet294%2Fletter.html%23n-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugo, V., <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les misérables</i></span>, Volume 2, Penguin Books, 1 December 1980, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2002-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2002_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2002_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Hugo à l'Opéra</i></span>", ed. Arnaud Laster, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">L'Avant-Scène Opéra</i></span>, no. 208 (2002).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.festival-victorhugo-egaux.fr/cadrefrefigur07.htm"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Cette page use des cadres</i></span></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080508142413/http://www.festival-victorhugo-egaux.fr/cadrefrefigur07.htm">Archived</a> 8 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Festival international Victor Hugo et Égaux</span></span>. Retrieved 19 July 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509154928/http://www.festivalradiofrancemontpellier.com/2008/23-juillet-opera-laesmeralda-louise-bertin.php">"Mercredi 23 juillet – 20h – Opéra Berlioz / Le Corum"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.festivalradiofrancemontpellier.com/2008/23-juillet-opera-laesmeralda-louise-bertin.php">the original</a> on 9 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mercredi+23+juillet+%E2%80%93+20h+%E2%80%93+Op%C3%A9ra+Berlioz+%2F+Le+Corum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.festivalradiofrancemontpellier.com%2F2008%2F23-juillet-opera-laesmeralda-louise-bertin.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugo, Victor, Choses vues, 1870–1885, Gallimard, 1972, p. 353, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-07-036141-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-07-036141-1">2-07-036141-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1981-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1981_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1981_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Hugo et la musique</i></span>" in <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Pleins feux sur Victor Hugo</i></span>, <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Arnaud Laster</span></span>, <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Comédie-Française">Comédie-Française</a></span></span> (1981)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080429182135/http://www.festival-victorhugo-egaux.fr/Programme2008.htm">"Festival Victor Hugo & Egaux 2008"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.festival-victorhugo-egaux.fr/Programme2008.htm">the original</a> on 29 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Festival+Victor+Hugo+%26+Egaux+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.festival-victorhugo-egaux.fr%2FProgramme2008.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">V. Hugo, <i>Actes et paroles: Avant l'exile, 1875</i>, <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Discours_%C3%A0_l%E2%80%99Assembl%C3%A9e_l%C3%A9gislative_1849-1851"><i>Discours à l’Assemblée législative 1849–1851</i></a>, J. Hetzel, Maison Quantin, Paris, 1875</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Pulsoni, "L'orazione di Victor Hugo trasformata in musica", <i>Il Corriere dell'Umbria</i>, <i>Vivere d'Umbria</i>, Perugia (IT), 19 November 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugo Victor, <i>Choses vues</i>, 1870–1885, Gallimard, 1972, 2-07-036141-1, p. 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictor2014" class="citation book cs1">Victor, Hugo (18 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1LzeAgAAQBAJ&q=%22La+question+sociale+reste.+Elle+est+terrible%2C+mais+elle+est+simple%2C+c%27est+la+question+de+ceux+qui+ont+et+de+ceux+qui+n%27ont+pas+%21+%22&pg=PA267"><i>La Fin de Satan: Nouvelle édition augmentée</i></a>. Arvensa editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782368413029" title="Special:BookSources/9782368413029"><bdi>9782368413029</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2017</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Fin+de+Satan%3A+Nouvelle+%C3%A9dition+augment%C3%A9e&rft.pub=Arvensa+editions&rft.date=2014-02-18&rft.isbn=9782368413029&rft.aulast=Victor&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1LzeAgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522La%2Bquestion%2Bsociale%2Breste.%2BElle%2Best%2Bterrible%252C%2Bmais%2Belle%2Best%2Bsimple%252C%2Bc%2527est%2Bla%2Bquestion%2Bde%2Bceux%2Bqui%2Bont%2Bet%2Bde%2Bceux%2Bqui%2Bn%2527ont%2Bpas%2B%2521%2B%2522%26pg%3DPA267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robb, Graham <i>Victor Hugo</i> (1997) p. 506.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bandw-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bandw_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiukkonen" class="citation web cs1">Liukkonen, Petri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140324184201/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/vhugo.htm">"Victor Hugo"</a>. <i>Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi)</i>. Finland: <a href="/wiki/Kuusankoski" title="Kuusankoski">Kuusankoski</a> Public Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/vhugo.htm">the original</a> on 24 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Books+and+Writers+%28kirjasto.sci.fi%29&rft.atitle=Victor+Hugo&rft.aulast=Liukkonen&rft.aufirst=Petri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirjasto.sci.fi%2Fvhugo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://canadp-archivesenligne.paris.fr/images/vignettes/hugo.jpg"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Acte de décès de Victor Hugo</i></span></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170743/http://canadp-archivesenligne.paris.fr/images/vignettes/hugo.jpg">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k608676z">"Le Petit journal"</a>. <i>Gallica</i>. 21 May 1885<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gallica&rft.atitle=Le+Petit+journal&rft.date=1885-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k608676z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugo, Victor, <i>Choses vues</i> 1870–1885, Gallimard, 1972, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-07-036141-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-07-036141-1">2-07-036141-1</a>, p. 411.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedrich_Nietzsche1886" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> (1886). <i><a href="/wiki/Beyond_Good_and_Evil" title="Beyond Good and Evil">Beyond Good and Evil</a></i>. OUP Oxford. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953707-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953707-5"><bdi>978-0-19-953707-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Good+and+Evil&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=1886&rft.isbn=978-0-19-953707-5&rft.au=Friedrich+Nietzsche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maisonsvictorhugo.paris.fr/en/paris/collections/victor-hugos-drawings">"Victor Hugo's Drawings | Maisons Victor Hugo"</a>. <i>www.maisonsvictorhugo.paris.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.maisonsvictorhugo.paris.fr&rft.atitle=Victor+Hugo%27s+Drawings+%7C+Maisons+Victor+Hugo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maisonsvictorhugo.paris.fr%2Fen%2Fparis%2Fcollections%2Fvictor-hugos-drawings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchindel2018" class="citation news cs1">Schindel, Daniel (20 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observer.com/2018/09/rarely-seen-victor-hugo-drawings-las-hammer-museum/">"Victor Hugo's Hidden Drawings: Was the 'Les Mis' Author Also One of the Greatest Artists of His Time?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Observer_Media" title="Observer Media">Observer Media</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Observer+Media&rft.atitle=Victor+Hugo%27s+Hidden+Drawings%3A+Was+the+%27Les+Mis%27+Author+Also+One+of+the+Greatest+Artists+of+His+Time%3F&rft.date=2018-09-20&rft.aulast=Schindel&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobserver.com%2F2018%2F09%2Frarely-seen-victor-hugo-drawings-las-hammer-museum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProdger2022" class="citation news cs1">Prodger, Michael (12 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/art-design/2022/01/the-sinister-art-of-victor-hugo">"The sinister art of Victor Hugo"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gallica&rft.atitle=Bulletin+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+du+Var&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=texte&rft.aufirst=Acad%C3%A9mie+du+Var+Auteur+du&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k9603313v&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Chronicle</i> 12 April 1987 p.6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGannett1905" class="citation book cs1">Gannett, Henry (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States</i></a>. United States Government Publishing Office. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n162">163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Certain+Place+Names+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Gannett&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religioustolerance.org/caodaism.htm">"Caodaism: A Vietnamese-centred religion"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caodaism%3A+A+Vietnamese-centred+religion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religioustolerance.org%2Fcaodaism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilner2023" class="citation web cs1">Milner, Richard (23 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grunge.com/1250387/why-does-the-vietnamese-religion-cao-dai-revere-victor-hugo/">"Why Does The Vietnamese Religion Cao Dai Revere Victor Hugo?"</a>. <i>Grunge</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grunge&rft.atitle=Why+Does+The+Vietnamese+Religion+Cao+Dai+Revere+Victor+Hugo%3F&rft.date=2023-04-23&rft.aulast=Milner&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grunge.com%2F1250387%2Fwhy-does-the-vietnamese-religion-cao-dai-revere-victor-hugo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversityStanfordCalifornia_943052013" class="citation web cs1">University, © Stanford; Stanford; California 94305 (8 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aparc.fsi.stanford.edu/multimedia/jesus-lenin-and-victor-hugo-%E2%80%9Coutrageous%E2%80%9D-syncretism-caodai-religion-vietnam-and">"Jesus, Lenin, and Victor Hugo: The "Outrageous" Syncretism of Caodai"</a>. <i>aparc.fsi.stanford.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aparc.fsi.stanford.edu&rft.atitle=Jesus%2C+Lenin%2C+and+Victor+Hugo%3A+The+%22Outrageous%22+Syncretism+of+Caodai&rft.date=2013-05-08&rft.aulast=University&rft.aufirst=%C2%A9+Stanford&rft.au=Stanford&rft.au=California+94305&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faparc.fsi.stanford.edu%2Fmultimedia%2Fjesus-lenin-and-victor-hugo-%25E2%2580%259Coutrageous%25E2%2580%259D-syncretism-caodai-religion-vietnam-and&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cao-Dai">"Cao Dai | Syncretic faith, Divine Eye, Divine Path | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2024</span>. <q>Its pantheon of saints includes such diverse figures as the Buddha, Confucius, Jesus Christ, Muḥammad, Pericles, Julius Caesar, Joan of Arc, Victor Hugo, and Sun Yat-sen.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Cao+Dai+%7C+Syncretic+faith%2C+Divine+Eye%2C+Divine+Path+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FCao-Dai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Hugo&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugoAmerican_Anti-Slavery_Society1860" class="citation book cs1">Hugo, V.; American Anti-Slavery Society (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XlREAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA7"><i>Letters on American Slavery from Victor Hugo, de Tocqueville, Emile de Girardin, Carnot, Passy, Mazzini, Humboldt, O. Lafayette—etc</i></a>. HeinOnline: Slavery in America and the world: history, culture & law. American Anti-Slavery Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+on+American+Slavery+from+Victor+Hugo%2C+de+Tocqueville%2C+Emile+de+Girardin%2C+Carnot%2C+Passy%2C+Mazzini%2C+Humboldt%2C+O.+Lafayette%E2%80%94etc&rft.series=HeinOnline%3A+Slavery+in+America+and+the+world%3A+history%2C+culture+%26+law&rft.pub=American+Anti-Slavery+Society&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=Hugo&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=American+Anti-Slavery+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXlREAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrington2005" class="citation book cs1">Herrington, E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HebFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA132"><i>The Afterlife of John Brown</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-7846-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-7846-2"><bdi>978-1-4039-7846-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Afterlife+of+John+Brown&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+US&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-7846-2&rft.aulast=Herrington&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHebFAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangellier2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Langellier, J.P. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6_peBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT117"><i>Dictionnaire Victor Hugo</i></a>. Dictionnaires-Atlas-Encyclopédies (in French). Place des éditeurs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-262-04938-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-262-04938-6"><bdi>978-2-262-04938-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+Victor+Hugo&rft.series=Dictionnaires-Atlas-Encyclop%C3%A9dies&rft.pub=Place+des+%C3%A9diteurs&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-2-262-04938-6&rft.aulast=Langellier&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6_peBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFl'Esclavage" class="citation web cs1">l'Esclavage, Mémoires des abolitions de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.abolitions.org/index.php?IdPage=1552143712">"History"</a>. <i>Road of Abolitions</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Road+of+Abolitions&rft.atitle=History&rft.aulast=l%27Esclavage&rft.aufirst=M%C3%A9moires+des+abolitions+de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.abolitions.org%2Findex.php%3FIdPage%3D1552143712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Vicenti" class="citation book cs1">Vincenzo Vicenti (1998). Arcangela Vicenti e Giuseppe Pupillo (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/386175192/Vincenzo-Vicenti-Medaglioni-altamurani-del-1799"><i>Medaglioni altamurani del 1799</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cassano_delle_Murge" title="Cassano delle Murge">Cassano delle Murge</a>: Messaggi. pp. 45–46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medaglioni+altamurani+del+1799&rft.place=Cassano+delle+Murge&rft.pages=45-46&rft.pub=Messaggi&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Vincenzo+Vicenti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F386175192%2FVincenzo-Vicenti-Medaglioni-altamurani-del-1799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Hugo&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Afran, Charles (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/Theatre/Hugo/hugo.shtml">"Victor Hugo: French Dramatist"</a>. Website: Discover France. (Originally published in <i>Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia</i>, 1997, v.9.0.1.) Retrieved November 2005.</li> <li>Barbou, Alfred (1882). <i>Victor Hugo and His Times</i>. University Press of the Pacific: 2001 paperback edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89875-478-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-89875-478-X">0-89875-478-X</a></li> <li>Barnett, Marva A., ed. (2009). <i>Victor Hugo on Things That Matter: A Reader</i>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-12245-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-12245-4">0-300-12245-4</a></li> <li>Bates, Alfred (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatrehistory.com/french/hugo001.html">"Victor Hugo"</a>. Website: Theatre History. (Originally published in <i>The Drama: Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization</i>, vol. 9. ed. Alfred Bates. London: Historical Publishing Company, 1906. pp. 11–13.) Retrieved November 2005.</li> <li>Bates, Alfred (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatrehistory.com/french/hugo006.html">"Hernani"</a>. Website: Theatre History. (Originally published in <i>The Drama: Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization</i>, vol. 9. ed. Alfred Bates. London: Historical Publishing Company, 1906. pp. 20–23.) Retrieved November 2005.</li> <li>Bates, Alfred (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatrehistory.com/french/hugo005.html">"Hugo's Cromwell"</a>. Website: Theatre History. (Originally published in <i>The Drama: Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization</i>, vol. 9. ed. Alfred Bates. London: Historical Publishing Company, 1906. pp. 18–19.) Retrieved November 2005.</li> <li>Bittleston, Misha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615024428/http://www.bittleston.com/artists/victor_hugo/">"Drawings of Victor Hugo"</a>. Website: Misha Bittleston. Retrieved November 2005.</li> <li>Brombert, Victor H. (1984). <i>Victor Hugo and the Visionary Novel</i>. Boston: Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-93550-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-93550-0">0-674-93550-0</a></li> <li>Burnham, I.G. (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatrehistory.com/french/hugo008.html">"Amy Robsart"</a>. Website: Theatre History. (Originally published in <i>Victor Hugo: Dramas</i>. Philadelphia: The Rittenhouse Press, 1896. pp. 203–06, 401–02.) Retrieved November 2005.</li> <li>Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Edition (2001–05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516093903/http://aol.bartleby.com/65/hu/Hugo-Vic.html">"Hugo, Victor Marie, Vicomte"</a>. Website: Bartleby, Great Books Online. Retrieved November 2005. Retrieved November 2005.</li> <li>Davidson, A.F. (1912). <i>Victor Hugo: His Life and Work</i>. University Press of the Pacific: 2003 paperback edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4102-0778-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4102-0778-1">1-4102-0778-1</a></li> <li>Dow, Leslie Smith (1993). <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Adele Hugo: La Miserable</i></span>. Fredericton: Goose Lane Editions. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86492-168-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-86492-168-3">0-86492-168-3</a></li> <li>Falkayn, David (2001). <i>Guide to the Life, Times, and Works of Victor Hugo</i>. University Press of the Pacific. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89875-465-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-89875-465-8">0-89875-465-8</a></li> <li>Feller, Martin (1988). <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Der Dichter in der Politik. Victor Hugo und der Deutsch-Französische Krieg von 1870/71. Untersuchungen zum französischen Deutschlandbild und zu Hugos Rezeption in Deutschland.</i></span> Marburg: Doctoral Dissertation.</li> <li>Frey, John Andrew (1999). <i>A Victor Hugo Encyclopedia</i>. Greenwood Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-29896-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-29896-3">0-313-29896-3</a></li> <li>Grant, Elliot (1946). <i>The Career of Victor Hugo</i>. Harvard University Press. Out of print.</li> <li>Haine, W. Scott (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080411025136/http://www.cats.ohiou.edu/~Chastain/dh/hugo.htm">"Victor Hugo"</a>. Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions. Website: Ohio University. Retrieved November 2005.</li> <li>Halsall, A.W. et al. (1998). <i>Victor Hugo and the Romantic Drama</i>. University of Toronto Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-4322-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-4322-4">0-8020-4322-4</a></li> <li>Hart, Simon Allen (2004). <i>Lady in the Shadows: The Life and Times of Julie Drouet, Mistress, Companion and Muse to Victor Hugo.</i> Publish American. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4137-1133-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-4137-1133-2">1-4137-1133-2</a></li> <li>Houston, John Porter (1975). <i>Victor Hugo</i>. New York: Twayne Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8057-2443-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8057-2443-5">0-8057-2443-5</a></li> <li>Hovasse, Jean-Marc (2001), <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Victor Hugo: Avant l'exil</i></span>. Paris: Fayard. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-213-61094-0" title="Special:BookSources/2-213-61094-0">2-213-61094-0</a></li> <li>Hovasse, Jean-Marc (2008), <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Victor Hugo: Pendant l'exil I</i></span>. Paris: Fayard. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-213-62078-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-213-62078-4">2-213-62078-4</a></li> <li>Ireson, J.C. (1997). <i>Victor Hugo: A Companion to His Poetry</i>. Clarendon Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-815799-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-815799-1">0-19-815799-1</a></li> <li>Karlins, N.F. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artnet.com/Magazine/features/karlins/karlins5-5-98.asp">"Octopus With the Initials V.H."</a> Website: ArtNet. Retrieved November 2005.</li> <li>Liukkonen, Petri (2000). Petri Liukkonen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://authorscalendar.info/vhugo.htm">"Victor Hugo"</a>. <i>Books and Writers</i>.</li> <li>Maurois, Andre (1956). <i>Olympio: The Life of Victor Hugo</i>. New York: Harper & Brothers.</li> <li>Maurois, Andre (1966). <i>Victor Hugo and His World</i>. London: Thames and Hudson. Out of print.</li> <li>Meyer, Ronald Bruce (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060508103328/http://www.ronaldbrucemeyer.com/rants/0226almanac.htm">Victor Hugo</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 8 May 2006). Website: Ronald Bruce Meyer. Retrieved November 2005.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill,_J2000" class="citation book cs1">O'Neill, J, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/102063"><i>Romanticism & the school of nature : nineteenth-century drawings and paintings from the Karen B. Cohen collection</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romanticism+%26+the+school+of+nature+%3A+nineteenth-century+drawings+and+paintings+from+the+Karen+B.+Cohen+collection&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F102063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictor+Hugo" class="Z3988"></span> (contains information on Hugo's drawings)</li> <li>Portasio, Manoel (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sirwilliam.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138%3Avictor&catid=30%3Aspecial&Itemid=2&lang=en">"<span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Victor Hugo e o Espiritismo</i></span>"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160601005156/http://www.sirwilliam.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138%3Avictor&catid=30%3Aspecial&Itemid=2&lang=en">Archived</a> 1 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Website: Sir William Crookes Spiritist Society. (Portuguese) Retrieved August 2010.</li> <li>Richardson, Joanna (1976). <i>Victor Hugo</i>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.</li> <li>Robb, Graham (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/r/robb-hugo.html">"A Sabre in the Night"</a>. Website: <i>The New York Times</i> (Books). (Excerpt from Graham, Robb (1997). <i>Victor Hugo: A Biography</i>. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.) Retrieved November 2005.</li> <li>Robb, Graham (1997). <i>Victor Hugo: A Biography</i>. W.W. Norton & Company: 1999 paperback edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-31899-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-31899-0">0-393-31899-0</a>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512023348/http://www.wwnorton.com/catalog/spring99/victorhugo.htm">description/reviews at wwnorton.com</a>)</li> <li>Roche, Isabel (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080319092617/http://www.barnesandnoble.com/writers/writerdetails.asp?cid=30497">"Victor Hugo: Biography"</a>. Meet the Writers. Website: Barnes & Noble. (From the Barnes & Noble Classics edition of <i>The Hunchback of Notre Dame</i>, 2005.) Retrieved November 2005.</li> <li>Schneider, Maria do Carmo M (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.miniweb.com.br/Literatura/Artigos/imagens/victor_hugo/face_oculta.pdf">http://www.miniweb.com.br/Literatura/Artigos/imagens/victor_hugo/face_oculta.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329134544/http://www.miniweb.com.br/Literatura/Artigos/imagens/victor_hugo/face_oculta.pdf">Archived</a> 29 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Website: MiniWeb Educacao. (Portuguese) Retrieved August 2010.</li> <li>State Library of Victoria (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714180659/http://guides.slv.vic.gov.au/victorhugo">"Victor Hugo: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les Misérables</i></span> – From Page to Stage"</a>. Website: Retrieved July 2014.</li> <li>Uncited author. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spartacus-educational.com/EUhugo.htm">"Victor Hugo"</a>. Website: Spartacus Educational. Retrieved November 2005.</li> <li>Uncited author. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/guernsey/content/articles/2004/09/20/victor_hugo_timeline_feature.shtml">"Timeline of Victor Hugo"</a>. Website: BBC. Retrieved November 2005.</li> <li>Uncited author. (2000–2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.online-literature.com/victor_hugo/">"Victor Hugo"</a>. Website: The Literature Network. Retrieved November 2005.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Hugo&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NabGt0uTpHc">"The Giant in Glee", The rock band Balladino's song based on Victor Hugo's poem</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" 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href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Victor_Hugo" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cordite.org.au/translations/nashar-hugo/">Two poems by Victor Hugo</a>, <i>Cordite Poetry Review</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255">France of Victor Hugo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329135841/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/">Archived</a> 29 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408091638/http://www.victorhugo.gg/">Guernsey's official Victor Hugo website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gavroche.org/vhugo">Victor Hugo Central</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/l/les-miserables/book-summary"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les Misérables</i></span></a> at CliffsNotes.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130710085447/http://www.3dsrc.com/victorhugo/">Victor Hugo le dessinateur</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080411175635/http://www.victorhugo.asso.fr/">Official site of the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Société des Amis de Victor Hugo</span></span></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.festival-victorhugo-egaux.fr/">Official site of the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Festival international Victor Hugo et Égaux</span></span></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/http://www.iblist.com/author117.htm">Victor Hugo</a> at the Internet Book List</li> <li><a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/beinecke.hugo" class="extiw" title="hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.hugo">Victor Hugo Collection</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Beinecke_Rare_Book_%26_Manuscript_Library" title="Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library">Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/manchesteruniversity/data/gb133-vmh">Victor Hugo Collection</a> at the <a href="/wiki/John_Rylands_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="John Rylands Library">John Rylands Library</a>, Manchester</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_works">Online works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Hugo&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Online works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/victor-hugo">Works by Victor Hugo in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Hugo,+Victor">Works by Victor Hugo</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Hugo%2C%20Victor">Works by Victor Hugo</a> at <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada" title="Distributed Proofreaders Canada">Faded Page</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Hugo%2C%20Victor%20Marie%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Hugo%2C%20Victor%20M%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Hugo%2C%20V%2E%20M%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Victor%20Marie%20Hugo%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Victor%20M%2E%20Hugo%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22V%2E%20M%2E%20Hugo%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Hugo%2C%20Victor%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Victor%20Hugo%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Victor%20Marie%20Hugo%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Victor%20M%2E%20Hugo%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22V%2E%20M%2E%20Hugo%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22V%2E%20Marie%20Hugo%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hugo%2C%20Victor%20Marie%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hugo%2C%20Victor%20M%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hugo%2C%20V%2E%20M%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hugo%2C%20V%2E%20Marie%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Victor%20Hugo%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hugo%2C%20Victor%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Victor%20Marie%20Hugo%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Victor%20M%2E%20Hugo%22%20OR%20title%3A%22V%2E%20M%2E%20Hugo%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Victor%20Hugo%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Victor%20Marie%20Hugo%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Victor%20M%2E%20Hugo%22%20OR%20description%3A%22V%2E%20M%2E%20Hugo%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Hugo%2C%20Victor%20Marie%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Hugo%2C%20Victor%20M%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Victor%20Hugo%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Hugo%2C%20Victor%22%29%20OR%20%28%221802-1885%22%20AND%20Hugo%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Victor Hugo</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/706">Works by Victor Hugo</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL107571A">Works by Victor Hugo</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uclue.com/?xq=924">Translation of Victor Hugo note found in <i>Hunchback of Notre Dame</i>, french edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170328105055/http://uclue.com/?xq=924">Archived</a> 28 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130616070620/http://athena.unige.ch/athena/hugo/hugo_voix_interieures.html"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les Voix intérieures</i></span> – at athena.unige.ch</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/general/VAB9908">The Century Was Two Years Old : Victor Hugo</a> The Lilly Library, Bloomington IN</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Victor_Hugo" title="Template:Victor Hugo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Victor_Hugo" title="Template talk:Victor Hugo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Victor_Hugo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Victor Hugo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Victor_Hugo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Victor Hugo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hans_of_Iceland" title="Hans of Iceland">Hans of Iceland</a></i> (1823)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bug-Jargal" title="Bug-Jargal">Bug-Jargal</a></i> (1826)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Day_of_a_Condemned_Man" title="The Last Day of a Condemned Man">The Last Day of a Condemned Man</a></i> (1829)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame" title="The Hunchback of Notre-Dame">The Hunchback of Notre-Dame</a></i> (1831)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Les Misérables">Les Misérables</a></i> (1862)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toilers_of_the_Sea" title="Toilers of the Sea">Toilers of the Sea</a></i> (1866)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Laughs" title="The Man Who Laughs">The Man Who Laughs</a></i> (1869)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-Three" title="Ninety-Three">Ninety-Three</a></i> (1874)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inez_de_Castro_(melodrama)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inez de Castro (melodrama) (page does not exist)">Inez de Castro</a></i> (1820; published in 1863)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cromwell_(play)" title="Cromwell (play)">Cromwell</a></i> (1827)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amy_Robsart_(play)" title="Amy Robsart (play)">Amy Robsart</a></i> (1828)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hernani_(drama)" title="Hernani (drama)">Hernani</a></i> (1830)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marion_de_Lorme_(Hugo)" title="Marion de Lorme (Hugo)">Marion de Lorme</a></i> (1831)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_roi_s%27amuse" title="Le roi s'amuse">Le roi s'amuse</a></i> (1832)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucrezia_Borgia_(play)" title="Lucrezia Borgia (play)">Lucrezia Borgia</a></i> (1833)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marie_Tudor" title="Marie Tudor">Marie Tudor</a></i> (1833)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angelo,_Tyrant_of_Padua" title="Angelo, Tyrant of Padua">Angelo, Tyrant of Padua</a></i> (1835)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Esmeralda_(opera)" title="La Esmeralda (opera)"> La Esmeralda</a></i> (1836; libretto only)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruy_Blas" title="Ruy Blas">Ruy Blas</a></i> (1838)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Burgraves" title="Les Burgraves">Les Burgraves</a></i> (1843)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Torquemada_(play)" title="Torquemada (play)">Torquemada</a></i> (1882)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Claude_Gueux" title="Claude Gueux">Claude Gueux</a>" (1834)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry<br />collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Odes_et_po%C3%A9sies_diverses" class="mw-redirect" title="Odes et poésies diverses">Odes et poésies diverses</a></i> (1822)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelles_Odes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouvelles Odes">Nouvelles Odes</a></i> (1824)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odes_et_Ballades" title="Odes et Ballades">Odes et Ballades</a></i> (1828)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Orientales" title="Les Orientales">Les Orientales</a></i> (1829)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Feuilles_d%27automne" title="Les Feuilles d'automne">Les Feuilles d'automne</a></i> (1831)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Chants_du_cr%C3%A9puscule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Chants du crépuscule (page does not exist)">Les Chants du crépuscule</a></i> (1835)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Voix_int%C3%A9rieures" title="Les Voix intérieures">Les Voix intérieures</a></i> (1837)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Rayons_et_les_Ombres" title="Les Rayons et les Ombres">Les Rayons et les Ombres</a></i> (1840)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Ch%C3%A2timents" title="Les Châtiments">Les Châtiments</a></i> (1853)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Contemplations" title="Les Contemplations">Les Contemplations</a></i> (1856)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_L%C3%A9gende_des_si%C3%A8cles" title="La Légende des siècles">La Légende des siècles</a></i> (Part One 1859)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Chansons_des_rues_et_des_bois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Chansons des rues et des bois (page does not exist)">Les Chansons des rues et des bois</a></i> (1865)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Ann%C3%A9e_terrible" title="L'Année terrible">L'Année terrible</a></i> (1872)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Art_d%27%C3%AAtre_grand-p%C3%A8re" title="L'Art d'être grand-père">L'Art d'être grand-père</a></i> (1877)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_L%C3%A9gende_des_si%C3%A8cles" title="La Légende des siècles">La Légende des siècles</a></i> (Part Two 1877)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Pape" title="Le Pape">Le Pape</a></i> (1878)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Piti%C3%A9_supr%C3%AAme" title="La Pitié suprême">La Pitié suprême</a></i> (1879)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27%C3%82ne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Âne (page does not exist)">L'Âne</a></i> (1880)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Quatre_Vents_de_l%27esprit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Quatre Vents de l'esprit (page does not exist)">Les Quatre Vents de l'esprit</a></i> (1881)</li> <li>Final part of <i><a href="/wiki/La_L%C3%A9gende_des_si%C3%A8cles" title="La Légende des siècles">La Légende des siècles</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Fin_de_Satan" title="La Fin de Satan">La Fin de Satan</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dieu" title="Dieu">Dieu</a></i> (1891, 1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toute_la_Lyre" title="Toute la Lyre">Toute la Lyre</a></i> (1888, 1893, 1897, 1935-1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Ann%C3%A9es_funestes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Années funestes (page does not exist)">Les Années funestes</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Derni%C3%A8re_Gerbe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dernière Gerbe (page does not exist)">Dernière Gerbe</a></i> (1902, 1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oc%C3%A9an,_Tas_de_pierres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Océan, Tas de pierres (page does not exist)">Océan, Tas de pierres</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Verso_de_la_page&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Verso de la page (page does not exist)">Le Verso de la page</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i>Œuvres d'enfance et de jeunesse, 1814-20</i> (<a href="/wiki/Juvenilia" title="Juvenilia">juvenilia</a>, 1964)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Rhin" title="Le Rhin">Le Rhin</a></i> (1842)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_le_Petit" title="Napoléon le Petit">Napoléon le Petit</a></i> (1852 pamphlet)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare_(essay)" title="William Shakespeare (essay)">William Shakespeare</a></i> (1864 essay)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Actes_et_Paroles" title="Actes et Paroles">Actes et Paroles</a></i> (1875)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_a_Crime" title="The History of a Crime">The History of a Crime</a></i> (1877)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Religions_et_religion" title="Religions et religion">Religions et religion</a></i> (1880)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opoldine_Hugo" title="Léopoldine Hugo">Léopoldine Hugo</a> <small>(daughter)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hugo_(writer)" title="Charles Hugo (writer)">Charles Hugo</a> <small>(son)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Victor_Hugo" title="François-Victor Hugo">François-Victor Hugo</a> <small>(son)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A8le_Hugo" title="Adèle Hugo">Adèle Hugo</a> <small>(daughter)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Hugo" title="Jeanne Hugo">Jeanne Hugo</a> <small>(granddaughter)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L%C3%A9opold_Sigisbert_Hugo" title="Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo">Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo</a> <small>(father)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_Litt%C3%A9raire_et_Artistique_Internationale" title="Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale">Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention" title="Berne Convention">Berne Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauteville_House" title="Hauteville House">Hauteville House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maison_de_Victor_Hugo" title="Maison de Victor Hugo">Maison de Victor Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliette_Drouet" title="Juliette Drouet">Juliette Drouet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_Victor-Hugo_(Paris)" title="Avenue Victor-Hugo (Paris)">Avenue Victor-Hugo (Paris)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Victor_Hugo" title="Bust of Victor Hugo">Bust of Victor Hugo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Soeur_de_la_reine" title="La Soeur de la reine">La Soeur de la reine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_(crater)" title="Hugo (crater)">Hugo (crater)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Associated_subjects" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Associated_subjects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Associated subjects</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame_by_Victor_Hugo" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame" title="Template:The Hunchback of Notre Dame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame" title="Template talk:The Hunchback of Notre Dame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Hunchback of Notre Dame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame_by_Victor_Hugo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame" title="The Hunchback of Notre-Dame">The Hunchback of Notre-Dame</a></i> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Victor Hugo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quasimodo" title="Quasimodo">Quasimodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda_(The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame)" title="Esmeralda (The Hunchback of Notre-Dame)">Esmeralda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Frollo" title="Claude Frollo">Claude Frollo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Frollo_(Disney_character)" title="Claude Frollo (Disney character)">Disney adaptation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Phoebus" title="Captain Phoebus">Captain Phoebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopin_Trouillefou" title="Clopin Trouillefou">Clopin Trouillefou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gringore" title="Pierre Gringore">Pierre Gringoire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda_(1905_film)" title="Esmeralda (1905 film)"><i>Esmeralda</i></a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1911_film)" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1911 film)"><i>The Hunchback of Notre Dame</i></a> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Darling_of_Paris" title="The Darling of Paris">The Darling of Paris</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda_(1922_film)" title="Esmeralda (1922 film)"><i>Esmeralda</i></a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1923_film)" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923 film)"><i>The Hunchback of Notre Dame</i></a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1939_film)" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939 film)"><i>The Hunchback of Notre Dame</i></a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1956_film)" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1956 film)"><i>The Hunchback of Notre Dame</i></a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1976_film)" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1976 film)"><i>The Hunchback of Notre Dame</i></a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1982_film)" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1982 film)"><i>The Hunchback of Notre Dame</i></a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1986_film)" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1986 film)"><i>The Hunchback of Notre Dame</i></a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1996_film)" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film)"><i>The Hunchback of Notre Dame</i></a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_(1997_film)" title="The Hunchback (1997 film)"><i>The Hunchback</i></a> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quasimodo_d%27El_Paris" title="Quasimodo d'El Paris">Quasimodo d'El Paris</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_II" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame II">The Hunchback of Notre Dame II</a></i> (2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1966_TV_series)" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1966 TV series)"><i>The Hunchback of Notre Dame</i></a> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magical_Adventures_of_Quasimodo" title="The Magical Adventures of Quasimodo">The Magical Adventures of Quasimodo</a></i> (1996)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Esmeralda_(opera)" title="La Esmeralda (opera)"><i>La Esmeralda</i></a> (1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda_(Battista)" title="Esmeralda (Battista)"><i>Esmeralda</i></a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda_(opera)" title="Esmeralda (opera)"><i>Esmeralda</i></a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_(opera)" title="Notre Dame (opera)"><i>Notre Dame</i></a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_(operatic_melodrama)" title="Notre-Dame de Paris (operatic melodrama)"><i>Notre-Dame de Paris</i></a> (1997)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ballets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Esmeralda_(ballet)" title="La Esmeralda (ballet)"><i>La Esmeralda</i></a> (1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_(ballet)" title="Notre-Dame de Paris (ballet)"><i>Notre-Dame de Paris</i></a> (1967)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_(musical)" title="Notre-Dame de Paris (musical)"><i>Notre-Dame de Paris</i></a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(musical)" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame (musical)"><i>The Hunchback of Notre Dame</i></a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klokkeren_fra_Notre_Dame_(musical)" title="Klokkeren fra Notre Dame (musical)"><i>Klokkeren fra Notre Dame</i></a> (2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(soundtrack)" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame (soundtrack)">1996 film soundtrack</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Bells_of_Notre_Dame" title="The Bells of Notre Dame">The Bells of Notre Dame</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Out_There_(Disney_song)" title="Out There (Disney song)">Out There</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Topsy_Turvy_(song)" title="Topsy Turvy (song)">Topsy Turvy</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/God_Help_the_Outcasts" title="God Help the Outcasts">God Help the Outcasts</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hellfire_(song)" title="Hellfire (song)">Hellfire</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Guy_Like_You" title="A Guy Like You">A Guy Like You</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Someday_(Disney_song)" title="Someday (Disney song)">Someday</a>"</li></ul></li> <li>1998 musical <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Belle_(Patrick_Fiori,_Daniel_Lavoie_and_Garou_song)" title="Belle (Patrick Fiori, Daniel Lavoie and Garou song)">Belle</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Vivre_(Noa_song)" title="Vivre (Noa song)">Vivre</a>"</li></ul></li> <li>1999 musical <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Made_of_Stone_(Disney_song)" title="Made of Stone (Disney song)">Made of Stone</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hunchback_(video_game)" title="Hunchback (video game)">Hunchback</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Super_Hunchback" title="Super Hunchback">Super Hunchback</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame:_Topsy_Turvy_Games" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame: Topsy Turvy Games">The Hunchback of Notre Dame: Topsy Turvy Games</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Disney%27s_Animated_Storybook" title="Disney's Animated Storybook">Disney's Animated Storybook: The Hunchback of Notre Dame</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Hearts_3D:_Dream_Drop_Distance" title="Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance">Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Disney_Magic_Kingdoms" title="Disney Magic Kingdoms">Disney Magic Kingdoms</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(franchise)" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame (franchise)">Disney franchise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Les_Misérables_by_Victor_Hugo" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Template:Les Misérables"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Template talk:Les Misérables"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Les Misérables"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Les_Misérables_by_Victor_Hugo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Les Misérables">Les Misérables</a></i> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Victor Hugo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_characters" title="List of Les Misérables characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Valjean" title="Jean Valjean">Jean Valjean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javert" title="Javert">Javert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantine" title="Fantine">Fantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosette" title="Cosette">Cosette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Pontmercy" title="Marius Pontmercy">Marius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ponine" title="Éponine">Éponine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enjolras" title="Enjolras">Enjolras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantaire" title="Grantaire">Grantaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavroche" title="Gavroche">Gavroche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9nardiers" title="Thénardiers">Thénardiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Myriel" title="Bishop Myriel">Bishop Myriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patron-Minette" title="Patron-Minette">Patron-Minette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_the_ABC" title="Friends of the ABC">Friends of the ABC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adaptations_of_Les_Mis%C3%A9rables#Film" title="Adaptations of Les Misérables">Film adaptations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(1909_film)" title="Les Misérables (1909 film)">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(1917_film)" title="Les Misérables (1917 film)">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(1925_film)" title="Les Misérables (1925 film)">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(1934_film)" title="Les Misérables (1934 film)">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(1935_film)" title="Les Misérables (1935 film)">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(1943_film)" title="Les Misérables (1943 film)">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(1948_film)" title="Les Misérables (1948 film)">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(1952_film)" title="Les Misérables (1952 film)">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(1958_film)" title="Les Misérables (1958 film)">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(1978_film)" title="Les Misérables (1978 film)">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(1982_film)" title="Les Misérables (1982 film)">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(1995_film)" title="Les Misérables (1995 film)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(1998_film)" title="Les Misérables (1998 film)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(2012_film)" title="Les Misérables (2012 film)">2012</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adaptations_of_Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Adaptations of Les Misérables">Other adaptations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(musical)" title="Les Misérables (musical)"><i>Les Misérables</i> musical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(2012_film)" title="Les Misérables (2012 film)">2012 film</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(radio_series)" title="Les Misérables (radio series)">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(manga)" title="Les Misérables (manga)">Manga</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables:_Sh%C5%8Djo_Cosette" title="Les Misérables: Shōjo Cosette">Les Misérables: Shōjo Cosette</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jean_Val_Jean" title="Jean Val Jean">Jean Val Jean</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beedala_Patlu" title="Beedala Patlu">Beedala Patlu</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ezhai_Padum_Padu" title="Ezhai Padum Padu">Ezhai Padum Padu</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kundan_(film)" title="Kundan (film)">Kundan</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beedala_Patlu" title="Beedala Patlu">Beedala Patlu</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gnana_Oli" title="Gnana Oli">Gnana Oli</a></i> (1972)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_miserables_(1973_TV_series)" title="Los miserables (1973 TV series)">1974 telenovela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(2000_miniseries)" title="Les Misérables (2000 miniseries)">2000 miniseries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_miserables_(2014_TV_series)" title="Los miserables (2014 TV series)">2014 telenovela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(British_TV_series)" title="Les Misérables (British TV series)">2018 miniseries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adaptations_of_Les_Mis%C3%A9rables#Concerts" title="Adaptations of Les Misérables">Filmed concerts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables:_The_Dream_Cast_in_Concert" title="Les Misérables: The Dream Cast in Concert">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_in_Concert:_The_25th_Anniversary" title="Les Misérables in Concert: The 25th Anniversary">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables:_The_Staged_Concert" title="Les Misérables: The Staged Concert">2019</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Songs and soundtracks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Songs_from_Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Songs from Les Misérables">Songs from <i>Les Misérables</i></a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Do_You_Hear_the_People_Sing%3F" title="Do You Hear the People Sing?">Do You Hear the People Sing?</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Dreamed_a_Dream" title="I Dreamed a Dream">I Dreamed a Dream</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_My_Own_(Les_Mis%C3%A9rables)" title="On My Own (Les Misérables)">On My Own</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/One_Day_More" title="One Day More">One Day More</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Suddenly_(Les_Mis%C3%A9rables)" title="Suddenly (Les Misérables)">Suddenly</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables:_Highlights_from_the_Motion_Picture_Soundtrack" title="Les Misérables: Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack">Les Misérables: Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantine_(painting)" title="Fantine (painting)">Fantine</a></i> (1886 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Gavroches" title="Les Gavroches">Les Gavroches</a></i> (1904 sculpture)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Plon_et_autres_v._Pierre_Hugo_et_autres" title="Société Plon et autres v. Pierre Hugo et autres">Société Plon et autres v. Pierre Hugo et autres</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Angelo,_Tyrant_of_Padua_by_Victor_Hugo_(1835)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Angelo,_Tyrant_of_Padua" title="Template:Angelo, Tyrant of Padua"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Angelo,_Tyrant_of_Padua" title="Template talk:Angelo, Tyrant of Padua"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Angelo,_Tyrant_of_Padua" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Angelo, Tyrant of Padua"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Angelo,_Tyrant_of_Padua_by_Victor_Hugo_(1835)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Angelo,_Tyrant_of_Padua" title="Angelo, Tyrant of Padua">Angelo, Tyrant of Padua</a></i> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Victor Hugo</a> (1835)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tyrant_of_Padua" title="The Tyrant of Padua">The Tyrant of Padua</a></i> (1946)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Il_giuramento" title="Il giuramento">Il giuramento</a></i> (1837)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angelo_(opera)" title="Angelo (opera)">Angelo</a></i> (1876)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Gioconda_(opera)" title="La Gioconda (opera)">La Gioconda</a></i> (1876)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angelo,_tyran_de_Padoue_(opera)" title="Angelo, tyran de Padoue (opera)">Angelo, tyran de Padoue</a></i> (1928)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Marie_Tudor_by_Victor_Hugo_(1833)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marie_Tudor" title="Template:Marie Tudor"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marie_Tudor" title="Template talk:Marie Tudor"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marie_Tudor" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marie Tudor"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Marie_Tudor_by_Victor_Hugo_(1833)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Marie_Tudor" title="Marie Tudor">Marie Tudor</a></i> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Victor Hugo</a> (1833)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mary_Tudor_(1911_film)" title="Mary Tudor (1911 film)">Mary Tudor</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marie_Tudor_(1912_film)" title="Marie Tudor (1912 film)">Marie Tudor</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mary_Tudor_(1920_film)" title="Mary Tudor (1920 film)">Mary Tudor</a></i> (1920)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Maria,_regina_d%27Inghilterra" title="Maria, regina d'Inghilterra">Maria, regina d'Inghilterra</a></i> (1843)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Armourer_of_Nantes" title="The Armourer of Nantes">The Armourer of Nantes</a></i> (1863)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maria_Tudor" title="Maria Tudor">Maria Tudor</a></i> (1879)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Man_Who_Laughs_by_Victor_Hugo_(1869)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Man_Who_Laughs" title="Template:The Man Who Laughs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Man_Who_Laughs" title="Template talk:The Man Who Laughs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Man_Who_Laughs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Man Who Laughs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Man_Who_Laughs_by_Victor_Hugo_(1869)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Laughs" title="The Man Who Laughs">The Man Who Laughs</a></i> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Victor Hugo</a> (1869)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_grinsende_Gesicht" title="Das grinsende Gesicht">Das grinsende Gesicht</a></i> (1921)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Laughs_(1928_film)" title="The Man Who Laughs (1928 film)">The Man Who Laughs</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Laughs_(1966_film)" title="The Man Who Laughs (1966 film)">The Man Who Laughs</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Laughs_(2012_film)" title="The Man Who Laughs (2012 film)">The Man Who Laughs</a></i> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Laughing_Man_(short_story)" title="The Laughing Man (short story)">The Laughing Man</a>" (short story)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Grinning_Man_(musical)" title="The Grinning Man (musical)">The Grinning Man</a></i> (musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Laughs_(opera)" title="The Man Who Laughs (opera)">The Man Who Laughs</a></i> (opera)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comprachicos" title="Comprachicos">Comprachicos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joker_(character)" title="Joker (character)">The Joker</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Dahlia_(film)" title="The Black Dahlia (film)">The Black Dahlia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Le_roi_s&#039;amuse_by_Victor_Hugo_(1832)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Le_roi_s%27amuse" title="Template:Le roi s'amuse"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Le_roi_s%27amuse" title="Template talk:Le roi s'amuse"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Le_roi_s%27amuse" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Le roi s'amuse"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Le_roi_s&#039;amuse_by_Victor_Hugo_(1832)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Le_roi_s%27amuse" title="Le roi s'amuse">Le roi s'amuse</a></i> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Victor Hugo</a> (1832)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboulet" title="Triboulet">Triboulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Marot" title="Clément Marot">Clément Marot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Fool%27s_Revenge" title="A Fool's Revenge">A Fool's Revenge</a></i> (1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigoletto_(1918_film)" title="Rigoletto (1918 film)">Rigoletto</a></i> (1918)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_Jester" title="The King's Jester">The King's Jester</a></i> (1941)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigoletto" title="Rigoletto">Rigoletto</a></i> (Verdi opera)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Académie_française_Seat_14" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise_Seat_14" title="Template:Académie française Seat 14"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise_Seat_14" title="Template talk:Académie française Seat 14"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise_Seat_14" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Académie française Seat 14"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Académie_française_Seat_14" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie française">Académie française</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" title="List of members of the Académie française">Seat 14</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Maynard" title="François Maynard">François Maynard</a> (1634)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Corneille" title="Pierre Corneille">Pierre Corneille</a> (1647)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corneille" title="Thomas Corneille">Thomas Corneille</a> (1684)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Houdar_de_la_Motte" title="Antoine Houdar de la Motte">Antoine Houdar de la Motte</a> (1710)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michel-Celse-Roger_de_Bussy-Rabutin" title="Michel-Celse-Roger de Bussy-Rabutin">Michel-Celse-Roger de Bussy-Rabutin</a> (1732)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Laur%C3%A9ault_de_Foncemagne" title="Étienne Lauréault de Foncemagne">Étienne Lauréault de Foncemagne</a> (1736)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Paul_Guy_de_Chabanon" title="Michel Paul Guy de Chabanon">Michel Paul Guy de Chabanon</a> (1779)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Andr%C3%A9_Naigeon" title="Jacques-André Naigeon">Jacques-André Naigeon</a> (1803)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9pomuc%C3%A8ne_Lemercier" title="Népomucène Lemercier">Népomucène Lemercier</a> (1810)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Victor Hugo</a> (1841)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leconte_de_Lisle" title="Leconte de Lisle">Leconte de Lisle</a> (1886)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Houssaye" title="Henry Houssaye">Henry Houssaye</a> (1894)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lyautey" title="Hubert Lyautey">Hubert Lyautey</a> (1912)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Franchet_d%27Esp%C3%A8rey" title="Louis Franchet d'Espèrey">Louis Franchet d'Espèrey</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_d%27Harcourt" title="Robert d'Harcourt">Robert d'Harcourt</a> (1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Mistler" title="Jean Mistler">Jean Mistler</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Carr%C3%A8re_d%27Encausse" title="Hélène Carrère d'Encausse">Hélène Carrère d'Encausse</a> (1990)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanticism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanticism" title="Template talk:Romanticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanticism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">England (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France" title="Romanticism in France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/19th-century_French_literature#Romanticism" title="19th-century French literature">(literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Russian_Poetry" title="Golden Age of Russian Poetry">Russia (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Spanish_literature" title="Romanticism in Spanish literature">Spain (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Romantic_literature" title="Swedish Romantic literature">Sweden (literature)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppet_group" title="Coppet group">Coppet group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_School_of_painting" title="Düsseldorf School of painting">Düsseldorf School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">German historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianism_(arts)" title="Indianism (arts)">Indianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena_Romanticism" title="Jena Romanticism">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Poets" title="Lake Poets">Lake Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preromanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Preromanticism">Pre</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_school" title="Ukrainian school">Ukrainian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Romanticism" title="Ultra-Romanticism">Ultra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Wallenrod" title="Konrad Wallenrod">Wallenrodism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_flower" title="Blue flower">Blue flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Marine_Art_(Romantic_Era)" title="British Marine Art (Romantic Era)">British Marine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_hero" title="Romantic hero">Romantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mal_du_si%C3%A8cle" title="Mal du siècle">Mal du siècle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage">Noble savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia#Romanticism" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_romanticism" title="Rhine romanticism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(literature)#Romanticism_and_genius" title="Genius (literature)">Romantic genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderlust" title="Wanderlust">Wanderlust</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_art" title="White Mountain art">White Mountain art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Literature" title="Romanticism">Writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casimiro_de_Abreu" title="Casimiro de Abreu">Abreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar">Alencar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Almeida" title="Manuel Antônio de Almeida">Manuel Antônio de Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro_Alves" title="Castro Alves">Alves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Assis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvares_de_Azevedo" title="Álvares de Azevedo">Azevedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Barreto" title="Tobias Barreto">Barreto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" title="Gonçalves Dias">Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Bernardo Guimarães">Guimarães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo" title="Joaquim Manuel de Macedo">Macedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Magalh%C3%A3es,_Viscount_of_Araguaia" title="Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia">Magalhães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Firmina_dos_Reis" title="Maria Firmina dos Reis">Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_d%27Escragnolle_Taunay,_Viscount_of_Taunay" title="Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay">Taunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagundes_Varela" title="Fagundes Varela">Varela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France#Literature" title="Romanticism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Bertrand" title="Aloysius Bertrand">Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Gautier</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Mérimée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset" title="Alfred de Musset">Musset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Nerval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Nodier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Vigny" title="Alfred de Vigny">Vigny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">A. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">B. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beer_(poet)" title="Michael Beer (poet)">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Eichendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_de_la_Motte_Fouqu%C3%A9" title="Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué">Fouqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoline_von_G%C3%BCnderrode" title="Karoline von Günderrode">Günderrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gutzkow" title="Karl Gutzkow">Gutzkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hauff" title="Wilhelm Hauff">Hauff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Mörike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Schwab" title="Gustav Schwab">Schwab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Uhland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">Great<br />Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Laetitia_Barbauld" title="Anna Laetitia Barbauld">Barbauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bront%C3%AB" title="Anne Brontë">Anne Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">C. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">E. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clare" title="John Clare">Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_De_Quincey" title="Thomas De Quincey">de Quincey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">Keats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">Polidori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe">Radcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(poet)" title="Mary Robinson (poet)">Mary Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Seward" title="Anna Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">M. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">P. B. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland#Notable_Polish_Romantic_writers_and_poets" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Fredro" title="Aleksander Fredro">Fredro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski" title="Zygmunt Krasiński">Krasiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ignacy_Kraszewski" title="Józef Ignacy Kraszewski">Józef Ignacy Kraszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Malczewski" title="Antoni Malczewski">Malczewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Mickiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Norwid" title="Cyprian Norwid">Norwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Potocki" title="Jan Potocki">Potocki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Pol" title="Wincenty Pol">Wincenty Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Słowacki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Castelo_Branco" title="Camilo Castelo Branco">Castelo Branco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Feliciano_de_Castilho" title="António Feliciano de Castilho">Castilho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_de_Nogueira_Ramos" title="João de Deus de Nogueira Ramos">João de Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Dinis" title="Júlio Dinis">Dinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano">Herculano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Augusto_Soares_de_Passos" title="António Augusto Soares de Passos">Soares dos Passos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Baratynsky" title="Yevgeny Baratynsky">Baratynsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Batyushkov" title="Konstantin Batyushkov">Batyushkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_K%C3%BCchelbecker" title="Wilhelm Küchelbecker">Küchelbecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Lermontov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Pushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tyutchev" title="Fyodor Tyutchev">Tyutchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Vyazemsky" title="Pyotr Vyazemsky">Vyazemsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Zhukovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Đura Jakšić">Jakšić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laza_Kosti%C4%87" title="Laza Kostić">Kostić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Njegoš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Radi%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Branko Radičević">Radičević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milica_Stojadinovi%C4%87-Srpkinja" title="Milica Stojadinović-Srpkinja">Stojadinović-Srpkinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Jovanovi%C4%87_Zmaj" title="Jovan Jovanović Zmaj">Zmaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer" title="Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer">Bécquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa_de_Castro" title="Rosalía de Castro">Rosalía de Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda" title="José de Espronceda">Espronceda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Antonio García Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Saavedra,_3rd_Duke_of_Rivas" title="Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas">Saavedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla" title="José Zorrilla">Zorrilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gilbert_Holland" title="Josiah Gilbert Holland">Josiah Gilbert Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Poe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khachatur_Abovian" title="Khachatur Abovian">Abovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikoloz_Baratashvili" title="Nikoloz Baratashvili">Baratashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Botev" title="Hristo Botev">Botev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chavchavadze" title="Alexander Chavchavadze">Chavchavadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Eminescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Ion Heliade Rădulescu">Heliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Isaacs" title="Jorge Isaacs">Isaacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Lenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Hynek_M%C3%A1cha" title="Karel Hynek Mácha">Mácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Oehlenschläger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigol_Orbeliani" title="Grigol Orbeliani">Orbeliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Pre%C5%A1eren" title="France Prešeren">Prešeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffi_(novelist)" title="Raffi (novelist)">Raffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg" title="Johan Ludvig Runeberg">Runeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Shevchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachris_Topelius" title="Zachris Topelius">Topelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_V%C3%B6r%C3%B6smarty" title="Mihály Vörösmarty">Vörösmarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Wergeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Musicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Czechia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Erkel" title="Ferenc Erkel">Erkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Goldmark" title="Karl Goldmark">Goldmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Heller" title="Stephen Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Hubay" title="Jenő Hubay">Hubay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Lipi%C5%84ski" title="Karol Lipiński">Lipiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Stolpe" title="Antoni Stolpe">Stolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Tausig" title="Karl Tausig">Tausig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lyapunov" title="Sergei Lyapunov">Lyapunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Hristi%C4%87" title="Stevan Hristić">Hristić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Konjovi%C4%87" title="Petar Konjović">Konjović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Mokranjac" title="Stevan Mokranjac">Mokranjac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornelije_Stankovi%C4%87" title="Kornelije Stanković">Stanković</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_philosophy" title="Romanticism in philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Belinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Berchet" title="Giovanni Berchet">Berchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Chaadayev" title="Pyotr Chaadayev">Chaadayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov" title="Aleksey Khomyakov">Khomyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Lamennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Jos%C3%A9_de_Larra" title="Mariano José de Larra">Larra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Quinet" title="Edgar Quinet">Quinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel">A. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">F. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pivert_de_Senancour" title="Étienne Pivert de Senancour">Senancour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Vilhelm_Snellman" title="Johan Vilhelm Snellman">Snellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Visual artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Aivazovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Bierstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parkes_Bonington" title="Richard Parkes Bonington">Bonington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bryullov" title="Karl Bryullov">Bryullov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau" title="Théodore Chassériau">Chassériau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">Constable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot">Corot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Dahl" title="Johan Christian Dahl">Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_d%27Angers" title="David d'Angers">David d'Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Edelfelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Fuseli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela" title="Akseli Gallen-Kallela">Gallen-Kallela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Géricault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roussy-Trioson" title="Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson">Girodet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nepomucen_G%C5%82owacki" title="Jan Nepomucen Głowacki">Głowacki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Goya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Gude" title="Hans Gude">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Hayez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Janmot" title="Louis Janmot">Janmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(artist)" title="Thomas Jones (artist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orest_Kiprensky" title="Orest Kiprensky">Kiprensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anton_Koch" title="Joseph Anton Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Ksawery_Lampi" title="Franciszek Ksawery Lampi">Lampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Leutze" title="Emanuel Leutze">Leutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski" title="Piotr Michałowski">Michałowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Palmer" title="Samuel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto-Alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo" title="Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo">Porto-Alegre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Augustin_Pr%C3%A9ault" title="Antoine-Augustin Préault">Préault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_R%C3%A9voil" title="Pierre Révoil">Révoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleury_Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard" title="Fleury François Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude" title="François Rude">Rude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge" title="Philipp Otto Runge">Runge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raden_Saleh" title="Raden Saleh">Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Scheffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Stattler" title="Wojciech Stattler">Stattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stroy" title="Michael Stroy">Stroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Tidemand" title="Adolph Tidemand">Tidemand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Tropinin" title="Vasily Tropinin">Tropinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Veit" title="Philipp Veit">Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ward_(English_artist)" title="James Ward (English artist)">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Wiertz" title="Antoine Wiertz">Wiertz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholars">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Barzun" title="Jacques Barzun">Barzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Beiser" title="Frederick C. Beiser">Beiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._C._W._Blanning" title="T. C. W. Blanning">Blanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Blume" title="Friedrich Blume">Blume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Dahlhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferber" title="Michael Ferber">Ferber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Janion" title="Maria Janion">Janion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lacoue-Labarthe" title="Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe">Lacoue-Labarthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Oncken_Lovejoy" title="Arthur Oncken Lovejoy">Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Gabriel_Porthan" title="Henrik Gabriel Porthan">Porthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ricks" title="Christopher Ricks">Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Wellek" title="René Wellek">Wellek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coleridge%27s_theory_of_life" title="Coleridge's theory of life">Coleridge's theory of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romantics" title="List of romantics">List of romantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_poets" title="List of Romantic poets">List of Romantic poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ages in history">Middle Ages in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_and_Romanticism" title="Opium and Romanticism">Opium and Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_epistemology" title="Romantic epistemology">Romantic epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_medicine" title="Romantic medicine">Romantic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_psychology" title="Romantic psychology">Romantic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_economics" title="Romanticism and economics">Romanticism and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_the_French_Revolution" title="Romanticism and the French Revolution">Romanticism and the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Romanticism in science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_Bacon" title="Romanticism and Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_evolution_theory" title="Romanticism in evolution theory">Evolution theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog" title="Wanderer above the Sea of Fog">Wanderer above the Sea of Fog</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;">← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism">Modernism</a></b> →</div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Romanticism" title="Category:Romanticism">Category</a> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 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.navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/21px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/42px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/21px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/42px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quill_and_ink.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/19px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/29px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/38px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="152" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poetry" title="Portal:Poetry">Poetry</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg/14px-Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg/21px-Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg/27px-Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="1536" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Children%27s_literature" title="Portal:Children's literature">Children's literature</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121200982">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/9847974">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/40981/">FAST</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1659382/">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfrRJ7j6MChKpVxf44cyd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118554654">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79091479">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11907966z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11907966z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hugo, Victor, 1802-1885"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00443985">Japan</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hugo, Victor"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV000163">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35212404">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990003739&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000081185&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000082788&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX874892">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.bibnat.ro:8991/F/?func=direct&local_base=NLR10&doc_number=000104666">Romania</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/23526">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068472390">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90054094">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=000290473&CON_LNG=ENG">Taiwan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000010603&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000006120&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000038044">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=60548">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000023421">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199613066">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/tr5780zc5bxxld3">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810659872105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/78673">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262868305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000044547">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058519933706706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14490957">Belgium</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/18284997">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14123713">3</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00460099?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500032572">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/c0c99c8f-4779-4c35-9497-67d60a73310a">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/40381">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/46270dea-cf15-43f2-adb1-ef2626b0eb63">KulturNav</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/15047">Musée d'Orsay</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102487">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/8795">Sycomore</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/867505">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118554654.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118554654">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026927608">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/011461">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6r030zb">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6wm1csb">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/106306">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_Hugo&oldid=1259325613">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_Hugo&oldid=1259325613</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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1,\n [\"CITEREFHugo1972\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHugoAmerican_Anti-Slavery_Society1860\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing1878\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangellier2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiukkonen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalgras1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilner2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Neill,_J2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPairs_de_France2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetrucelli2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProdger2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrévostHugoBibliothèque_Nationale_de_France2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobb1997\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRobb1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobb2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchindel2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSerre1890\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFState_Library_of_Victoria\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephens2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUniversityStanfordCalifornia_943052013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVictor2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFd\u0026#039;Hauterive1845\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFl\u0026#039;Esclavage\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFtexte1894\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFtexte2002\"] = 1,\n [\"Vicenti\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"Académie française Seat 14\"] = 1,\n [\"Angelo, Tyrant of Padua\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 4,\n [\"Books and Writers\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 31,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 28,\n [\"Colbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Colend\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsed infobox section begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsed infobox section end\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Cslist\"] = 3,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Hugo, Victor\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"External links\"] = 1,\n [\"FadedPage\"] = 1,\n [\"Gallery\"] = 3,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"IBList\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 28,\n [\"Ill\"] = 4,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox person\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox writer\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 192,\n [\"Le roi s'amuse\"] = 1,\n [\"Les Misérables\"] = 1,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"Marie Tudor\"] = 1,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Mono\"] = 2,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"OL author\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 3,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Romanticism\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"StandardEbooks\"] = 1,\n [\"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\"] = 1,\n [\"The Man Who Laughs\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Verse translation\"] = 1,\n [\"Victor Hugo\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 7,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource author\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","400","24.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","16.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","7.2"],["validateData 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