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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Interregnum (1301–1323)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interregnum_(1301–1323)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Angevins'_monarchy_(1323–1382)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Angevins'_monarchy_(1323–1382)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The Angevins' monarchy (1323–1382)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Angevins'_monarchy_(1323–1382)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_consolidation_(1382–1437)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_consolidation_(1382–1437)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>New consolidation (1382–1437)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_consolidation_(1382–1437)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_of_the_two_Hunyadis_(1437–1490)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_of_the_two_Hunyadis_(1437–1490)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Age of the two Hunyadis (1437–1490)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_of_the_two_Hunyadis_(1437–1490)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_(1490–1526)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_(1490–1526)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Decline (1490–1526)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Decline_(1490–1526)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Decline (1490–1526) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Decline_(1490–1526)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Mohács_(1526)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Mohács_(1526)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Battle of Mohács (1526)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Mohács_(1526)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partitioning_(1526–1541)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partitioning_(1526–1541)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Partitioning (1526–1541)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partitioning_(1526–1541)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1_(1301-1526)" title="مملكة المجر (1301-1526) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة المجر (1301-1526)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhersk%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD_(1301%E2%80%931526)" title="Uherské království (1301–1526) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Uherské království (1301–1526)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_(%DB%B1%DB%B3%DB%B0%DB%B1%E2%80%93%DB%B1%DB%B5%DB%B2%DB%B6)" title="پادشاهی مجارستان (۱۳۰۱–۱۵۲۶) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادشاهی مجارستان (۱۳۰۱–۱۵۲۶)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Hungaria_(1301%E2%80%931526)" title="Kerajaan Hungaria (1301–1526) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Hungaria (1301–1526)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_(1301%E2%80%931526)" title="ממלכת הונגריה (1301–1526) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממלכת הונגריה (1301–1526)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_vegyesh%C3%A1zi_kir%C3%A1lyok_kora" title="A vegyesházi királyok kora – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A vegyesházi királyok kora" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_(1301%E2%80%941526)" title="Краљевина Угарска (1301—1526) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Краљевина Угарска (1301—1526)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaristan_Krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1_(1301-1526)" title="Macaristan Krallığı (1301-1526) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Macaristan Krallığı (1301-1526)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_(1301%E2%80%931526)" title="Угорське королівство (1301–1526) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Угорське королівство (1301–1526)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD_(1301%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941526%E5%B9%B4)" title="匈牙利王国 (1301年—1526年) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="匈牙利王国 (1301年—1526年)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Former state in Central Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Hungary</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Magyar Királyság</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>)</span><br /><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Regnum Hungariae</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1301–1526</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hungary_(1301-1382).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of"><img alt="Flag of" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Hungary_%281301-1382%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281301-1382%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Hungary_%281301-1382%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281301-1382%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Hungary_%281301-1382%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281301-1382%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div><div style="padding: 2px 0px 3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Matthias_I_of_Hungary_(variant).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Matthias_I_of_Hungary_%28variant%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Matthias_I_of_Hungary_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Matthias_I_of_Hungary_%28variant%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Matthias_I_of_Hungary_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Matthias_I_of_Hungary_%28variant%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Matthias_I_of_Hungary_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div>Top: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hungary" title="Flag of Hungary">Dynastic standard</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">House of Anjou</a><br />Bottom: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hungary" title="Flag of Hungary">Royal standard</a> of <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus" title="Matthias Corvinus">Matthias Corvinus</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coa_Hungary_Country_History_Mathias_Corvinus_1(1458-1490).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of"><img alt="Coat of arms of" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Coa_Hungary_Country_History_Mathias_Corvinus_1%281458-1490%29.svg/70px-Coa_Hungary_Country_History_Mathias_Corvinus_1%281458-1490%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Coa_Hungary_Country_History_Mathias_Corvinus_1%281458-1490%29.svg/105px-Coa_Hungary_Country_History_Mathias_Corvinus_1%281458-1490%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Coa_Hungary_Country_History_Mathias_Corvinus_1%281458-1490%29.svg/140px-Coa_Hungary_Country_History_Mathias_Corvinus_1%281458-1490%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary#Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Coat of arms of Hungary">Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_in_the_14th_Century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kingdom of Hungary in the 14th century"><img alt="Kingdom of Hungary in the 14th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Europe_in_the_14th_Century.jpg/250px-Europe_in_the_14th_Century.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Europe_in_the_14th_Century.jpg/375px-Europe_in_the_14th_Century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Europe_in_the_14th_Century.jpg/500px-Europe_in_the_14th_Century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1549" data-file-height="1134" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Kingdom of Hungary in the 14th century</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">In <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Croatia_in_union_with_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatia in union with Hungary">Kingdom of Croatia</a><br />(see <a href="/wiki/Croatia_in_the_union_with_Hungary#Historical_context" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatia in the union with Hungary">historical context</a> section)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buda" title="Buda">Buda</a> (<span class="nowrap">until 1315</span>; <span class="nowrap">1408–1485</span>; <span class="nowrap">after 1490)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temesv%C3%A1r" class="mw-redirect" title="Temesvár">Temesvár</a> (1315–1323)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d" title="Visegrád">Visegrád</a> (1323–1408)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Bécs</a> (1485–1490)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kesfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r" title="Székesfehérvár">Székesfehérvár</a> (place of <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Diet">diets</a>, royal seat, crowning and burial site)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> (ceremonial/liturgical/administrative)</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuman_language" title="Cuman language">Cuman</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, Slavic dialects, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Roman Catholic</a> (official)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a> (among <a href="/wiki/Cumans#Settlement_on_the_Hungarian_plain" title="Cumans">Cumans</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Hungary">King</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1301–1305 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_III_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus III of Bohemia">Ladislaus V</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1516–1526 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Hungary" title="Louis II of Hungary">Louis II</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Palatine_of_Hungary" title="Palatine of Hungary">Palatine</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1302–1309 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_III_Cs%C3%A1k" title="Matthew III Csák">Máté Csák</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1526–1530 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_VII_B%C3%A1thory" title="Stephen VII Báthory">István Báthory</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Hungary" title="Diet of Hungary">Royal Diet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Medieval</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Extinction of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 January 1301</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">Interregnum</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1301-1308</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Hungary_and_Poland" title="Union of Hungary and Poland">Union of Hungary and Poland</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1370-1382, 1440-1444</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna" title="Crusade of Varna">Crusade of Varna</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1443-1444</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1456)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1456)">Siege of Belgrade</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4–22 July 1456</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Olomouc" title="Peace of Olomouc">Peace of Olomouc</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2 April 1479</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1485)" title="Siege of Vienna (1485)">Siege of Vienna</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 January – 1 June 1485</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Peasants' revolt of <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_D%C3%B3zsa" title="György Dózsa">György Dózsa</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 April - 15 July 1514</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Reformation in the Kingdom of Hungary">Beginning of the Reformation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1520</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Battle of Mohács</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 August 1526</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Forint" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Forint">Forint</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Hungary_%2813th_century%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hungary_%2813th_century%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Hungary_%2813th_century%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hungary_%2813th_century%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Hungary_%2813th_century%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary_%2813th_century%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Kingdom of Hungary under the Árpád dynasty</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Kingdom of Hungary</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Coa_Hungary_Country_History_%2814th_century%29.svg/20px-Coa_Hungary_Country_History_%2814th_century%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Coa_Hungary_Country_History_%2814th_century%29.svg/30px-Coa_Hungary_Country_History_%2814th_century%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Coa_Hungary_Country_History_%2814th_century%29.svg/40px-Coa_Hungary_Country_History_%2814th_century%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hungarian_Kingdom" title="Eastern Hungarian Kingdom">Eastern Hungarian Kingdom</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Coa_Hungary_Country_History_John_I_of_Hungary_%28Szapolyai%29_%281526-1540%29.svg/20px-Coa_Hungary_Country_History_John_I_of_Hungary_%28Szapolyai%29_%281526-1540%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Coa_Hungary_Country_History_John_I_of_Hungary_%28Szapolyai%29_%281526-1540%29.svg/30px-Coa_Hungary_Country_History_John_I_of_Hungary_%28Szapolyai%29_%281526-1540%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Coa_Hungary_Country_History_John_I_of_Hungary_%28Szapolyai%29_%281526-1540%29.svg/40px-Coa_Hungary_Country_History_John_I_of_Hungary_%28Szapolyai%29_%281526-1540%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hungary" title="Ottoman Hungary">Ottoman Hungary</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ottoman_flag_by_Hieronymus_Bosch.svg/20px-Ottoman_flag_by_Hieronymus_Bosch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ottoman_flag_by_Hieronymus_Bosch.svg/30px-Ottoman_flag_by_Hieronymus_Bosch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ottoman_flag_by_Hieronymus_Bosch.svg/40px-Ottoman_flag_by_Hieronymus_Bosch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Hungary" title="Category:History of Hungary">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">History of <span class="fn org label">Hungary</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_(1915-1918,_1919-1946;_angels).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg/400px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="745" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_prehistory" title="Hungarian prehistory">Hungarian prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary_before_the_Hungarian_conquest" title="History of Hungary before the Hungarian conquest">The Carpathian Basin before the Hungarian conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonia (Roman province)">Roman Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Hunnic Empire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Kingdom of the Gepids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">454–567</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">469–553</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avar Khaganate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">567–822</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe" title="Hungarian invasions of Europe">Hungarian invasions of Europe</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">~800–970</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin" title="Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin">Hungarian conquest</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">862–895</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">895–1000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1000–1301</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Croatia_in_personal_union_with_Hungary" title="Croatia in personal union with Hungary">Personal union with Croatia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1102–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Golden_Bull_of_1222" title="Golden Bull of 1222">Golden Bull</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1222</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="First Mongol invasion of Hungary">Mongol invasion of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1241–1242</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1301–1526</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars" title="Hungarian–Ottoman Wars">Ottoman Wars</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1366–1526</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Reformation in the Kingdom of Hungary">Reformation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1520</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman Wars</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1526–1699</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hungarian_Kingdom" title="Eastern Hungarian Kingdom">Eastern Hungarian Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1526–1570</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)#Royal_Hungary_(1526–1699)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Royal Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1526–1699</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hungary" title="Ottoman Hungary">Ottoman Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1541–1699</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1570–1711</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bocskai_uprising" title="Bocskai uprising">Bocskai uprising</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1604–1606</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Magnate_conspiracy" title="Magnate conspiracy">Wesselényi conspiracy</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1664–1671</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Upper_Hungary" title="Principality of Upper Hungary">Principality of Upper Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1682–1685</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1699–1867</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Late modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">Rákóczi's War of Independence</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1703–1711</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1711%E2%80%931867)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)">Principality of Transylvania</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1711–1867</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Reform_Era" title="Hungarian Reform Era">Hungarian Reform Era</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1825–1848</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1848–1849</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_State" title="Hungarian State">Hungarian State</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1849</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Monarchy</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1867–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen">Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1867–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_I" title="Hungary in World War I">World War I</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1914–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_between_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungary between the World Wars">Interwar period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1918–1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">Hungarian People's Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1918–1919</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1919</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Republic_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Hungarian Republic (1919–1920)">Hungarian Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1919–1920</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1920</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1920–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/First_Vienna_Award" title="First Vienna Award">First Vienna Award</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1938</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia_during_World_War_II" title="Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II">Governorate of Subcarpathia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1939–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Vienna_Award" title="Second Vienna Award">Second Vienna Award</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1940</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_occupation_of_Yugoslav_territories" title="Hungarian occupation of Yugoslav territories">Revisions of Délvidék</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">World War II</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1941–1945</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Hungarian_Republic" title="Second Hungarian Republic">Second Hungarian Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1946–1949</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungarian People's Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1949–1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Revolution of 1956</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1956</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1956–1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Hungarian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Hungarian Republic">Third Hungarian Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1989–2012</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">since 2012</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Hungarians</a></li> 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Slovakia" title="Category:History of Slovakia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">History of <span class="fn org label">Slovakia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;padding:1em 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovakia.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovakia.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="background: #f2f2f2; text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Medieval Slavic states</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samo%27s_Empire" title="Samo's Empire">Samo's Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Nitra" title="Principality of Nitra">Principality of Nitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lower_Pannonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Lower Pannonia">Lower Pannonia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #f2f2f2; text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality of Hungary</a><br /><small><span class="nobold">(895 – 1000)</span></small></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality of Hungary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #f2f2f2; text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a><br /><small><span class="nobold">(1000 – 1526)</span></small></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_III_Cs%C3%A1k" title="Matthew III Csák">Domain of Máté Csák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeus_Aba" title="Amadeus Aba">Domain of Amade Aba</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #f2f2f2; text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a><br /><small><span class="nobold">(16th–17th century)</span></small></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hungarian_Kingdom" title="Eastern Hungarian Kingdom">Eastern Hungarian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hungary" title="Ottoman Hungary">Ottoman Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyvar_Eyalet" title="Uyvar Eyalet">Uyvar Eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budin_Eyalet" title="Budin Eyalet">Budin Eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C4%9Fri_Eyalet" title="Eğri Eyalet">Eğri Eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Th%C3%B6k%C3%B6ly" class="mw-redirect" title="Imre Thököly">Principality of Imre Thököly</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #f2f2f2; text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a><br /><small><span class="nobold">(1526–1918)</span></small></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Uprising_of_1848%E2%80%9349" title="Slovak Uprising of 1848–49">1848–49 Slovak Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_District_of_Pre%C3%9Fburg" title="Military District of Preßburg">Military District of Preßburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_District_of_Kaschau" title="Military District of Kaschau">Military District of Kaschau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Monarchy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #f2f2f2; text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="History of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a><br /><small><span class="nobold">(1918–1993)</span></small></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-size:90%;">1920</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Slovaks_in_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931938)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovaks in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)">Slovaks in Czechoslovakia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-size:90%;"> 1918–1938</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovak Soviet Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-size:90%;"> 1919</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia_during_World_War_II" title="Slovakia during World War II">Slovakia during World War II</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-size:90%;"> 1939–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-size:90%;"> 1939–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovak National Uprising</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-size:90%;"> 1944</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovaks_in_Czechoslovakia_(1948%E2%80%9389)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slovaks in Czechoslovakia (1948–89) (page does not exist)">Slovaks in Czechoslovakia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-size:90%;"> 1948–1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovak Socialist Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-size:90%;"> 1969–1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-size:90%;"> 1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992)">Post-revolution Czechoslovakia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-size:90%;"> 1989–1992</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-size:90%;"> 1993</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #f2f2f2; text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary Slovakia</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovak Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-size:90%;"> 1993–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Slovakia" title="Portal:Slovakia">Slovakia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Slovakia" title="Template:History of Slovakia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Slovakia" title="Template talk:History of Slovakia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Slovakia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Slovakia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, a country in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, experienced a period of interregnum in the early 14th century. Royal power was restored under <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Hungary" title="Charles I of Hungary">Charles I</a> (1308–1342), a scion of the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Capetian House of Anjou</a>. Gold and silver mines opened in his reign produced about one third of the world's total production up until the 1490s. The kingdom reached the peak of its power under <a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary" title="Louis I of Hungary">Louis the Great</a> (1342–1382) who led military campaigns against <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, southern Italy and other faraway territories.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> reached the kingdom under <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund of Luxembourg">Sigismund of Luxembourg</a> (1387–1437). In the next decades, a talented military commander, <a href="/wiki/John_Hunyadi" title="John Hunyadi">John Hunyadi</a>, directed the fight against the Ottomans. His <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_N%C3%A1ndorfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Nándorfehérvár">victory at Nándorfehérvár</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>) in 1456 stabilized the southern frontiers for more than half a century. The first king of Hungary without dynastic ancestry was <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus" title="Matthias Corvinus">Matthias Corvinus</a> (1458–1490), who led several successful <a href="/wiki/Black_Army_of_Hungary" title="Black Army of Hungary">military campaigns</a> and also became the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Bohemia">King of Bohemia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Austria">Duke of Austria</a>. With his patronage Hungary became the first country which adopted the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> from Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)</a></div> <p>The Kingdom of Hungary came into being when <a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Hungary" title="Stephen I of Hungary">Stephen I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prince_of_the_Hungarians" title="Grand Prince of the Hungarians">grand prince of the Hungarians</a>, was crowned <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">king</a> in 1000 or 1001. He reinforced central authority and forced his subjects to accept Christianity. Although written sources emphasize the role played by German and Italian knights and clerics in the process, a significant part of the Hungarian vocabulary for agriculture, religion was taken from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Slavic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Slavic languages">Southern Slavic languages</a>. Civil wars, pagan uprisings and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperors</a>' unsuccessful attempts to expand their authority over Hungary jeopardized the new monarchy. Its position stabilized under <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_I_of_Hungary" title="Ladislaus I of Hungary">Ladislaus I</a> (1077–1095) and <a href="/wiki/Coloman,_King_of_Hungary" title="Coloman, King of Hungary">Coloman</a> (1095–1116). Following the succession crisis in Croatia as a result of their campaign the Kingdom of Croatia entered a personal union with the Kingdom of Hungary in 1102. Both of them were regarded as a successor by hereditary rights<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HR-HU-Heka_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HR-HU-Heka-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coloman was crowned in Biograd in 1102 and the title now claimed by Coloman was "King of Hungary, Dalmatia, and Croatia".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Rich in uncultivated lands and in silver, gold, and salt deposits, the kingdom became a preferred target of the continuous immigration of mainly German, Italian and French colonists. The colonists were mostly peasants who settled in villages, but also large number of townsfolk arrived as craftsmen and merchants. Their arrival contributed to the development of Esztergom, Székesfehérvár and many other cities and large number of villages in various parts of the Kingdom. Situated at the crossroads of international trade routes, Hungary was affected by several cultural trends. Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance buildings, and literary works written in Latin prove the predominantly Roman Catholic character of the culture of the Kingdom, but Orthodox, and even non-Christian ethnic minority communities also existed. Latin was the language of legislation, administration and judiciary, but "linguistic pluralism" (János M. Bak)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contributed to the survival of a number of tongues, including a great variety of Slavic dialects.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oligarchs_in_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary_14th_century.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Oligarchs_in_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary_14th_century.svg/200px-Oligarchs_in_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary_14th_century.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Oligarchs_in_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary_14th_century.svg/300px-Oligarchs_in_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary_14th_century.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Oligarchs_in_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary_14th_century.svg/400px-Oligarchs_in_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary_14th_century.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption>Oligarchs controlled parts of the Kingdom during the interregnum</figcaption></figure> <p>The predominance of royal estates initially ensured the sovereign's preeminent position, but the alienation of royal lands gave rise to the emergence of a self-conscious group of lesser landholders. They forced <a href="/wiki/Andrew_II_of_Hungary" title="Andrew II of Hungary">Andrew II</a> to issue his <a href="/wiki/Golden_Bull_of_1222" title="Golden Bull of 1222">Golden Bull of 1222</a>, "one of first examples of constitutional limits being placed on the powers of a European monarch" (<a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Francis Fukuyama</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kingdom received a major blow from the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_1241%E2%80%931242" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of 1241–1242">Mongol invasion of 1241–1242</a>. Thereafter <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cuman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jassic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jassic people">Jassic</a> groups were settled in the central lowlands and colonists arrived from <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>, Poland and other nearby countries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interregnum_(1301–1323)"><span id="Interregnum_.281301.E2.80.931323.29"></span>Interregnum (1301–1323)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Interregnum (1301–1323)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rozgony" title="Battle of Rozgony">Battle of Rozgony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_III_K%C3%A1n" title="Ladislaus III Kán">Ladislaus III Kán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_III_Cs%C3%A1k" title="Matthew III Csák">Matthew III Csák</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amadeus_Aba" title="Amadeus Aba">Amadeus Aba</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Szent_Korona_legr%C3%A9gibb_hiteles_%C3%A1br%C3%A1zol%C3%A1sa_1555.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/A_Szent_Korona_legr%C3%A9gibb_hiteles_%C3%A1br%C3%A1zol%C3%A1sa_1555.jpg/190px-A_Szent_Korona_legr%C3%A9gibb_hiteles_%C3%A1br%C3%A1zol%C3%A1sa_1555.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/A_Szent_Korona_legr%C3%A9gibb_hiteles_%C3%A1br%C3%A1zol%C3%A1sa_1555.jpg/285px-A_Szent_Korona_legr%C3%A9gibb_hiteles_%C3%A1br%C3%A1zol%C3%A1sa_1555.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/A_Szent_Korona_legr%C3%A9gibb_hiteles_%C3%A1br%C3%A1zol%C3%A1sa_1555.jpg/380px-A_Szent_Korona_legr%C3%A9gibb_hiteles_%C3%A1br%C3%A1zol%C3%A1sa_1555.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="755" /></a><figcaption>The oldest authentic representation of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary" title="Holy Crown of Hungary">Holy Crown of Hungary</a> from 1555</figcaption></figure> <p>Andrew III died on January 14, 1301.<sup id="cite_ref-Kontler_84_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kontler_84-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His death created an opportunity for about a dozen lords, or "<a href="/wiki/Oligarch_(Kingdom_of_Hungary)" title="Oligarch (Kingdom of Hungary)">oligarchs</a>", who had by that time achieved <i>de facto</i> independence of the monarch<sup id="cite_ref-Kontler_84_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kontler_84-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to strengthen their autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They acquired all royal castles in a number of counties where everybody was obliged either to accept their supremacy or to leave.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_III_Cs%C3%A1k" title="Matthew III Csák">Matthew III Csák</a> ruled over fourteen counties in the lands now forming Slovakia,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_K%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladislaus Kán">Ladislaus Kán</a> administered Transylvania, and <a href="/wiki/Ugrin_Cs%C3%A1k" title="Ugrin Csák">Ugrin Csák</a> controlled large territories between the rivers <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A1va" class="mw-redirect" title="Száva">Száva</a> and Dráva.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Croatia the situation for the crown became even more dire, as <a href="/wiki/Ban_of_Croatia" title="Ban of Croatia">viceroy</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_I_%C5%A0ubi%C4%87_of_Bribir" title="Paul I Šubić of Bribir">Paul Šubić</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baboni%C4%87_family" title="Babonić family">Babonić family</a> achieved de facto independence, with Paul Šubić even minting his own coin and being called by contemporary Croatian historians as the "uncrowned king of the Croats". </p><p>At the news of Andrew III's death, viceroy Šubić invited Charles of Anjou, the late Charles Martel's son, to claim the throne, who hurried to Esztergom where he was crowned king.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most secular lords opposed his rule and proposed the throne to King <a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_II_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus II of Bohemia">Wenceslaus II of Bohemia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_III_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus III of Bohemia">namesake son</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kontler_87_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kontler_87-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The young Wenceslaus could not strengthen his position<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_129_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_129-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and renounced in favor of <a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Otto III, Duke of Bavaria">Otto III, Duke of Bavaria</a> in 1305.<sup id="cite_ref-Kontler_87_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kontler_87-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter was forced to leave the kingdom in 1307 by Ladislaus Kán.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">papal legate</a> persuaded all the lords to accept Charles of Anjou's rule in 1310, but most territories remained out of royal control.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Assisted by the prelates and a growing number of lesser nobles, Charles I launched a series of expeditions against the great lords.<sup id="cite_ref-Kontler_88_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kontler_88-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taking advantage of the lack of unity among them, he defeated them one by one.<sup id="cite_ref-Kontler_88_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kontler_88-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He won his first victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rozgony" title="Battle of Rozgony">battle of Rozgony</a> (present-day Rozhanovce, Slovakia) in 1312.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the most powerful lord, Matthew Csák preserved his autonomy up until his death in 1321, while the <a href="/wiki/Baboni%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Babonić">Babonić</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ubi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Šubić">Šubić</a> families were only subjugated in 1323.<sup id="cite_ref-Kontler_88_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kontler_88-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Angevins'_monarchy_(1323–1382)"><span id="The_Angevins.27_monarchy_.281323.E2.80.931382.29"></span>The Angevins' monarchy (1323–1382)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Angevins' monarchy (1323–1382)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Hungary" title="Charles I of Hungary">Charles I of Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary" title="Louis I of Hungary">Louis I of Hungary</a></div> <p>Charles I introduced a centralized power structure in the 1320s.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_140_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_140-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stating that "his words has the force of law", he never again convoked the Diet.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_140_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_140-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even his most faithful partisans depended on revenues from their temporary <a href="/wiki/Honour_(feudal_barony)" class="mw-redirect" title="Honour (feudal barony)">honours</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because the king rarely made land grants.<sup id="cite_ref-Kontler_89_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kontler_89-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This practice ensured the loyalty of the <a href="/wiki/Drugeth_family" title="Drugeth family">Drugeths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lackfi_family" title="Lackfi family">Lackfis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9cs%C3%A9nyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Szécsényi">Szécsényis</a> and other families who emerged in his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-Kontler_89_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kontler_89-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hrad_Kremnica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Körmöcbánya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Hrad_Kremnica.jpg/190px-Hrad_Kremnica.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Hrad_Kremnica.jpg/285px-Hrad_Kremnica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Hrad_Kremnica.jpg/380px-Hrad_Kremnica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption>The castle at <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6rm%C3%B6cb%C3%A1nya" class="mw-redirect" title="Körmöcbánya">Kremnitz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Körmöcbánya</i>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>: <i lang="sk">Kremnica</i>), a mining town founded by <a href="/wiki/Sudeten_Germans" title="Sudeten Germans">German</a> miners from <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FlorenKarlaRobertazAnjou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Golden forint" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/FlorenKarlaRobertazAnjou.jpg/190px-FlorenKarlaRobertazAnjou.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/FlorenKarlaRobertazAnjou.jpg/285px-FlorenKarlaRobertazAnjou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/FlorenKarlaRobertazAnjou.jpg/380px-FlorenKarlaRobertazAnjou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>Charles I's golden <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_forint" title="Hungarian forint">forint</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The king even afforded to grant privileges which contradicted customary law.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, he occasionally authorized daughters of noblemen to inherit their fathers' estates, although local customs required that a deceased nobleman's inherited lands were to be transferred to his <a href="/wiki/Agnates" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnates">agnates</a> in lack of a son.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Roman_law" title="Medieval Roman law">Roman law</a> never replaced customary which gave rise to the appearance of lay officials who possessed "a good command of Latin and a fair knowledge of common law" (Pál Engel).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles I <a href="/wiki/Charles_Robert#New_economic_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Robert">reformed the system of royal revenues and monopolies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kontler_90_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kontler_90-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, he imposed the "<a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_(tax)" title="Thirtieth (tax)">thirtieth</a>" (a tax on goods transferred through the kingdom's frontiers),<sup id="cite_ref-Kontler_90_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kontler_90-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and authorized landholders to retain one third of the income from mines opened in their estates.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new mines produced around 2,250 kilograms (4,960 lb) of gold and 9,000 kilograms (20,000 lb) of silver annually, which made up more than 30 percent of the world's production up until the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Americas">Spanish conquest of the Americas</a> in the 1490s.<sup id="cite_ref-Kontler_90_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kontler_90-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most profits from the mines were transferred to Italian and South German merchants, because the value of imported fine textiles and other goods always exceeded the price of cattle and wine exported from the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles I also ordered the minting of stable golden coins modelled on the <i><a href="/wiki/Florin_(Italian_coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Florin (Italian coin)">florin</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His ban on trading with uncoined gold produced shortage in the European market which lasted until his death in 1342.<sup id="cite_ref-Sedlar_348_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedlar_348-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this, in 1343, the <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanian</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Voivodeship_of_Maramure%C8%99" title="Voivodeship of Maramureș">Voivodeship of Maramureș</a> was established, which would exist until 1402.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Thereafter his widow, <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth of Poland">Elisabeth of Poland</a> transported enormous quantities of gold to Italy in order to promote the claim of their younger son, <a href="/wiki/Andrew,_Duke_of_Calabria" title="Andrew, Duke of Calabria">Andrew</a> to the Kingdom of Naples.<sup id="cite_ref-Sedlar_348_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedlar_348-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andrew who was Queen <a href="/wiki/Joanna_I_of_Naples" title="Joanna I of Naples">Joanna I of Naples</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Prince_consort" title="Prince consort">consort</a> was assassinated in 1345.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His brother, Louis I of Hungary accused the queen of his murder and led two campaigns against her in 1347 and 1350.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he twice conquered her kingdom,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she regained it on both occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first campaign against Naples was abandoned because of the arrival of the "<a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Hungary, fewer locals fell victim to the epidemic than in Western Europe, because the kingdom was still an underpopulated territory with well nourished inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_161_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_161-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, colonization also continued in the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new settlers mainly came from Moravia, Poland and other neighboring countries.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were customarily exempted of taxation for 16 years, which is reflected by the <i>lehota</i> ("lightening") placenames in present-day Slovakia.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Earlier distinctions between freemen, serfs and <i><a href="/wiki/Udvornici" title="Udvornici">udvornici</a></i> disappeared in the 14th century, because all peasants had acquired the right to free movement by the 1350s.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of them cultivated well defined parcels with a hereditary right to use it for a rent in cash and in-kind "gifts" due to the landowner.<sup id="cite_ref-Kontler_98_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kontler_98-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legal position of "true noblemen" was also standardized when the idea of "one and the same liberty" was enacted in 1351.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, all noblemen received the right to "adjudicate all offences committed" by the peasants living in their estates (Martyn Rady).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HAZU_72_17_lipnja_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Louis I" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/HAZU_72_17_lipnja_2008.jpg/190px-HAZU_72_17_lipnja_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/HAZU_72_17_lipnja_2008.jpg/285px-HAZU_72_17_lipnja_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/HAZU_72_17_lipnja_2008.jpg/380px-HAZU_72_17_lipnja_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary" title="Louis I of Hungary">Louis I the Great</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zadar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most towns were still dominated by German merchants,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but more and more <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croat</a>, Hungarian and Slovak peasants arrived from the nearby villages to settle in the towns in the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Bak_93_277_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bak_93_277-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louis I's <i><a href="/wiki/Privilegium_pro_Slavis" title="Privilegium pro Slavis">Privilegium pro Slavis</a></i> ("Privilege for the Slavs") from 1381 was the first indication of official bilingualism in a town.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirschbaum_46_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirschbaum_46-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It ensured that the <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zsolna" class="mw-redirect" title="Zsolna">Zsolna</a> (present-day Žilina, Slovakia) would enjoy the same privileges as the town's German burghers.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirschbaum_46_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirschbaum_46-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Louis I who was <a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">heir presumptive</a> to <a href="/wiki/Casimir_III_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Casimir III of Poland">Casimir III of Poland</a> assisted the Poles several times against <a href="/wiki/Grand_Principality_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Principality of Lithuania">Lithuania</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Foundation_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation of Moldavia">foundation of Moldavia</a>, a Romanian principality east of the Carpathians is also connected to these campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-Georgescu_18_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgescu_18-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along the southern frontiers, Louis I compelled the Venetians to withdraw from Dalmatia in 1358<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and forced a number of local rulers (including <a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_I_of_Bosnia" title="Tvrtko I of Bosnia">Tvrtko I of Bosnia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lazar_of_Serbia" title="Lazar of Serbia">Lazar of Serbia</a>) to accept his suzerainty.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, his <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassals</a> often rebelled against him in the 1360s.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_165_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_165-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_I_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogdan I of Moldavia">Bogdan</a>, a Romanian <i>voivode</i> even achieved the independence of Moldavia.<sup id="cite_ref-Georgescu_18_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgescu_18-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louis I's suzerainty over Moldavia was only restored when he was elected <a href="/wiki/King_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Poland">king of Poland</a> in 1370.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_165_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_165-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His control over <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>, the other Romanian principality always remained doubtful.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_I_of_Wallachia" title="Vladislav I of Wallachia">Vladislav I of Wallachia</a> even allied with the emerging <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1375.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_165_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_165-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, Louis I was the first Hungarian monarch who had to fight against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_165_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_165-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Religious fanaticism is one of the featuring element of Louis I's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attempted, without success, to convert many of his Orthodox subjects to Catholicism by force.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He expelled the Jews around 1360, but allowed them to return in 1367.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New royal castles were erected, for instance, in <a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d" title="Visegrád">Visegrád</a>, <a href="/wiki/Di%C3%B3sgy%C5%91r" title="Diósgyőr">Diósgyőr</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%B3lyom" class="mw-redirect" title="Zólyom">Zólyom</a> (present-day Zvolen, Slovakia) under the Angevin kings.<sup id="cite_ref-Kontler_99_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kontler_99-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patricians' houses unearthed at <a href="/wiki/Sopron" title="Sopron">Sopron</a> and other towns, frescoes and sculptures found at many places (including Esztergom and Nagyvárad) point at a flourishing Gothic architecture and art.<sup id="cite_ref-Kontler_99_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kontler_99-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Codices decorated with miniatures (among them the <i><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Illuminated Chronicle">Illuminated Chronicle</a></i>) attest to the high level of <a href="/wiki/Illumination_(manuscript)" class="mw-redirect" title="Illumination (manuscript)">book illumination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William of Bergzabern, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_P%C3%A9cs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Pécs">Bishop of Pécs</a> founded a university at his see in 1367,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it was closed shortly after his death in 1375.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_consolidation_(1382–1437)"><span id="New_consolidation_.281382.E2.80.931437.29"></span>New consolidation (1382–1437)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: New consolidation (1382–1437)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis" title="Battle of Nicopolis">Battle of Nicopolis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Budai_Nagy_Antal_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Budai Nagy Antal Revolt">Budai Nagy Antal Revolt</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_der_Chronik_des_Konzils_von_Konstanz_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sigismund" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Meister_der_Chronik_des_Konzils_von_Konstanz_001.jpg/190px-Meister_der_Chronik_des_Konzils_von_Konstanz_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Meister_der_Chronik_des_Konzils_von_Konstanz_001.jpg/285px-Meister_der_Chronik_des_Konzils_von_Konstanz_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Meister_der_Chronik_des_Konzils_von_Konstanz_001.jpg/380px-Meister_der_Chronik_des_Konzils_von_Konstanz_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2955" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_of_Luxemburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund of Luxemburg">Sigismund of Luxemburg</a> and his queen, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_of_Cilli" title="Barbara of Cilli">Barbara of Cilli</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constance" title="Council of Constance">Council of Constance</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Louis I was succeeded in 1382 by his daughter, <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Hungary" title="Mary, Queen of Hungary">Mary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kontler_101_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kontler_101-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most noblemen opposed the idea of being ruled by a female monarch.<sup id="cite_ref-Kontler_101_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kontler_101-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taking advantage of the situation, a male member of the dynasty, <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Naples" title="Charles III of Naples">Charles III of Naples</a> claimed the throne for himself.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He arrived in the kingdom in September 1385.<sup id="cite_ref-Kontler_101_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kontler_101-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Diet forced the queen to abdicate and elected Charles of Naples king, the queen's partisans murdered him in February 1386.<sup id="cite_ref-Kontler_101_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kontler_101-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Horvat" title="Paul Horvat">Paul Horvat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Zagreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Zagreb">Bishop of Zagreb</a> initiated a new rebellion and declared his infant son, <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_of_Naples" title="Ladislaus of Naples">Ladislaus of Naples</a> king.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They captured the queen in July 1386, but her supporters proposed the crown to her husband, Sigismund of Luxemburg.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Queen Mary was soon liberated,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but she never again intervened in the government.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sigismund distributed more than 50 percent of the royal estates to his supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, large territories in Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia remained controlled by <a href="/wiki/Hrvoje_Vuk%C4%8Di%C4%87_Hrvatini%C4%87" title="Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić">Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić</a> and Ladislaus of Naples's other supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Queen Mary died childless in 1395, her sister, Queen <a href="/wiki/Jadwiga_of_Poland" title="Jadwiga of Poland">Jadwiga of Poland</a> claimed the throne for herself, but Sigismund's partisans defeated her troops.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_201_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_201-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the meantime, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Lazarevi%C4%87" title="Stefan Lazarević">Stefan Lazarević</a> of Serbia accepted the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman sultan">Ottoman sultan</a>'s suzerainty,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus the Ottoman Empire's expansion reached the southern frontiers of Hungary in 1390.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sigismund decided to organize a crusade against the Ottomans.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A great army consisting mainly of French knights assembled, but the crusaders were routed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis" title="Battle of Nicopolis">battle of Nicopolis</a> in 1396.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Diet of <a href="/wiki/Temesv%C3%A1r" class="mw-redirect" title="Temesvár">Temesvár</a> (present-day Timișoara, Romania) of 1397 obliged all landholders to finance the equipment of <a href="/wiki/Militia_portalis" title="Militia portalis">soldiers for defensive purposes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kontler_104_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kontler_104-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, all landholders provided one archer for each twenty peasant households on their estates.<sup id="cite_ref-Sedlar_167_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedlar_167-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, Sigismund abolished former immunities of the jurisdiction of county authorities<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_219_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_219-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which accelerated the development of county assemblies into important institutions of local autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_219_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_219-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sigismund's open bias towards <a href="/wiki/Stibor_of_Stiboricz" title="Stibor of Stiboricz">Stibor of Stiboricz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_II,_Count_of_Celje" title="Hermann II, Count of Celje">Hermann of Cilli</a> and his (mostly foreign) favorites gave rise to a number of plots.<sup id="cite_ref-Kontler_104_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kontler_104-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Led by John Kanizsai, archbishop of Esztergom, the native barons even imprisoned him in 1401.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_206_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_206-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For six months, the barons administered the realm in the name of the Holy Crown, "the impersonal sovereign of the kingdom" (Miklós Molnár),<sup id="cite_ref-Molnár_56_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molnár_56-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but finally restored Sigismund's rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_206_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_206-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A group of barons offered the crown to Ladislaus of Naples in 1412,<sup id="cite_ref-Molnár_56_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molnár_56-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Sigismund again gained the upper hand.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since <a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IX" title="Pope Boniface IX">Pope Boniface IX</a> supported his opponent, Sigismund prohibited both the proclamation of papal documents without a previous royal consent<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the appointment of prelates by the Holy See.<sup id="cite_ref-Sedlar_167_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedlar_167-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tata-var.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tata Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Tata-var.jpg/210px-Tata-var.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Tata-var.jpg/315px-Tata-var.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Tata-var.jpg/420px-Tata-var.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5098" data-file-height="3360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund's</a> <a href="/wiki/Tata_Castle" title="Tata Castle">hunting castle</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tata,_Hungary" title="Tata, Hungary">Tata</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The major towns always remained faithful to Sigismund.<sup id="cite_ref-Kontler_106_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kontler_106-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He exempted many of them from internal custom duties and even invited their representatives to the Diet in 1405.<sup id="cite_ref-Kontler_106_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kontler_106-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Diet was not convoked for three decades.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_214_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_214-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king spent more and more time abroad especially after his election <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">King of the Romans</a> in 1410.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_214_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_214-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kingdom was governed by his most faithful partisans who were united in a formal league, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Dragon" title="Order of the Dragon">Order of the Dragon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This knightly order was established on the occasion of the royal troop's victory over Hrvoje Hrvatinić in 1408.<sup id="cite_ref-Kontler_105_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kontler_105-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter most Dalmatian towns seceded from Ladislaus of Naples,<sup id="cite_ref-Kontler_105_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kontler_105-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he soon sold his claims to the Republic of Venice.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following decade, the republic forced the settlements on the Dalmatian coasts one by one to accept her suzerainty.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I._Nagy_Lajos_kir%C3%A1ly_(1342-1382)_m%C3%A1sodik_kett%C5%91s_fels%C3%A9gpecs%C3%A9tj%C3%A9nek_h%C3%A1tlapja_(1366-1382).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="King Louis I of Hungary, royal, seal, Hungary, double cross, Hungarian coat of arm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/I._Nagy_Lajos_kir%C3%A1ly_%281342-1382%29_m%C3%A1sodik_kett%C5%91s_fels%C3%A9gpecs%C3%A9tj%C3%A9nek_h%C3%A1tlapja_%281366-1382%29.jpg/220px-I._Nagy_Lajos_kir%C3%A1ly_%281342-1382%29_m%C3%A1sodik_kett%C5%91s_fels%C3%A9gpecs%C3%A9tj%C3%A9nek_h%C3%A1tlapja_%281366-1382%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/I._Nagy_Lajos_kir%C3%A1ly_%281342-1382%29_m%C3%A1sodik_kett%C5%91s_fels%C3%A9gpecs%C3%A9tj%C3%A9nek_h%C3%A1tlapja_%281366-1382%29.jpg/330px-I._Nagy_Lajos_kir%C3%A1ly_%281342-1382%29_m%C3%A1sodik_kett%C5%91s_fels%C3%A9gpecs%C3%A9tj%C3%A9nek_h%C3%A1tlapja_%281366-1382%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/I._Nagy_Lajos_kir%C3%A1ly_%281342-1382%29_m%C3%A1sodik_kett%C5%91s_fels%C3%A9gpecs%C3%A9tj%C3%A9nek_h%C3%A1tlapja_%281366-1382%29.jpg/440px-I._Nagy_Lajos_kir%C3%A1ly_%281342-1382%29_m%C3%A1sodik_kett%C5%91s_fels%C3%A9gpecs%C3%A9tj%C3%A9nek_h%C3%A1tlapja_%281366-1382%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1965" data-file-height="1965" /></a><figcaption>Reverse of the second double seal (1366-1382) of King <a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary" title="Louis I of Hungary">Louis I the Great</a> (1342-1382)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_of_munchen_-_bible_in_hungarian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hussite Bible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Codex_of_munchen_-_bible_in_hungarian.jpg/190px-Codex_of_munchen_-_bible_in_hungarian.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Codex_of_munchen_-_bible_in_hungarian.jpg/285px-Codex_of_munchen_-_bible_in_hungarian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Codex_of_munchen_-_bible_in_hungarian.jpg/380px-Codex_of_munchen_-_bible_in_hungarian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="980" /></a><figcaption>Munich Codex (1466): the <a href="/wiki/Hussite_Bible" title="Hussite Bible">first Hungarian translation of the Bible</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On the southern borders, Sigismund attempted to create a buffer zone against the Ottomans.<sup id="cite_ref-Bak_1994,_p._61_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bak_1994,_p._61-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this purpose, he granted large estates to Stefan Lazarević of Serbia, <a href="/wiki/Mircea_I_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mircea I of Wallachia">Mircea I of Wallachia</a> and other neighboring rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, fourteen new fortresses were erected on the Danube frontier under the auspices of the Italian <a href="/wiki/Pipo_of_Ozora" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipo of Ozora">Pipo of Ozora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_237_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_237-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Gypsy</a> groups were also admitted in the kingdom because of their information on the Ottoman Empire's military and their skills in manufacturing weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ottomans occupied <a href="/wiki/Golubac_Fortress" title="Golubac Fortress">Golubac Fortress</a> in 1427 and started to regularly plunder the neighboring lands.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_237_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_237-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman raids forced many locals to depart for better protected regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_237_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_237-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their place was occupied by <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavic</a> refugees (mainly <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_237_93-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_237-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of them were organized into mobile military units<sup id="cite_ref-Kontler_111_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kontler_111-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known as <i><a href="/wiki/Hussar" title="Hussar">hussars</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The northern regions of the kingdom (present-day Slovakia) were pillaged in almost every year by <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czech</a> <a href="/wiki/Hussite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussite">Hussites</a> from 1428.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Hussite ideas spread in the southern counties, mainly among the burghers of the Szerémség.<sup id="cite_ref-Bak_94_60_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bak_94_60-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hussite preachers were also the first to <a href="/wiki/Hussite_Bible" title="Hussite Bible">translate the Bible</a> to Hungarian.<sup id="cite_ref-Bak_94_60_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bak_94_60-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, all Hussites were either executed or expelled from the Szerémség in the late 1430s.<sup id="cite_ref-Bak_94_60_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bak_94_60-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sigismund erected a splendid royal palace (later destroyed by the Ottomans) at <a href="/wiki/Buda" title="Buda">Buda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_241_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_241-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Actually, the town became the kingdom's capital in his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_241_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_241-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wealthiest landholders also constructed new residences or rebuilt their old fortresses in order to improve comfort.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_241_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_241-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, Pipo of Ozora who employed the painter <a href="/wiki/Masolino_da_Panicale" title="Masolino da Panicale">Masolino da Panicale</a> and one of <a href="/wiki/Brunelleschi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunelleschi">Brunelleschi</a>'s students introduced <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> architecture and arts.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The kingdom's defense and Sigismund's active foreign policy demanded new sources of income.<sup id="cite_ref-Kontler_109_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kontler_109-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, the king imposed "extraordinary" taxes on the prelates and mortgaged 13 Saxon towns in the Szepesség to Poland in 1412.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He regularly debased coinage which resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Budai_Nagy_Antal_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Budai Nagy Antal Revolt">major rebellion of Hungarian and Romanian peasants in Transylvania</a> in 1437.<sup id="cite_ref-Kontler_109_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kontler_109-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was suppressed by the joint forces of the Hungarian noblemen, Székelys and Transylvanian Saxons who concluded an <a href="/wiki/Unio_Trium_Nationum" title="Unio Trium Nationum">agreement against the rebels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bak_1994,_p._61_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bak_1994,_p._61-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Age_of_the_two_Hunyadis_(1437–1490)"><span id="Age_of_the_two_Hunyadis_.281437.E2.80.931490.29"></span>Age of the two Hunyadis (1437–1490)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Age of the two Hunyadis (1437–1490)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/John_Hunyadi" title="John Hunyadi">John Hunyadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus" title="Matthias Corvinus">Matthias Corvinus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Hungarian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Hungarian Wars">Ottoman–Hungarian Wars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Black_Army_of_Hungary" title="Black Army of Hungary">Black Army of Hungary</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hunedoara_castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hunyadi Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hunedoara_castle.jpg/190px-Hunedoara_castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hunedoara_castle.jpg/285px-Hunedoara_castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hunedoara_castle.jpg/380px-Hunedoara_castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2144" data-file-height="1424" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hunyad_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunyad Castle">Hunyadi Castle</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hunedoara" title="Hunedoara">Vajdahunyad</a> (present-day Hunedoara, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Sigismund, who had no sons, died in late 1437.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Estates</a> elected his son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Albert_II_of_Germany" title="Albert II of Germany">Albert V of Austria</a>, king.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_279_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_279-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albert promised not to make any decisions without consulting the prelates and the lords.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_279_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_279-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died of <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> during an unsuccessful military operation against the Ottomans in 1439.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Albert's widow, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Luxembourg" title="Elizabeth of Luxembourg">Elizabeth of Luxembourg</a>, gave birth to a posthumous son, <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_the_Posthumous" title="Ladislaus the Posthumous">Ladislaus V</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most noblemen preferred a monarch capable to fight.<sup id="cite_ref-Bak_63_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bak_63-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They offered the crown to <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_of_Poland" title="Władysław III of Poland">Władysław III of Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bak_63_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bak_63-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Ladislaus and Władysław were crowned which caused a civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_282_283_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_282_283-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Hunyadi, a talented military leader who supported Władysław, rose to prominence during these fights.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_282_283_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_282_283-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Władysław appointed Hunyadi (together with his close friend, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_%C3%9Ajlaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Újlaki">Nicholas Újlaki</a>) to command the southern defenses in 1441.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_282_283_110-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_282_283-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hunyadi made several raids against the Ottomans.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his "<a href="/wiki/Long_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Long campaign">long campaign</a>" of 1443-1444, the Hungarian forces penetrated as far as <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> within the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Holy See organized a <a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna" title="Crusade of Varna">new crusade</a>, but the Ottomans annihilated the Christian forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Varna" title="Battle of Varna">Battle of Varna</a> in 1444, during which Władysław was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hunyady_J%C3%A1nos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="John Hunyadi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Hunyady_J%C3%A1nos.jpg/190px-Hunyady_J%C3%A1nos.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Hunyady_J%C3%A1nos.jpg/285px-Hunyady_J%C3%A1nos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Hunyady_J%C3%A1nos.jpg/380px-Hunyady_J%C3%A1nos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2205" data-file-height="3762" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Hunyadi" title="John Hunyadi">John Hunyadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regent_of_Hungary" title="Regent of Hungary">Regent-Governor</a> of the Kingdom of Hungary</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matthias_contemporary_Sculpture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Matthias Corvinus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Matthias_contemporary_Sculpture.jpg/190px-Matthias_contemporary_Sculpture.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Matthias_contemporary_Sculpture.jpg/285px-Matthias_contemporary_Sculpture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Matthias_contemporary_Sculpture.jpg/380px-Matthias_contemporary_Sculpture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="791" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus" title="Matthias Corvinus">Matthias the Just</a> at around 50 years old (contemporary sculpture from <a href="/wiki/Buda_Castle" title="Buda Castle">Buda Castle</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Following Władysław's death, the Diet of 1445 acknowledged the infant Ladislaus V as rightful monarch.<sup id="cite_ref-Kontler_116_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kontler_116-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He lived in the court of his relative, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the Estates appointed seven "captains", one of them being Hunyadi, to govern the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Bak_94_67_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bak_94_67-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Diet of 1446 elected Hunyadi sole <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bak_94_67_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bak_94_67-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it was also stipulated that he should convoke the Diet annually.<sup id="cite_ref-Kontler_116_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kontler_116-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Engel_289_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_289-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the Diets, all official documents were issued and even speeches could be made in Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-Bak_93_277_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bak_93_277-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the German-speaking delegates from <a href="/wiki/Pressburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressburg">Pressburg</a> (present-day Bratislava, Slovakia) reported already in 1446 that they could not understand the debates because the noblemen spoke in Hungarian.<sup id="cite_ref-Bak_93_277_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bak_93_277-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large territories remained independent of the central government in Hunyadi's regency.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_289_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_289-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, Frederick III held several towns along the western borders, and a Czech mercenary, <a href="/wiki/John_Jiskra_of_Brand%C3%BDs" title="John Jiskra of Brandýs">John Jiskra of Brandýs</a>, administered many fortresses in the northern regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_289_117-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_289-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even so, Hunyadi was planning to fight against the Ottomans in their own territories.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_291_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_291-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, his new campaign ended with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo_(1448)" title="Battle of Kosovo (1448)">Christian forces' defeat at Kosovo in 1448</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_291_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_291-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ladislaus V's <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Austria" title="Duchy of Austria">Austrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemian</a> subjects forced Emperor Frederick III to hand their young monarch over to his new guardian, <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_II,_Count_of_Celje" title="Ulrich II, Count of Celje">Ulrich II, Count of Celje</a> in 1452.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hunyadi also resigned from the regency, but he continued to administer a significant part of royal revenues and many royal fortresses.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a contemporary proposal for the reform of royal revenues, more than 50 percent thereof (around 120,000 florins) derived from the royal monopoly on salt and a <a href="/wiki/Direct_tax" title="Direct tax">direct tax</a> payable by the peasantry.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a> in 1453 demonstrated the beginning of a new phase of Ottoman expansion under Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In two years, he occupied Serbia and decided to take Belgrade (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Nándorfehérvár</i>), the key fort at Hungary's southern frontier.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defence was organized by John Hunyadi, who was assisted by the <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscan</a> preacher, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Capistrano" title="John of Capistrano">John of Capistrano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_2001,_p._296_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_2001,_p._296-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They mobilized 25-30,000 commoners, cut the Ottomans' supply lines and forced them to withdraw on July 22, 1456.<sup id="cite_ref-Bak_69_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bak_69-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hunyadi died in an epidemic in two weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-Bak_69_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bak_69-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ulrich of Celje ordered Hunyadi's elder son, <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_Hunyadi" title="Ladislaus Hunyadi">Ladislaus</a>, to hand over all royal castles held by his father.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ladislaus Hunyadi pretended to accept the command, but his retinue murdered Ulrich in Belgrade.<sup id="cite_ref-Bak_70_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bak_70-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was arrested in March 1457, along with his younger brother Matthias, and subsequently executed.<sup id="cite_ref-Bak_70_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bak_70-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the execution stirred up the lesser nobility to revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-Bak_70_129-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bak_70-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ladislaus V fled to <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, where he died before the end of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_2001,_p._296_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_2001,_p._296-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Diet was convoked and the assembled noblemen elected Matthias Hunyadi king in 1458.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The young monarch in short time removed the powerful Ladislaus Garay from the office of <a href="/wiki/Palatine_of_Hungary" title="Palatine of Hungary">palatine</a> and his uncle, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Szil%C3%A1gyi" title="Michael Szilágyi">Michael Szilágyi</a>, of the regency.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_299_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_299-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Led by Garay, his opponents offered the crown to Frederick III, but Matthias defeated them and concluded a peace treaty with the emperor in 1464.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_299_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_299-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime, the zone of buffer states along the kingdom's southern frontiers collapsed with the occupation of Serbia and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia" title="Kingdom of Bosnia">Bosnia</a> by the Ottomans.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an immediate consequence, a great number of Serbian refugees settled in the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King Matthias introduced far-reaching fiscal and military reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First of all, peasants were in each year obliged to pay a <a href="/wiki/Lump-sum_tax" title="Lump-sum tax">lump-sum</a> "extraordinary tax",<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often without the consent of the Diet.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional taxes were renamed in order to abolish earlier exemptions (for instance, the "thirtieth" was collected under the name "duty of the Crown" from 1467).<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary estimations suggest that his total yearly income was about 650,000 golden florins.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_311_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_311-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 60 percent of his revenues (about 400,000 florins) derived from the "extraordinary tax", but salt monopoly and coinage still yielded significant income (60-80,000 florins).<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_311_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_311-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_wars_of_Matthias_Corvinus_of_Hungary_(1458-1490).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_wars_of_Matthias_Corvinus_of_Hungary_%281458-1490%29.png/250px-The_wars_of_Matthias_Corvinus_of_Hungary_%281458-1490%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_wars_of_Matthias_Corvinus_of_Hungary_%281458-1490%29.png/375px-The_wars_of_Matthias_Corvinus_of_Hungary_%281458-1490%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_wars_of_Matthias_Corvinus_of_Hungary_%281458-1490%29.png/500px-The_wars_of_Matthias_Corvinus_of_Hungary_%281458-1490%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1707" /></a><figcaption>Campaigns of the "<a href="/wiki/Black_Army_of_Hungary" title="Black Army of Hungary">Black Army of Hungary</a>"</figcaption></figure> <p>Increased royal revenues enabled Matthias to set up and maintain a standing army.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consisting of mainly Czech, German and Hungarian mercenaries, his "<a href="/wiki/Black_Army_of_Hungary" title="Black Army of Hungary">Black Army</a>" was one of the first professional military forces in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matthias strengthened the network of fortresses along the southern frontier,<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he did not pursue his father's offensive anti-Ottoman policy.<sup id="cite_ref-Kontler_1999,_p._125_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kontler_1999,_p._125-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, he <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_War_(1468%E2%80%931478)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohemian War (1468–1478)">launched attacks on Bohemia</a>, Poland, and <a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Austria</a>, arguing that he was trying to forge an alliance strong enough to expel the Ottomans from Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although his war against the "heretic" king of Bohemia, <a href="/wiki/George_of_Pod%C4%9Bbrady" title="George of Poděbrady">George of Poděbrady</a>, was supported by the Holy See,<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this reorientation of the kingdom's foreign policy was unpopular.<sup id="cite_ref-Bak_72_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bak_72-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Led by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Vit%C3%A9z_(bishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="János Vitéz (bishop)">John Vitéz</a>, archbishop of Esztergom, many of Matthias's former supporters rebelled against him in 1471.<sup id="cite_ref-Bak_72_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bak_72-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They offered the throne to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Casimir" title="Saint Casimir">Casimir</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon" title="Casimir IV Jagiellon">Casimir IV of Poland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bak_72_145-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bak_72-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Matthias overcame them without difficulties.<sup id="cite_ref-Kontler_1999,_p._125_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kontler_1999,_p._125-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His war against Bohemia ended with the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Olomouc" title="Peace of Olomouc">Peace of Olomouc</a> of 1478 which confirmed his hold of <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lusatia" title="Lusatia">Lusatia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the next decade, Matthias <a href="/wiki/Austrian-Hungarian_War_(1477%E2%80%931488)" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian-Hungarian War (1477–1488)">waged a war</a> against Emperor Frederick III which enabled him to occupy <a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria">Lower Austria</a> (including Vienna).<sup id="cite_ref-Bak_73_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bak_73-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Matthias rarely convoked a Diet and governed by <a href="/wiki/Royal_decree" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal decree">royal decrees</a> after 1471.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He preferred to employ lesser nobles and even commoners instead of aristocrats in state administration.<sup id="cite_ref-Bak_73_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bak_73-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <i>Decretum Maius</i> of 1486 strengthened the authority of county magistrates by abolishing the palatine's right to convoke judicial assemblies in the counties and by annulling earlier immunities.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bak_74_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bak_74-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King "Matthias the Just" travelling in disguise throughout his realm in order to suppress corruption became a hero of popular folk tales for some years after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-Bak_74_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bak_74-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Matthias's court was "unquestionably among the most brilliant in Europe" (Miklós Molnár).<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His library, the <i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Corviniana" title="Bibliotheca Corviniana">Bibliotheca Corviniana</a></i> with its 2,000 manuscripts, was the second greatest in size among contemporary book-collections.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_319_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_319-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matthias was the first monarch north of the Alps to introduce Italian Renaissance style in his realms.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_319_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_319-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inspired by his second wife, <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Naples" title="Beatrice of Naples">Beatrice of Naples</a>, he had the royal palaces at Buda and <a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d" title="Visegrád">Visegrád</a> rebuilt under the auspices of Italian architects and artists after 1479.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_319_152-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel_319-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline_(1490–1526)"><span id="Decline_.281490.E2.80.931526.29"></span>Decline (1490–1526)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Decline (1490–1526)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungarian_post-Matthias_succession_wars_(1490-94).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Hungarian_post-Matthias_succession_wars_%281490-94%29.jpg/220px-Hungarian_post-Matthias_succession_wars_%281490-94%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Hungarian_post-Matthias_succession_wars_%281490-94%29.jpg/330px-Hungarian_post-Matthias_succession_wars_%281490-94%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Hungarian_post-Matthias_succession_wars_%281490-94%29.jpg/440px-Hungarian_post-Matthias_succession_wars_%281490-94%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1474" /></a><figcaption>Events after the death of King Matthias</figcaption></figure> <p>Matthias' reforms did not survive the turbulent decades that followed his death in 1490. An oligarchy of quarrelsome magnates gained control of Hungary. Not wanting another heavy-handed king, they procured the accession of <a href="/wiki/Vladislaus_II_of_Hungary" title="Vladislaus II of Hungary">Vladislaus II</a>, the king of Bohemia and son of Casimir IV of Poland, precisely because of his notorious weakness: he was known as King Dobže, or Dobzse (meaning "all right"), from his habit of accepting, without question, every petition and document laid before him.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica1_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica1-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vladislaus II donated most of the royal estates, <a href="/wiki/Droit_de_r%C3%A9gale" class="mw-redirect" title="Droit de régale">régales</a> and royalties to the nobility. By this method, the king tried to stabilize his new reign and preserve his popularity amongst the magnates. After the naïve fiscal and land policy of the royal court, the central power began to experience severe financial difficulties, largely due to the enlargement of feudal lands at his expense. The noble estate of the parliament succeeded in reducing the tax burden by 70-80 percent, at the expense of the country's ability to defend itself.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vladislaus II also abolished the taxes that had supported Matthias' mercenary army. As a result, the king's army dispersed just as the Turks were threatening Hungary. The magnates also dismantled Mathias' administration and antagonized the lesser nobles. In 1492 the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Diet">Diet</a> limited the serfs' freedom of movement and expanded their obligations while a large portion of peasants became prosperous because of cattle-export to the West. Rural discontent boiled over in 1514 when well-armed peasants preparing for a crusade against Turks rose up under <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_D%C3%B3zsa" title="György Dózsa">György Dózsa</a>, a borderguard captain, and attacked estates across Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPataki19711152_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPataki19711152-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain1911-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> United by a common threat, the magnates and lesser nobles eventually crushed the rebels. Dózsa and other rebel leaders were brutally executed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain1911-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tripartitum_1574.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Tripartitum_1574.jpg/150px-Tripartitum_1574.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Tripartitum_1574.jpg/225px-Tripartitum_1574.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Tripartitum_1574.jpg/300px-Tripartitum_1574.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>Werbőczy's influential work, the <a href="/wiki/Tripartitum" title="Tripartitum">Tripartitum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Shocked by the peasant revolt, the Diet of 1514 passed laws that condemned the serfs to eternal bondage and increased their work obligations. Corporal punishment became widespread, and one noble even branded his serfs like livestock. The legal scholar <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Werb%C5%91czy" title="István Werbőczy">István Werbőczy</a> included the new laws in his <i>Tripartitum </i>of 1514, which made up the espirit of Hungary's legal corpus until the revolution of 1848. However, the <i>Tripartitum </i>was never used as a code. The <i>Tripartitum </i>gave Hungary's king and nobles, or magnates, equal shares of power: the nobles recognized the king as superior, but in turn the nobles had the power to elect the king. The<i> Tripartitum </i>also freed the nobles from taxation, obligated them to serve in the military only in a defensive war, and made them immune from <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">arbitrary arrest</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When Vladislaus II died in 1516, his ten-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Hungary" title="Louis II of Hungary">Louis II</a> became king, but a royal council appointed by the Diet ruled the country. Hungary was in a state of near anarchy under the magnates' rule. The king's finances were a shambles; he borrowed to meet his household expenses despite the fact that they totaled about one-third of the national income. The country's defenses sagged as border guards went unpaid, fortresses fell into disrepair, and initiatives to increase taxes to reinforce defenses were stifled. In 1521 Sultan <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> recognized Hungary's weakness and seized Belgrade in preparation for an attack on Hungary.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Mohács_(1526)"><span id="Battle_of_Moh.C3.A1cs_.281526.29"></span>Battle of Mohács (1526)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Battle of Mohács (1526)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Battle of Mohács</a></div> <p>Following the fall of Belgrade, Louis II and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Hungary_(governor_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands)">Mary of Habsburg</a>, tried to manage an anti-magnate putsch, but were not successful. In August 1526, the Ottomans under Suleiman appeared in southern Hungary, and he marched nearly 100,000 Turkish-Islamic troops into Hungary's heartland. The Hungarian army, numbering around 26,000, met the Turks at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Mohács</a>. Though the Hungarian troops were well-equipped and well-trained, they lacked a good military leader, while reinforcements from Croatia and Transylvania did not arrive in time. They were utterly defeated, with up to 20,000 killed on the field, while Louis himself died when he fell from his horse into a bog.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson201175_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson201175-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partitioning_(1526–1541)"><span id="Partitioning_.281526.E2.80.931541.29"></span>Partitioning (1526–1541)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Partitioning (1526–1541)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Louis's death, the rival factions of Hungarian nobles simultaneously elected two kings, <a href="/wiki/John_Z%C3%A1polya" title="John Zápolya">John Zápolya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand</a> of Habsburg. Each claimed sovereignty over the entire country but lacked sufficient forces to eliminate his rival. Zápolya, a Hungarian who was military governor of Transylvania, was recognized by Sultan Suleiman and was supported mostly by lesser nobles opposed to new foreign kings. Zápolya's <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hungarian_Kingdom" title="Eastern Hungarian Kingdom">realm</a> also became an Ottoman vassal in 1529 when he swore fealty to Suleiman. Ferdinand drew support from magnates in western Hungary who hoped he could convince his brother, Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>, to expel the Turks. In 1538 <a href="/wiki/George_Martinuzzi" title="George Martinuzzi">George Martinuzzi</a>, Zápolya's adviser, arranged an agreement between the rivals, known as the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nagyv%C3%A1rad" title="Treaty of Nagyvárad">Treaty of Nagyvárad</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that would have made Ferdinand sole monarch upon the death of the then-childless Zápolya. The agreement failed when, just before his death in 1540, Zápolya married and fathered a son, <a href="/wiki/John_Sigismund_Z%C3%A1polya" title="John Sigismund Zápolya">John Sigismund Zápolya</a>. Violence erupted, and the Turks seized the opportunity, conquering the city of Buda and then partitioning the country in 1541. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/28px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/42px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG 1.5x, 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href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The last pagan <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a> were definitely <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">christianized</a> in the <a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th century</a>, mostly by conversion to <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKulcsár2019" class="citation web cs1">Kulcsár, Krisztina (13 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mnl.gov.hu/mnl/ol/hirek/a_magyar_nyelv_hivatalossa_tetelerol_rendelkezo_torveny_1844">"A magyar nyelv hivatalossá tételéről rendelkező törvény, 1844 (Act on the officialization of the Hungarian language, 1844)"</a>. <i>Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár (National Archives of Hungary)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Magyar+Nemzeti+Lev%C3%A9lt%C3%A1r+%28National+Archives+of+Hungary%29&rft.atitle=A+magyar+nyelv+hivataloss%C3%A1+t%C3%A9tel%C3%A9r%C5%91l+rendelkez%C5%91+t%C3%B6rv%C3%A9ny%2C+1844+%28Act+on+the+officialization+of+the+Hungarian+language%2C+1844%29&rft.date=2019-11-13&rft.aulast=Kulcs%C3%A1r&rft.aufirst=Krisztina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmnl.gov.hu%2Fmnl%2Fol%2Fhirek%2Fa_magyar_nyelv_hivatalossa_tetelerol_rendelkezo_torveny_1844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary+%281301%E2%80%931526%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Farbaky,_Louis_A._Waldman2011" class="citation book cs1">Peter Farbaky, Louis A. Waldman (7 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030172610/https://books.google.com/books?id=urT_tgAACAAJ&q=Italy+and+Hungary%22+in+the+Renaissance"><i>Italy & Hungary: Humanism and Art in the Early Renaissance</i></a>. Harvard University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=urT_tgAACAAJ&q=Italy+and+Hungary%22+in+the+Renaissance">the original</a> on 30 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italy+%26+Hungary%3A+Humanism+and+Art+in+the+Early+Renaissance&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011-11-07&rft.au=Peter+Farbaky%2C+Louis+A.+Waldman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DurT_tgAACAAJ%26q%3DItaly%2Band%2BHungary%2522%2Bin%2Bthe%2BRenaissance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary+%281301%E2%80%931526%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/issuedetails.aspx?issueid=58576a72-3bb3-47bf-b159-23daa7dc1cd2&articleId=07451a0b-fbed-4269-a7cb-3883dfa477b5">Márta Font - Ugarsko Kraljevstvo i Hrvatska u srednjem vijeku (Hungarian Kingdom and Croatia in the Middle Ages)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801040147/https://www.ceeol.com/aspx/issuedetails.aspx?issueid=58576a72-3bb3-47bf-b159-23daa7dc1cd2&articleId=07451a0b-fbed-4269-a7cb-3883dfa477b5">Archived</a> 2017-08-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 8-9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HR-HU-Heka-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HR-HU-Heka_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadislav_Heka2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ladislav Heka (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=68144">"Hrvatsko-ugarski odnosi od sredinjega vijeka do nagodbe iz 1868. s posebnim osvrtom na pitanja Slavonije"</a> [Croatian-Hungarian relations from the Middle Ages to the Compromise of 1868, with a special survey of the Slavonian issue]. <i>Scrinia Slavonica</i> (in Croatian). <b>8</b> (1). Hrvatski institut za povijest – Podružnica za povijest Slavonije, Srijema i Baranje: 152–173. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1332-4853">1332-4853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scrinia+Slavonica&rft.atitle=Hrvatsko-ugarski+odnosi+od+sredinjega+vijeka+do+nagodbe+iz+1868.+s+posebnim+osvrtom+na+pitanja+Slavonije&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=152-173&rft.date=2008-10&rft.issn=1332-4853&rft.au=Ladislav+Heka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Findex.php%3Fshow%3Dclanak%26id_clanak_jezik%3D68144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary+%281301%E2%80%931526%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bak 1993, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFukuyama2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama, Francis</a> (February 6, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/fukuyama/2012/02/06/whats-wrong-with-hungary/">"What's Wrong with Hungary"</a>. <i>Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law (blog)</i>. The American Interest.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Democracy%2C+Development%2C+and+the+Rule+of+Law+%28blog%29&rft.atitle=What%27s+Wrong+with+Hungary&rft.date=2012-02-06&rft.aulast=Fukuyama&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.the-american-interest.com%2Ffukuyama%2F2012%2F02%2F06%2Fwhats-wrong-with-hungary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary+%281301%E2%80%931526%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kontler_84-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kontler_84_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kontler_84_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kontler 1999, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 111., 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Makkai 1994, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirschbaum 2005, pp. 44-45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kontler_87-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kontler_87_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kontler_87_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kontler 1999, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engel_129-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Engel_129_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Makkai 1994, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kontler_88-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kontler_88_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kontler_88_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kontler_88_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kontler 1999, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Makkai 1994, pp. 37-38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engel_140-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_140_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_140_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Molnár 2001, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kontler_89-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kontler_89_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kontler_89_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kontler 1999, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rady 2000, pp. 107-109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, pp. 192-193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kontler_90-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kontler_90_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kontler_90_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kontler_90_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kontler 1999, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, pp. 155-156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bak 1994, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sedlar 1994, p. 346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sedlar_348-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sedlar_348_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sedlar_348_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sedlar 1994, p. 348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, pp. 159-160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Molnár 2001, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Molnár 2001, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kontler 1999, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engel_161-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Engel_161_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, pp. 269-270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kontler 1999, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kontler_98-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kontler_98_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kontler 1999, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rady 2000, pp. 57-58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bak_93_277-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bak_93_277_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bak_93_277_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bak_93_277_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bak 1993, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirschbaum_46-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kirschbaum_46_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirschbaum_46_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirschbaum 2005, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Georgescu_18-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Georgescu_18_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Georgescu_18_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Georgescu 1991, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldstein 1999, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, pp. 162-165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engel_165-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_165_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_165_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_165_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_165_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, pp. 165-166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Molnár 2001, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, pp. 172-173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kontler_99-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kontler_99_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kontler_99_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kontler 1999, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, pp. 147-148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kontler 1999, pp. 99-100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sedlar 1994, p. 472.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kontler_101-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kontler_101_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kontler_101_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kontler_101_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kontler_101_64-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kontler 1999, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bak 1994, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fine 1994, p. 397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kontler 1999, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, pp. 199-201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fine 1994, p. 398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engel_201-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Engel_201_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fine 1994, p. 412.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kontler 1999, pp. 102-103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fine 1994, p. 424.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kontler_104-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kontler_104_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kontler_104_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kontler 1999, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sedlar_167-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sedlar_167_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sedlar_167_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sedlar 1994, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engel_219-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_219_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_219_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirschbaum 2005, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engel_206-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_206_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_206_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Molnár_56-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Molnár_56_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Molnár_56_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Molnár 2001, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kontler_106-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kontler_106_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kontler_106_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kontler 1999, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engel_214-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_214_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_214_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Molnár 2001, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kontler_105-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kontler_105_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kontler_105_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kontler 1999, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldstein 1999, p. 29-30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fine 1994, pp. 489-490.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bak_1994,_p._61-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bak_1994,_p._61_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bak_1994,_p._61_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bak 1994, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, pp. 232-234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engel_237-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_237_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_237_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_237_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_237_93-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crowe 2007, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kontler_111-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kontler_111_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kontler 1999, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spiesz <i>et al</i> 2006, pp. 52-53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bak_94_60-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bak_94_60_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bak_94_60_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bak_94_60_98-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bak 1994, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engel_241-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_241_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_241_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_241_99-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kontler 1999, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kontler_109-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kontler_109_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kontler_109_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kontler 1999, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, pp. 227-228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georgescu 1991, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georgescu 1991, pp. 31., 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bak 1994, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engel_279-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_279_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_279_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kontler 1999, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, pp. 279-280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bak_63-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bak_63_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bak_63_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bak 1994, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engel_282_283-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_282_283_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_282_283_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_282_283_110-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, pp. 282-283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, pp. 284-285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kontler 1999, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, pp. 286-287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kontler_116-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kontler_116_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kontler_116_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kontler 1999, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bak_94_67-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bak_94_67_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bak_94_67_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bak 1994, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engel_289-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_289_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_289_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_289_117-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spiesz <i>et al</i> 2006, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engel_291-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_291_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_291_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kontler 1999, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bak 1994, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fine 1991, pp. 568-569.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sedlar 1994, p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engel_2001,_p._296-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_2001,_p._296_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_2001,_p._296_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bak_69-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bak_69_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bak_69_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bak 1994, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kontler 1999, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bak_70-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bak_70_129-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bak_70_129-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bak_70_129-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bak 1994, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engel_299-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_299_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_299_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, pp. 300-301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fine 1994, p. 576.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kontler 1999, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, pp. 310-311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kontler 1999, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bak 1994, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engel_311-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_311_138-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_311_138-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sedlar 1994, pp. 225., 238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, pp. 308-309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kontler_1999,_p._125-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kontler_1999,_p._125_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kontler_1999,_p._125_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kontler 1999, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kontler 1999, pp. 123-125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, pp. 303-304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bak_72-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bak_72_145-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bak_72_145-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bak_72_145-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bak 1994, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bak 1994, pp. 72-73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bak_73-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bak_73_147-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bak_73_147-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bak 1994, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sedlar 1994, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bak_74-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bak_74_150-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bak_74_150-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bak 1994, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Molnár 2001, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engel_319-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_319_152-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_319_152-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_319_152-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel 2001, p. 319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica1-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica1_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/276730/Hungary#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=Hungary%20--%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopedia">"Hungary—Britannica Online Encyclopedia"</a>. Britannica.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hungary%E2%80%94Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Britannica.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F276730%2FHungary%23tab%3Dactive~checked%252Citems~checked%26title%3DHungary%2520--%2520Britannica%2520Online%2520Encyclopedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary+%281301%E2%80%931526%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis Fukuyama: Origins of Political Order: From Pre-Human Times to the French Revolution</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPataki19711152-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPataki19711152_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPataki1971">Pataki 1971</a>, p. 1152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain1911-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911_156-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911_156-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBain1911">Bain 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100412180514/http://www.walkinhungary.com/history.html">"A brief history of Hungary"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walkinhungary.com/history.html">the original</a> on 12 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+brief+history+of+Hungary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walkinhungary.com%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary+%281301%E2%80%931526%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson201175-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson201175_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson2011">Johnson 2011</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">István Keul, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5J09mqMWiogC&dq=1538+Eastern+Hungarian+kingdom&pg=PA40">Early modern religious communities in East-Central Europe: ethnic diversity, denominational plurality, and corporative politics in the principality of Transylvania (1526–1691)</a>, BRILL, 2009, p. 40</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><i>Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians</i> (Edited, Translated and Annotated by Martyn Rady and László Veszprémy) (2010). In: Rady, Martyn; Veszprémy, László; Bak, János M. (2010); <i>Anonymus and Master Roger</i>; CEU Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9639776951" title="Special:BookSources/978-9639776951">978-9639776951</a>.</li> <li><i>Master Roger's Epistle to the Sorrowful Lament upon the Destruction of the Kingdom of Hungary by the Tatars</i> (Translated and Annotated by János M. Bak and Martyn Rady) (2010). In: Rady, Martyn; Veszprémy, László; Bak, János M. (2010); <i>Anonymus and Master Roger</i>; CEU Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9639776951" title="Special:BookSources/978-9639776951">978-9639776951</a>.</li> <li><i>The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa by Otto of Freising and his continuator, Rahewin</i> (Translated and annotated with an introduction by Charles Christopher Mierow, with the collaboration of Richard Emery) (1953). Columbia University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-13419-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-13419-3">0-231-13419-3</a>.</li> <li><i>The Laws of the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary, 1000–1301</i> (Translated and Edited by János M. Bak, György Bónis, James Ross Sweeney with an essay on previous editions by Andor Czizmadia, Second revised edition, In collaboration with Leslie S. Domonkos) (1999). Charles Schlacks, Jr. Publishers.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em"> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBain1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Dozsa,_Gy%C3%B6rgy" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Dozsa, György">Dozsa, György</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 462.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dozsa%2C+Gy%C3%B6rgy&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=462&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Bain&rft.aufirst=Robert+Nisbet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary+%281301%E2%80%931526%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bak, János M. (1993). <i>"Linguistic pluralism" in Medieval Hungary</i>. In: <i>The Culture of Christendom: Essays in Medieval History in Memory of Denis L. T. Bethel</i> (Edited by Marc A. Meyer); The Hambledon Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85285-064-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85285-064-7">1-85285-064-7</a>.</li> <li>Bak, János (1994). <i>The late medieval period, 1382–1526</i>. In: Sugár, Peter F. (General Editor); Hanák, Péter (Associate Editor); Frank, Tibor (Editorial Assistant); <i>A History of Hungary</i>; Indiana University Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-20867-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-20867-X">0-253-20867-X</a>.</li> <li>Berend, Nora (2006). <i>At the Gate of Christendom: Jews, Muslims and "Pagans" in Medieval Hungary,</i> c. <i>1000</i>–c. <i>1300</i>. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02720-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02720-5">978-0-521-02720-5</a>.</li> <li>Crowe, David M. (2007). <i>A History of the Gypsies of Eastern Europe and Russia</i>. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-8009-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-8009-0">978-1-4039-8009-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurta2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Florin_Curta" title="Florin Curta">Curta, Florin</a> (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt"><i>Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81539-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81539-0"><bdi>978-0-521-81539-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeastern+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages%2C+500%E2%80%931250&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81539-0&rft.aulast=Curta&rft.aufirst=Florin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoutheasterneuro0000curt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary+%281301%E2%80%931526%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Engel, Pál (2001). <i>The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526</i>. I.B. Tauris Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-061-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-061-3">1-86064-061-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr." title="John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.">Fine, John V. A. Jr.</a> (1991) [1983]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C"><i>The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century</i></a>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08149-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-08149-7"><bdi>0-472-08149-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Medieval+Balkans%3A+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Sixth+to+the+Late+Twelfth+Century&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-472-08149-7&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+V.+A.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY0NBxG9Id58C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary+%281301%E2%80%931526%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr." title="John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.">Fine, John V. A. Jr.</a> (1994) [1987]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC"><i>The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest</i></a>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08260-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-08260-4"><bdi>0-472-08260-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Late+Medieval+Balkans%3A+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Late+Twelfth+Century+to+the+Ottoman+Conquest&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-472-08260-4&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+V.+A.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLvVbRrH1QBgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary+%281301%E2%80%931526%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Georgescu, Vlad (1991). <i>The Romanians: A History</i>. Ohio State University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8142-0511-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8142-0511-9">0-8142-0511-9</a>.</li> <li>Goldstein, Ivo (1999). <i>Croatia: A History</i> (Translated from the Croatian by Nikolina Jovanović). McGill-Queen's University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2017-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2017-2">978-0-7735-2017-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2011" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Lonnie (2011). <i>Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+Europe%3A+Enemies%2C+Neighbors%2C+Friends&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Lonnie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary+%281301%E2%80%931526%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. (2005). <i>A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival</i>. Palgrave. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-6929-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-6929-9">1-4039-6929-9</a>.</li> <li>Kontler, László (1999). <i>Millennium in Central Europe: A History of Hungary</i>. Atlantisz Publishing House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9165-37-9" title="Special:BookSources/963-9165-37-9">963-9165-37-9</a>.</li> <li>Makkai, László (1994). <i>The Hungarians' prehistory, their conquest of Hungary and their raids to the West to 955</i> and <i>The foundation of the Hungarian Christian state, 950–1196</i>. In: Sugár, Peter F. (General Editor); Hanák, Péter (Associate Editor); Frank, Tibor (Editorial Assistant); <i>A History of Hungary</i>; Indiana University Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-20867-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-20867-X">0-253-20867-X</a>.</li> <li>Molnár, Miklós (2001). <i>A Concise History of Hungary</i>. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66736-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66736-4">978-0-521-66736-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPataki1971" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pataki, József (August 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epa.oszk.hu/00400/00458/00410/pdf/Korunk_EPA00458_1971_08_1147-1155.pdf">"Dózsa György életútjáról"</a> [On the Life Journey of György Dózsa] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Korunk</i> (in Hungarian). <b>30</b> (8): 1147–1155 – via EPA OSZK.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korunk&rft.atitle=D%C3%B3zsa+Gy%C3%B6rgy+%C3%A9let%C3%BAtj%C3%A1r%C3%B3l&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1147-1155&rft.date=1971-08&rft.aulast=Pataki&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B3zsef&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepa.oszk.hu%2F00400%2F00458%2F00410%2Fpdf%2FKorunk_EPA00458_1971_08_1147-1155.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary+%281301%E2%80%931526%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rady, Martyn (2000). <i>Nobility, Land and Service in Medieval Hungary</i>. Palgrave (in association with School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-80085-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-80085-0">0-333-80085-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReuter2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Reuter" title="Timothy Reuter">Reuter, Timothy</a>, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521364478"><i>The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 3, c.900–c.1024</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13905572-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13905572-7"><bdi>978-1-13905572-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History%2C+Volume+3%2C+c.900%E2%80%93c.1024&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-13905572-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521364478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hungary+%281301%E2%80%931526%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sedlar, Jean W. (1994). <i>East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500</i>. University of Washington Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-97290-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-97290-4">0-295-97290-4</a>.</li> <li>Spiesz, Anton; Caplovic, Dusan; Bolchazy, Ladislaus J. (2006). <i>Illustrated Slovak History: A Struggle for Sovereignty in Central Europe</i>. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86516-426-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86516-426-0">978-0-86516-426-0</a>.</li> <li>Spinei, Victor (2003). <i>The Great Migrations in the East and South East of Europe from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Century</i> (Translated by Dana Bădulescu). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-85894-5-2" title="Special:BookSources/973-85894-5-2">973-85894-5-2</a>.</li> <li>Zupka, Dušan (2014). <i>Urban Rituals and Literacy in the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary.</i> In: Using the Written Word in Medieval Towns: Varieties of Medieval Urban Literacy II. ed. Marco Mostert and Anna Adamska. Utrecht Studies in Medieval Literacy 28. Turhnout, Brepols, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-54960-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-54960-6">978-2-503-54960-6</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hungary_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hungary_topics" title="Template:Hungary topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hungary_topics" title="Template talk:Hungary topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hungary_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hungary topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hungary_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Hungary-related_articles" title="Index of Hungary-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_prehistory" title="Hungarian prehistory">Hungarian prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">High Medieval Kingdom</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Late Medieval Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Hungarian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Hungarian wars">Ottoman–Hungarian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Habsburg Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">Rákóczi's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_I" title="Hungary in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Interwar Kingdom of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hungarian_Republic" title="Second Hungarian Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary#Third_Republic_(since_1989)" title="History of Hungary">Third Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Hungary" title="History of Christianity in Hungary">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary#History_of_the_Hungarian_economy" title="Economy of Hungary">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Hungary" title="Military history of Hungary">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Hungary" title="List of wars involving Hungary">List of wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_monarchs" title="List of Hungarian monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary" title="Holy Crown of Hungary">Holy Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_of_Hungary" title="Regent of Hungary">Regent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nobility" title="Hungarian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hungary" title="Flag of Hungary">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary" title="Coat of arms of Hungary">Coat of arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hungary" title="Geography of Hungary">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Hungary" title="Administrative divisions of Hungary">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Hungary" title="Counties of Hungary">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_of_Hungary" title="List of cities and towns of Hungary">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Hungary" title="Climate of Hungary">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hungary#Extreme_points" title="Geography of Hungary">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_Hungary" title="Category:Geology of Hungary">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology_of_Hungary" title="Hydrology of Hungary">Hydrology</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Hungary" title="List of islands of Hungary">Islands</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Hungary" title="List of lakes of Hungary">Lakes</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Hungary" title="List of rivers of Hungary">Rivers</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Hungary" title="Category:Mountain ranges of Hungary">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Hungary" title="List of national parks of Hungary">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Hungary" title="List of regions of Hungary">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hungary" title="Politics of Hungary">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hungary" title="Government of Hungary">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Hungary" title="Constitution of Hungary">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hungary" title="Elections in Hungary">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Hungary" title="Foreign relations of Hungary">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Hungary" title="Human rights in Hungary">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_intelligence_agencies" title="Category:Hungarian intelligence agencies">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_of_Hungary" title="Category:Law of Hungary">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Hungary" title="Law enforcement in Hungary">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Defence_Forces" title="Hungarian Defence Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_General_Staff_(Hungary)" title="Chief of General Staff (Hungary)">Chief of General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nationality_law" title="Hungarian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Hungary)" title="National Assembly (Hungary)">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_National_Assembly_(Hungary)" title="List of speakers of the National Assembly (Hungary)">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Hungary" title="List of political parties in Hungary">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Hungary" title="President of Hungary">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Hungary" title="List of heads of state of Hungary"><span style="font-size:85%;">list</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Hungary" title="Prime Minister of Hungary">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Hungary" title="List of prime ministers of Hungary"><span style="font-size:85%;">list</span></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary" title="Economy of Hungary">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary#Agriculture" title="Economy of Hungary">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Hungary" title="List of banks in Hungary">Banks</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Bank" title="Hungarian National Bank">Hungarian National Bank</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Hungary" title="List of companies of Hungary">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Hungary" title="Energy in Hungary">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_forint" title="Hungarian forint">Forint </a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary#Industry" title="Economy of Hungary">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Hungary" title="Science and technology in Hungary">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Stock_Exchange" title="Budapest Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Hungary" title="Taxation in Hungary">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Hungary" title="Telecommunications in Hungary">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Hungary" title="Tourism in Hungary">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trade_unions_in_Hungary" title="Category:Trade unions in Hungary">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Hungary" title="Transport in Hungary">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_Hungary" title="Unemployment in Hungary">Unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Hungary" title="Category:Society of Hungary">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Anti-Hungarian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Hungary" title="Crime in Hungary">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hungary" title="Demographics of Hungary">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hungary" title="Education in Hungary">Education</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Hungary" title="List of universities and colleges in Hungary">Universities and colleges</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_policy_in_Hungary" title="Family policy in Hungary">Family policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Hungary" title="Health in Hungary">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Hungary" title="Healthcare in Hungary">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Hungary" title="Human trafficking in Hungary">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_diaspora" title="Hungarian diaspora">Hungarian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_irredentism" title="Hungarian irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Hungary" title="International rankings of Hungary">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hungary" title="Languages of Hungary">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Hungary">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Hungary" title="Prostitution in Hungary">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Hungary" title="Public holidays in Hungary">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hungary" title="Women in Hungary">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hungary" title="Culture of Hungary">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Hungary" title="Architecture of Hungary">Architecture</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Hungary" title="List of castles in Hungary">Castles</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="List of palaces in Hungary">Palaces and mansions</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_art" title="Hungarian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hungary" title="Cinema of Hungary">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_wine" title="Hungarian wine">Wine</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Hungary" title="Beer in Hungary">Beer</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_dishes" title="List of Hungarian dishes">Dishes</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_sausages" title="Hungarian sausages">Sausages</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Fashion_Week" title="Budapest Fashion Week">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Hungary" title="Category:Festivals in Hungary">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_folklore" title="Category:Hungarian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_inventions" title="Category:Hungarian inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_literature" title="Hungarian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Hungary">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hungary" title="Music of Hungary">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_names" title="Hungarian names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hungary#Spa_culture" title="Culture of Hungary">Spa culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_at_the_Olympics" title="Hungary at the Olympics">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Hungary" title="National symbols of Hungary">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Hungary" title="Television in Hungary">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Hungary" title="List of theatres in Hungary">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Hungary" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Hungary">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hungary" title="Outline of Hungary">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Hungary-related_articles" title="Index of Hungary-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungary" title="Category:Hungary">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hungary" title="Portal:Hungary">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Middle_Ages_by_region" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_Ages_by_region" title="Template:Middle Ages by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_Ages_by_region" title="Template talk:Middle Ages by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_Ages_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle Ages by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Middle_Ages_by_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Middle_Ages_by_country" title="Category:Middle Ages by country">European Middle Ages by region</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval<br />histories of<br />current<br />political units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western and<br />Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Corsica" title="Medieval Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Denmark#Middle_Ages" title="History of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="England in the Middle Ages">England</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Early</a>, <a href="/wiki/England_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="England in the High Middle Ages">High</a>, <a href="/wiki/England_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="England in the Late Middle Ages">Late</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany#Middle_Ages" title="History of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(400%E2%80%93800)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (400–800)">400–800</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(800%E2%80%931169)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (800–1169)">800–1169</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1169%E2%80%931536)" title="History of Ireland (1169–1536)">1169–1536</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Middle Ages">Scotland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Early Middle Ages">Early</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the High Middle Ages">High</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Late Middle Ages">Late</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(800%E2%80%931521)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sweden (800–1521)">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the Middle Ages">Wales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the Early Middle Ages">Early</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the High Middle Ages">High</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the Late Middle Ages">Late</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central, Eastern Europe<br />and Near East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Albania in the Middle Ages">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Armenia" title="Medieval Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Middle Ages">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925%E2%80%931102)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(Middle_Ages)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (Middle Ages)">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li>Greece (<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Ottoman</a>)</li> <li>Hungary (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">High Medieval Kingdom</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Late Medieval Kingdom</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Piast_dynasty" title="History of Poland during the Piast dynasty">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Romania in the Middle Ages">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Serbia in the Middle Ages">Serbia</a></li> <li>Anatolia (<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Byzantine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_R%C3%BBm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Rûm">Rum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Anatolia">Ottoman</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval<br />territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western and<br />Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Kingdom of Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy">Swiss Confederacy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Duchy of Burgundy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Kingdom of Asturias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Kingdom of León</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Kingdom of Castile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Kingdom of Galicia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Kingdom of Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Principality of Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Kingdom of Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Kingdom of Majorca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Navarre</a></li> <li>Portugal (<a href="/wiki/County_of_Portugal" title="County of Portugal">County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphate of Córdoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taifa" title="Taifa">Taifa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_Kingdom_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary Kingdom of Norway">Hereditary Kingdom of Norway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central, Eastern Europe<br />and Near East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li>Croatia (<a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Croatia" title="Duchy of Croatia">Dalmatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pannonian_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Pannonian Croatia">Pannonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925%E2%80%931102)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)">Kingdom of Croatia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader states</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Antioch</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Edessa" title="County of Edessa">Edessa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>)</li> <li>Bosnia and Herzegovina (<a href="/wiki/Banate_of_Bosnia" title="Banate of Bosnia">Banate of Bosnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia" title="Kingdom of Bosnia">Kingdom of Bosnia</a>)</li> <li>Ukraine (<a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Rus'">Kingdom of Rus'</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Chernigov" title="Principality of Chernigov">Principality of Chernigov</a>)</li> <li>Russia (<a href="/wiki/Rus%27_Khaganate" title="Rus' Khaganate">Rus' Khaganate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Ryazan" title="Principality of Ryazan">Ryazan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="Principality of Moscow">Moscow</a>)</li> <li>Serbia (<a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia_(early_medieval)" title="Principality of Serbia (early medieval)">Principality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Principality_of_Serbia" title="Grand Principality of Serbia">Grand Principality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)">Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Serbia" title="Moravian Serbia">Lordship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Despotate" title="Serbian Despotate">Despotate</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Middle_Ages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_Ages" title="Template:Middle Ages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Middle Ages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_Ages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle Ages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Middle_Ages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">European Middle Ages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">Decline of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">Barbarian kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Decline of Hellenistic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Rise of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925%E2%80%931102)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)">Kingdom of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Rise of the Venetian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitas_Schinesghe" title="Civitas Schinesghe">Civitas Schinesghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Rise of the Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capet%E2%80%93Plantagenet_feud" class="mw-redirect" title="Capet–Plantagenet feud">Capet–Plantagenet feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Warm_Period" title="Medieval Warm Period">Medieval Warm Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_mercenaries" title="Swiss mercenaries">Swiss mercenaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_late_Middle_Ages" title="Crisis of the late Middle Ages">Crisis of the late Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1315%E2%80%931317" title="Great Famine of 1315–1317">Great Famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_architecture" title="Medieval architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_and_state_in_medieval_Europe" title="Church and state in medieval Europe">Church and State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_dance" title="Medieval dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_demography" title="Medieval demography">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastilude" title="Hastilude">Hastilude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_household" title="Medieval household">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_hunting" title="Medieval hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_popular_culture" title="Middle Ages in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itinerant_court" title="Itinerant court">Itinerant court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_medicine_of_Western_Europe" title="Medieval medicine of Western Europe">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minstrel" title="Minstrel">Minstrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_poetry" title="Medieval poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_science_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="European science in the Middle Ages">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_technology" title="Medieval technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_theatre" title="Medieval theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Women in the Middle Ages">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Disability in the Middle Ages">Disability in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Middle_Ages" title="Outline of the Middle Ages">Basic topics list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_land_terms" title="List of medieval land terms">Land terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_reenactment" title="Medieval reenactment">Medieval reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_studies" title="Medieval studies">Medieval studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_common_misconceptions_about_the_Middle_Ages" title="List of common misconceptions about the Middle Ages">Misconceptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_post-classical_history" title="Timeline of post-classical history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_the_Middle_Ages" 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