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} }) </script> </div> </form> </fieldset> <article class="entryArticle content STeditorial"> <header class="entryHeader icon-community"> <h1 class="entryTitle">Fandom </h1> </header><p class='tagLine'>Entry updated 3 February 2025. Tagged: Community, Fan.</p><div class="browsingBtns"> <span> <input class="button PNI previous" type="button" onclick="window.location.href='/next.php?id=p&entry=fandom'" value="Prev" /> </span> <span> <input class="button PNI next" type="button" onclick="window.location.href='/next.php?&entry=fandom'" value="Next" /> </span> <span> <input class="button PNI incoming" type="button" onclick="window.location.href='/incoming.php?entry=fandom'" value="About This Entry" title="What links to the entry; contributor initials explained; how to cite; other information" /> </span> </div><p style='float:right; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:10px; position: relative; top: 3px;'> <a href='/gallery.php?id=WillisW-Fanorama.jpg' target='_blank'> <img src='https://x.sf-encyclopedia.com/gal/thumbs/WillisW-Fanorama.jpg' alt='pic'></a></p> <p>The active readership of sf and fantasy, maintaining contacts through <a href="/entry/fanzine">Fanzines</a> and <a href="/entry/conventions">Conventions</a>. Fandom originated in the late 1920s, shortly after the appearance of the first <a href="/entry/sf_magazines">SF Magazines</a>. Readers contacted each other, formed local groups (some of which, notably the <a href="/entry/science_fiction_league">Science Fiction League</a>, were professionally sponsored), and soon began publication of <a href="/entry/apa">APAS</a> and other amateur magazines, which came to be known collectively as fanzines. The first recorded fan club meeting was that of the New York Scienceers on 11 December 1929. The first organized convention was held in Leeds, UK, on 3 January 1937 and the first World SF Convention or <a href="/entry/worldcon">Worldcon</a> in New York in 1939 (although it actually took its name from the holding in that year of the World's Fair in New York). From the 1920s to the 1950s, when sf was a minority interest, the number of people in fandom was small, probably no more than 500 at any one time. Since the 1960s, however, the number has steadily increased to over 10,000 – though this figure, of course, represents no more than a tiny fraction of the wider sf readership. Fandom is, like <a href="/entry/genre_sf">Genre SF</a>, primarily a US phenomenon, though other English-speaking countries quickly adopted the concept. Continental Europe, <a href="/entry/japan">Japan</a> and elsewhere followed much later; but increasing translation of and interest in sf has now spread fandom to some 30 countries, from <a href="/entry/mexico">Mexico</a> to <a href="/entry/norway">Norway</a>. It is made up of both readers and writers of sf; many authors started as fans and many fans have written sf, so there is no absolute distinction between the two groups. Fans themselves were traditionally young and male with higher education and a scientific or technical background, but exceptions were numerous and the stereotype has become less pronounced, although fandom and "geek culture" still have much overlap. Many more women entered fandom in the 1970s and all subsequent decades.</p> <p>Fandom is not a normal hobbyist group. It has been suggested that, if sf ceased to exist, fandom would continue to function quite happily without it. That is an exaggeration; but it indicates the difference between sf fans and ostensibly similar groups devoted to <a href="/entry/westerns">Westerns</a>, romances, detective fiction, etc. The reason may lie in the fact that sf is a speculative literature and consequently attractive to readers actively interested in new ideas and concepts, in addition to those idly seeking entertainment. Early fans took part in rocketry, radical politics and quasi-utopian experiments; later fans seem to find <a href="/entry/fanzine">Fanzines</a> (and their online equivalents and successors), <a href="/entry/conventions">Conventions</a> and the interaction of fandom itself a sufficient outlet for their energies and ideas. Though fandom has a tradition and history, even a <a href="/entry/fan_language">Fan Language</a>, fans are notably independent; relatively few belong to national organizations such as the <a href="/entry/n3f">N3F</a> or the <a href="/entry/british_science_fiction_association">British Science Fiction Association</a>, and many publish individual and independent fanzines, a fact that at least one outside sociologist – Fredric <a href="/entry/wertham_fredric">Wertham</a> in <i>The World of Fanzines</i> (<b>1973</b>) – has found remarkable and even "unique".</p> <p>There is a fannish word "fiawol", an acronym for "fandom is a way of life": the joke is not altogether untrue. Just as sf is unrestricted in the scope of its interests, so too are fans and fandom. Fandom is thus a collection of people with a common background in sf and a common interest in communication, whether through discussion, chatter, correspondence, fanzine publishing or (increasingly) online mailing lists and social networks. The result is more nearly a group of friends, or even a subculture, than a simple fan club or a literary society. At its best it is a group that refuses to take itself too seriously, as indicated by the counter-acronym "fijagh" – "fandom is just a goddamn hobby".</p> <p>There have always been divergent interest groups within fandom, and during the 1980s these tended to split more obviously. The most basic division, perhaps, is between those fans whose main love is written sf and the so-called media fans, who prefer sf in such forms as <a href="/entry/cinema">Cinema</a>, <a href="/entry/television">Television</a> or <a href="/entry/comics">Comics</a>. Even among fans of written sf, fanzine fans and convention fans have become separate groups, though there is substantial overlap; comics fans have their own conventions, and there are other special-interest groups in media fandom who may be primarily interested in, for example, <a href="/entry/star_trek">Star Trek</a> (the "Trekkers" or – though this term is regarded as derogatory – "Trekkies"), <a href="/entry/star_wars_franchise">Star Wars</a> or <a href="/entry/doctor_who">Doctor Who</a>. There is an extensive <a href="/entry/games">Games</a> fandom, with a particular interest in <a href="/entry/role_playing_game">Role Playing Games</a> and <a href="/entry/collectible_card_game">Collectible Card Games</a>. Further subgroups include costume or cosplay fandom, with an emphasis on clothing; anthropomorphic or "furry" fandom, developed from the comics and fanzine-art tradition of humanized or human-hybrid animals; music- and song-oriented <a href="/entry/filk">Filk</a> fandom; and so on indefinitely.</p> <p>Various aspects of US fan history have been covered by fandom's own historians. The 1930s are discussed in the pioneering <i>Up to Now: A History of Fandom as Jack Speer Sees It</i> (<b>1939</b> chap) by Jack <a href="/entry/speer_jack">Speer</a>, and in <i>The Immortal Storm</i> (essays 1945-1953 <a href="/entry/fantasy_commentator">Fantasy Commentator</a>; <b>1951</b>; rev <b>1954</b>) by Sam <a href="/entry/moskowitz_sam">Moskowitz</a>; the latter is often regarded as the standard text, but several alternative views of the 1930s (including <i>Up to Now</i>) are assembled in <i>Challenging Moskowitz: 1930s Fandom Revisited</i> (anth <b>2019</b> ebook; exp rev <b>2024</b>) edited by Rob <a href="/entry/hansen_rob">Hansen</a>. <i>The Visual History of Science Fiction Fandom, Volume One: The 1930s</i> (anth <b>2020</b>) written and edited by David Ritter and Daniel Ritter takes a consolingly retrospective tone, though it specifically recognizes that the opinions of many fans of the time were objectionable, and necessarily focuses almost exclusively on young white American males. The 1940s and 1950s are covered by <i>All Our Yesterdays: An Informal History of Science Fiction Fandom in the Forties</i> (<b>1969</b>; exp <b>2004</b>) and <i>A Wealth of Fable: (The History of Science Fiction Fandom in the 1950's)</i> (<b>1976</b> 3vols; exp rev <b>1992</b>) by Harry <a href="/entry/warner_harry_jr">Warner</a> Jr; a study with a specific focus on Los Angeles fandom is <i>Bixelstrasse: The SF Fan Community of 1940s Los Angeles</i> (anth <b>2021</b> ebook; rev <b>2022</b>) edited by Rob <a href="/entry/hansen_rob">Hansen</a>. Further reminiscence not confined to a particular decade can be found in <i>The Futurians</i> (<b>1977</b>) by Damon <a href="/entry/knight_damon">Knight</a> (see <a href="/entry/futurians">Futurians</a>) and <i>The Way the Future Was: A Memoir</i> (<b>1978</b>) by Frederik <a href="/entry/pohl_frederik">Pohl</a>. The FANAC Fan History Project [see under <b>links</b> below] offers a selection of relevant fanzine material online.</p> <p>The fullest history of UK fandom first appeared in the form of a multi-part fanzine, <i>Then</i>, written and published by Rob <a href="/entry/hansen_rob">Hansen</a>: the more than 650pp of #1 (<b>1988</b> chap), #2 (<b>1989</b>), #3 (<b>1991</b>) and #4 (<b>1993</b>) cover the story to the end of the 1970s. Brief supplements from the same author's <i>The Story So Far: A Brief History of British Fandom 1931-1987</i> (<b>1987</b> chap) summarize early and mid-1980s UK fan activities, but Hansen has increasingly devoted himself to expanding "The <i>Then</i> Archive" of older source material – including online archives of such early newszines as <a href="/entry/futurian_war_digest">Futurian War Digest</a> [see <b>links</b> below]. The main narrative of <i>Then</i> has since appeared as <i>Then: A History of Science Fiction Fandom in the UK: 1930-1980</i> (<b>2015</b> ebook), with the final, very much expanded edition published as <i>Then: Science Fiction Fandom in the UK: 1930-1980</i> (<b>2016</b>); a companion anthology of relevant source texts is <i>Then Again: A UK Fanhistory Reader 1930-1979</i> (anth <b>2019</b> ebook) edited by Vince <a href="/entry/clarke_a_v">Clarke</a> and Rob <a href="/entry/hansen_rob">Hansen</a> [whom see for further titles covering UK fandom during <a href="/entry/world_war_two">World War Two</a>, UK <a href="/entry/conventions">Conventions</a> including entire books on individual <a href="/entry/worldcon">Worldcons</a>, and other topics]. Peter <a href="/entry/weston_peter">Weston</a> also explored the byways of UK fan history in <a href="/entry/relapse">Relapse</a>, and a number of UK fans have worked to put their history online in the form of searchable HTML archives of the British <a href="/entry/newszines">Newszines</a>. This is a laborious process, and other archives such as FANAC have chosen to focus on scanned images of historic fanzines. Bill Burns's eFanzines.com [see under <b>links</b> below] usefully hosts or links to many current fanzines in addition to older material. [PR/DRL]</p> <p><b>see also:</b> <a href="/entry/fapa">FAPA</a>; <a href="/entry/ompa">OMPA</a>; <a href="/entry/ratfandom">Ratfandom</a>.</p> <p><b>further reading</b></p> <ul class="x"> <li>L D Broyles. <em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Who+Who+in+Science+Fiction+Fandom&field-author=L+D+Broyles" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Who's Who in Science Fiction Fandom</a></em> (Waco, Texas: Lloyd Douglas Broyles, <b>1961</b>) [nonfiction: chap: pb/nonpictorial]</li> <li>David Ritter and Daniel Ritter, authors and editors. <em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=The+Visual+History+of+Science+Fiction+Fandom&field-author=David+Ritter+and+Daniel+Ritter,+authors+and+editors" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">The Visual History of Science Fiction Fandom, Volume One: The 1930s</a></em> (place not given: First Fandom Experience, <b>2020</b>) [nonfiction: anth: hb/Mark Wheatley]</li> <li>David Ritter and Daniel Ritter, authors and editors. <em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=The+Visual+History+of+Science+Fiction+Fandom&field-author=David+Ritter+and+Daniel+Ritter,+authors+and+editors" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">The Visual History of Science Fiction Fandom, Volume Two: 1940</a></em> (place not given: First Fandom Experience, <b>2021</b>) [nonfiction: anth: hb/Mark Wheatley]</li> <li>David Ritter and Daniel Ritter, authors and editors. <em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=The+Visual+History+of+Science+Fiction+Fandom&field-author=David+Ritter+and+Daniel+Ritter,+authors+and+editors" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">The Visual History of Science Fiction Fandom, Volume Three: 1941</a></em> (place not given: First Fandom Experience, <b>2024</b>) [nonfiction: anth: hb/Mark Wheatley]</li> <li>Leigh <a href="/entry/edmonds_leigh">Edmonds</a>. <em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Proud+and+Lonely+A+History+of+Science+Fiction&field-author=Edmonds+Leigh" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Proud and Lonely: A History of Science Fiction Fandom in Australia, Part One: 1936-1961</a></em> (St Kilda, Victoria: Norstrilia Press, <b>2024</b>) [nonfiction: <a href="/entry/australia">Australia</a>: pb/]</li> <li>Orty Ortwein. <em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=The+First+Geeks+Ray+Bradbury+Forrest+J&field-author=Orty+Ortwein" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">The First Geeks: Ray Bradbury, Forrest J Ackerman, Ray Harryhausen and the Founding of Science Fiction Fandom</a></em> (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company, <b>2024</b>) [nonfiction: pb/]</li> </ul> <p><b>links</b></p> <ul class="x"> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://efanzines.com/">eFanzines.com</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://fanac.org/">The FANAC Fan History Project</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="http://ansible.uk/Then/"><em>Then</em></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fiawol.org.uk/FanStuff/THEN%20Archive/archive.htm">The <em>Then</em> Archive</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://fanac.org/timebinders/scienceers.html">History of the Scienceers</a></li> </ul> <p><b>previous versions of this entry</b></p> <ul><li><a href='https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/fandom' target='_blank'>Internet Archive</a></li></ul><br /><br /></article></div> <div class="sideBarsWrapper"> <div class="sideBarsColsWrapper clearfix"> <div class="column sideBar12 clearfix"> <div class="columnForm"><aside id="blogFeed" class="widget"> <div class="content STeditorial clearfix"> <h2>Recently visited entries<span style="background:url(/images/thingSFE2.png) !important"></span></h2><ul style='width: 50%; 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