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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>People</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>General sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA" title="مينتشيانغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مينتشيانغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Мэнцзян – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мэнцзян" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengkukuo" title="Mengkukuo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mengkukuo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengkukuo" title="Mengkukuo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mengkukuo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mengjiang" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mengjiang" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Μενγκγιάνγκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μενγκγιάνγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mengjiang" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="منجیانگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منجیانگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mengjiang" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%BD%EA%B0%95%EC%97%B0%ED%95%A9%EC%9E%90%EC%B9%98%EC%A0%95%EB%B6%80" title="몽강연합자치정부 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="몽강연합자치정부" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mengjiang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mengjiang" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92" title="מנגג'יאנג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנגג'יאנג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengkukuo" title="Mengkukuo – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mengkukuo" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Менгѓанг – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Менгѓанг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mengjiang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B6%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Мэнжян – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мэнжян" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mengjiang" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="蒙古聯合自治政府 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="蒙古聯合自治政府" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mengjiang" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mengjiang" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mengjiang" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Мэнцзян – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мэнцзян" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengjiang_United_Autonomous_Government" title="Mengjiang United Autonomous Government – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mengjiang United Autonomous Government" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Менгђанг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Менгђанг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mengjiang" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mengjiang" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87" title="เหมิ่งเจียง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เหมิ่งเจียง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C4%9Fol_%C3%96zerk_H%C3%BCk%C3%BBmeti" title="Moğol Özerk Hükûmeti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Moğol Özerk Hükûmeti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Менцзян – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Менцзян" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4ng_C%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Mông Cương – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mông Cương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%99%E7%96%86%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="蒙疆聯合自治政府 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蒙疆聯合自治政府" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mengjiang&params=40_49_N_114_53_E_type:country_source:kolossus-eswiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°49′N</span> <span class="longitude">114°53′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.817°N 114.883°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.817; 114.883</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Imperial Japanese puppet state in northern China from 1939 to 1945</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Chinese folk tale, see <a href="/wiki/Lady_Meng_Jiang" title="Lady Meng Jiang">Lady Meng Jiang</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid 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0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mengjiang" title="Special:EditPage/Mengjiang">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mengjiang%22">"Mengjiang"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mengjiang%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mengjiang%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mengjiang%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mengjiang%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mengjiang%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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#a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Mengjiang United Autonomous Government<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1939–1941)</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">蒙疆聯合自治政府</span> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Měngjiāng Liánhé Zìzhì Zhèngfǔ</i></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Mōkyō Rengō Jichi Seifu</i></span><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237794275">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}</style><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ <br />ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ<br />ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ<br />ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠲᠤ<br />ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ‍ᠤᠨ<br />ᠣᠷᠳᠣᠨ</span> <br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Монголын Өөртөө Засах Холбоот Засгийн Ордон</i></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>)</span></span><br /><hr />Mongolian Autonomous State<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1941–1945)</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">蒙古自治邦</span> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"> <i>Ménggǔ Zìzhì Bāng</i></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"> <i>Mōko Jichi Hō</i></span></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275" /><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ‍ᠤᠨ <br />ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ<br />ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ<br />ᠤᠯᠰ<br /></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Монголын Өөртөө Засах Yлс</i></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1939<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–1945</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Mengjiang"><img alt="Flag of Mengjiang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mengjiang" title="Flag of Mengjiang">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Mengjiang.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Mengjiang"><img alt="Emblem of Mengjiang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Emblem_of_Mengjiang.svg/100px-Emblem_of_Mengjiang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Emblem_of_Mengjiang.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Mengjiang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Emblem_of_Mengjiang.svg/200px-Emblem_of_Mengjiang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="422" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Historical_emblems" class="mw-redirect" title="National Emblem of the People's Republic of China"> Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mengjiang.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Mengjiang (dark green) alongside the Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere (light green) at its furthest extent"><img alt="Mengjiang (dark green) alongside the Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere (light green) at its furthest extent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mengjiang.png/250px-Mengjiang.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mengjiang.png/375px-Mengjiang.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mengjiang.png/500px-Mengjiang.png 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="599" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Mengjiang (dark green) alongside the <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asian_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere</a> (light green) at its furthest extent</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> (1939–40)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous region">Autonomous region</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Reorganized_National_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China">Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China</a> (1940–45)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiakou" title="Zhangjiakou">Kalgan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Buddhism">Japanese Buddhism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolian folk religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i>De jure:</i> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_government" title="Provisional government">Provisional government</a></li> <li><i>De facto:</i> <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> under a <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Head of state</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1939–1945 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Demchugdongrub" title="Demchugdongrub">Demchugdongrub</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 September 1939<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Reorganized_National_Government_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Reorganized National Government of China">Reorganized National Government</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous region">autonomous region</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 March 1940</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">19 August 1945</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang_yuan" title="Mengjiang yuan">Mengjiang yuan</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_United_Autonomous_Government" title="Mongol United Autonomous Government">Mongol United Autonomous Government</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Chahar_Autonomous_Government" title="South Chahar Autonomous Government">South Chahar Autonomous Government</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Shanxi_Autonomous_Government" title="North Shanxi Autonomous Government">North Shanxi Autonomous Government</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Reorganized National Government of China</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet occupation of Manchuria">Soviet occupation of Manchuria</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Mengjiang</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">蒙疆</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">Mongolian Frontier</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Měngjiāng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Meng<sup>3</sup>-chiang<sup>1</sup></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Mongolian name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Cyrillic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Cyrillic script">Mongolian Cyrillic</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn">Мэнжян</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275" /><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠮᠡᠩᠵᠢᠩ</span></span></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">蒙疆</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Revised Hepburn</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn">Mōkyō</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mengjiang</b>, also known as <b>Mengkiang</b>, officially the <b>Mengjiang United Autonomous Government</b>, was an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous area">autonomous zone</a> in <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>, formed in 1939 as a <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>, then from 1940 being under the nominal sovereignty of the <a href="/wiki/Reorganized_National_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China">Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China</a> (which was itself also a puppet state). It consisted of the previously Chinese provinces of <a href="/wiki/Chahar_Province" title="Chahar Province">Chahar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suiyuan" title="Suiyuan">Suiyuan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Botjer1979_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Botjer1979-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> corresponding to the central part of modern Inner Mongolia. It has also been called <b>Mongukuo</b><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Mengguguo</b> (or <b>Mengkukuo</b>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">蒙古國</span>; in analogy to <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>, another Japanese puppet state in <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>). The capital was <a href="/wiki/Zhangjiakou" title="Zhangjiakou">Kalgan</a>, from where it was under the nominal rule of Mongol nobleman <a href="/wiki/Demchugdongrub" title="Demchugdongrub">Demchugdongrub</a>. The territory returned to Chinese control after the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">defeat</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese Empire</a> in 1945. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mengjiang&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following Japan's <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">occupation of Manchuria</a> in 1931 and the establishment of the puppet state of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>, Japan sought to expand its influence in <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> and North China. In a series of actions, <a href="/wiki/Actions_in_Inner_Mongolia_(1933-36)" class="mw-redirect" title="Actions in Inner Mongolia (1933-36)">starting in 1933</a>, the armies of Manchukuo and Japan occupied <a href="/wiki/Chahar_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chahar (province)">Chahar</a> and in 1936 proclaimed itself the independent Mongol Military Government, allied with Japan under Prince <a href="/wiki/Demchugdongrub" title="Demchugdongrub">Demchugdongrub</a>. </p><p>In 1936 and 1937, <a href="/wiki/Suiyuan_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Suiyuan Campaign">similar</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Chahar" title="Operation Chahar">operations</a> in <a href="/wiki/Suiyuan" title="Suiyuan">Suiyuan</a> saw the occupation and absorption of that province, too. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mengjiang&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Formed on May 12, 1936, the Mongol Military Government (<span lang="zh-Hant">蒙古軍政府</span>) had Prince <a href="/wiki/Yondonwangchug" title="Yondonwangchug">Yondonwangchug</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ulanqab" title="Ulanqab">Ulanqab</a> as its first chairman. It was renamed in October 1937 as the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_United_Autonomous_Government" title="Mongol United Autonomous Government">Mongol United Autonomous Government</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">蒙古聯盟自治政府</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-NMGNews_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMGNews-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 1, 1939, the predominantly <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> governments of <a href="/wiki/South_Chahar_Autonomous_Government" title="South Chahar Autonomous Government">South Chahar</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Shanxi_Autonomous_Government" title="North Shanxi Autonomous Government">North Shanxi</a> were merged with the Mongol United Autonomous Government, creating the new Mengjiang United Autonomous Government (<span lang="zh-Hant">蒙疆聯合自治政府</span>). The capital was established at <a href="/wiki/Zhangbei,_Hebei" title="Zhangbei, Hebei">Zhangbei</a> (Changpei),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> near <a href="/wiki/Zhangjiakou" title="Zhangjiakou">Kalgan (Zhangjiakou)</a>, with the government's control extending around <a href="/wiki/Hohhot" title="Hohhot">Hohhot</a>. On August 4, 1941, it was again renamed: the Mongolian Autonomous State (<span lang="zh-Hant">蒙古自治邦</span>). The term "state" (邦) was specifically chosen to appease both the Chinese and Mengjiang governments, as both "state" and "country" translated to <i>ulus</i> (улс) in Mongolian, which means "country". Thus, the name in Chinese implied Mengjiang to be an autonomous region of China, whereas in Mongolian the name implied it to be an independent state. </p><p>In 1939, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a> reorganized the remnants of the occupied Chinese government for a Japanese puppet state, commonly referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei Regime</a>, or the Reorganized National Government, with its capital in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>. Mengjiang was nominally incorporated into the regime in 1940, though it remained autonomous from Nanjing. </p><p>Mengjiang capitulated in 1945 when it was <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">invaded</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_Mongolian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Mongolian Army">Mongol Red Army</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Manchurian_Strategic_Offensive_Operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation">Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation</a>. Most of the area, with the notable exception of Kalgan, is now part of <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> in the People's Republic of China. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qing_Dynasty_Inner_Mongolia_map_1911.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inner Mongolia in 1911"><img alt="Inner Mongolia in 1911" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Qing_Dynasty_Inner_Mongolia_map_1911.svg/130px-Qing_Dynasty_Inner_Mongolia_map_1911.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Qing_Dynasty_Inner_Mongolia_map_1911.svg/195px-Qing_Dynasty_Inner_Mongolia_map_1911.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Qing_Dynasty_Inner_Mongolia_map_1911.svg/260px-Qing_Dynasty_Inner_Mongolia_map_1911.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="763" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inner Mongolia in 1911</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Administrative_map_of_the_United_Mongol_Autonomous_Government.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A map of the Mengjiang United Autonomous Government"><img alt="A map of the Mengjiang United Autonomous Government" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Administrative_map_of_the_United_Mongol_Autonomous_Government.png/130px-Administrative_map_of_the_United_Mongol_Autonomous_Government.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Administrative_map_of_the_United_Mongol_Autonomous_Government.png/195px-Administrative_map_of_the_United_Mongol_Autonomous_Government.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Administrative_map_of_the_United_Mongol_Autonomous_Government.png/260px-Administrative_map_of_the_United_Mongol_Autonomous_Government.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A map of the Mengjiang United Autonomous Government</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Reformed,_Provisional_Gov_of_ROC_and_Mengjiang_(1937-1940)_-_en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Reformed Government's territory in central China from 1937 until 1940 when all three states, Mengjiang, the Provisional Government of the ROC (not to be confused with the 1912 government of the same name and flag) and the Reformed Government of the ROC, merged into the Reorganized National Government of the ROC."><img alt="The Reformed Government's territory in central China from 1937 until 1940 when all three states, Mengjiang, the Provisional Government of the ROC (not to be confused with the 1912 government of the same name and flag) and the Reformed Government of the ROC, merged into the Reorganized National Government of the ROC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Map_of_Reformed%2C_Provisional_Gov_of_ROC_and_Mengjiang_%281937-1940%29_-_en.svg/102px-Map_of_Reformed%2C_Provisional_Gov_of_ROC_and_Mengjiang_%281937-1940%29_-_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Map_of_Reformed%2C_Provisional_Gov_of_ROC_and_Mengjiang_%281937-1940%29_-_en.svg/153px-Map_of_Reformed%2C_Provisional_Gov_of_ROC_and_Mengjiang_%281937-1940%29_-_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Map_of_Reformed%2C_Provisional_Gov_of_ROC_and_Mengjiang_%281937-1940%29_-_en.svg/204px-Map_of_Reformed%2C_Provisional_Gov_of_ROC_and_Mengjiang_%281937-1940%29_-_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="277" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Reformed Government's territory in central China from 1937 until 1940 when all three states, Mengjiang, the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1937%E2%80%9340)" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–40)">Provisional Government of the ROC</a> (not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1912)" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)">1912 government</a> of the same name and flag) and the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Reformed Government of the Republic of China">Reformed Government of the ROC</a>, merged into the <a href="/wiki/Reorganized_National_Government_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Reorganized National Government of China">Reorganized National Government of the ROC</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E2%80%9CMongolian_Self-determination%E2%80%9D_lecture,_Waseda_University,_October_1940.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A lecture held in Japan in 1940 discussing Inner Mongolia and Mengjiang, note the map in the background featuring the state"><img alt="A lecture with a map of Mengjiang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/%E2%80%9CMongolian_Self-determination%E2%80%9D_lecture%2C_Waseda_University%2C_October_1940.png/130px-%E2%80%9CMongolian_Self-determination%E2%80%9D_lecture%2C_Waseda_University%2C_October_1940.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/%E2%80%9CMongolian_Self-determination%E2%80%9D_lecture%2C_Waseda_University%2C_October_1940.png/195px-%E2%80%9CMongolian_Self-determination%E2%80%9D_lecture%2C_Waseda_University%2C_October_1940.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/%E2%80%9CMongolian_Self-determination%E2%80%9D_lecture%2C_Waseda_University%2C_October_1940.png/260px-%E2%80%9CMongolian_Self-determination%E2%80%9D_lecture%2C_Waseda_University%2C_October_1940.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="525" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A lecture held in Japan in 1940 discussing Inner Mongolia and Mengjiang, note the map in the background featuring the state</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mongol_Military_Government_(1936-1937).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Mongol Military Government (1936–1937) and the Mongol United Autonomous Government (1937–1939)"><img alt="Flag of the Mongol Military Government (1936–1937) and the Mongol United Autonomous Government (1937–1939)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_Mongol_Military_Government_%281936-1937%29.svg/130px-Flag_of_Mongol_Military_Government_%281936-1937%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_Mongol_Military_Government_%281936-1937%29.svg/195px-Flag_of_Mongol_Military_Government_%281936-1937%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_Mongol_Military_Government_%281936-1937%29.svg/260px-Flag_of_Mongol_Military_Government_%281936-1937%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_historical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design used in the past, but now abandoned"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/36px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/46px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> Flag of the Mongol Military Government (1936–1937) and the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_United_Autonomous_Government" title="Mongol United Autonomous Government">Mongol United Autonomous Government</a> (1937–1939)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Chanan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the South Chahar Autonomous Government (1937–1939)"><img alt="Flag of the South Chahar Autonomous Government (1937–1939)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Chanan.svg/130px-Flag_of_Chanan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Chanan.svg/195px-Flag_of_Chanan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Chanan.svg/260px-Flag_of_Chanan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_historical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design used in the past, but now abandoned"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/36px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/46px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> Flag of the <a href="/wiki/South_Chahar_Autonomous_Government" title="South Chahar Autonomous Government">South Chahar Autonomous Government</a> (1937–1939)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Jinbei.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the North Shanxi Autonomous Government (1937–1939)"><img alt="Flag of the North Shanxi Autonomous Government (1937–1939)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Jinbei.svg/130px-Flag_of_Jinbei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Jinbei.svg/195px-Flag_of_Jinbei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Jinbei.svg/260px-Flag_of_Jinbei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_historical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design used in the past, but now abandoned"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/36px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/46px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> Flag of the <a href="/wiki/North_Shanxi_Autonomous_Government" title="North Shanxi Autonomous Government">North Shanxi Autonomous Government</a> (1937–1939)</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mengjiang&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demchugdongrub.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Demchugdongrub.jpg/220px-Demchugdongrub.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Demchugdongrub.jpg/330px-Demchugdongrub.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Demchugdongrub.jpg/440px-Demchugdongrub.jpg 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Demchugdongrub" title="Demchugdongrub">Demchugdongrub</a> (left)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%92%99%E7%96%86%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/%E8%92%99%E7%96%86%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C1.jpg/220px-%E8%92%99%E7%96%86%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/%E8%92%99%E7%96%86%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C1.jpg/330px-%E8%92%99%E7%96%86%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/%E8%92%99%E7%96%86%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C1.jpg/440px-%E8%92%99%E7%96%86%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>Foundation ceremony of Mengjiang's government</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institutions">Institutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mengjiang&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorate_General_of_Communications&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorate General of Communications (page does not exist)">Directorate General of Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Mengjiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bank of Mengjiang (page does not exist)">Bank of Mengjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongolian_Military_Command_Headquarters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mongolian Military Command Headquarters (page does not exist)">Mongolian Military Command Headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_Army" title="Inner Mongolian Army">Inner Mongolian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Shanxi_Autonomous_Government" title="North Shanxi Autonomous Government">North Shanxi Autonomous Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Chahar_Autonomous_Government" title="South Chahar Autonomous Government">South Chahar Autonomous Government</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Autonomous_Government_of_Mengjiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Autonomous Government of Mengjiang (page does not exist)">United Autonomous Government of Mengjiang</a></li> <li>Government Mongol administrative uls</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Autonomous_Government_of_Eastern_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="People's Autonomous Government of Eastern Mongolia (page does not exist)">People's Autonomous Government of Eastern Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pailingmiao_Autonomous_Political_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pailingmiao Autonomous Political Council (page does not exist)">Pailingmiao Autonomous Political Council</a> (Mongolian political movement)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People">People</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mengjiang&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demchugdongrub" title="Demchugdongrub">Demchugdongrub</a>: <a href="/wiki/Khong_Tayiji" title="Khong Tayiji">Khungtayji</a> Head of State; Commander of the Mongolian Military Command Headquarters</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shouxin" title="Li Shouxin">Li Shouxin</a>: Chahar <a href="/wiki/Warlord" title="Warlord">warlord</a>, Chief of Staff of the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_Army" title="Inner Mongolian Army">Inner Mongolian Army</a> (1937–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yondonwangchug" title="Yondonwangchug">Yondonwangchug</a>: First Chairman of Mengjiang (1936–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altanochir" title="Altanochir">Altanochir</a>: Minister of Communications, Head of the Mongolian Cultural Centre, Rector of the Mongolian Academy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altanochir_(1882-1949)" class="mw-redirect" title="Altanochir (1882-1949)">Altanochir (1882-1949)</a>: Deputy Head of <a href="/wiki/Ordos_City" title="Ordos City">Ordos City</a>, General commander of the Ordos army</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Heling" title="Wu Heling">Wu Heling</a>: Director of the Counseling Bureau and Sub-General, Chairman of the House, President of the Preparatory School for Studying in Japan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodbajab" title="Jodbajab">Jodbajab</a>: Commander of the Mongol Militia, Deputy commander of the Pao An Tui</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xia_Gong" title="Xia Gong">Xia Gong</a>: Supreme Member of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Shanxi_Autonomous_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Shanxi Autonomous Government">Northern Shanxi Autonomous Government</a>, Vice-Chairman of the Mongolian United Autonomous Government</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cui_Xiaoqian" title="Cui Xiaoqian">Cui Xiaoqian</a>: Director of the Department of Finance (1937–1939), Member of the Mengjiang Bank Committee</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Pinqing" title="Yu Pinqing">Yu Pinqing</a>: Supreme Member of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Chahar_Autonomous_Government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Chahar Autonomous Government (page does not exist)">Southern Chahar Autonomous Government</a>, Vice-Chairman of the Mongolian Autonomous Federation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Ying_(ROC)" title="Wang Ying (ROC)">Wang Ying (ROC)</a>: Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Han_Righteous_Army" title="Grand Han Righteous Army">Grand Han Righteous Army</a>, Chinese bandit and Warlord</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gen_Sugiyama" class="mw-redirect" title="Gen Sugiyama">Gen Sugiyama</a>: Commanding General of the Mongolia Garrison Army</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadamu_Shimomura" title="Sadamu Shimomura">Sadamu Shimomura</a>: Commander of Mongolia Garrison Army</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideki_T%C5%8Dj%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hideki Tōjō">Hideki Tōjō</a>: Commander of the 1st Independent Mixed Brigade, Chahar Expeditionary Force</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsuju_Ayabe" title="Kitsuju Ayabe">Kitsuju Ayabe</a>: Colonel, engaged in Chahar area operation as Staff Officer, Kwantung Army, North China Detachment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torashir%C5%8D_Kawabe" title="Torashirō Kawabe">Torashirō Kawabe</a>: Military advisor</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mengjiang&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Mengjiang</i>, meaning "Mongol Territories", came from the acceptance speech of chairmanship by Demchugdongrub: </p> <dl><dd>To recover the <i>territories</i> originally owned by the <i><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a></i></dd> <dd>(<span lang="zh-Hant">收復<i>蒙</i>古固有<i>疆</i>土</span>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mengjiang&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mengjiangbanknote1yuan1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mengjiangbanknote1yuan1940.jpg/220px-Mengjiangbanknote1yuan1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mengjiangbanknote1yuan1940.jpg/330px-Mengjiangbanknote1yuan1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mengjiangbanknote1yuan1940.jpg/440px-Mengjiangbanknote1yuan1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang_yuan" title="Mengjiang yuan">One-yuan banknote</a> issued by the Bank of Mengjiang, 1940</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mengjiang4f1943scott2N94.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mengjiang4f1943scott2N94.jpg/220px-Mengjiang4f1943scott2N94.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Mengjiang4f1943scott2N94.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="246" /></a><figcaption>A 1943 postage stamp of Mengjiang</figcaption></figure> <p>The Japanese established the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Mengjiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bank of Mengjiang (page does not exist)">Bank of Mengjiang</a> that printed its <a href="/wiki/Mengjiang_yuan" title="Mengjiang yuan">own currency</a> without years on it. Some traditional local money shops also made currency with the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese year">Chinese year</a> numbering system, such as the Jiachen Year (<span lang="zh-Hant">甲辰年</span>), on it. </p><p>The Japanese had mineral interests in their created state of Mengjiang. In one example the Japanese put the iron mine in <a href="/wiki/Xuanhua_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuanhua District">Xuanhua</a> Longyan into production, with a reserve of 91,645,000 tonnes in 1941; and analyzed the reserves of coal in land, one was 504 tonnes, and another with a potential production of 202,000 of tonnes (1934). </p><p>The Mengjiang iron deposits were exported directly to Japan. At the same time, the Japanese sought the coal reserves of <a href="/wiki/Suiyuan" title="Suiyuan">Suiyuan</a> (another Mengjiang occupied sector), including one of 417 million tonnes, and one with a potential extraction of 58,000 tonnes in 1940. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mengjiang&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_Army" title="Inner Mongolian Army">Inner Mongolian Army</a></div> <p>The <b>Mengjiang National Army</b> was the Japanese-created native army organized in Mengjiang; not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol Army">Mongol Army</a>. It was a <a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Army" title="Kwantung Army">Kwantung Army</a> special force group under direct command, having native commanders alongside Japanese commanding officers, as in other auxiliary outer sections of the Kwantung Army. </p><p>The purpose of the army was to support any eventual <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Japanese</a> operations against Outer Mongolia (<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a>), or the north China areas, and to act as a local security force, with the local police forces. It also had the duty of protecting Prince <a href="/wiki/De_Wang" class="mw-redirect" title="De Wang">De Wang</a>, the head of state, and the Mengjiang native establishment and local government properties. </p><p>The army was equipped with rifles, <a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">pistols</a>, light and medium machine guns, <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortars</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">anti-aircraft guns</a>. It was organised as a mobile cavalry and light infantry force with little artillery support, and did not have <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a> or aircraft. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mengjiang&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinto_shrine_in_Zhangjiakou,_Hebei,_China,_in_the_1960s_%E8%92%99%E7%96%86%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shinto_shrine_in_Zhangjiakou%2C_Hebei%2C_China%2C_in_the_1960s_%E8%92%99%E7%96%86%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE.jpg/220px-Shinto_shrine_in_Zhangjiakou%2C_Hebei%2C_China%2C_in_the_1960s_%E8%92%99%E7%96%86%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shinto_shrine_in_Zhangjiakou%2C_Hebei%2C_China%2C_in_the_1960s_%E8%92%99%E7%96%86%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE.jpg/330px-Shinto_shrine_in_Zhangjiakou%2C_Hebei%2C_China%2C_in_the_1960s_%E8%92%99%E7%96%86%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shinto_shrine_in_Zhangjiakou%2C_Hebei%2C_China%2C_in_the_1960s_%E8%92%99%E7%96%86%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE.jpg/440px-Shinto_shrine_in_Zhangjiakou%2C_Hebei%2C_China%2C_in_the_1960s_%E8%92%99%E7%96%86%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Mengjiang <a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">shrine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zhangjiakou" title="Zhangjiakou">Zhangjiakou</a>, Hebei, in the 1950s</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1936, the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_Army" title="Inner Mongolian Army">Inner Mongolian Army</a> was armed with Mauser rifles and they had 200 machine guns: mostly the Czechoslovak <a href="/wiki/ZB-26" class="mw-redirect" title="ZB-26">ZB-26</a> and a few Swiss <a href="/wiki/SIG_MKMS" class="mw-redirect" title="SIG MKMS">Sig. Model 1930</a> submachine gun for Teh Wang's 1,000 bodyguard troops. They had 70 artillery pieces, mostly mortars and a few captured Chinese mountain and field guns of a variety of types (making ammo and spare parts a problem). The few tanks and armored cars were captured Chinese vehicles crewed by Japanese. </p><p>After the Suiyuan Campaign, the Mengjiang National Army was rebuilt from the defeated remnants of the Inner Mongolian Army, the new eight Mongol cavalry Divisions were 1,500 men strong, in three regiments of 500 men. Each regiment were to have three Saber companies and a machine gun company of 120 men. However these divisions actually ranged in size from 1,000 men to 2,000 men (8th Division). </p><p>In 1939, the ethnic Chinese troops in the Mongol Divisions were brigaded together in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Divisions and turned into the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Ch'ing An Tui Brigades of the "Mongolian Pacification Force" and used against various guerrilla groups. </p><p>In 1943, the Mongol 4th and 5th Divisions were combined to form a new 8th Division and the old 7th and 8th Divisions formed the new 9th Division. Strength of the army was between 4,000–10,000 men, all cavalry at this time and had little heavy equipment. </p><p>The Mengjiang state also had 5 Defense Divisions in 1943, made up of local militia and other security forces, nominally of three regiments. Apparently only one of these regiments in each division was capable of operations. In 1944, the Japanese reorganized them along with the Chahar garrisons into four Divisions of 2,000 men each. </p><p>At the end of the war, a total of six divisions (two Cavalry and four Infantry), three Independent Ch'ing An Tui Brigades and a "Pao An Tui" Security Force Regiment made up the Army. </p><p>The sole secondary language which could be taught in schools was Japanese while students were forced to pay respect to the Emperor of Japan and Shinto.<sup id="cite_ref-MacKinnon2007_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacKinnon2007-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government and army of Mengjiang were complete puppets of the Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-MacKinnon2007_1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacKinnon2007_1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mengjiang&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_Army" title="Inner Mongolian Army">Inner Mongolian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese imperialism">Japanese imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_East_Asian_leaders_in_the_Japanese_sphere_of_influence_(1931-1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of East Asian leaders in the Japanese sphere of influence (1931-1945)">List of East Asian leaders in the Japanese sphere of influence (1931-1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Wang Jingwei Government">Wang Jingwei Government</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mengjiang&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although officially, there was no monarch of Mengjiang, <a href="/wiki/Demchugdongrub" title="Demchugdongrub">Demchugdongrub</a> was of noble heritage<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Japanese used his status to add some legitimacy to the state.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mengjiang&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TXMLAQAAMAAJ&q=%E8%92%99%E7%96%86%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C">"内蒙古自治区志: 政府志"</a>. 内蒙古人民出版社 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%86%85%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E5%BF%97%3A+%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%BF%97&rft.pub=%E5%86%85%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTXMLAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%25E8%2592%2599%25E7%2596%2586%25E8%2581%2594%25E5%2590%2588%25E8%2587%25AA%25E6%25B2%25BB%25E6%2594%25BF%25E5%25BA%259C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMengjiang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>山西通志: 政务志. 人民代表大会, 政府篇, 政治协商会议</i>. 中華書局.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%B1%B1%E8%A5%BF%E9%80%9A%E5%BF%97%3A+%E6%94%BF%E5%8A%A1%E5%BF%97.+%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A%2C+%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%AF%87%2C+%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%8D%8F%E5%95%86%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%9B%B8%E5%B1%80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMengjiang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJaġcidsecen1999" class="citation book cs1">Jaġcidsecen (1999). <i>The Last Mongol prince: the life and times of Demchugdongrob, 1902–1966</i>. Studies on East Asia. Bellingham, Washington: Center for East Asian Studies, Western Washington University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-914584-21-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-914584-21-6"><bdi>978-0-914584-21-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Mongol+prince%3A+the+life+and+times+of+Demchugdongrob%2C+1902%E2%80%931966&rft.place=Bellingham%2C+Washington&rft.series=Studies+on+East+Asia&rft.pub=Center+for+East+Asian+Studies%2C+Western+Washington+University&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-914584-21-6&rft.au=Ja%C4%A1cidsecen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMengjiang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMilitaryHistoryNow.com2017" class="citation web cs1">MilitaryHistoryNow.com (March 1, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://militaryhistorynow.com/2017/03/01/the-puppet-masters-how-japan-established-a-vassal-state-in-inner-mongolia/">"The Puppet Masters – How Japan's Military Established a Vassal State in Inner Mongolia"</a>. <i>Military History Now</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Military+History+Now&rft.atitle=The+Puppet+Masters+%E2%80%93+How+Japan%27s+Military+Established+a+Vassal+State+in+Inner+Mongolia&rft.date=2017-03-01&rft.au=MilitaryHistoryNow.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmilitaryhistorynow.com%2F2017%2F03%2F01%2Fthe-puppet-masters-how-japan-established-a-vassal-state-in-inner-mongolia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMengjiang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Botjer1979-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Botjer1979_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBotjer1979" class="citation book cs1">Botjer, George F. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rtAXAAAAMAAJ&q=chahars+1919"><i>A short history of Nationalist China, 1919–1949</i></a>. Putnam. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780399123825" title="Special:BookSources/9780399123825"><bdi>9780399123825</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+short+history+of+Nationalist+China%2C+1919%E2%80%931949&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780399123825&rft.aulast=Botjer&rft.aufirst=George+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrtAXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dchahars%2B1919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMengjiang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. E. Helmuth (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170107010250/http://www.americanairmailsociety.org/APJbackissues/Volume%208/APJ,%20Issue%2085,%20Vol%20ViII,%20No%208,%20Mayl%201937f.pdf"><i>A New Stamp Country?</i></a>, 1937, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanairmailsociety.org/APJbackissues/Volume%208/APJ,%20Issue%2085,%20Vol%20ViII,%20No%208,%20Mayl%201937f.pdf">the original</a> on January 7, 2017, retrieved April 27, 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NMGNews-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NMGNews_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071117130741/http://www.nmgnews.com.cn/news/article/20030922/20030922004126_1.html">"云端旺楚克"</a>, <i>Inner Mongolia News</i>, September 22, 2003, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmgnews.com.cn/news/article/20030922/20030922004126_1.html">the original</a> on November 17, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inner+Mongolia+News&rft.atitle=%E4%BA%91%E7%AB%AF%E6%97%BA%E6%A5%9A%E5%85%8B&rft.date=2003-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmgnews.com.cn%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F20030922%2F20030922004126_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMengjiang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacKinnon2007-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacKinnon2007_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephen_R._MacKinnon2007" class="citation book cs1">Stephen R. MacKinnon (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zeSeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA166"><i>China at War: Regions of China, 1937–1945</i></a>. Stanford University Press. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5509-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5509-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-5509-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+at+War%3A+Regions+of+China%2C+1937%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-5509-2&rft.au=Stephen+R.+MacKinnon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzeSeAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMengjiang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacKinnon2007_1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacKinnon2007_1_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephen_R._MacKinnon2007" class="citation book cs1">Stephen R. MacKinnon (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zeSeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA168"><i>China at War: Regions of China, 1937–1945</i></a>. Stanford University Press. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5509-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5509-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-5509-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+at+War%3A+Regions+of+China%2C+1937%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-5509-2&rft.au=Stephen+R.+MacKinnon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzeSeAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMengjiang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_sources">General sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mengjiang&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: General sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jowett, Phillip S. <i>Rays of the Rising Sun: Armed Forces of Japan's Asian Allies 1931–45</i>. Volume I: <i>China & Manchuria</i>. Solihull: Helion, 2004.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLattimore1937" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Owen_Lattimore" title="Owen Lattimore">Lattimore, Owen</a> (December 1937). "The Phantom of Mengkukuo". <i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Affairs" title="Pacific Affairs">Pacific Affairs</a></i>. <b>10</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">420–</span>27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2750626">10.2307/2750626</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2750626">2750626</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Phantom+of+Mengkukuo&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E420-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=1937-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2750626&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2750626%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lattimore&rft.aufirst=Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMengjiang" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mengjiang&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists by <a href="/wiki/Axis_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis forces">Axis forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Italian</a> collaborationists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Albanian collaborators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Fascist_Militia" title="Albanian Fascist Militia">Albanian Fascist Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balli_Komb%C3%ABtar" title="Balli Kombëtar">Balli Kombëtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanian_collaboration_with_the_Axis" title="Cham Albanian collaboration with the Axis">Cham Albanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_Army" title="Armistice Army">Armistice Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battaglione_Azad_Hindoustan" title="Battaglione Azad Hindoustan">Battaglione Azad Hindoustan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Home_Defence" title="Belarusian Home Defence">Belarusian Home Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Division" title="Blue Division">Blue Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Armed_Forces_(Independent_State_of_Croatia)" title="Croatian Armed Forces (Independent State of Croatia)">Croatian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Forces" title="Finnish Defence Forces">Finnish Defence Forces</a> <small>(until 1944)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Square_(Iraq)" title="Golden Square (Iraq)">Golden Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiwi_(volunteer)" title="Hiwi (volunteer)">Hiwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmykian_Cavalry_Corps" title="Kalmykian Cavalry Corps">Kalmykian Cavalry Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Latvian Auxiliary Police">Latvian Auxiliary Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Committee_of_Azerbaijan" title="National Committee of Azerbaijan">National Committee of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Army" title="National Republican Army">National Republican Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Armed_Forces" title="Romanian Armed Forces">Romanian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungarian_Army" title="Royal Hungarian Army">Royal Hungarian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Iraqi Army">Royal Iraqi Army</a></li> <li>Russian collaborators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Liberation_Army" title="Russian Liberation Army">Russian Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Russian People's Liberation Army">Russian People's Liberation Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Battalions" title="Security Battalions">Security Battalions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Expeditionary_Army_Group" title="Slovak Expeditionary Army Group">Slovak Expeditionary Army Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Home_Guard" title="Slovene Home Guard">Slovene Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" title="Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists">Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS_foreign_volunteers_and_conscripts" title="Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts">Waffen-SS foreign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht_foreign_volunteers_and_conscripts" title="Wehrmacht foreign volunteers and conscripts">Wehrmacht foreign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrika_Korps" title="Afrika Korps">Afrika Korps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_enrolment_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Military enrolment in German-occupied Poland">Polish Wehrmacht Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostlegionen" title="Ostlegionen">Ostlegionen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a> collaborationists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Arakan Defense Army</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_Army" title="Armistice Army">Armistice Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Columns" title="Black Columns">Black Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_Independence_Army" title="Burma Independence Army">Burma Independence Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Wars" title="Xinjiang Wars">Central Asian collaborators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">East Turkestan independence movement</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chin Defense Army</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborationist_Chinese_Army" title="Collaborationist Chinese Army">Collaborationist Chinese Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defenders_of_the_Homeland" title="Defenders of the Homeland">Defenders of the Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gakutotai" title="Gakutotai">Gakutotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gando_Special_Force" title="Gando Special Force">Gando Special Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Square_(Iraq)" title="Golden Square (Iraq)">Golden Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiho" title="Heiho">Heiho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Indian_National_Army" title="First Indian National Army">First Indian National Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_Army" title="Inner Mongolian Army">Inner Mongolian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_collaborators_with_Imperial_Japan" title="Korean collaborators with Imperial Japan">Korean collaborators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanka_Sama_Samaja_Party" title="Lanka Sama Samaja Party">Lanka Sama Samaja Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makapili" title="Makapili">Makapili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defenders_of_the_Homeland" title="Defenders of the Homeland">Malayan Volunteer Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo_Imperial_Army" title="Manchukuo Imperial Army">Manchukuo Imperial Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Thai Armed Forces">Royal Thai Armed Forces</a></li> <li>Russian collaborators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo_Imperial_Army" title="Manchukuo Imperial Army">Asano Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Party" title="Russian Fascist Party">Russian Fascist Party</a></li></ul></li> <li>Taiwanese collaborators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Imperial_Japan_Serviceman" title="Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman">Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takasago_Volunteers" title="Takasago Volunteers">Takasago Volunteers</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vietnamese collaborators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Quang_Ph%E1%BB%A5c_H%E1%BB%99i" title="Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội">Association for the Restoration of Great Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Youth_(Vietnam)" title="Vanguard Youth (Vietnam)">Vanguard Youth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists by <a href="/wiki/Axis_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis countries">Axis countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania#Collaboration" title="German occupation of Albania">German Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Italian Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_collaboration_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Wartime collaboration in the Baltic states">Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War II">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Latvia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Latvia during World War II">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Lithuanian collaboration with Nazi Germany">Lithuania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_II#Collaboration" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Islands_mutiny" title="Cocos Islands mutiny">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mongolia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> <small>(until 1944)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">Indochina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kampuchea_(1945)" title="Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luang_Prabang_(Japanese_puppet_state)" title="Kingdom of Luang Prabang (Japanese puppet state)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1941 Iraqi coup d'état">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Luxembourgish collaboration with Nazi Germany">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II#Collaboration" title="Netherlands in World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisling_regime" title="Quisling regime">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Collaboration in German-occupied Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation" title="Government of National Salvation">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_in_the_German-occupied_Soviet_Union" title="Collaboration in the German-occupied Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Byelorussian collaboration with Nazi Germany">Byelorussia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Central_Council" title="Belarusian Central Council">Belarus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940%E2%80%931944_insurgency_in_Chechnya" title="1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Ukrainian collaboration with Nazi Germany">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a> <small>(limited)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_occupied_by_the_Empire_of_Japan_during_World_War_II262" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_occupations" title="Template:Japanese occupations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_occupations" title="Template talk:Japanese occupations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_occupations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese occupations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_occupied_by_the_Empire_of_Japan_during_World_War_II262" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_territories_occupied_by_Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of territories occupied by Imperial Japan">Countries and territories occupied</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island#Japanese_invasion" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Gilbert_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands">Gilbert Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II#Capture_of_Indian_territory" title="India in World War II">India</a>: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru" title="Japanese occupation of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_New_Guinea" title="Japanese occupation of New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan and British North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_(1868%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imperial Japanese Army"><img alt="Imperial Japanese Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/50px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/75px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/100px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States#Former_territories_and_administered_areas" title="Territories of the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu">Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Guam" title="Japanese occupation of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island#World_War_II" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mengkiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Cambodia" title="Japanese occupation of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Laos_to_1945#Crisis_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Laos to 1945">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch East Indies Campaign">Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_New_Guinea" title="Japanese occupation of New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_West_Sumatra" title="Japanese occupation of West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Portugal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Portuguese Timor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_International_Settlement" title="Shanghai International Settlement">Shanghai International Settlement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1931–1945</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">South Seas Mandate</a>: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands#German_possession_and_Japanese_mandate" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Marianas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_and_territories_in_the_sphere_of_influence_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_during_World_War_II197" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_and_territories_in_the_sphere_of_influence_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Template:States and territories in the sphere of influence of the Empire of Japan during World War II"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_and_territories_in_the_sphere_of_influence_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Template talk:States and territories in the sphere of influence of the Empire of Japan during World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_and_territories_in_the_sphere_of_influence_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States and territories in the sphere of influence of the Empire of Japan during World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_and_territories_in_the_sphere_of_influence_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_during_World_War_II197" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">States and territories in the sphere of influence of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg/23px-Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg/35px-Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg/45px-Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/East_Hebei_Autonomous_Government" title="East Hebei Autonomous Government">East Hebei Autonomous Government</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Jinbei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jinbei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Jinbei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jinbei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Jinbei.svg/45px-Flag_of_Jinbei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/North_Shanxi_Autonomous_Government" title="North Shanxi Autonomous Government">North Shanxi Autonomous Government</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Chanan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chanan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Chanan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chanan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Chanan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chanan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/South_Chahar_Autonomous_Government" title="South Chahar Autonomous Government">South Chahar Autonomous Government</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mengjiang United Autonomous Government</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Great_Way_Government" title="Great Way Government">Shanghai Great Way Government</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1937%E2%80%931940)" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–1940)">Provisional Government of China</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Reformed Government of the Republic of China">Reformed Government of China</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="587" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Reorganized National Government of China</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Kingdom of Thailand</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/23px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/35px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/45px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Provisional Government of Free India</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Republic of the Philippines</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kampuchea_(1945)" title="Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)">Kingdom of Kampuchea</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luang_Prabang_(Japanese_puppet_state)" title="Kingdom of Luang Prabang (Japanese puppet state)">Kingdom of Luang Prabang</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Occupied Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_West_Sumatra" title="Japanese occupation of West Sumatra">Occupied West Sumatra</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Occupied Malaya</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Occupied British Borneo</a></div></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Occupied Hong Kong</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Occupied Singapore</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Guam" title="Japanese occupation of Guam">Occupied Guam</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru" title="Japanese occupation of Nauru">Occupied Nauru</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Gilbert_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands">Occupied Gilbert Islands</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Solomon Islands">Occupied Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_New_Guinea" title="Japanese occupation of New Guinea">Occupied New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Conference" title="Greater East Asia Conference">Greater East Asia Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q697837#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata773" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q697837#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata773" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q697837#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/312914062">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00345074">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mengkukuo (1936-1945)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge971406&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mengjiang&params=40_49_N_114_53_E_type:country_source:kolossus-eswiki"><span 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