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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_Santo_Domingo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_Santo_Domingo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Establishment of Santo Domingo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_Santo_Domingo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enslavement_of_Africans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enslavement_of_Africans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Enslavement of Africans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enslavement_of_Africans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_and_French_incursions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_and_French_incursions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitan%C3%ADa_general_de_Santo_Domingo" title="Capitanía general de Santo Domingo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Capitanía general de Santo Domingo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Domingoko_kapitaintza_nagusia" title="Santo Domingoko kapitaintza nagusia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Santo Domingoko kapitaintza nagusia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitainerie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_Saint-Domingue" title="Capitainerie générale de Saint-Domingue – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Capitainerie générale de Saint-Domingue" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekaptenjenderalan_Santo_Domingo" title="Kekaptenjenderalan Santo Domingo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekaptenjenderalan Santo Domingo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitaneria_generale_di_Santo_Domingo" title="Capitaneria generale di Santo Domingo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Capitaneria generale di Santo Domingo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitenn_Jeneral_Sendomeng" title="Kapitenn Jeneral Sendomeng – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kapitenn Jeneral Sendomeng" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Domingo_generalkapitonija" title="Santo Domingo generalkapitonija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Santo Domingo generalkapitonija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitania-Geral_de_S%C3%A3o_Domingos" title="Capitania-Geral de São Domingos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Spanish possession in the Caribbean (1492–1865)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) 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.infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Captaincy General of Santo Domingo</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Capitania General de Santo Domingo</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1492–1865</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_Spanish_province_of_Santo_Domingo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="coat of arms of the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo of Province of Santo Domingo"><img alt="coat of arms of the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo of Province of Santo Domingo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Coat_of_arms_Spanish_province_of_Santo_Domingo.png/85px-Coat_of_arms_Spanish_province_of_Santo_Domingo.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Coat_of_arms_Spanish_province_of_Santo_Domingo.png/128px-Coat_of_arms_Spanish_province_of_Santo_Domingo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Coat_of_arms_Spanish_province_of_Santo_Domingo.png/170px-Coat_of_arms_Spanish_province_of_Santo_Domingo.png 2x" data-file-width="1563" data-file-height="1563" /></a></span></div> <div>coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Captaincy General of Santo Domingo</a></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Plus_ultra" title="Plus ultra">Plus ultra</a></i></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">"Further Beyond"</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Marcha_Real" title="Marcha Real">Marcha Real</a></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">"Royal March"</span><br />(1775–1821)<br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="173" data-mwtitle="Marcha_Real_(1915).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Marcha_Real_%281915%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Marcha_Real_%281915%29.ogg/Marcha_Real_%281915%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarcha_Real_%281915%29.ogg&lang=am&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="am" label="አማርኛ ‪(am)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarcha_Real_%281915%29.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarcha_Real_%281915%29.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarcha_Real_%281915%29.ogg&lang=hy&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hy" label="հայերեն ‪(hy)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Left: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Spain#Origins_of_the_present_ensign:_Charles_III" title="Flag of Spain">Flag of Spain</a> {18th century): first national flag of Spain; Right: Flag of the Province of <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a>; Bottom: Flag <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Burgundy" title="Cross of Burgundy">Cross of Burgundy</a></b><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Spain_(1785%E2%80%931873,_1875%E2%80%931931).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SD_cap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/SD_cap.png/100px-SD_cap.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/SD_cap.png/150px-SD_cap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/SD_cap.png/200px-SD_cap.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="756" /></a></span> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/100px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/150px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/200px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapa_del_Virreinato_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a_(1794).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain in 1794, with the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo shown in yellow"><img alt="Viceroyalty of New Spain in 1794, with the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo shown in yellow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Mapa_del_Virreinato_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a_%281794%29.svg/250px-Mapa_del_Virreinato_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a_%281794%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Mapa_del_Virreinato_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a_%281794%29.svg/375px-Mapa_del_Virreinato_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a_%281794%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Mapa_del_Virreinato_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a_%281794%29.svg/500px-Mapa_del_Virreinato_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a_%281794%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="758" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Viceroyalty of New Spain in 1794, with the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo shown in yellow</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/General_Captaincy" title="General Captaincy">Captaincy General</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data">Spanish</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> <br /> (official)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_monarchs" title="List of Spanish monarchs">Monarch</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1492–1504 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I of Castile</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(first)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1861–1865 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Isabella_II" title="Isabella II">Isabella II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(last)</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_in_the_Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" title="List of governors in the Viceroyalty of New Spain">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1492–1499 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(first)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1864–1865 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_G%C3%A1ndara_y_Navarro" title="José de la Gándara y Navarro">José de la Gándara y Navarro</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(last)</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Overseas_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Overseas (Spain)">Ministry of Overseas (Spain)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">Colonial era</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Indies" title="King of the Indies">Captaincy created</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1492</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a> annexed to France </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1795</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a> returned to Spain </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1815</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Unrecognized independence </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1821</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Reincorporated into Spain </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1861</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1865</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Spanish colonial real</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Era_de_Francia" title="Era de Francia">Era de Francia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Category:History of the Dominican Republic">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Dominican Republic">History of <span class="fn org label">the Dominican Republic</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/57px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="57" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/86px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/114px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="336" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/Chiefdoms_of_Hispaniola" title="Chiefdoms of Hispaniola">Pre-Spanish Hispaniola</a> <small>(–1492)</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Captaincy General of Santo Domingo</a> <small>(1492–1795)</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_genocide" title="Taíno genocide">Taíno genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vega_Real" title="Battle of Vega Real">Battle of Vega Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santo_Domingo_(1586)" title="Battle of Santo Domingo (1586)">Battle of Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devastations_of_Osorio" title="Devastations of Osorio">Devastations of Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santo_Domingo_(1655)" title="Siege of Santo Domingo (1655)">Siege of Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabana_Real" title="Battle of Sabana Real">Battle of Sabana Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Ryswick" title="Peace of Ryswick">Peace of Ryswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aranjuez_(1777)" title="Treaty of Aranjuez (1777)">Treaty of Aranjuez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Basel" title="Peace of Basel">Peace of Basel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/Era_de_Francia" title="Era de Francia">French Santo Domingo</a> <small>(1795–1809)</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_reconquest_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Spanish reconquest of Santo Domingo">Spanish reconquest of Santo Domingo</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/Espa%C3%B1a_Boba" title="España Boba">España Boba</a> <small>(1809–1821)</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Spanish_Haiti" title="Republic of Spanish Haiti">Republic of Spanish Haiti</a> <small>(1821–1822)</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_occupation_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Haitian occupation of Santo Domingo">Unification of Hispaniola</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Haiti_(1820%E2%80%931849)" title="Republic of Haiti (1820–1849)">Republic of Haiti <small>(1820–1849)</small></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_War_of_Independence" title="Dominican War of Independence">Dominican War of Independence</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/First_Dominican_Republic" title="First Dominican Republic">First Republic</a> <small>(1844–1861)</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_to_Spain" title="Annexation of the Dominican Republic to Spain">Spanish occupation</a> <small>(1861–1865)</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Restoration_War" title="Dominican Restoration War">Dominican Restoration War</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Dominican_Republic" title="Second Dominican Republic">Second Republic</a> <small>(1865–1916)</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_(1916%E2%80%931924)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924)">United States occupation</a> <small>(1916–1924)</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/Third_Dominican_Republic" title="Third Dominican Republic">Third Republic</a> <small>(1924–1965)</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Fourth Republic</a> <small>(1966–)</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee;background:#ffffff"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="LGBT history in the Dominican Republic">LGBT history</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the Dominican Republic">Postal history</a><br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic">Jewish history</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px mild; border-bottom:#aaa 1px mild;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Dominican_Republic" title="Portal:Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Template:History of the Dominican Republic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Template talk:History of the Dominican Republic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Dominican Republic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Captaincy General of Santo Domingo</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Capitanía General de Santo Domingo</i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[kapitaˈni.a<span class="wrap"> </span>xeneˈɾal<span class="wrap"> </span>de<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈsanto<span class="wrap"> </span>ðoˈmiŋɡo]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2f\/ES-pe_-_Capitan%C3%ADa_General_de_Santo_Domingo.ogg\/ES-pe_-_Capitan%C3%ADa_General_de_Santo_Domingo.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"ES-pe - Capitan\u00eda General de Santo Domingo.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/ES-pe_-_Capitan%C3%ADa_General_de_Santo_Domingo.ogg/ES-pe_-_Capitan%C3%ADa_General_de_Santo_Domingo.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:ES-pe_-_Capitan%C3%ADa_General_de_Santo_Domingo.ogg" title="File:ES-pe - Capitanía General de Santo Domingo.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) was the first Capitancy in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>, established by Spain in 1492 on the island of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>. The Capitancy, under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo</a>, was granted administrative powers over the Spanish possessions in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> and most of its mainland coasts, making Santo Domingo the principal political entity of the early colonial period.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to its strategic location, the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo served as headquarters for Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadors</a> on their way to the mainland and was important in the establishment of other European colonies in the Western Hemisphere. It is the site of the first European city in the Americas, <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a>, and of the oldest castle, fortress, cathedral, and monastery in the region. The colony was a meeting point of European explorers, soldiers, and settlers who brought with them the culture, architecture, laws, and traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a>. </p><p>The colony remained a military stronghold of the Spanish Empire for over a century, successfully defending against British, Dutch, and French expeditions into the region until the early 17th century. After pirates working for the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a> took over part of the west coast, French settlers arrived and decades of armed conflict ensued. Spain finally ceded the western third of Hispaniola to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> in the 1697 <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Ryswick" title="Peace of Ryswick">Peace of Ryswick</a>, thus establishing the basis for the future nations of the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Columbian_era">Pre-Columbian era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-Columbian era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> and the Spanish in 1492, the native <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Taíno people">Taíno people</a> populated the island which they called <i>Ayiti</i> ("land of high mountains") or "Quisqueya" (from Quizqueia), meaning "great thing" or "big land" ("mother of all lands"), and which the Spanish later named <i><a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a></i>. At the time, the island's territory consisted of five Taíno chiefdoms: Marién, Maguá, Maguana, Jaragua, and Higüey.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez2011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were ruled respectively by <i><a href="/wiki/Cacique" title="Cacique">caciques</a></i> (chiefs) Guacanagarix, Guarionex, <a href="/wiki/Caonabo" title="Caonabo">Caonabo</a>, Bohechío, and Cayacoa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrival_of_the_Spanish">Arrival of the Spanish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arrival of the Spanish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On his first voyage the navigator Christopher Columbus, arrived in 1492 under the Spanish Crown as he landed on a large island in the region of the western Atlantic Ocean that later came to be known as the Caribbean. Columbus promptly claimed the island for the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Crown</a>, naming it La Isla Española ("the Spanish Island"), later Latinized to <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>. He established a settlement in the northern part of the island, which later came under attack by the people of the area. The native Taínos' egalitarian social system clashed with the Europeans' feudalist system, which had more rigid class structures. The Europeans believed the Taínos to be misled, and they began to treat the tribes with violence and hatred. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_and_settlements">Conquest and settlements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conquest and settlements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the sinking of the <i><a href="/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_(ship)" title="Santa María (ship)">Santa María</a></i> ship Columbus established a military fort to support his claim to the island. The fort was called <a href="/wiki/La_Navidad" title="La Navidad">La Navidad</a> because the shipwrecking and the founding of the fort occurred on Christmas Day. While Columbus was away, the garrison manning the fort was wracked by divisions that evolved into conflict. The more rapacious men began to terrorize the Taíno, the <a href="/wiki/Ciguayos" title="Ciguayos">Ciguayos</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Macorix_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Macorix people">Macorix people</a>. The powerful <a href="/wiki/Cacique" title="Cacique">Cacique</a> Caonabo of the <a href="/wiki/Maguana_Chiefdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Maguana Chiefdom">Maguana Chiefdom</a> attacked the Europeans and destroyed La Navidad. </p><p>In 1493, Columbus returned to the island on his second voyage and established the first Spanish colony in the New World, the city of Isabella. This time Columbus returned to <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> with seventeen ships. The settlers built houses, storerooms, a Roman Catholic church, and a large house for Columbus. He brought more than a thousand men, including sailors, soldiers, carpenters, stonemasons, and other workers. Priests and nobles came as well. The first Mass was celebrated on 6 January 1494. The town included homes, a plaza, and Columbus' stone residence and arsenal.<sup id="cite_ref-Floyd_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Floyd-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup> </p><p>In June 1495, a large storm that the Taíno called a hurricane hit the island. The Taíno retreated to the mountains while the Spaniards remained in the colony. Several ships were sunk, including the flagship, the <i>Marie-Galante</i>. Cannon barrels and anchors from that era have been found in the bay. Gelatinous silt from rivers and wave action has raised the level of the bay floor and covers any parts of wrecks that may remain.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1496, his brother <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Columbus" title="Bartholomew Columbus">Bartholomew Columbus</a> established the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo de Guzmán</a> on the southern coast, which became the new capital. An estimated 400,000 Tainos living on the island were soon enslaved to work in gold mines. By 1508, their numbers had decreased to around 60,000 because of forced labor, hunger, disease, and <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_genocide" title="Taíno genocide">mass killings</a>. By 1535, only a few dozen were still alive.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartlyn1998_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartlyn1998-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dating from 1496, when the Spanish settled on the island, and officially from 5 August 1498, Santo Domingo became the first European city in the Americas. Bartholomew Columbus founded the settlement and named it La Nueva Isabela, after <a href="/wiki/La_Isabela" title="La Isabela">an earlier settlement in the north</a> named after the Queen of Spain <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella I">Isabella I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenberger2003_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenberger2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1495 it was renamed "Santo Domingo", in honor of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a>. </p><p>The expectations of obtaining great wealth in the island had been high for those who had arrived, and the violent nature and competitive drive of the colonizers also created conflicts among them. In 1497, a colonial administrator <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Rold%C3%A1n" title="Francisco Roldán">Francisco Roldán</a> rebelled against Columbus and established a rival regime in the island, recruiting half of the Spanish in 1498, and all the towns and fortresses had joined him except La Vega and La Isabella.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ferdinand_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferdinand-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roldán also promised to exempt some Indians from paying tribute, which they did with gold they collected from the rivers, if they gave him their support, thus getting the help of some natives. Roldán took weapons from La Isabela and retired to Xaragua. When Christopher Columbus returned to America in 1498 on his third voyage, he began a pact with the rebels, which was signed in August 1499, where he agreed to allow the use of the indigenous people as personal service, and gave back pay for the last two years. Even to those who had not worked, he distributed land, authorized the Spaniards to join with the Tainos and to return to Spain whenever they wished. Roldán was also reinstated as Mayor of La Isabela and, in March 1500, Roldán himself helped put down a rebellion led by Pedro Riquelme and Adrián de Mújica against Columbus. </p><p>Roldan died in 1502, in a hurricane that occurred coinciding with Columbus's arrival in America on his fourth voyage to the Indies. That hurricane would also kill Francisco de Bobadilla, the investigative judge who ordered Columbus' arrest in August 1500.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_Santo_Domingo">Establishment of Santo Domingo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Establishment of Santo Domingo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Santo Domingo came to be known as the "Gateway to the New World" and the chief city and capital of all Spanish colonies in the Americas during the colonization era.<sup id="cite_ref-BoltonMarshall2005_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoltonMarshall2005-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish Expeditions which led to <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Ponce de León</a>'s colonization of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a>'s colonization of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a>' conquest of Mexico, and <a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a>'s discovery of the Pacific Ocean were all launched from Santo Domingo. </p><p>A large discovery of gold was also found in the island, in the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Central,_Dominican_Republic" title="Cordillera Central, Dominican Republic">Cordillera Central</a> mountain region, which led to a mining boom and a <a href="/wiki/Gold_rush" title="Gold rush">gold rush</a> that lasted from 1500 until 1508.<sup id="cite_ref-Floyd_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Floyd-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44, 50, 57–58, 74">: 44, 50, 57–58, 74 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a> "ordered gold from the richest mines reserved for the Crown." The total sum of gold extracted during the first two decades in the Island was estimated at 30,000 kilos, an amount greater than the totality of production in Europe in those years and above the total gold collected by the Portuguese in Africa. </p><p>The colony's Spanish leadership changed several times, when Columbus departed on another exploration, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Bobadilla" title="Francisco de Bobadilla">Francisco de Bobadilla</a> became governor. Settlers' allegations of mismanagement by Columbus helped create a tumultuous political situation. In 1502, <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a> replaced de Bobadilla as governor, it was he who dealt most brutally with the Taíno people. In June 1502,<sup id="cite_ref-Clayton2011_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clayton2011-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Santo Domingo was destroyed by a major hurricane, and the new Governor <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a> had it rebuilt on a different site on the other side of the <a href="/wiki/Ozama_River" title="Ozama River">Ozama River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Floyd_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Floyd-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55, 73">: 55, 73 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1503 the <a href="/wiki/Hospital_San_Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Bari" title="Hospital San Nicolás de Bari">Hospital San Nicolás de Bari</a>, first hospital in the Americas, begins construction at the behest of governor (and namesake of the hospital) <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a>. This grand project was in keeping with the desire to emulate European princely courts, and looked to <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> Italy for inspiration.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of its completion, the wards could accommodate up to 70 patients, comparable to the most advanced churches of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1509, the <a href="/wiki/Atarazanas_Reales,_Santo_Domingo" title="Atarazanas Reales, Santo Domingo">Atarazanas Reales</a> (Royal Shipyards), a waterside building that housed the shipyards, warehouses, customs house and tax offices in the port of Santo Domingo, began construction.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to serving as warehouses, the complex also housed the Santo Domingo office of the <a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a>, headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>. Thus, the Atarazanas also served as the first customs and tax house of the New World. Management was contracted by the Crown to the powerful <a href="/wiki/Welser_family" title="Welser family">Welser banking family</a>, which had a slave-trading empire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enslavement_of_Africans">Enslavement of Africans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Enslavement of Africans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Spanish monarchs, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella of Castille">Isabella</a> granted permission to the colonists of the Caribbean to import African <a href="/wiki/Slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaves">slaves</a>, and in 1510 the first sizable shipment consisting of 250 <a href="/wiki/Black_Ladinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Ladinos">Black Ladinos</a> arrived in Hispaniola from Spain. Eight years later African-born slaves arrived in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>. Sugar cane was introduced to Hispaniola from the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, and the first sugar mill in the New World was established in 1516.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharpe1998_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharpe1998-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The need for a labor force to meet the growing demands of sugar cane cultivation led to an exponential increase in the importation of slaves over the following two decades. The sugar mill owners soon formed a new colonial elite, and initially convinced the Spanish king to allow them to elect the members of the <i><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Real Audiencia</a></i> from their ranks. Diego Colón arrived in 1509, assuming the powers of Viceroy and admiral. In 1512, Ferdinand established a <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Real Audiencia</a> with <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ortiz_de_Matienzo" title="Juan Ortiz de Matienzo">Juan Ortiz de Matienzo</a>, Marcelo de Villalobos, and <a href="/wiki/Lucas_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Ayll%C3%B3n" title="Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón">Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón</a> appointed as <a href="/wiki/Oidor" title="Oidor">judges</a> of appeal. In 1514, Pedro Ibanez de Ibarra arrived with the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_Burgos" title="Laws of Burgos">Laws of Burgos</a>. Rodrigo de Alburquerque was named <i>repartidor de indios</i> and soon named <i><a href="/wiki/Juez_de_residencia" class="mw-redirect" title="Juez de residencia">visitadores</a></i> to enforce the laws.<sup id="cite_ref-Floyd_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Floyd-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 143–144, 147">: 143–144, 147 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BriefDiegoKolumbus1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/BriefDiegoKolumbus1.jpg/220px-BriefDiegoKolumbus1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/BriefDiegoKolumbus1.jpg/330px-BriefDiegoKolumbus1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/BriefDiegoKolumbus1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>Brief of Diego Columbus</figcaption></figure> <p>The first major slave revolt in the Americas occurred in Santo Domingo on 26 December 1522, when enslaved Muslims of the <a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof</a> nation led an uprising in the sugar plantation of admiral Don <a href="/wiki/Diego_Col%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Diego Colón">Diego Colón</a>, son of Christopher Columbus. Many of these insurgents managed to escape to the mountains where they formed independent <a href="/wiki/Maroons" title="Maroons">maroon</a> communities in the south of the island, but the Admiral also had a lot of captured rebels hanged.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another rebel also fought back, the native Taino <a href="/wiki/Enriquillo" title="Enriquillo">Enriquillo</a> led a group who fled to the mountains and attacked the Spanish repeatedly for fourteen years. The Spanish ultimately offered him a peace treaty and gave Enriquillo and his followers their own city in 1534. By 1545, there were an estimated 7,000 maroons beyond Spanish control on Hispaniola. The <a href="/wiki/Baoruco_Mountain_Range" title="Baoruco Mountain Range">Bahoruco Mountains</a> in the south-west were their main area of concentration, although Africans had escaped to other areas of the island as well. </p><p>By the 1540s, the Caribbean Sea had become overrun with European pirates from England, France, and the Netherlands. In 1541, Spain authorized the construction of Santo Domingo's fortified wall, and decided to restrict sea travel to enormous, well-armed convoys. In another move, which would destroy <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>'s sugar industry, <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, more strategically located in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>, was selected as the designated stopping point for the merchant <a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet"><i>flotas</i></a>, which had a royal monopoly on commerce with the Americas. With the conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Main" title="Spanish Main">Spanish Main</a>, Hispaniola slowly declined. Many Spanish colonists left for the silver mines of the American mainland, while new immigrants from Spain bypassed the island. Agriculture dwindled, new imports of slaves ceased, and white colonists, free blacks, and slaves alike lived in poverty, weakening the racial hierarchy and aiding <i>intermixing</i>, resulting in a population of predominantly mixed Spaniard, Taíno, and African descent. Except for the city of Santo Domingo, which managed to maintain some legal exports, Dominican ports were forced to rely on contraband trade, which, along with livestock, became the sole source of livelihood for the island dwellers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_and_French_incursions">British and French incursions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: British and French incursions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_del_Cordon_CCSD_RD_11_2017_6568.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Casa_del_Cordon_CCSD_RD_11_2017_6568.jpg/250px-Casa_del_Cordon_CCSD_RD_11_2017_6568.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Casa_del_Cordon_CCSD_RD_11_2017_6568.jpg/375px-Casa_del_Cordon_CCSD_RD_11_2017_6568.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Casa_del_Cordon_CCSD_RD_11_2017_6568.jpg/500px-Casa_del_Cordon_CCSD_RD_11_2017_6568.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Casa_del_Cord%C3%B3n,_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casa del Cordón, Santo Domingo (page does not exist)">Casa del Cordón</a>, Colonial Santo Domingo</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1586, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santo_Domingo_(1586)" title="Battle of Santo Domingo (1586)">captured the city</a> and held it for ransom.<sup id="cite_ref-loc3_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drake's invasion signaled the decline of Spanish dominion over the Caribbean region, which was accentuated in the early 17th century by policies that resulted in the depopulation of most of the island outside of the capital. An expedition sent by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> in 1655 attacked the city of Santo Domingo, but was defeated. The English troops withdrew and took the less guarded colony of <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, instead.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1697, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ryswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Ryswick">Treaty of Ryswick</a> included the acknowledgement by Spain of France's dominion over the Western third of the island, now <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>. </p><p>In 1605, Spain, unhappy that Santo Domingo was facilitating trade between its other colonies and other European powers, attacked vast parts of the colony's northern and western regions, forcibly resettling their inhabitants closer to the city of Santo Domingo.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This action, known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Devastaciones_de_Osorio" class="mw-redirect" title="Devastaciones de Osorio">devastaciones de Osorio</a></i>, proved disastrous; more than half of the resettled colonists died of starvation or disease.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city of Santo Domingo was subjected to a <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> epidemic, cacao blight, and hurricane in 1666; another storm two years later; a second epidemic in 1669; a third hurricane in September 1672; plus an earthquake in May 1673 that killed two dozen residents.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> San José de Ocoa, the best-known maroon settlement in Santo Domingo, was subjugated by the Spanish in 1666. </p><p>In the 17th century, the French began occupying the unpopulated western third of Hispaniola. In 1625, French and English pirates arrived on the western side of the island. The pirates were attacked in 1629 by Spanish forces commanded by <a href="/wiki/Fadrique_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_1st_Marquis_of_Villanueva_de_Valdueza" class="mw-redirect" title="Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, 1st Marquis of Villanueva de Valdueza">Don Fadrique de Toledo</a>, who fortified the island, and expelled the French and English. In 1654, the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Rocher" title="Capture of Fort Rocher">re-captured the west side the island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1655 the west of Hispaniola was reoccupied by the English and French. In 1660 the English appointed a Frenchman as Governor who proclaimed the King of France, set up French colours, and defeated several English attempts to reclaim the island.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1665, French colonization of the island was officially recognized by King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>. The French colony was given the name <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a>. By 1670 a Welsh privateer named <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan" title="Henry Morgan">Henry Morgan</a> invited the pirates on the island of Tortuga to set sail under him. They were hired by the French as a striking force that allowed France to have a much stronger hold on the Caribbean region. Consequently, the pirates never really controlled the island and kept Tortuga as a neutral hideout. The capital of the French Colony of Saint-Domingue was moved from Tortuga to <a href="/wiki/Port-de-Paix" title="Port-de-Paix">Port-de-Paix</a> on the mainland of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> in 1676. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AMH-6754-NA_Bird%27s_eye_view_of_the_city_of_Santo_Domingo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/AMH-6754-NA_Bird%27s_eye_view_of_the_city_of_Santo_Domingo.jpg/260px-AMH-6754-NA_Bird%27s_eye_view_of_the_city_of_Santo_Domingo.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/AMH-6754-NA_Bird%27s_eye_view_of_the_city_of_Santo_Domingo.jpg/390px-AMH-6754-NA_Bird%27s_eye_view_of_the_city_of_Santo_Domingo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/AMH-6754-NA_Bird%27s_eye_view_of_the_city_of_Santo_Domingo.jpg/520px-AMH-6754-NA_Bird%27s_eye_view_of_the_city_of_Santo_Domingo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1771" /></a><figcaption>City of Santo Domingo in 1665.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1680, new Acts of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a> forbade sailing under foreign flags (in opposition to former practice). This was a major legal blow to the Caribbean pirates. Settlements were made in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ratisbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Ratisbon">Treaty of Ratisbon</a> of 1684, signed by the European powers, that put an end to piracy. Most of the pirates after this time were hired out into the Royal services to suppress their former buccaneer allies. In the 1697 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ryswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Ryswick">Treaty of Ryswick</a>, Spain formally ceded the western third of the island to France.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was an important port in the Americas for goods and products flowing to and from France and Europe. Intermittent clashes between French and Spanish colonists followed, even after the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick recognized the de facto occupations of France and Spain around the globe. Periodic confrontations also continued despite a 1731 agreement that partially defined a border between the two colonies along the Massacre and Pedernales rivers. In 1777, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aranjuez_(1777)" title="Treaty of Aranjuez (1777)">Treaty of Aranjuez</a> established a definitive border between what Spain called Santo Domingo and what the French named Saint-Domingue, thus ending 150 years of local conflicts and imperial ambitions to extend control over the island.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_revival">Economic revival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Economic revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DOMREP-s-dom-panteon-innen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DOMREP-s-dom-panteon-innen.jpg/170px-DOMREP-s-dom-panteon-innen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DOMREP-s-dom-panteon-innen.jpg/255px-DOMREP-s-dom-panteon-innen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DOMREP-s-dom-panteon-innen.jpg/340px-DOMREP-s-dom-panteon-innen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="807" data-file-height="1215" /></a><figcaption>National pantheon.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> replaced the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> in Spain in 1700 and introduced economic reforms that gradually began to revive trade in Santo Domingo. The crown progressively relaxed the rigid controls and restrictions on commerce between Spain and the colonies and among the colonies. The last <i>flotas</i> sailed in 1737; the monopoly port system was abolished shortly thereafter. Many Spaniards and Hispaniola-born Creoles also then became pirates and privateers. By the middle of the century, the population was bolstered by emigration from the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, resettling the northern part of the colony and planting tobacco in the <a href="/wiki/Cibao_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Cibao Valley">Cibao Valley</a>, and importation of slaves was renewed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Age_of_Piracy">Age of Piracy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Age of Piracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Santo Domingo's exports soared and the island's agricultural productivity rose, which was assisted by the involvement of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931808)" title="History of Spain (1700–1808)">Spain</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, allowing <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a> operating out of Santo Domingo to once again patrol surrounding waters for enemy <a href="/wiki/Merchant_ship" title="Merchant ship">merchantmen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hazard_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hazard-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dominican pirates captured British, Dutch, French and Danish ships throughout the eighteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dominicans constituted one of the many diverse units which fought under <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a> during the conquest of <a href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">British West Florida</a> (1779–1781).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_map_of_the_island_of_St._Domingo_(4586550141).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/A_map_of_the_island_of_St._Domingo_%284586550141%29.jpg/220px-A_map_of_the_island_of_St._Domingo_%284586550141%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/A_map_of_the_island_of_St._Domingo_%284586550141%29.jpg/330px-A_map_of_the_island_of_St._Domingo_%284586550141%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/A_map_of_the_island_of_St._Domingo_%284586550141%29.jpg/440px-A_map_of_the_island_of_St._Domingo_%284586550141%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1336" /></a><figcaption>Map of Santo Domingo in the 1700s.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dominican privateers had already been active in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">Guerra del Asiento</a> decades prior, and they sharply reduced the amount of enemy trade operating in <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indian</a> waters.<sup id="cite_ref-Hazard_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hazard-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Prize_(law)" title="Prize (law)">prizes</a> they took were carried back to Santo Domingo, where their cargoes were sold to the colony's inhabitants or to foreign merchants doing business there. During this period, Spanish privateers from Santo Domingo sailed into enemy ports looking for ships to plunder, thus disrupting commerce between Spain's enemies in the Atlantic. As a result of these developments, Spanish privateers frequently sailed back into Santo Domingo with their holds filled with captured plunder which were sold in Hispaniola's ports, with profits accruing to individual sea raiders. The revenue acquired in these acts of piracy was invested in the economic expansion of the colony and led to repopulation from Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The enslaved population of the colony also rose dramatically, as numerous captive Africans were taken from enemy <a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">slave ships</a> in West Indian waters.<sup id="cite_ref-Hazard_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hazard-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The author of <i>Idea del valor de la Isla Española</i> emphasized the activities of Dominican privateer Lorenzo Daniel (also known as Lorencín Daniel), and noted that in his career as a privateer, Daniel captured more than 60 enemy ships, including "those used for trade as well as war”.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The population of Santo Domingo grew to approximately 125,000 in the year 1791. Of this number, 40,000 were white landowners, about 70,000 were mulatto freedmen, and some 15,000 were black slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contrasted sharply with neighboring <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> (Haiti), which had an enslaved population of over 500,000, representing 90% of the French colony's population, and overall seven times as numerous as the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French had become the wealthiest colonists in the Western Hemisphere due to the exploitation of their massive slave population. As restrictions on colonial trade were relaxed, the colonial <a href="/wiki/French_Haitians" title="French Haitians">French elites</a> of St. Domingue offered the principal market for Santo Domingo's exports of beef, hides, mahogany and tobacco. The 'Spanish' settlers, whose blood by now was mixed with that of Taínos, Africans, and Canary Guanches, proclaimed: 'It does not matter if the French are richer than us, we are still the true inheritors of this island. In our veins runs the blood of the heroic <i>conquistadores</i> who won this island of ours with sword and blood.'.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later_years">Later years</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Santo_Domingo_(French_and_British_ships).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Battle_of_Santo_Domingo_%28French_and_British_ships%29.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Santo_Domingo_%28French_and_British_ships%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Battle_of_Santo_Domingo_%28French_and_British_ships%29.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Santo_Domingo_%28French_and_British_ships%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Battle_of_Santo_Domingo_%28French_and_British_ships%29.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Santo_Domingo_%28French_and_British_ships%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="793" /></a><figcaption>War ships in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_reconquest_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Spanish reconquest of Santo Domingo">reconquest of Santo Domingo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>With the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a>, the rich urban families linked to the colonial bureaucracy left the island, while most of the rural cattle ranchers remained, even though they lost their principal market. Nevertheless, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish crown">Spanish crown</a> saw in the unrest an opportunity to seize all, or part, of the western region of the island in an alliance of convenience with the rebellious slaves. The Spanish governor of Santo Domingo purchased the allegiance of mulatto and black rebel leaders and their personal armies.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheina_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheina-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1793, Spanish forces, including former slaves, crossed the border and pushed back the disheveled French forces before them.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheina_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheina-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Spanish and Dominican soldiers had been successful in the island during their battles against the French,<sup id="cite_ref-Scheina_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheina-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such had not been the case in the European front, as Spain and Portugal lost the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pyrenees" title="War of the Pyrenees">War of the Pyrenees</a>, and on July 22, 1795, the French Republic and Spanish crown signed the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Basel" title="Peace of Basel">Treaty of Basel</a>. Frenchmen were to return to their side of the Pyrenees in Europe and Spanish Santo Domingo was to be ceded to France. This period called the <i><a href="/wiki/Era_de_Francia" title="Era de Francia">Era de Francia</a></i>, lasted until 1809 until being recaptured by the Dominican general <a href="/wiki/Juan_S%C3%A1nchez_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Juan Sánchez Ramírez">Juan Sánchez Ramírez</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_reconquest_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Spanish reconquest of Santo Domingo">reconquest of Santo Domingo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cities_and_towns">Cities and towns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cities and towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="toccolours" border="2" cellpadding="2" style="border-collapse:collapse"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="lightsteelblue"> <th>Cities and towns</th> <th>Foundation </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/La_Isabela" title="La Isabela">Isabela</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1492" title="1492">1492</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n_de_la_Vega" class="mw-redirect" title="Concepción de la Vega">Concepción de la Vega</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1494" title="1494">1494</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bonao" title="Bonao">San Antonio de Bonao</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1494" title="1494">1494</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_los_Caballeros" title="Santiago de los Caballeros">Santiago de los Caballeros</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1495" title="1495">1495</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1496" title="1496">1496</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Felipe_de_Puerto_Plata" class="mw-redirect" title="San Felipe de Puerto Plata">San Felipe de Puerto Plata</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1499" title="1499">1499</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Seibo" class="mw-redirect" title="El Seibo">Santa Cruz del Seybo</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1502" title="1502">1502</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Pr%C3%ADncipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Príncipe">Santa María de la Vera Paz</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1503" title="1503">1503</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Les_Cayes" title="Les Cayes">Les Cayes</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1503" title="1503">1503</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hinche" title="Hinche">Lares de Guaba</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1503" title="1503">1503</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salvale%C3%B3n_de_Hig%C3%BCey" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvaleón de Higüey">Salvaleón de Higüey</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1503" title="1503">1503</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_de_la_Maguana" title="San Juan de la Maguana">San Juan de la Maguana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1503" title="1503">1503</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Azua,_Dominican_Republic" title="Azua, Dominican Republic">Compostela de Azua</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1504" title="1504">1504</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aquin" title="Aquin">Villanueva de Yáquimo</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1504" title="1504">1504</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cabo_Haitiano" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabo Haitiano">Puerto Real de Bayajá</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1504" title="1504">1504</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1nchez_Ram%C3%ADrez" class="mw-redirect" title="Sánchez Ramírez">La Buenaventura</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1504" title="1504">1504</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cotu%C3%AD" title="Cotuí">Cotuy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1505" title="1505">1505</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Fernando_de_Monte_Cristi" class="mw-redirect" title="San Fernando de Monte Cristi">San Fernando de Monte Cristi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1506" title="1506">1506</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hato_Mayor_del_Rey" title="Hato Mayor del Rey">Hato Mayor del Rey</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1520" title="1520">1520</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sabana_Grande_de_Boy%C3%A1" title="Sabana Grande de Boyá">Sabana Grande de Boyá</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1535" title="1535">1535</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neiba" title="Neiba">Neyba</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1546" title="1546">1546</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peralvillo" title="Peralvillo">Peralvillo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1601" title="1601">1601</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bayaguana" title="Bayaguana">San Juan Bautista de Bayaguana</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1606" title="1606">1606</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monte_Plata" title="Monte Plata">Monte Plata</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1606" title="1606">1606</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hinche" title="Hinche">Concepción de Hincha</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1704" title="1704">1704</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_(town)" title="Samaná (town)">Santa Bárbara de Samaná</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1756" title="1756">1756</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sabana_de_la_Mar" title="Sabana de la Mar">Sabana de la Mar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1760" title="1760">1760</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint-Rapha%C3%ABl,_Haiti" title="Saint-Raphaël, Haiti">Saint-Raphaël, Haiti</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1761" title="1761">1761</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Las_Caobas" title="Las Caobas">San Gabriel de Las Caobas</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1763" title="1763">1763</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ban%C3%AD" title="Baní">Baní</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1764" title="1764">1764</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint-Michel-de-l%27Attalaye" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Michel-de-l'Attalaye">San Miguel de la Atalaya</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1768" title="1768">1768</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_de_Macor%C3%ADs" title="San Francisco de Macorís">San Francisco de Macorís</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1778" title="1778">1778</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boca_Chica" title="Boca Chica">San José de los Llanos</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1779" title="1779">1779</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Las_Matas_de_Farf%C3%A1n" title="Las Matas de Farfán">Las Matas de Farfán</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1780" title="1780">1780</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Domingo,_1855_208245_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/San_Domingo%2C_1855_208245_02.jpg/220px-San_Domingo%2C_1855_208245_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/San_Domingo%2C_1855_208245_02.jpg/330px-San_Domingo%2C_1855_208245_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/San_Domingo%2C_1855_208245_02.jpg/440px-San_Domingo%2C_1855_208245_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_and_Convent_of_los_Dominicos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church and Convent of los Dominicos (page does not exist)">Convent of los Dominicos</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The St. Thomas Aquinas University, today the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_University_of_Santo_Domingo" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous University of Santo Domingo">Autonomous University of Santo Domingo</a>, is the first institution of higher education in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>. It was founded by <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> in 1538 in <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a>. The headquarters of the university was the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_and_Convent_of_los_Dominicos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church and Convent of los Dominicos (page does not exist)">Church and Convent of los Dominicos</a>. Founded during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I of Spain">Charles I of Spain</a>, it was originally a seminary operated by <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholic</a> monks of the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican Order</a>. Later, the institution received a university charter by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Pope Paul III</a>'s papal bull <i>In Apostulatus Culmine</i>, dated October 28, 1538. </p><p>In its structure and purpose the new university was modeled after the University of Alcalá in the city of Henares, Spain. In this capacity it became a standard-bearer for the medieval ideology of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Conquest" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Conquest">Spanish Conquest</a>, and gained its royal charter in 1558. In this royal decree, the university was given the name University of Saint Thomas Aquinas (Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino). </p><p>The university was closed in 1801 under the French, but reopened in 1815 as a secular institution.<sup id="cite_ref-d1823_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d1823-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nave_Norte_Catedral_Primada_CCSD_05_2019_5530.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Nave_Norte_Catedral_Primada_CCSD_05_2019_5530.jpg/220px-Nave_Norte_Catedral_Primada_CCSD_05_2019_5530.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Nave_Norte_Catedral_Primada_CCSD_05_2019_5530.jpg/330px-Nave_Norte_Catedral_Primada_CCSD_05_2019_5530.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Nave_Norte_Catedral_Primada_CCSD_05_2019_5530.jpg/440px-Nave_Norte_Catedral_Primada_CCSD_05_2019_5530.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Interior view of Santa María la Menor Cathedral.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Santo_Domingo" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Santo Domingo">Archdiocese of Santo Domingo</a> is considered the first episcopal seat in America. Of all the dioceses in the north and south of the American continent, only the archbishop of Santo Domingo corresponds to the title of first of the Indies. It is the oldest of the surviving dioceses in the Americas, the Diocese of Santo Domingo was created on August 8, 1511 by Pope Julius II's bull Romanus Pontifex of August 8, 1511. In those days, the diocese of Concepción (today in La Vega, Dominican Republic). In 1527 the diocese of Concepción de la Vega was abolished, leaving the entire island of Hispaniola under the jurisdiction of the bishop of Santo Domingo. </p><p>It was elevated to Metropolitan Archdiocese on February 12, 1546, through the bull Super universas orbis ecclesiae of Pope Paul III, being its first archbishop Alonso de Fuenmayor. The Diocese of Puerto Rico, the Diocese of Venezuela (with headquarters in Coro, founded in 1531; today the Archdiocese of Caracas), the Diocese of Cuba (with headquarters in Santiago de Cuba, initially founded in Baracoa in 1518; today Archdiocese of Santiago de Cuba), the Diocese of Honduras (based in Comayagua, initially founded in Trujillo in 1531; today Archdiocese of Tegucigalpa) and the territorial abbey of Jamaica (suppressed in 1655). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics_and_caste_system">Demographics and caste system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Demographics and caste system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The presence of precious metals such as gold boosted migration of thousands of Spaniards to Hispaniola seeking easy wealth. In the year 1510, there were 10,000 Spaniards in the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Santo_Domingo" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Santo Domingo">colony of Santo Domingo</a>, and it rose to over 20,000 in 1520. However after the depleting of the gold mines, the island began to depopulate.<sup id="cite_ref-Bosch_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bosch-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by a limited Spanish migration toward Hispaniola, composed overwhelmingly by males. In order to counteract the depopulation and impoverishment of the colony, the Spanish Monarchy allowed the importation of African slaves to hew <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a>. </p><p>Families stopped migrating to the colony, so the lack of Spanish females led to <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">miscegenation</a>, that drove the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Caste_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste system">caste system</a>, in which Spaniards were at the top, <a href="/wiki/Mixed-race" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-race">mixed-race</a> people at middle, and <a href="/wiki/Amerindian" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerindian">Amerindians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black people</a> at the bottom. In order to maintain their status and remain racially pure the caste system was enforced, because only pure whites were able to inherit <a href="/wiki/Majorat" title="Majorat">majorats</a>. As a result, Santo Domingo, like the rest of <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic America</a>, became a <a href="/wiki/Pigmentocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigmentocracy">pigmentocracy</a>. The local-born whites were known as <i><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">blancos de la tierra</a></i> ("whites from the land"), in contrast to the <i><a href="/wiki/Peninsulares" title="Peninsulares">blancos de Castilla</a></i>, "whites from <a href="/wiki/Castile_(historical_region)" title="Castile (historical region)">Castile</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-MoreauDeSaintMery_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoreauDeSaintMery-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Limpieza de sangre</a></i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[limˈpjeθa<span class="wrap"> </span>ðe<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈsaŋɡɾe]</a></span>, meaning literally "cleanliness of blood") was very important in <a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Mediæval Spain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Spain-Then-and-Now_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spain-Then-and-Now-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this system was replicated on the New World. The highest social class was the <a href="/wiki/Visigothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Visigothic">Visigothic</a> nobility,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commonly known as people of "sangre azul" (Spanish for: "blue blood"), because their skin was so pale that their veins looked blue through it, in comparison with that of a commoner who had <a href="/wiki/Olive_skin" title="Olive skin">olive skin</a>. Those who proved that they were descendants of Visigoths were allowed to use the style of <a href="/wiki/Don_(honorific)" title="Don (honorific)">Don</a> and were considered <a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(nobility)" title="Hidalgo (nobility)">hidalgos</a>. Hidalgos nobles were the most benefited of those Spanish who emigrated to America because they received royal properties (such as cattle, lands, and slaves) and tax exemptions. These people achieved a privileged position, and most of them avoided mixing with natives or Africans. </p><p>The Spanish of the highest rank who migrated to America in the sixteenth century was the noblewoman Doña <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_Toledo" title="María de Toledo">María de Toledo</a>, granddaughter of the 1st <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Alba" title="Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a>, niece of the 2nd Duke of Alba, and grandniece of King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand of Aragon</a>; she was married to <a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a>, Admiral and <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a> of the Indies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_Laws">Government and Laws</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Government and Laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_Casas_Reales_CCSD_11_2018_4311.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Museo_Casas_Reales_CCSD_11_2018_4311.jpg/220px-Museo_Casas_Reales_CCSD_11_2018_4311.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Museo_Casas_Reales_CCSD_11_2018_4311.jpg/330px-Museo_Casas_Reales_CCSD_11_2018_4311.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Museo_Casas_Reales_CCSD_11_2018_4311.jpg/440px-Museo_Casas_Reales_CCSD_11_2018_4311.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Royal Courtyard.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Museo_de_las_Casas_Reales" title="Museo de las Casas Reales">Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo</a> was the first court of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Spanish crown</a> in America. It was created by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand V of Castile</a> in his decree of 1511, and was implemented by <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> in his decree of September 14, 1526. This <i><a href="/wiki/Audiencia_Real" class="mw-redirect" title="Audiencia Real">audiencia</a></i> would become part of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a> upon the creation of the latter two decades later. </p><p>The <i>audiencia</i> president was at the same time governor and <a href="/wiki/Captaincy" title="Captaincy">captain general</a> of the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, which granted him broad administrative powers and autonomy over the Spanish possessions of the Caribbean and most of its <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Main" title="Spanish Main">mainland coasts</a>. This combined with the judicial oversight that the <i>audiencia</i> judges had over the region meant that the Santo Domingo <i>Audiencia</i> was the principal political entity of this region during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">colonial period</a>. </p> <table border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" align="center" width="90%" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;"> <tbody><tr> <td><blockquote><div style="font-size:87%;"><span style="color:#EEEEEE;"> — </span>We order that in the City of Santo Domingo on the Island of Hispaniola reside our Royal <i>Audiencia</i> and Chancellory, as it has been established, with a president, who shall be governor and captain general; four judges of <a href="/wiki/Private_law" title="Private law">civil cases</a>, who shall also serve as judges of <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal cases</a>; a crown attorney; a bailiff; and a lieutenant of the Gran Chancellor; and the other necessary ministers and officials, which will have for district all of the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a>, and the coast of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Tierra_Firme" title="Province of Tierra Firme">Tierra Firme</a>, and in them the Governments of <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Andalusia_Province" title="New Andalusia Province">New Andalusia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riohacha" title="Riohacha">Riohacha</a>, which is of the Government of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Marta" title="Santa Marta">Santa Marta</a>; and in <a href="/wiki/Guayana_Province" title="Guayana Province">Guayana</a> or Province of El Dorado, the regions which it now has and no more; dividing territory in the south with the four <i>Audiencias</i> of the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">New Kingdom of Granada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Tierra Firme</a> [Panama], <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala">Guatemala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Mexico" title="Real Audiencia of Mexico">New Spain</a>, along the coasts which run along the west of <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">North Sea</a>, with the Provinces of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a>, and with the rest in the North Sea; and that the president-governor-captain general can order and will order what is necessary in military matters and relating to the good governance and defense of said Island of Santo Domingo.</div></blockquote> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_rights">Native rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Native rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cristobal_Col%C3%B3n,_1893_%22La_gran_batalla_que_tuvo_el_almirante_con_el_Rey_Guarionex_y_cien_mil_indios_en_la_Vega_Real%22._(4383849255).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cristobal_Col%C3%B3n%2C_1893_%22La_gran_batalla_que_tuvo_el_almirante_con_el_Rey_Guarionex_y_cien_mil_indios_en_la_Vega_Real%22._%284383849255%29.jpg/220px-Cristobal_Col%C3%B3n%2C_1893_%22La_gran_batalla_que_tuvo_el_almirante_con_el_Rey_Guarionex_y_cien_mil_indios_en_la_Vega_Real%22._%284383849255%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cristobal_Col%C3%B3n%2C_1893_%22La_gran_batalla_que_tuvo_el_almirante_con_el_Rey_Guarionex_y_cien_mil_indios_en_la_Vega_Real%22._%284383849255%29.jpg/330px-Cristobal_Col%C3%B3n%2C_1893_%22La_gran_batalla_que_tuvo_el_almirante_con_el_Rey_Guarionex_y_cien_mil_indios_en_la_Vega_Real%22._%284383849255%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cristobal_Col%C3%B3n%2C_1893_%22La_gran_batalla_que_tuvo_el_almirante_con_el_Rey_Guarionex_y_cien_mil_indios_en_la_Vega_Real%22._%284383849255%29.jpg/440px-Cristobal_Col%C3%B3n%2C_1893_%22La_gran_batalla_que_tuvo_el_almirante_con_el_Rey_Guarionex_y_cien_mil_indios_en_la_Vega_Real%22._%284383849255%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2294" data-file-height="3107" /></a><figcaption>Battle of Vegas Real.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1501 <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella of Castile">Queen Isabella</a> declared <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> as subjects to the crown, this implied that enslaving them was illegal except on very specific conditions. This would lead to the necessity of importing <a href="/wiki/African_slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="African slaves">African slaves</a> to the island in the years to come. Native chiefs were responsible for keeping track of the laborers in their community. The <i>encomienda</i> system did not grant people land, but it indirectly aided in the conquistadors and settlers' acquisition of land with the intent of establishing new towns and populations. As initially defined, the <i>encomendero</i> and his heirs expected to hold these grants in perpetuity. </p><p>The <i>encomiendas</i> became very corrupt and harsh. In the neighborhood of La Concepción, north of Santo Domingo, the <i><a href="/wiki/Adelantado" title="Adelantado">adelantado</a></i> of Santiago heard rumors of a 15,000-man army of <a href="/wiki/Tainos" class="mw-redirect" title="Tainos">Tainos</a> planning to stage a rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon hearing this, the adelantado captured the <i><a href="/wiki/Cacique" title="Cacique">caciques</a></i> involved and had most of them hanged. </p><p>Later, a chieftain named <a href="/wiki/Guarionex" title="Guarionex">Guarionex</a> laid havoc to the countryside before an army of about 3,090 routed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciguana_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciguana people (page does not exist)">Ciguana people</a> under his leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although expecting Spanish protection from warring tribes, the islanders sought to join the Spanish forces. They helped the Spaniards deal with their ignorance of the surrounding environment.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The change of requiring the <i>encomendado</i> to be returned to the crown after two generations was frequently overlooked, as the colonists did not want to give up the labor or power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hispaniola_Treaty_of_Aranjuez_1777.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Contemporary map showing the border situation on Hispaniola following the Treaty of Aranjuez"><img alt="Contemporary map showing the border situation on Hispaniola following the Treaty of Aranjuez" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hispaniola_Treaty_of_Aranjuez_1777.jpg/90px-Hispaniola_Treaty_of_Aranjuez_1777.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hispaniola_Treaty_of_Aranjuez_1777.jpg/135px-Hispaniola_Treaty_of_Aranjuez_1777.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hispaniola_Treaty_of_Aranjuez_1777.jpg/181px-Hispaniola_Treaty_of_Aranjuez_1777.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="1378" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Contemporary map showing the border situation on Hispaniola following the Treaty of Aranjuez</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iglesia_y_Convento_Dominicos_CCSD_07_2018_0522.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Iglesia_y_Convento_Dominicos_CCSD_07_2018_0522.jpg/120px-Iglesia_y_Convento_Dominicos_CCSD_07_2018_0522.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Iglesia_y_Convento_Dominicos_CCSD_07_2018_0522.jpg/180px-Iglesia_y_Convento_Dominicos_CCSD_07_2018_0522.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Iglesia_y_Convento_Dominicos_CCSD_07_2018_0522.jpg/240px-Iglesia_y_Convento_Dominicos_CCSD_07_2018_0522.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Dominican_Republic" title="Portal:Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Santo_Domingo" title="List of colonial governors of Santo Domingo">List of colonial governors of Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Timeline of Santo Domingo">Timeline of Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Dominican Republic">History of the Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_to_Spain" title="Annexation of the Dominican Republic to Spain">Annexation of the Dominican Republic to Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">French Colony of Saint-Domingue</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">During the war of 1762, a packet boat, a brigantine, six sloops, two schooners, and a coastal vessel were brought into port and it was Dominican corsairs, Lorenzo Daniel, Juan Bautista San Marcos, Juan Cueto, and Domingo Alberto Serrano who brought them in.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSpain1680" class="citation book cs1">Spain (1680). <i>Recopilación de las Leyes de Indias. Titulo Quince. De las Audiencias y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias</i>. Madrid. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.congreso.gob.pe/ntley/Imagenes/LeyIndia/0102015.pdf">Spanish-language facsimile of the original</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recopilaci%C3%B3n+de+las+Leyes+de+Indias.+Titulo+Quince.+De+las+Audiencias+y+Chancillerias+Reales+de+las+Indias&rft.pub=Madrid&rft.date=1680&rft.au=Spain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perez2011-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Perez2011_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerez2011" class="citation book cs1">Perez, Cosme E. (20 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AkDQoaMzrk0C&pg=PA27"><i>Quisqueya: un país en el mundo: La Revelación Maya Del 2012</i></a>. Palibrio. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4633-1368-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4633-1368-5"><bdi>978-1-4633-1368-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quisqueya%3A+un+pa%C3%ADs+en+el+mundo%3A+La+Revelaci%C3%B3n+Maya+Del+2012&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Palibrio&rft.date=2011-12-20&rft.isbn=978-1-4633-1368-5&rft.aulast=Perez&rft.aufirst=Cosme+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAkDQoaMzrk0C%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Floyd-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Floyd_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Floyd_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Floyd_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Floyd_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloyd1973" class="citation book cs1">Floyd, Troy (1973). <i>The Columbus Dynasty in the Caribbean, 1492–1526</i>. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbus+Dynasty+in+the+Caribbean%2C+1492%E2%80%931526&rft.place=Albuquerque&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Floyd&rft.aufirst=Troy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hartlyn1998-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hartlyn1998_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartlyn1998" class="citation book cs1">Hartlyn, Jonathan (1998). <i>The Struggle for Democratic Politics in the Dominican Republic</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-4707-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-4707-0"><bdi>0-8078-4707-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+for+Democratic+Politics+in+the+Dominican+Republic&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8078-4707-0&rft.aulast=Hartlyn&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenberger2003-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greenberger2003_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberger2003" class="citation book cs1">Greenberger, Robert (1 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ov7PNM3NcC0C&pg=PA35"><i>Juan Ponce de León: The Exploration of Florida and the Search for the Fountain of Youth</i></a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3627-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3627-4"><bdi>978-0-8239-3627-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Juan+Ponce+de+Le%C3%B3n%3A+The+Exploration+of+Florida+and+the+Search+for+the+Fountain+of+Youth&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3627-4&rft.aulast=Greenberger&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dov7PNM3NcC0C%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakewell2004" class="citation cs2">Bakewell, Peter John (2004), <i>A history of Latin America: c. 1450 to the present</i>, Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 83, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-23160-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-23160-9"><bdi>0-631-23160-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Latin+America%3A+c.+1450+to+the+present&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-631-23160-9&rft.aulast=Bakewell&rft.aufirst=Peter+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Bakewell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MTlK0Mx1a38C&q=bobadilla+&pg=PA114">"A History of Latin America to 1825: 3rd Edition"</a>, pg 114 <i>Wiley Blackwell</i>, 2010. Retrieved 4/11/2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferdinand-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ferdinand_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColumbus1959" class="citation book cs1">Columbus, Ferdinand (1959). <i>The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus by his son Ferdinand</i>. New Brunswick: Rutgers, The State University. pp. 191–214.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+the+Admiral+Christopher+Columbus+by+his+son+Ferdinand&rft.place=New+Brunswick&rft.pages=191-214&rft.pub=Rutgers%2C+The+State+University&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Columbus&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorison1942" class="citation cs2">Morison, Samuel Eliot (1942), <i>Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus</i>, Boston: Little, Brown and Co., p. 590</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Admiral+of+the+Ocean+Sea%3A+A+Life+of+Christopher+Columbus&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=590&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Co.&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Morison&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Eliot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BoltonMarshall2005-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BoltonMarshall2005_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoltonMarshall2005" class="citation book cs1">Bolton, Herbert E.; Marshall, Thomas Maitland (30 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YN64ri8RH80C&pg=PA17"><i>The Colonization of North America 1492 to 1783</i></a>. Kessinger Publishing. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-9438-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-9438-0"><bdi>978-0-7661-9438-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colonization+of+North+America+1492+to+1783&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2005-04-30&rft.isbn=978-0-7661-9438-0&rft.aulast=Bolton&rft.aufirst=Herbert+E.&rft.au=Marshall%2C+Thomas+Maitland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYN64ri8RH80C%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clayton2011-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clayton2011_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayton2011" class="citation book cs1">Clayton, Lawrence A. (25 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NP1WfJFLePsC&pg=PA19"><i>Bartolom de Las Casas and the Conquest of the Americas</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9427-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9427-3"><bdi>978-1-4051-9427-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bartolom+de+Las+Casas+and+the+Conquest+of+the+Americas&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011-01-25&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9427-3&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNP1WfJFLePsC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meining 1986:9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey,_Galvin_Alexander2005" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Galvin Alexander (2005). <i>Art of Colonial Latin America</i>. New York: Phaidon Press. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714841579" title="Special:BookSources/0714841579"><bdi>0714841579</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+of+Colonial+Latin+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Phaidon+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0714841579&rft.au=Bailey%2C+Galvin+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalm,_Erwin_Walter1955" class="citation book cs1">Palm, Erwin Walter (1955). <i>Los Monumentos Arquitectónicos de La Española, Con una introducción a América. 2 vols</i>. Ciudad Trujillo: Universidad de Santo Domingo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+Monumentos+Arquitect%C3%B3nicos+de+La+Espa%C3%B1ola%2C+Con+una+introducci%C3%B3n+a+Am%C3%A9rica.+2+vols&rft.pub=Ciudad+Trujillo%3A+Universidad+de+Santo+Domingo&rft.date=1955&rft.au=Palm%2C+Erwin+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Banco Popular. <i>Santo Domingo Colonial: Sus Principales Monumentos.</i> Santo Domingo: Banco Popular, 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharpe1998-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sharpe1998_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharpe1998" class="citation web cs1">Sharpe, Peter (26 October 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080518084734/http://www.siu.edu/~ebl/leaflets/sugar.htm">"Sugar Cane: Past and Present"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siu.edu/~ebl/leaflets/sugar.htm">the original</a> on 18 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sugar+Cane%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.date=1998-10-26&rft.aulast=Sharpe&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siu.edu%2F~ebl%2Fleaflets%2Fsugar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jose Franco, <i>Maroons and Slave Rebellions in the Spanish Territories</i>, in "Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas", ed. by Richard Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-loc3-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-loc3_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/dominican-republic/3.htm">"Dominican Republic – THE FIRST COLONY"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dominican+Republic+%E2%80%93+THE+FIRST+COLONY&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fdominican-republic%2F3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarley1998" class="citation book cs1">Marley, David (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rdvp3cGJUZoC&q=%22Santo+Domingo%22+1655+Penn+Venables&pg=PA148"><i>Wars of the Americas</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 148–149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780874368376" title="Special:BookSources/9780874368376"><bdi>9780874368376</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars+of+the+Americas&rft.pages=148-149&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780874368376&rft.aulast=Marley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drdvp3cGJUZoC%26q%3D%2522Santo%2BDomingo%2522%2B1655%2BPenn%2BVenables%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight1990" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Franklin W. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/caribbeangenesis0002knig/page/54"><i>The Caribbean: The Genesis of a Fragmented Nationalism</i></a> (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/caribbeangenesis0002knig/page/54">54</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505440-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-505440-7"><bdi>0-19-505440-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caribbean%3A+The+Genesis+of+a+Fragmented+Nationalism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=54&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-19-505440-7&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Franklin+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcaribbeangenesis0002knig%2Fpage%2F54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2006" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Sean (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roughguidetodo00sean/page/352"><i>The Rough Guide to the Dominican Republic</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). New York: Rough Guides. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roughguidetodo00sean/page/352">352</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84353-497-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-84353-497-5"><bdi>1-84353-497-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+the+Dominican+Republic&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=352&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-84353-497-5&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froughguidetodo00sean%2Fpage%2F352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarley2005" class="citation book cs1">Marley, David (2005). <i>Historic Cities of the Americas: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, Volume 2</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+Cities+of+the+Americas%3A+An+Illustrated+Encyclopedia%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Marley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepirateking.com/books/books_buccaneersintewestindies_ch04.htm">The Buccaneers In The West Indies In The XVII Century – Chapter IV</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepirateking.com/books/books_buccaneersintewestindies_ch04.htm">The Buccaneers In The West Indies In The XVII Century – Chapter IV</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266962/Hispaniola">"Hispaniola Article"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hispaniola+Article&rft.btitle=Britannica.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F266962%2FHispaniola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cardiostart.org/blog/">"Dominican Republic 2014"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dominican+Republic+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcardiostart.org%2Fblog%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience</i>. p. 422.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africana%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+the+African+and+African+American+Experience&rft.pages=422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hazard-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hazard_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hazard_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hazard_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazard1873" class="citation book cs1">Hazard, Samuel (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/santodomingopast00haza_0"><i>Santo Domingo, Past And Present; With A Glance At Haytl</i></a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/santodomingopast00haza_0/page/100">100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Santo+Domingo%2C+Past+And+Present%3B+With+A+Glance+At+Haytl&rft.pages=100&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Hazard&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsantodomingopast00haza_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/4972/1/ML21744.PDF">"Corsairs of Santo Domingo a socio-economic study, 1718–1779"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corsairs+of+Santo+Domingo+a+socio-economic+study%2C+1718%E2%80%931779&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruor.uottawa.ca%2Fbitstream%2F10393%2F4972%2F1%2FML21744.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFigueredo2007" class="citation book cs1">Figueredo, D. H. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TWX5d27NkFgC&pg=PA36"><i>Latino Chronology: Chronologies of the American Mosaic</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313341540" title="Special:BookSources/9780313341540"><bdi>9780313341540</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latino+Chronology%3A+Chronologies+of+the+American+Mosaic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780313341540&rft.aulast=Figueredo&rft.aufirst=D.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTWX5d27NkFgC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChavez2002" class="citation book cs1">Chavez, Thomas E. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cCbhQZFdZlYC&pg=PA170"><i>Spain and the Independence of the United States: An Intrinsic Gift</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826327949" title="Special:BookSources/9780826327949"><bdi>9780826327949</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain+and+the+Independence+of+the+United+States%3A+An+Intrinsic+Gift&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780826327949&rft.aulast=Chavez&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcCbhQZFdZlYC%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicourt2016" class="citation book cs1">Ricourt, Milagros (2016). <i>The Dominican Racial Imaginary: Surveying the Landscape of Race and Nation in Hispaniola</i>. Rutgers University Press. p. 57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dominican+Racial+Imaginary%3A+Surveying+the+Landscape+of+Race+and+Nation+in+Hispaniola&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Ricourt&rft.aufirst=Milagros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosch2016" class="citation book cs1">Bosch, Juan (2016). <i>Social Composition of the Dominican Republic</i>. Routledge. p. 101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Composition+of+the+Dominican+Republic&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Bosch&rft.aufirst=Juan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValverde1862" class="citation book cs1">Valverde, Antonio Sánchez (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MuwCAAAAYAAJ&q=idea+del+valor+de+la+isla+espa%C3%B1ola"><i>idea del valor de la isla española</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=idea+del+valor+de+la+isla+espa%C3%B1ola&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Valverde&rft.aufirst=Antonio+S%C3%A1nchez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMuwCAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Didea%2Bdel%2Bvalor%2Bde%2Bla%2Bisla%2Bespa%25C3%25B1ola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/dominican-republic/3.htm">"Dominican Republic – THE FIRST COLONY"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dominican+Republic+%E2%80%93+THE+FIRST+COLONY&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fdominican-republic%2F3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Peasants and Religion: A Socioeconomic Study of Dios Olivorio and the Palma Sola Religion in the Dominican Republic</i>. p. 565.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peasants+and+Religion%3A+A+Socioeconomic+Study+of+Dios+Olivorio+and+the+Palma+Sola+Religion+in+the+Dominican+Republic&rft.pages=565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/dominican-republic/3.htm">"Dominican Republic—The First Colony"</a>. <i>U.S. Library of Congress</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Dominican+Republic%E2%80%94The+First+Colony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fdominican-republic%2F3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scheina-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scheina_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheina_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheina_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheina2003" class="citation book cs1">Scheina, Robert L. (2003). <i>Latin America's Wars: Volume 1</i>. Potomac Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+America%27s+Wars%3A+Volume+1&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Scheina&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d1823-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-d1823_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150502011605/http://bibliotecasvirtuales.com/biblioteca/LiteraturaDominicana/pedrohu/culturayletrascoloniales/LasUniversidades.asp">"Las Universidades"</a> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibliotecasvirtuales.com/biblioteca/LiteraturaDominicana/pedrohu/culturayletrascoloniales/LasUniversidades.asp">the original</a> on 2 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Las+Universidades&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbibliotecasvirtuales.com%2Fbiblioteca%2FLiteraturaDominicana%2Fpedrohu%2Fculturayletrascoloniales%2FLasUniversidades.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bosch-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bosch_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosch1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bosch_(politician)" title="Juan Bosch (politician)">Bosch, Juan</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518091258/http://inabima.gob.do/descargas/biblioteca/Autores%20Dominicanos/Juan%20Bosch/Juan%20Bosch%20-%20Composici%F3n%20social%20dominicana.pdf"><i>Composición Social Dominicana</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish) (18 ed.). Santo Domingo: Alfa y Omega. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789945406108" title="Special:BookSources/9789945406108"><bdi>9789945406108</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inabima.gob.do/descargas/biblioteca/Autores%20Dominicanos/Juan%20Bosch/Juan%20Bosch%20-%20Composici%F3n%20social%20dominicana.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2014</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Aunque, siguiendo a Herrera, Sánchez Valverde diga que después de lo que escribió Oviedo aumentó el número de ingenios, parece que el punto más alto de la expansión de la industria azucarera se consiguió precisamente cuando Oviedo escribía sobre ella en 1547. Ya entonces había comenzado el abandono de la isla por parte de sus pobladores, que se iban hacia México y Perú en busca de una riqueza que no hallaban en la Española".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Composici%C3%B3n+Social+Dominicana&rft.place=Santo+Domingo&rft.pages=45&rft.edition=18&rft.pub=Alfa+y+Omega&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9789945406108&rft.aulast=Bosch&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finabima.gob.do%2Fdescargas%2Fbiblioteca%2FAutores%2520Dominicanos%2FJuan%2520Bosch%2FJuan%2520Bosch%2520-%2520Composici%25F3n%2520social%2520dominicana.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MoreauDeSaintMery-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MoreauDeSaintMery_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreau_de_Saint-Méry" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Louis_%C3%89lie_Moreau_de_Saint-M%C3%A9ry" title="Médéric Louis Élie Moreau de Saint-Méry">Moreau de Saint-Méry, Médéric Louis Élie</a>. <i>Description topographique et politique de la partie espagnole de l'isle Saint-Domingue</i>. Philadelphia. pp. 55–59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Description+topographique+et+politique+de+la+partie+espagnole+de+l%27isle+Saint-Domingue&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=55-59&rft.aulast=Moreau+de+Saint-M%C3%A9ry&rft.aufirst=M%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Louis+%C3%89lie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spain-Then-and-Now-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spain-Then-and-Now_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spainthenandnow.com/spanish-history/visigoths-in-spain/default_154.aspx">"The Visigoths in Spain"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(aspx)</span>. Spain Then and Now<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Visigoths+in+Spain&rft.pub=Spain+Then+and+Now&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spainthenandnow.com%2Fspanish-history%2Fvisigoths-in-spain%2Fdefault_154.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurlansky2011" class="citation book cs1">Kurlansky, Mark (30 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Lx1KVvzI9YC&pg=PA35"><i>The Basque History Of The World</i></a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781448113224" title="Special:BookSources/9781448113224"><bdi>9781448113224</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Basque+History+Of+The+World&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011-09-30&rft.isbn=9781448113224&rft.aulast=Kurlansky&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Lx1KVvzI9YC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPietro_Martire_D'Anghiera2009" class="citation book cs1">Pietro Martire D'Anghiera (July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e7hU_LePtIQC&q=guarionex+revolt&pg=PA122"><i>De Orbe Novo, the Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera</i></a>. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781113147608" title="Special:BookSources/9781113147608"><bdi>9781113147608</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125185832/https://books.google.com/books?id=e7hU_LePtIQC&q=guarionex+revolt&pg=PA122">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Orbe+Novo%2C+the+Eight+Decades+of+Peter+Martyr+D%27Anghera&rft.pages=121&rft.date=2009-07&rft.isbn=9781113147608&rft.au=Pietro+Martire+D%27Anghiera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De7hU_LePtIQC%26q%3Dguarionex%2Brevolt%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPietro_Martire_D'Anghiera2009" class="citation book cs1">Pietro Martire D'Anghiera (July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e7hU_LePtIQC&q=guarionex+revolt&pg=PA122"><i>De Orbe Novo, the Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera</i></a>. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781113147608" title="Special:BookSources/9781113147608"><bdi>9781113147608</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125185832/https://books.google.com/books?id=e7hU_LePtIQC&q=guarionex+revolt&pg=PA122">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Orbe+Novo%2C+the+Eight+Decades+of+Peter+Martyr+D%27Anghera&rft.pages=143&rft.date=2009-07&rft.isbn=9781113147608&rft.au=Pietro+Martire+D%27Anghiera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De7hU_LePtIQC%26q%3Dguarionex%2Brevolt%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPietro_Martire_D'Anghiera2009" class="citation book cs1">Pietro Martire D'Anghiera (July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e7hU_LePtIQC"><i>De Orbe Novo, the Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera</i></a>. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781113147608" title="Special:BookSources/9781113147608"><bdi>9781113147608</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731000235/https://books.google.com/books?id=e7hU_LePtIQC">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Orbe+Novo%2C+the+Eight+Decades+of+Peter+Martyr+D%27Anghera&rft.pages=132&rft.date=2009-07&rft.isbn=9781113147608&rft.au=Pietro+Martire+D%27Anghiera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De7hU_LePtIQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015082485213?urlappend=%3Bseq=220">"Santo Domingo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Metropolitana" title="Encyclopædia Metropolitana"><i>Encyclopædia Metropolitana</i></a>. Vol. 18. London: B. Fellowes et al. 1845. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015082485213?urlappend=%3Bseq=220">2027/mdp.39015082485213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Santo+Domingo&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Metropolitana&rft.place=London&rft.pub=B.+Fellowes+et+al.&rft.date=1845&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015082485213%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D220&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015082485213%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaptaincy+General+of+Santo+Domingo" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dominican_Republic_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dominican_Republic_topics" title="Template:Dominican Republic topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dominican_Republic_topics" 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href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Santo_Domingo" title="List of colonial governors of Santo Domingo">Colonial governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devastations_of_Osorio" title="Devastations of Osorio">Devastations of Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroons#Dominican_Republic" title="Maroons">Maroons</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Era_de_Francia" title="Era de Francia">Era de Francia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_reconquest_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Spanish reconquest of Santo Domingo">Spanish reconquest</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Espa%C3%B1a_Boba" title="España Boba">España Boba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Spanish_Haiti" title="Republic of Spanish Haiti">Spanish Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Hispaniola" class="mw-redirect" title="Unification of Hispaniola">Unification of Hispaniola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Trinitaria_(Dominican_Republic)" title="La Trinitaria (Dominican Republic)">La Trinitaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_War_of_Independence" title="Dominican War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish occupation of the Dominican Republic">Spanish occupation 1861–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Restoration_War" title="Dominican Restoration War">Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_(1916%E2%80%931924)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924)">U.S. occupation 1916–1924</a></li> <li>Trujillo Era (<a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Rafael</a> and <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Trujillo" title="Héctor Trujillo">Héctor Trujillo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsley_massacre" title="Parsley massacre">Parsley massacre</a></li> <li><a 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="336" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Geography of the Dominican Republic">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93Haiti_border" title="Dominican Republic–Haiti border">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="List of cities in the Dominican Republic">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Colonial_(Santo_Domingo)" title="Ciudad Colonial (Santo Domingo)">Ciudad Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="List of islands of the Dominican Republic">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_the_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain peaks of the Caribbean">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="List of municipalities of the Dominican Republic">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="List of national parks of the Dominican Republic">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Provinces of the Dominican Republic">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographic_Regions_of_the_Dominican_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geographic Regions of the Dominican Republic (page does not exist)">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="List of rivers of the Dominican Republic">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Category:Fauna of the Dominican Republic">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Politics of the Dominican Republic">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Cabinet of the Dominican Republic">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Congress of the Dominican Republic">Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Senate of the Dominican Republic">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Dominican_Republic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies (Dominican Republic)">Chamber of Deputies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Constitution of the Dominican Republic">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Elections in the Dominican Republic">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Foreign relations of the Dominican Republic">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Category:Human rights in the Dominican Republic">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Dominican Republic">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Law of the Dominican Republic">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_National_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican National Police">enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the Dominican Republic">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Politics of the Dominican Republic">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="List of political parties in the Dominican Republic">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Dominican Republic">President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Economy of the Dominican Republic">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_peso" title="Dominican peso">Peso <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="List of banks in the Dominican Republic">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Central Bank of the Dominican Republic">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="List of companies of the Dominican Republic">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Electricity sector in the Dominican Republic">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Dominican Republic">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Tourism in the Dominican Republic">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Transport in the Dominican Republic">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Category:Society of the Dominican Republic">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Crime in the Dominican Republic">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Demographics of the Dominican Republic">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Education in the Dominican Republic">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Health_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Category:Health in the Dominican Republic">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Spanish" title="Dominican Spanish">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Public holidays in the Dominican Republic">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Water supply and sanitation in the Dominican Republic">Water and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Culture of the Dominican Republic">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="National Anthem of the Dominican Republic">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_art" title="Dominican art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dominican_Republic_films" title="List of Dominican Republic films">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Coat of arms of the Dominican Republic">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_cuisine" title="Dominican Republic cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Flag of the Dominican Republic">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_literature" title="Dominican Republic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="People of the Dominican Republic">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports in the Dominican Republic">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Outline of the Dominican Republic">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Dominican Republic–related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dominican_Republic" title="Category:Dominican Republic">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Dominican_Republic" title="Portal:Dominican Republic">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Haiti_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Haiti_topics" title="Template:Haiti topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Haiti_topics" title="Template talk:Haiti topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Haiti_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Haiti topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Haiti_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Haiti-related_articles" title="Index of Haiti-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Haitian_history" title="Timeline of Haitian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiefdoms_of_Hispaniola" title="Chiefdoms of Hispaniola">Taíno chiefdoms</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Captaincy General of Santo Domingo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Santo_Domingo" title="List of colonial governors of Santo Domingo">Colonial governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Maroons" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Maroons">Maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Ryswick" title="Peace of Ryswick">Peace of Ryswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Saint-Domingue" title="List of colonial governors of Saint-Domingue">Colonial governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Haiti" title="Slavery in Haiti">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Jeune_Case" title="Le Jeune Case">Le Jeune Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_Haiti_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="1804 Haiti massacre">1804 massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Haiti" title="State of Haiti">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Haiti" title="Kingdom of Haiti">Kingdom</a></li> <li>Republic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Haiti_(1806%E2%80%931820)" title="Republic of Haiti (1806–1820)">1806–1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Haiti_(1820%E2%80%931849)" title="Republic of Haiti (1820–1849)">1820–1849</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_occupation_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Haitian occupation of Santo Domingo">Unification of Hispaniola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Haiti_(1859%E2%80%931957)" title="Republic of Haiti (1859–1957)">Post-imperial Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">U.S. occupation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duvalier_dynasty" title="Duvalier dynasty">Duvalier dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Duvalier_protest_movement" title="Anti-Duvalier protest movement">Anti-Duvalier protest movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Haitian coup d'état">1991 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2004 Haitian coup d'état">2004 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake" title="2010 Haiti earthquake">2010 earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_Haiti_cholera_outbreak" title="2010s Haiti cholera outbreak">2010s cholera outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Matthew_in_Haiti" title="Effects of Hurricane Matthew in Haiti">Hurricane Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_crisis_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Haitian crisis (2018–present)">Crisis (2018–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gang_war_in_Haiti" title="Gang war in Haiti">Gang war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Haitian_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Haitian crisis">2022 crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Haiti" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Haiti">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Haiti_earthquake" title="2021 Haiti earthquake">2021 earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Haiti" title="List of massacres in Haiti">List of massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_revolutions_and_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_Haiti" title="List of revolutions and coups d'état in Haiti">List of revolutions and coups d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Haiti" title="Geography of Haiti">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Haiti" title="Administrative divisions of Haiti">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Haiti" title="Arrondissements of Haiti">Arrondissements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93Haiti_border" title="Dominican Republic–Haiti border">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Haiti" title="List of cities in Haiti">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Haiti" title="Deforestation in Haiti">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Haiti" title="Departments of Haiti">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Haiti" title="List of earthquakes in Haiti">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Haiti" title="Environment of Haiti">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Haiti" title="List of islands of Haiti">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Haiti" title="List of national parks of Haiti">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Haiti" title="List of rivers of Haiti">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Haiti" title="Wildlife of Haiti">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Caribbean" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Caribbean">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Haiti" title="Politics of Haiti">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Haiti" title="Constitution of Haiti">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Haiti" title="Elections in Haiti">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Haiti" title="Foreign relations of Haiti">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Haiti" title="Government of Haiti">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Haiti" title="Human rights in Haiti">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Haiti">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Haiti" title="Law enforcement in Haiti">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Haiti" title="Armed Forces of Haiti">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commanders-in-chief_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Haiti" title="List of commanders-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Haiti">Commanders-in-chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Haiti)" title="National Assembly (Haiti)">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Haiti)" title="Senate (Haiti)">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Haiti)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Haiti)">Chamber of Deputies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties in Haiti">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Haiti" title="President of Haiti">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Haiti" title="List of heads of state of Haiti">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Haiti" title="Prime Minister of Haiti">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Haiti" title="List of prime ministers of Haiti">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Haiti" title="Supreme Court of Haiti">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haiti" title="Economy of Haiti">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Haiti" title="Agriculture in Haiti">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Haiti" title="Bank of the Republic of Haiti">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_debt_of_Haiti" title="External debt of Haiti">External debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Haiti" title="Foreign aid to Haiti">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_gourde" title="Haitian gourde">Gourde <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Haiti" title="Poverty in Haiti">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Haiti" title="Telecommunications in Haiti">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Haiti" title="Tourism in Haiti">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Haiti" title="Transport in Haiti">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Haiti" title="Category:Society of Haiti">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Haiti" title="Crime in Haiti">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Haiti" title="Demographics of Haiti">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Haiti" title="Education in Haiti">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Haiti" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Haiti">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Haiti" title="Health in Haiti">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Haitians" title="List of Haitians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Haiti" title="Social class in Haiti">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Haiti" title="Squatting in Haiti">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Haiti" title="Water supply and sanitation in Haiti">Water and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Haiti" title="Culture of Haiti">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_art" title="Haitian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti" title="Coat of arms of Haiti">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Haiti" title="Cinema of Haiti">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadelle_Laferri%C3%A8re" title="Citadelle Laferrière">Citadelle Laferrière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_cuisine" title="Haitian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Haiti" title="Flag of Haiti">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Haiti">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_French" title="Haitian French">Haitian French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_literature" title="Haitian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Haiti" title="Mass media in Haiti">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_mythology" title="Haitian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Dessalinienne" title="La Dessalinienne">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sans-Souci_Palace" title="Sans-Souci Palace">Sans-Souci Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Haiti" title="Public holidays in Haiti">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Haiti" title="Television in Haiti">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Marron_Inconnu" title="Le Marron Inconnu">The Unknown Maroon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Haiti" title="Outline of Haiti">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Haiti-related_articles" title="Index of Haiti-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Haiti" title="Category:Haiti">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Haiti" title="Portal:Haiti">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_Empire" title="Template talk:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Timeline–immersed" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline–immersed</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Conquest of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Asia and the Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">War of the League of Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomiendas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">New Laws in favour of the indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Bruneian–Spanish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy in the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Bourbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(13_January_1750)" title="Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)">Treaty of Madrid (1750)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Convention" title="Nootka Convention">Nootka Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Napoleonic invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">Third Treaty of San Ildefonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Independence of Spanish continental Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Liberal constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)" title="German–Spanish Treaty (1899)">German–Spanish Treaty (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco_(since_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Independence of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Independence of Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Castille">Crown of Castille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Union with Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern Italy (Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Aragonese_dynasty" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily#The_insular_kingdom_of_Sicily_under_the_Crown_of_Aragon_and_Spain" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Aragonese_period" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Union with Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Pyrénées-Orientales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Coastal Alaska</a>, Central United States (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>), Western United States (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Reino de México">es</a>]</span>, Central America (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General of Yucatan">Captaincy General of Yucatan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Central America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Spanish_period" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Santiago" title="Colony of Santiago">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti#Spanish_history_(1492–1625)" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba#History" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao#History" title="Curaçao">Curazao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire#History" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize_(1506%E2%80%931862)" title="History of Belize (1506–1862)">Belize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela, part of Guyana</a>, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> (Peru, <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> (Bolivia), <a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a> (Uruguay), <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Orientales" title="Misiones Orientales">Misiones Orientales</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="History of the Falkland Islands">Malvinas</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia_and_Oceania_(Spanish_East_Indies)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia and Oceania (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Mariana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Northern Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li>Northern Africa (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis#Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers" title="Peñón of Algiers">Peñón of Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oran#Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa#Muslim_and_feudal_rulers" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Australis, Spain">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento" title="Ayuntamiento">Ayuntamiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(guild)" title="Germania (guild)">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Hermandad" title="Santa Hermandad">Santa Hermandad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree_of_Graces_of_1815" title="Royal Decree of Graces of 1815">Royal Decree of Graces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_residence" title="Trial of residence">Trial of residence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Titles and positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">Alcalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_president" title="Municipal president">Municipal president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regidor" title="Regidor">Regidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecino" title="Vecino">Vecino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administrative_subdivisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative subdivisions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy#In_the_Americas" title="Viceroy">Viceroyalties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Captaincies of the Spanish Empire">Captaincies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Governorates of the Spanish Empire">Governorates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia_(1501%E2%80%931513)" title="Governorate of New Andalusia (1501–1513)">New Andalusia (1501–1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia" title="Governorate of New Andalusia">New Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile">New Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo" title="Governorate of New Toledo">New Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis" title="Governorate of Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Real Audiencia of Concepción">Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Audiencia of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Lima" title="Real Audiencia of Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panamá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Quito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santiago" title="Real Audiencia of Santiago">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Spanish_America" title="Currency of Spanish America">Currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Dollar (Peso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">Maravedí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_escudo" title="Spanish escudo">Escudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnarios">Columnario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubloon" title="Doubloon">Doubloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_of_the_Sea" title="Consulate of the Sea">Consulate of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Consulate_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires">Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Company_of_Volunteers_of_Catalonia" title="Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia">Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_Spain" title="List of ships of the line of Spain">Ships of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Legión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Strategists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva,_Duke_of_Terranova" title="Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova">Antonio de Leyva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Goiti" title="Martín de Goiti">Martín de Goiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos" title="Alfonso d'Avalos">Alfonso d'Avalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo_Osorio,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García de Toledo Osorio, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">García de Toledo Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n_the_Elder" title="Álvaro de Bazán the Elder">Álvaro de Bazán the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy">Charles Bonaventure de Longueval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Zubiaur" title="Pedro de Zubiaur">Pedro de Zubiaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases">Ambrosio Spinola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Mariners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_brothers" title="Pinzón brothers">Pinzón brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo" title="Sebastián de Ocampo">Sebastián de Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Salazar" title="Alonso de Salazar">Alonso de Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ayala" title="Juan de Ayala">Juan de Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(explorer)" title="Juan Fernández (explorer)">Juan Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_y_Ru%C3%ADz_de_Avenda%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Fajardo y Ruíz de Avendaño">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Ahedo" title="Felipe González de Ahedo">Felipe González de Ahedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar de Portolà">Gaspar de Portolà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Fages_i_Beleta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere Fages i Beleta">Pere Fages i Beleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Orp%C3%AD" title="Joan Orpí">Joan Orpí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Urs%C3%BAa" title="Martín de Ursúa">Martín de Ursúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Mazariegos" title="Diego de Mazariegos">Diego de Mazariegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Luis_de_Cabrera" title="Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera">Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_d%27Albern%C3%AD_i_Teixidor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor">Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Notable battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros" title="Revolt of the Comuneros">Comuneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Bicocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Rome (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landriano" title="Battle of Landriano">Landriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Mühlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">St. Quentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)" title="Battle of Gravelines (1558)">Gravelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponta_Delgada" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ponta Delgada">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)" title="Battle of Valenciennes (1656)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitonto" title="Battle of Bitonto">Bitonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_T%C3%A9touan" title="Battle of Tétouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Capo_d%27Orso" title="Battle of Capo d'Orso">Capo d'Orso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole" title="Battle of Ceresole">Ceresole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Balearic Islands (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Montes Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passaro" title="Battle of Cape Passaro">Passaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Annual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Mactan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco" title="Siege of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Bogotá savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penco" title="Battle of Penco">Penco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Mataquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">San Juan (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Siege of Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(Paraguay)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (Paraguay)">Comuneros (Paraguay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerno_Verde" title="Cuerno Verde">Cuerno Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari" title="Túpac Katari">Túpac Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)" title="Battle of San Juan (1797)">San Juan (1797)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Noche_Triste" title="La Noche Triste">La Noche Triste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Iguape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Tucapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curalaba" title="Battle of Curalaba">Curalaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">Trinidad (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco" title="Battle of Chacabuco">Chacabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Boyacá">Boyacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Pichincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign#Battle_of_Asomante" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Campaign">Asomante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Spanish_conquests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spanish conquests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">The Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)#Spanish_expeditions_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Other_civil_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other civil topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Mesoamerican Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco School">Cusco painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian painting in New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Quito School">Quito painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapada_lime%C3%B1a" title="Tapada limeña">Tapada limeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Academia Antártica">Academia Antártica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_universities_in_Hispanic_America" title="List of colonial universities in Hispanic America">Colonial universities in Hispanic America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of the oldest schools in the Philippines">Colonial universities in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies" title="General Archive of the Indies">General Archive of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Spanish Horse">Colonial Spanish Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang">Mustang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people#Spanish_colonial_caste_system" title="Criollo people">Criollos in the colonial society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Old inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies">Slavery in Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">Asiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans#Colonial_era" title="African Americans">Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Potos%C3%AD_Mint_Fraud_of_1649" title="Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649">Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Caribbean" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Caribbean_topic" title="Template:Caribbean topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Caribbean_topic" title="Template talk:Caribbean topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Caribbean_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Caribbean topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Caribbean" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Caribbean">History of the Caribbean</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_West_Indies" title="History of the British West Indies">British West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Danish_West_Indies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Danish West Indies (page does not exist)">Danish West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Dutch_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Dutch Caribbean">Dutch Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Caribbean_Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Caribbean Netherlands (page does not exist)">Caribbean Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_French_West_Indies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the French West Indies (page does not exist)">French West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_West_Indies_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the West Indies Federation (page does not exist)">West Indies Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_West_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the West Indies">West<br />Indies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Antilles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Antilles (page does not exist)">Antilles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greater_Antilles" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Greater Antilles">Greater<br />Antilles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="History of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cuba" title="History of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jamaica" title="History of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hispaniola" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hispaniola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Hispaniola (page does not exist)">Hispaniola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Lesser_Antilles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Lesser Antilles (page does not exist)">Lesser<br />Antilles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Leeward_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Leeward Islands">Leeward<br />Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anguilla" title="History of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guadeloupe" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_La_D%C3%A9sirade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of La Désirade (page does not exist)">La Désirade</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_%C3%8Eles_des_Saintes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Îles des Saintes (page does not exist)">Les Saintes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Marie-Galante" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Marie-Galante">Marie-Galante</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montserrat" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saba_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saba (island)">Saba</a><sup>^*</sup></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sint_Eustatius" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a><sup>^*</sup></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Martin_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saint Martin (island)">Saint Martin</a><sup>^</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Collectivity of Saint Martin">Collectivity of Saint Martin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sint_Maarten" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virgin Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Southern_Caribbean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Southern Caribbean (page does not exist)">Southern<br />Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Leeward_Antilles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Leeward Antilles (page does not exist)">Leeward<br />Antilles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Insular_Region,_Venezuela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Insular Region, Venezuela (page does not exist)">Insular Venezuela</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Federal Dependencies of Venezuela (page does not exist)">Federal Dependencies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nueva_Esparta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Nueva Esparta (page does not exist)">Nueva Esparta</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="ABC_islands" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_ABC_islands_(Leeward_Antilles)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the ABC islands (Leeward Antilles) (page does not exist)">ABC islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Aruba" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Aruba">Aruba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bonaire" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bonaire">Bonaire</a><sup>*</sup></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="History of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Windward_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Windward Islands (page does not exist)">Windward<br />Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Carriacou_and_Petite_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Carriacou and Petite Martinique (page does not exist)">Carriacou and Petite Martinique</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Martinique" title="History of Martinique">Martinique</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Lucia" title="History of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Lucayan_Archipelago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Lucayan Archipelago (page does not exist)">Lucayan<br />Archipelago</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="History of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></i></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Caribbean_Sea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Caribbean Sea (page does not exist)">Caribbean<br />Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Isla_de_Aves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Isla de Aves (page does not exist)">Aves Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina (page does not exist)">San Andrés and Providencia</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bajo_Nuevo_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bajo Nuevo Bank">Bajo Nuevo Bank</a><sup>~</sup></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serranilla_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serranilla Bank">Serranilla Bank</a><sup>~</sup></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Western_Caribbean_zone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Western Caribbean zone (page does not exist)">Caribbean<br />continental<br />zone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quintana_Roo" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Quintana Roo">Quintana Roo</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cozumel" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Cozumel">Cozumel</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_America" title="History of Central America">Central America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize" title="History of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Honduras" title="History of Honduras">Honduras</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bay_Islands_Department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Bay Islands Department (page does not exist)">Bay Islands</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Izabal_Department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Izabal Department (page does not exist)">Izabal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Lim%C3%B3n_Province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Limón Province (page does not exist)">Limón</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Corn_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Corn Islands (page does not exist)">Corn Islands</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_North_Caribbean_Coast_Autonomous_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region (page does not exist)">North Caribbean Coast</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_South_Caribbean_Coast_Autonomous_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region (page does not exist)">South Caribbean Coast</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Panama" title="History of Panama">Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Caribbean_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Caribbean South America (page does not exist)">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Caribbean_region_of_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Caribbean region of Colombia (page does not exist)">Colombian Caribbean</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Venezuelan_Caribbean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Venezuelan Caribbean (page does not exist)">Venezuelan Caribbean</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Caribbean_Community&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Caribbean Community (page does not exist)">Wider<br />groupings</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Association_of_Caribbean_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Association of Caribbean States (page does not exist)">may include:</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bermuda" title="History of Bermuda">Bermuda</a><sup>#</sup></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Costa_Rica" title="History of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_El_Salvador" title="History of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guatemala" title="History of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nicaragua" title="History of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Campeche" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Campeche">Campeche</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Pet%C3%A9n_Department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Petén Department (page does not exist)">Petén</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Guianas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Guianas (page does not exist)">The Guianas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Amap%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Amapá">Amapá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_Guiana" title="History of French Guiana">French Guiana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Guayana_Region,_Venezuela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Guayana Region, Venezuela (page does not exist)">Venezuelan Guayana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guyana" title="History of Guyana">Guyana</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Guyana%E2%80%93Venezuela_territorial_dispute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute (page does not exist)">Guayana Esequiba</a><sup>ǂ</sup></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Tigri_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Tigri Area (page does not exist)">Tigri Area</a><sup>ǂ</sup></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Suriname" title="History of Suriname">Suriname</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>N.B.:</b> Territories in <i>italics</i> are parts of transregional sovereign states or non-sovereign dependencies. <p><sup>^</sup>These three form the <a href="/wiki/SSS_islands" title="SSS islands">SSS islands</a> that with the ABC islands comprise the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Caribbean" title="Dutch Caribbean">Dutch Caribbean</a>, of which <sup>*</sup>the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">BES islands</a> are not direct <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom</a> constituents but subsumed with the country of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. </p><p><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">Physiographically</a>, these <a href="/wiki/Island#Continental_islands" title="Island">continental islands</a> are not part of the volcanic Windward Islands arc, although sometimes grouped with them culturally and politically. </p><p><sup>ǂ</sup><a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">Disputed territories</a> administered by <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>. <sup>~</sup><a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">Disputed territories</a> administered by <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>. </p> <sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> is an isolated <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">North Atlantic</a> <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">oceanic island</a>, physiographically not part of the Lucayan Archipelago, Antilles, Caribbean Sea nor North American continental nor South American continental islands. It is grouped with the <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">Northern American</a> region, but occasionally also with the Caribbean region culturally.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_America" title="History of North America">History of North America </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize" title="History of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Costa_Rica" title="History of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cuba" title="History of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_El_Salvador" title="History of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guatemala" title="History of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Honduras" title="History of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jamaica" title="History of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nicaragua" title="History of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Panama" title="History of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Lucia" title="History of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United 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