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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="عرب الاهوار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عرب الاهوار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataql%C4%B1q_%C9%99r%C9%99bl%C9%99ri" title="Bataqlıq ərəbləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bataqlıq ərəbləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="باتاقلیق عربلری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="باتاقلیق عربلری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="আরব আল আহওয়ার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আরব আল আহওয়ার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsch-Araber" title="Marsch-Araber – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Marsch-Araber" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C4%89aj_araboj" title="Marĉaj araboj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Marĉaj araboj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1" title="عرب‌های هور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عرب‌های هور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabes_des_marais" title="Arabes des marais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arabes des marais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ճահճային արաբներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ճահճային արաբներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Rawa-Rawa" title="Arab Rawa-Rawa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arab Rawa-Rawa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabi_delle_paludi" title="Arabi delle paludi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arabi delle paludi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA" title="ערביי הביצות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ערביי הביצות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moerasarabieren" title="Moerasarabieren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Moerasarabieren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumparabere" title="Sumparabere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sumparabere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad%27an" title="Mad'an – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mad'an" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rabes_dos_p%C3%A2ntanos" title="Árabes dos pântanos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Árabes dos pântanos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B7%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Озёрные арабы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Озёрные арабы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_Arabs" title="Marsh Arabs – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Marsh Arabs" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suoarabit" title="Suoarabit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suoarabit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A4skaraber" title="Träskaraber – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Träskaraber" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="சதுப்புநில அரேபியர்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சதுப்புநில அரேபியர்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Болотні араби – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Болотні араби" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%BC%E6%BE%A4%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="沼澤阿拉伯人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="沼澤阿拉伯人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q247291#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Marsh_Arabs" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="cdx-message cdx-message--block cdx-message--warning mw-revision"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content"><div id="mw-revision-info"><p><b>This is an <a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">old revision</a> of this page, as edited by <span id="mw-revision-name"><a href="/wiki/User:Svejk74" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Svejk74" data-mw-revid="217708406"><bdi>Svejk74</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Svejk74" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Svejk74">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Svejk74" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Svejk74">contribs</a>)</span></span> at <span id="mw-revision-date">08:17, 7 June 2008</span><span id="mw-revision-summary"> <span class="comment">(<span class="autocomment"><a href="#External_links">→<bdi dir="ltr">External links</bdi></a></span>)</span></span>. The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this revision, which may differ significantly from the <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_Arabs">current revision</a></span>.</b></p><div id="revision-info-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 08:17, 7 June 2008 by <a href="/wiki/User:Svejk74" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Svejk74" data-mw-revid="217708406"><bdi>Svejk74</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Svejk74" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Svejk74">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Svejk74" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Svejk74">contribs</a>)</span> <span class="comment">(<span class="autocomment"><a href="#External_links">→<bdi dir="ltr">External links</bdi></a></span>)</span></div></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsh_Arabs&diff=prev&oldid=217708406" title="Marsh Arabs">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsh_Arabs&direction=prev&oldid=217708406" title="Marsh Arabs">← Previous revision</a> | <a href="/wiki/Marsh_Arabs" title="Marsh Arabs">Latest revision</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsh_Arabs&diff=cur&oldid=217708406" title="Marsh Arabs">diff</a>) | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsh_Arabs&direction=next&oldid=217708406" title="Marsh Arabs">Newer revision →</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsh_Arabs&diff=next&oldid=217708406" title="Marsh Arabs">diff</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>The <b>Marsh Arabs</b> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Lang-ar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Lang-ar (page does not exist)">Template:Lang-ar</a>, <i>Arabs of Al-ahwar</i>), also known as the <b>Ma'dan </b> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Lang-ar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Lang-ar (page does not exist)">Template:Lang-ar</a>) are inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Tigris-Euphrates_river_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigris-Euphrates river system">Tigris-Euphrates marshlands</a> in the south and east of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. </p><p>Comprising members of many different tribes and tribal confederations, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_bu_Muhammad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al bu Muhammad (page does not exist)">Al bu Muhammad</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Feraigat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feraigat (page does not exist)">Feraigat</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaghanba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaghanba (page does not exist)">Shaghanba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bani_Lam" class="mw-redirect" title="Bani Lam">Bani Lam</a>, the Ma'dan had developed a unique culture centred around the marshes' natural resources. Many of the marshes' inhabitants were displaced, and the wetlands themselves destroyed, during and after the <a href="/wiki/1991_uprisings_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 uprisings in Iraq">1991 uprisings in Iraq</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_mudhif_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Iraqi_mudhif_interior.jpg/220px-Iraqi_mudhif_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Iraqi_mudhif_interior.jpg/330px-Iraqi_mudhif_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Iraqi_mudhif_interior.jpg/440px-Iraqi_mudhif_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>The interior of an Iraqi <i>mudhif</i></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marsh_Arabs_in_a_mashoof.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Marsh_Arabs_in_a_mashoof.jpg/220px-Marsh_Arabs_in_a_mashoof.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Marsh_Arabs_in_a_mashoof.jpg/330px-Marsh_Arabs_in_a_mashoof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Marsh_Arabs_in_a_mashoof.jpg/440px-Marsh_Arabs_in_a_mashoof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1472" data-file-height="1077" /></a><figcaption>Marsh Arabs poling a <i>mashoof</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The word Ma'dan means "dweller in the Plain (<i>Adan</i>)", and was used disparagingly by desert tribes to refer to those inhabiting the Iraqi river basins, and by those who farmed in the river basins to refer to the population of the marshes.<sup id="cite_ref-thesigerp58_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thesigerp58-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, the society of the Marsh Arabs was divided into two main groups by occupation. The group known as the al hwar Arabs bred and raised <a href="/wiki/Bubalus" title="Bubalus">buffalo</a>, while the majority cultivated <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">crops</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pearl_millet" title="Pearl millet">pearl millet</a>; they also kept some <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>. Some branches of the Ma'dan were <a href="/wiki/Nomads" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomads">nomadic</a>, erecting temporary dwellings and moving buffalo around the marshes according to the season. Some fishing, especially of species of <a href="/wiki/Barbel" class="mw-disambig" title="Barbel">barbel</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Barbus" title="Barbus">Barbus</a></i>) was practised, but large-scale fishing using nets was until recent times regarded as a dishonourable profession by the Ma'dan, and was mostly carried out by a separate community known as the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berbera_(people)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berbera (people) (page does not exist)">Berbera</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thesigerp92_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thesigerp92-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently a third main occupation entered Marsh Arab life; the <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving</a> of <a href="/wiki/Phragmites" title="Phragmites">reeds</a> on a commercial scale. Long used for personal use, reed mats more recently became a commercial commodity all across southern Iraq. Though often paying far more than <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, weavers were looked down upon by both Ma'dan and farmers alike: financial concerns meant that it gradually gained acceptance as a respectable profession. </p><p>The majority of Marsh Arabs are <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> Muslims, though in the marshes small communities of <a href="/wiki/Mandean" class="mw-disambig" title="Mandean">Mandeans</a> (often working as boat builders and craftsmen) lived alongside them.<sup id="cite_ref-thesigerp127_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thesigerp127-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with most tribes of southern Iraq, the main authority was the tribal <a href="/wiki/Shaikh" class="mw-disambig" title="Shaikh">sheik</a>. To this day the sheik of a Marsh Arab group will collect a <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a> from his tribesmen in order to maintain the <i><a href="/wiki/Mudhif" title="Mudhif">mudhif</a></i>, the tribal guesthouse which acts as the <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">social</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">judicial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> centre of Marsh Arabic life. The <i>mudhif</i> is used as a place to settle disputes, to carry out <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomacy</a> with other tribes and as a gathering point for religious celebrations and <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayer</a>. It is also the place where visitors are offered <a href="/wiki/Hospitality" title="Hospitality">hospitality</a>. Although the tribal sheik was the principal figure, each Ma'dan village also had a hereditary <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qalit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qalit (page does not exist)">qalit</a></i> or headman. </p><p>Most Marsh Arabs lived in arched reed houses considerably smaller than a <i>mudhif</i>. The typical dwelling was usually a little more than 2 meters wide, about 6 meters long, and a little less than three meters high, and was often constructed on an artificial <a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">island</a> of earth and reeds called a <i>dibin</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-thesigerp75_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thesigerp75-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were entrances on both sides with a screen in the middle; one side was used as a dwelling and the other side was used to shelter animals in bad weather. A <i>raba</i> was a higher-status dwelling which also served as a guesthouse where there was no <i>mudhif</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-thesigerp71_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thesigerp71-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional boats (the <i><a href="/wiki/Mashoof" title="Mashoof">mashoof</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tarada" title="Tarada">tarada</a></i>) were used as transport: the Ma'dan would drive buffaloes through the reedbeds during the season of low water to create channels for the boats, which would then be kept open by constant use.<sup id="cite_ref-thesigerp70_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thesigerp70-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The marsh environment meant that certain diseases, such as <a href="/wiki/Bilharzia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilharzia">bilharzia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, were endemic;<sup id="cite_ref-Thesigerp85_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thesigerp85-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Ma'dan's agriculture and homes were also vulnerable to periodic droughts and flooding. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1991_-_2003">1991 - 2003</h2></div> <p>The marshes had for some time been considered a refuge for elements persecuted by the Saddam government, as in past centuries they had been a refuge for escaped <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfs</a>. </p><p>During the 1970s, the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> projects had begun to disrupt the flow of water to the marshes. However, after the <a href="/wiki/First_Gulf_War" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="First Gulf War">First Gulf War</a> (<a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a>) <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> aggressively revived a program to divert the flow of the <a href="/wiki/Tigris_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigris River">Tigris River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphrates River">Euphrates River</a> away from the marshes in retribution for a <a href="/wiki/1991_uprisings_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 uprisings in Iraq">failed Shia uprising</a>. This was done primarily to eliminate the food source(s) of the Marsh Arabs and to prevent any remaining militiamen from taking refuge in the marshes. The plan, which was accompanied by a series of <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> articles by the Iraqi regime directed against the Ma'dan,<sup id="cite_ref-fisk_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fisk-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> systematically converted the <a href="/wiki/Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetlands">wetlands</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a>, forcing the residents out of their settlements in the region. The majority were displaced to other areas of Iraq or to <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> refugee camps, while others abandoned their traditional lifestyle in favour of conventional agriculture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Since_2003">Since 2003</h2></div> <p>With the ending of a four year drought in 2003, and the breaching of dykes by local communities subsequent to the <a href="/wiki/2003_U.S._invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq">2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq</a>, the process has been reversed and the marshes have experienced a substantial rate of recovery. The permanent wetlands now cover more than 50% of 1970s levels<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Efforts to restore the marshes have led to signs of their gradual revivification as water is restored to the former <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a>, but the whole <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> may take far longer to restore than it took to destroy. Only a few thousand of the nearly half million Marsh Arabs remain. Most of the rest that can be accounted for are refugees living in other Shia areas in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, or have emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, and many do not wish to return to their former home and lifestyle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2></div> <p>The way of life of the Marsh Arabs was chronicled by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Wilfred_Thesiger" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Wilfred Thesiger">Sir Wilfred Thesiger</a> in his classic book <i>The Marsh Arabs</i> (1964). Thesiger lived with the Marsh Arabs for months at a time over a seven-year period (1951-1958), building excellent relationships with virtually all he met, and recording the details of day-to-day life in various regions of the marshes. Many of the areas that he visited have since been drained. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Maxwell" title="Gavin Maxwell">Gavin Maxwell</a>, the Scottish naturalist, travelled with Thesiger through the marshes in 1956 and published an account of their travels in his classic 1957 book 'A Reed Shaken by the Wind'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Link_to_Sumerians_and_Babylonians">Link to Sumerians and Babylonians</h2></div> <p>Some scholars have theorized about possible historical (and even genetic) links between the Marsh Arabs and the ancient <a href="/wiki/Sumerians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumerians">Sumerians</a>, based on shared agricultrural practises and methods of house building. Others have noted that much of the culture of the Ma'dan is shared with the desert <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">bedouin</a> who came to the area after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> Caliphate, and that they are therefore at least in part descended from this source.<sup id="cite_ref-thesiger101_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thesiger101-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-thesigerp58-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thesigerp58_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Thesiger" title="Wilfred Thesiger">Wilfred Thesiger</a>, <i>The Marsh Arabs</i>, Penguin, 1967, p.92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thesigerp92-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thesigerp92_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thesiger, p.92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thesigerp127-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thesigerp127_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thesiger, p.127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thesigerp75-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thesigerp75_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thesiger, p.75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thesigerp71-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thesigerp71_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thiesiger, p.71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thesigerp70-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thesigerp70_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thesiger, p.70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thesigerp85-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thesigerp85_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thesiger, p.85, 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fisk-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fisk_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fisk" title="Robert Fisk">Robert Fisk</a>, <i>The Great War for Civilisation</i>, Harper, London 2005, p.844</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.grid.unep.ch/product/poster/images/iraqi_marshlandsb">[1]</a> (<a href="/wiki/UNEP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNEP">UNEP</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thesiger101-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thesiger101_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thesiger, pp.100-01</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tigris-Euphrates_alluvial_salt_marsh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh">Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bawden" title="Edward Bawden">Edward Bawden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Arabs" title="Iranian Arabs">Iranian Arabs</a>, for related groups in <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan Province">Khuzestan Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muntafiq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muntafiq">Muntafiq</a>, a large tribal confederation of southern Iraq</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_2">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=0yYYBjNcPicC&pg=PA149&lpg=PA149&dq=marsh+arabs+sumerians&source=web&ots=MriWjiBMtu&sig=H8ql2igoOmF2oc87HAed7ctRUz0">Ecology of Fresh Waters: Man and Medium, Past to Future By Brian Moss</a> via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~mariposa/hamid2.htm"><i>The Marshes of Southern Iraq and the Marsh Arabs: Ecocide and Genocide</i></a> by Hamid K. Ahmed; <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0899-2851(199303%2F04)181%3C36%3ADWDIMP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Y">[2]</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://209.85.165.104/search?q=cache:byXvBJmf8mQJ:www.american.edu/TED/MARSH.HTM+marsh+arabs+sumerians&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=13&gl=us&client=firefox-a">TED Case Studies: Marsh Arabs</a> from the <a href="/wiki/American_University" title="American University">American University</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucdavismagazine.ucdavis.edu/issues/fall03/feature_3.html"><i>Eden Again</i></a> by Bryant Furlow of <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California Davis">University of California Davis</a> Magazine.; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1158658461741&pagename=Zone-English-ArtCulture%2FACELayout">The Marsh Arabs: A Unique Way of Life</a> by Aisha El-Awady; <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://usinfo.state.gov/xarchives/display.html?p=washfile-english&y=2003&m=May&x=20030508152718rellufj0.7209436">http://usinfo.state.gov/xarchives/display.html?p=washfile-english&y=2003&m=May&x=20030508152718rellufj0.7209436</a> Natsios Says Iraqis Must Have a Part in Marshland Restoration: USAID head calls damaged marshlands an issue that will not go away] from <a href="/wiki/US_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US State Department">US State Department</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baltimorereporter.com/?p=3842">Article from Baltimore Reporter</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrd.nationalreview.com/article/?q=YTg5MmY3ZThlNjA1MDY1NThmMzZlODBhNTQ3YmRkMTc=">Article from National Review</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istar.upenn.edu/research/Watering%20Eden.pdf">Article from University of Pennsylvania</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voanews.com/article.cfm?objectID=63FEDC91-213C-4D9E-BA3AB9BEFE21CD55">Article from Voice of America</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0305/05/i_ins.01.html">Transcript from a CNN program</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genocidewatch.org/IraqmarsharabsJanuary26.htm">Article from The New York Times</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~mariposa/marsharabs.htm">Transcript of a symposium held during the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/05/0501_030501_arabmarshes.html">Article from National Geographic Magazine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=4HFGNOHm7rAC&pg=PA63&lpg=PA63&dq=marsh+arabs+sumerians&source=web&ots=5hIyEWJ25f&sig=DE5PaoK4yv0aDNi2ANceTjyxgT4">Environmental Security and Environmental Management: The Role of Risk Assessment By Benoit Morel and Igor Linkov</a>via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/publications/MarshArabsTour.html">Images from <i>Iraq's Marsh Arabs in the Garden of Eden</i></a>, University of Pennsylvania</li> <li>An article on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laputanlogic.com/articles/2004/01/24-0001.html">the ancient and recent history of the Marsh Arabs</a> at Laputan Logic (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laputanlogic.com/articles/2004/01/28-0002.html">Part II</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laputanlogic.com/articles/2004/04/14-0001.html">Life on the Edge of the Marshes</a>: A twenty year long ethnographic study conducted by Edward Ochsenschlager. As well as documenting the traditional way of life of the Marsh Arabs, it also made comparisons with ancient Sumerian cultural practices.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amarappeal.com/">AMAR International Charitable Foundation</a> ("Assisting Marsh Arabs and Refugees")</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsh_Arabs&oldid=217708406">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsh_Arabs&oldid=217708406</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Category:Ethnic groups in the Middle East">Ethnic groups in the Middle East</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Arab_groups&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Arab groups (page does not exist)">Arab groups</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_of_Southwest_Asia" title="Category:Indigenous peoples of Southwest Asia">Indigenous peoples of Southwest Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iraqi_people" title="Category:Iraqi people">Iraqi people</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 June 2008, at 08:17<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span class="nowraplinks">This version of the page has been <a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">revised</a>. 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