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While this region plays such an important role, things get difficult when it comes to extracting water data using remote sensing techniques—primarily because of snow interference, which leads to all kinds of misjudgments and detection errors. This makes long-term monitoring of water resources a real challenge, especially in those high-altitude, high-latitude regions that are prone to snow accumulation. So, taking all these complications into account, we came up with this new method—the Snow-Water Separation Detection Method (SWS)—which relies on a set of decision rules that combine multiple spectral indices, and what it essentially does is help us separate snow from water bodies in satellite imagery more effectively. The results have proven to be very impressive: validation tests showed an overall accuracy of 96.93%, which means that it is basically very effective, especially in those areas where snow tends to interfere with the data. Now, we apply this method to a huge dataset—159,000 Landsat 5, 7, 8, and 9 images from 1990 to 2024—covering the entire Tibetan Plateau. Interestingly, when we analyzed it, we found a fairly strong correlation between changes in the water bodies and changes in temperature and precipitation patterns, which directly indicates how climate change is affecting water resources in the region. All in all, this approach is not only practical, but also scalable. 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While this region plays such an important role, things get difficult when it comes to extracting water data using remote sensing techniques—primarily because of snow interference, which" /> <meta name="abstract" content="Known as the “Water Tower of Asia,” the Tibetan Plateau plays an important role not only in regional hydrology, but also in the larger, more global water cycle, as well as climate regulation. While this region plays such an important role, things get difficult when it comes to extracting water data using remote sensing techniques—primarily because of snow interference, which leads to all kinds of misjudgments and detection errors. This makes long-term monitoring of water resources a real challenge, especially in those high-altitude, high-latitude regions that are prone to snow accumulation." /> <meta name="generator" content="Drupal 7 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://ieee-dataport.org/documents/landsat-data-surface-reflectance-different-landforms-qinghai-tibet-plateau-1990-2024" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://ieee-dataport.org/node/14822" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="IEEE DataPort" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Landsat data of surface reflectance of different landforms on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from 1990 to 2024" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://ieee-dataport.org/documents/landsat-data-surface-reflectance-different-landforms-qinghai-tibet-plateau-1990-2024" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Known as the “Water Tower of Asia,” the Tibetan Plateau plays an important role not only in regional hydrology, but also in the larger, more global water cycle, as well as climate regulation. While this region plays such an important role, things get difficult when it comes to extracting water data using remote sensing techniques—primarily because of snow interference, which leads to all kinds of misjudgments and detection errors. 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This makes long-term monitoring of water resources a real challenge, especially in those high-altitude, high-latitude regions that are prone to snow accumulation." /> <link rel="publisher" href="ieee-dataport.org" /> <meta name="dcterms.title" content="Landsat data of surface reflectance of different landforms on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from 1990 to 2024" /> <meta name="dcterms.creator" content="Shaofan Tang" /> <meta name="dcterms.subject" content="Remote Sensing" /> <meta name="dcterms.description" content="Known as the “Water Tower of Asia,” the Tibetan Plateau plays an important role not only in regional hydrology, but also in the larger, more global water cycle, as well as climate regulation. While this region plays such an important role, things get difficult when it comes to extracting water data using remote sensing techniques—primarily because of snow interference, which leads to all kinds of misjudgments and detection errors. This makes long-term monitoring of water resources a real challenge, especially in those high-altitude, high-latitude regions that are prone to snow accumulation." /> <meta name="dcterms.publisher" content="IEEE" /> <meta name="dcterms.date" content="2025-02-16T05:07-05:00" /> <meta name="dcterms.type" content="Dataset" /> <meta name="dcterms.format" content="text/html" /> <meta name="dcterms.identifier" content="https://ieee-dataport.org/documents/landsat-data-surface-reflectance-different-landforms-qinghai-tibet-plateau-1990-2024" /> <title>Landsat data of surface reflectance of different landforms on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from 1990 to 2024 | IEEE DataPort</title> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://ieee-dataport.org/sites/default/files/css/css_xE-rWrJf-fncB6ztZfd2huxqgxu4WO-qwma6Xer30m4.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://ieee-dataport.org/sites/default/files/css/css_Joa-1Kr1IFbM6VsQ_CorqcMdxJRytkagVMUX1z9DYnQ.css" 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float-right"></div><h1>Landsat data of surface reflectance of different landforms on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from 1990 to 2024</h1> </div> </div> <div class="row mx-auto"> <div class="col-lg-3 pb-1 featured-image"> <div class="field field-name-field-dataset-image field-type-image field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="https://ieee-dataport.org/sites/default/files/%E9%9D%92%E8%97%8F%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F%E9%87%87%E6%A0%B7%E7%82%B9%E5%88%86%E5%B8%8320241203.png" rel="lightbox[field_dataset_image][]" title=""><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://ieee-dataport.org/sites/default/files/styles/3x2/public/%E9%9D%92%E8%97%8F%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F%E9%87%87%E6%A0%B7%E7%82%B9%E5%88%86%E5%B8%8320241203.png?itok=riRIk4F4" width="960" height="640" alt="" /></a></div></div></div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-9 col-lg-5"> <dl class="topinfo"> <dt>Citation Author(s):</dt> <dd> <div class="field field-name-field-dataset-authors field-type-field-collection field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><div class="entity entity-field-collection-item field-collection-item-field-dataset-authors clearfix" about="/field-collection/field-dataset-authors/25325" typeof=""> <div class="content"> <div class="field field-name-field-first-name field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Shaofan</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-last-name field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Tang</div></div></div> <div class="field field-name-field-orcid field-type-text field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even"><a href="https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1501-7846" class="orcid" target="_blank"><img src="/sites/all/themes/sigport/images/ORCID-iD_icon-vector.svg" style="width:16px; height: auto; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-name-field-organization field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Yunnan agriculture university</div></div></div> </div> </div> </div></div></div> </dd> <dt>Submitted by:</dt> <dd><span rel="sioc:has_creator"><span rel="sioc:has_creator"><a href="/authors/shaofan-tang" title="View user profile." class="username" xml:lang="" about="/authors/shaofan-tang" typeof="sioc:UserAccount" property="foaf:name" datatype="">Shaofan Tang</a></span></span></dd> <dt>Last updated:</dt> <dd>Sun, 02/16/2025 - 05:07</dd> <dt>DOI:</dt> <dd><a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.21227/ej41-7r41" target="_blank">10.21227/ej41-7r41</a></dd> <dt>Data Format:</dt> <dd><div class="field field-name-field-format field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/data-formats/avi-csv-txt">*.avi; *.csv; *.txt</a></div></div></div></dd> <dt>License:</dt> <dd><div class="field field-name-field-additional-license field-type-link-field 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Remote Sensing; Land Cover Mapping</a></div></div></div> </dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="row mx-auto"> <div class="col-lg-3 pb-3"> <div class="field field-name-field-rating field-type-fivestar field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><div class="clearfix fivestar-average-stars"><div class="fivestar-static-item"><div class="form-item form-type-item"> <div class="fivestar-basic"><div class="fivestar-widget-static fivestar-widget-static-vote fivestar-widget-static-5 clearfix"><div class="star star-1 star-odd star-first"><span class="off">0</span></div><div class="star star-2 star-even"><span class="off"></span></div><div class="star star-3 star-odd"><span class="off"></span></div><div class="star star-4 star-even"><span class="off"></span></div><div class="star star-5 star-odd star-last"><span class="off"></span></div></div></div> <div class="description"><div class="fivestar-summary fivestar-summary-"></div></div> </div> </div></div></div></div></div> <span style="font-style: italic; font-size: 85%; color: #999; padding-left: 0.5em; line-height: 19px;">0 ratings - Please <a href="/saml_login/?idp=IEEEDataport&destination=/documents/landsat-data-surface-reflectance-different-landforms-qinghai-tibet-plateau-1990-2024" style="color: #999; text-decoration: underline;">login</a> to submit your rating.</span> </div> <div class="col-lg-9 pb-3"> <a class="btn btn-primary mr-3" href="#files"><i class="icon down-arrow"></i>ACCESS DATASET</a> <a class="btn btn-primary mr-3" href="#" id="cite" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#citeModal"><i class="icon quote"></i>CITE</a> <a class="btn btn-primary mr-3" href="#" id="share" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#shareModal"><i class="icon share"></i>SHARE/EMBED</a> </div> </div> </div> <main class="container-fluid" id="main"> <div class="row py-4 mx-auto"> <div class="col-lg-8 col-md-12 pr-5"> <div id="main-content"> <span property="dc:title" content="Brazilian Flights Dataset" class="rdf-meta element-hidden"></span><span property="sioc:num_replies" content="0" datatype="xsd:integer" class="rdf-meta element-hidden"></span> <div class="content"> <h4>Abstract </h4> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p class="15"><strong>Known as the “Water Tower of Asia,” the Tibetan Plateau plays an important role not only in regional hydrology, but also in the larger, more global water cycle, as well as climate regulation. While this region plays such an important role, things get difficult when it comes to extracting water data using remote sensing techniques—primarily because of snow interference, which leads to all kinds of misjudgments and detection errors. This makes long-term monitoring of water resources a real challenge, especially in those high-altitude, high-latitude regions that are prone to snow accumulation. So, taking all these complications into account, we came up with this new method—the Snow-Water Separation Detection Method (SWS)—which relies on a set of decision rules that combine multiple spectral indices, and what it essentially does is help us separate snow from water bodies in satellite imagery more effectively. The results have proven to be very impressive: validation tests showed an overall accuracy of 96.93%, which means that it is basically very effective, especially in those areas where snow tends to interfere with the data. Now, we apply this method to a huge dataset—159,000 Landsat 5, 7, 8, and 9 images from 1990 to 2024—covering the entire Tibetan Plateau. Interestingly, when we analyzed it, we found a fairly strong correlation between changes in the water bodies and changes in temperature and precipitation patterns, which directly indicates how climate change is affecting water resources in the region. All in all, this approach is not only practical, but also scalable. It provides a powerful solution for monitoring large-scale water bodies, and its potential applications go far beyond this study, contributing to fields ranging from hydrological modeling to climate change research, and providing new insights into how we can sustainably manage water resources in these ice-covered, high-altitude regions.</strong></p> </div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-instructions field-type-text-long field-label-above"><div class="field-label">Instructions: </div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>This experiment aims to analyze the characteristics of surface water, snow, and non-water/non-snow areas by collecting approximately 2,000 sample points in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region. The sample points will be classified into water points, snow points, and non-water/non-snow points. These points will be used to extract Surface Reflectance (SR) data from Landsat imagery.</p> </div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-md-12"> <div class="column-box"> <h4>Dataset Files</h4><a name="files"></a> <ul><li><a href="#" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#accessModal"> Surface reflectivity.xlsx</a> (121.86 kB)</li></ul><a href="/saml_login/?idp=IEEEDataport&destination=/documents/landsat-data-surface-reflectance-different-landforms-qinghai-tibet-plateau-1990-2024" id="accesss3" class="btn btn-primary my-2"><i class="icon document-cloud"></i>LOGIN TO ACCESS DATASET FILES</a> </div> <p> </p>  <script type="text/javascript">if (!window.AdButler){(function(){var s = document.createElement("script"); s.async = true; s.type = "text/javascript"; s.src = 'https://ads.associationmediagroup.com/app.js'; var n = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; n.parentNode.insertBefore(s, n);}());}</script> <script type="text/javascript"> var AdButler = AdButler || {}; AdButler.ads = AdButler.ads || []; var abkw = window.abkw || ''; var plc779116 = window.plc779116 || 0; document.write('<'+'div id="placement_779116_'+plc779116+'"></'+'div>'); AdButler.ads.push({handler: function(opt){ AdButler.register(172818, 779116, [300,600], 'placement_779116_'+opt.place, opt); }, opt: { place: plc779116++, keywords: abkw, domain: 'ads.associationmediagroup.com', click: 'CLICK_MACRO_PLACEHOLDER' }}); </script> <div class="pt-4"> <h4>QUESTIONS?</h4> <ul class="list-group list-group-flush"> <li class="list-group-item list-group-item-action"><img src="/sites/all/themes/dataport/images/email.svg" style="height: 12px; margin-left: -20px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <a href="/saml_login/?idp=IEEEDataport&destination=/documents/landsat-data-surface-reflectance-different-landforms-qinghai-tibet-plateau-1990-2024">Login to Send Author a Private Message</a></li> <li class="list-group-item list-group-item-action"><img src="/sites/all/themes/dataport/images/caution.svg" style="height: 13px; margin-left: -20px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <a href="/contact">Report a problem with this Dataset</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div class="modal fade" id="accessModal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="accessModal" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-lg modal-dialog-centered" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <h5 class="modal-title" id="exampleModalLongTitle">Dataset Access</h5> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <h3>How to Access this Dataset</h3> <p>This dataset requires an IEEE DataPort Subscription.</p><p>For all IEEE Society Members, please <a href="/saml_login/?idp=IEEEDataport&destination=/documents/landsat-data-surface-reflectance-different-landforms-qinghai-tibet-plateau-1990-2024"><strong>login now</strong></a> to the IEEE DataPort platform to access your FREE IEEE DataPort Subscription.</p> <p> <a href="/subscribe" class="btn btn-primary btn-lg">Subscribe Now</a> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="modal fade" id="uploadModal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="uploadModal" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-lg modal-dialog-centered" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <h5 class="modal-title" id="exampleModalLongTitle">Upload your Dataset</h5> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <h3>How to Upload Dataset Files Directly to AWS</h3> <p>IEEE DataPort Subscribers may upload their dataset files directly to IEEE DataPort's AWS S3 file storage. Please read the <a href="https://ieee-dataport.org/help/upload-your-files-directly-ieee-dataport-s3-bucket" target="_blank">Upload Your Files directly to the IEEE DataPort S3 Bucket</a> help topic for detailed instructions.</p><p>You will need the following information to complete your upload:</p> <ol> <li>Your AWS Access Key and Secret key, which can be found on your <a href="/user">IEEE DataPort User Profile</a>.</li> <li><em>DATASET TYPE:</em> data</li> <li><em>USERID:</em> 0</li> <li><em>DATASETID:</em> 14822</li> </ol> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="modal fade" id="citeModal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="citeModal" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-lg modal-dialog-centered" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <h5 class="modal-title" id="exampleModalLongTitle">Dataset Citation</h5> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <div id="accordion"> <div class="card z-depth-0"> <div class="card-header" id="headingOne"> <h5 class="mb-0"> <a class="btn-link d-inline-block w-100" role="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#ieee" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="collapseOne"> IEEE </a> </h5> </div> <div id="ieee" class="collapse show" aria-labelledby="headingOne" data-parent="#accordion"> <div class="card-body"> Shaofan Tang, February 16, 2025, "Landsat data of surface reflectance of different landforms on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from 1990 to 2024", IEEE Dataport, doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.21227/ej41-7r41. </div> </div> </div> <div class="card z-depth-0"> <div class="card-header" id="headingTwo"> <h5 class="mb-0"> <a class="btn-link d-inline-block w-100" role="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#bibtex" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseTwo"> BibTeX </a> </h5> </div> <div id="bibtex" class="collapse" aria-labelledby="headingTwo" data-parent="#accordion"> <div class="card-body"> @data{ej41-7r41-25,<br /> doi = {10.21227/ej41-7r41},<br /> url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.21227/ej41-7r41},<br /> author = {Tang, Shaofan},<br /> publisher = {IEEE Dataport},<br /> title = {Landsat data of surface reflectance of different landforms on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from 1990 to 2024},<br /> year = {2025} } </div> </div> </div> <div class="card z-depth-0"> <div class="card-header" id="headingThree"> <h5 class="mb-0"> <a class="btn-link d-inline-block w-100" role="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#ris" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseThree"> RIS </a> </h5> </div> <div id="ris" class="collapse" aria-labelledby="headingThree" data-parent="#accordion"> <div class="card-body"> TY - DATA<br /> T1 - Landsat data of surface reflectance of different landforms on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from 1990 to 2024<br /> AU - Shaofan Tang<br /> PY - 2025<br /> PB - IEEE Dataport<br /> UR - 10.21227/ej41-7r41<br /> ER - <br /> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card z-depth-0"> <div class="card-header" id="headingFour"> <h5 class="mb-0"> <a class="btn-link d-inline-block w-100" role="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#apa" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseFour"> APA </a> </h5> </div> <div id="apa" class="collapse" aria-labelledby="headingFour" data-parent="#accordion"> <div class="card-body"> Shaofan Tang. (2025). Landsat data of surface reflectance of different landforms on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from 1990 to 2024. IEEE Dataport. https://dx.doi.org/10.21227/ej41-7r41 </div> </div> </div> <div class="card z-depth-0"> <div class="card-header" id="headingFive"> <h5 class="mb-0"> <a class="btn-link d-inline-block w-100" role="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#harvard" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="headingFive"> Harvard </a> </h5> </div> <div id="harvard" class="collapse" aria-labelledby="headingFive" data-parent="#accordion"> <div class="card-body"> Shaofan Tang, 2025. Landsat data of surface reflectance of different landforms on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from 1990 to 2024. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.21227/ej41-7r41. </div> </div> </div> <div class="card z-depth-0"> <div class="card-header" id="headingSix"> <h5 class="mb-0"> <a class="btn-link d-inline-block w-100" role="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#mla" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="headingSix"> MLA </a> </h5> </div> <div id="mla" class="collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSix" data-parent="#accordion"> <div class="card-body"> Shaofan Tang. (2025). "Landsat data of surface reflectance of different landforms on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from 1990 to 2024." Web. </div> </div> </div> <div class="card z-depth-0"> <div class="card-header" id="headingSeven"> <h5 class="mb-0"> <a class="btn-link d-inline-block w-100" role="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#vancouver" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="headingSeven"> Vancouver </a> </h5> </div> <div id="vancouver" class="collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSeven" data-parent="#accordion"> <div class="card-body"> 1. Shaofan Tang. Landsat data of surface reflectance of different landforms on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from 1990 to 2024 [Internet]. IEEE Dataport; 2025. Available from : https://dx.doi.org/10.21227/ej41-7r41 </div> </div> </div> <div class="card z-depth-0"> <div class="card-header" id="headingEight"> <h5 class="mb-0"> <a class="btn-link d-inline-block w-100" role="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#chicago" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="headingEight"> Chicago </a> </h5> </div> <div id="chicago" class="collapse" aria-labelledby="headingEight" data-parent="#accordion"> <div class="card-body"> Shaofan Tang. 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