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<span>Work</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Work-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Work subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pure_mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pure_mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pure mathematics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pure_mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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</li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">G. H. Hardy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="غودفري هارولد هاردي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غودفري هارولد هاردي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Harold_Hardy" title="Godfrey Harold Hardy – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Godfrey Harold Hardy" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qodfri_Hardi" title="Qodfri Hardi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qodfri Hardi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="قادفری هارولد هاردی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قادفری هارولد هاردی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF" title="গডফ্রি হ্যারল্ড হার্ডি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গডফ্রি হ্যারল্ড হার্ডি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Годфры Харалд Хардзі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Годфры Харалд Хардзі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Годфри Харолд Харди – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Годфри Харолд Харди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Harold_Hardy" title="Godfrey Harold Hardy – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Godfrey Harold Hardy" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._H._Hardy" title="G. H. Hardy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="G. H. Hardy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.H._Hardy" title="G.H. Hardy – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="G.H. Hardy" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Harold_Hardy" title="Godfrey Harold Hardy – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Godfrey Harold Hardy" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%8A_%CE%A7%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A7%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9" title="Γκόντφρεϊ Χάρολντ Χάρντι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκόντφρεϊ Χάρολντ Χάρντι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Harold_Hardy" title="Godfrey Harold Hardy – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Godfrey Harold Hardy" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Harold_Hardy" title="Godfrey Harold Hardy – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Godfrey Harold Hardy" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Harold_Hardy" title="Godfrey Harold Hardy – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Godfrey Harold Hardy" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="گادفری هارولد هاردی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گادفری هارولد هاردی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Harold_Hardy" title="Godfrey Harold Hardy – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Godfrey Harold Hardy" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Harold_Hardy" title="Godfrey Harold Hardy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Godfrey Harold Hardy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Harold_Hardy" title="Godfrey Harold Hardy – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Godfrey Harold Hardy" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Harold_Hardy" title="Godfrey Harold Hardy – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Godfrey Harold Hardy" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A1_%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%80" title="ગોડફ્રી હેરોલ્ડ હાર્ડી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગોડફ્રી હેરોલ્ડ હાર્ડી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%93%9C%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC_%ED%95%B4%EB%9F%B4%EB%93%9C_%ED%95%98%EB%94%94" title="고드프리 해럴드 하디 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고드프리 해럴드 하디" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D5%A4%D6%86%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A4_%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%AB" title="Գոդֆրի Հարոլդ Հարդի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գոդֆրի Հարոլդ Հարդի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="गॉडफ्रे हेरॉल्ड हार्डी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गॉडफ्रे हेरॉल्ड हार्डी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Harold_Hardy" title="Godfrey Harold Hardy – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Godfrey Harold Hardy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Harold_Hardy" title="Godfrey Harold Hardy – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Godfrey Harold Hardy" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Harold_Hardy" title="Godfrey Harold Hardy – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Godfrey Harold Hardy" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99" title="גודפרי הרולד הארדי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גודפרי הרולד הארדי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF._%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%8D._%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF" title="ಜಿ. ಹೆಚ್. ಹಾರ್ಡಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಿ. ಹೆಚ್. ಹಾರ್ಡಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="გოდფრი ჰაროლდ ჰარდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გოდფრი ჰაროლდ ჰარდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Harold_Hardy" title="Godfrey Harold Hardy – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Godfrey Harold Hardy" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrijs_Herolds_H%C4%81rdijs" title="Godfrijs Herolds Hārdijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Godfrijs Herolds Hārdijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Harold_Hardy" title="Godfrey Harold Hardy – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Godfrey Harold Hardy" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Harold_Hardy" title="Godfrey Harold Hardy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Godfrey Harold Hardy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D._%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF" title="ജി.എച്ച്. ഹാർഡി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജി.എച്ച്. ഹാർഡി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="गॉडफ्रे हॅरोल्ड हार्डी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गॉडफ्रे हॅरोल्ड हार्डी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%89_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%89" title="جودفرى هارولد هاردى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جودفرى هارولد هاردى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._H._Hardy" title="G. H. Hardy – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="G. H. Hardy" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Harold_Hardy" title="Godfrey Harold Hardy – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Godfrey Harold Hardy" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B4%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3" title="ゴッドフレイ・ハロルド・ハーディ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゴッドフレイ・ハロルド・ハーディ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.H._Hardy" title="G.H. Hardy – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="G.H. Hardy" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.H._Hardy" title="G.H. Hardy – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="G.H. Hardy" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80.%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%9A._%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80" title="ਜੀ.ਐਚ. ਹਾਰਡੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੀ.ਐਚ. ਹਾਰਡੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%88_%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88%DB%8C" title="گاڈفری ہیرالڈ ہارڈی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گاڈفری ہیرالڈ ہارڈی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Harold_Hardy" title="Godfrey Harold Hardy – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Godfrey Harold Hardy" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Harold_Hardy" title="Godfrey Harold Hardy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Godfrey Harold Hardy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Harold_Hardy" title="Godfrey Harold Hardy – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Godfrey Harold Hardy" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8,_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Харди, Годфри Харолд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Харди, Годфри Харолд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Harold_Hardy" title="Godfrey Harold Hardy – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Godfrey Harold Hardy" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.H._Hardy" title="G.H. Hardy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="G.H. Hardy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Harold_Hardy" title="Godfrey Harold Hardy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Godfrey Harold Hardy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Harold_Hardy" title="Godfrey Harold Hardy – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Godfrey Harold Hardy" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%86%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%B5%D8%AF_%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="گۆدفری ھارۆڵد ھاردی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گۆدفری ھارۆڵد ھاردی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Годфри Харолд Харди – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Годфри Харолд Харди" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._H._Hardy" title="G. H. Hardy – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="G. H. Hardy" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.H._Hardy" title="G.H. Hardy – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="G.H. Hardy" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._H._Hardy" title="G. H. Hardy – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="G. H. Hardy" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF._%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D._%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="ஜி. எச். ஹார்டி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜி. எச். ஹார்டி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5._%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8A._%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89" title="จี. เอช. ฮาร์ดี้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จี. เอช. ฮาร์ดี้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Harold_Hardy" title="Godfrey Harold Hardy – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Godfrey Harold Hardy" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%84%D1%80%D1%96_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Ґодфрі Гарольд Гарді – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ґодфрі Гарольд Гарді" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Harold_Hardy" title="Godfrey Harold Hardy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Godfrey Harold Hardy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._H._Hardy" title="G. H. Hardy – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="G. H. Hardy" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%88%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E4%BB%A3" title="戈弗雷·哈罗德·哈代 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="戈弗雷·哈罗德·哈代" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E9%A3%9B%E5%93%88%E4%BB%A3" title="高飛哈代 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="高飛哈代" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%88%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E4%BB%A3" title="戈弗雷·哈罗德·哈代 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="戈弗雷·哈罗德·哈代" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184337#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">G. H. Hardy</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghhardy@72.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ghhardy%4072.jpg/220px-Ghhardy%4072.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Ghhardy%4072.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="368" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Hardy, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1927</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Godfrey Harold Hardy</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1877-02-07</span>)</span>7 February 1877<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Cranleigh" title="Cranleigh">Cranleigh</a>, Surrey, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1 December 1947<span style="display:none">(1947-12-01)</span> (aged 70)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, Cambridgeshire, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/British_People" class="mw-redirect" title="British People">British</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hardy%E2%80%93Weinberg_principle" title="Hardy–Weinberg principle">Hardy–Weinberg principle</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Partition_function_(number_theory)#Approximation_formulas" title="Partition function (number theory)">Hardy–Ramanujan asymptotic formula</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Critical_line_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical line theorem">Critical line theorem</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Hardy%E2%80%93Littlewood_tauberian_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardy–Littlewood tauberian theorem">Hardy–Littlewood tauberian theorem</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hardy_space" title="Hardy space">Hardy space</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hardy_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardy notation">Hardy notation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hardy%E2%80%93Littlewood_inequality" title="Hardy–Littlewood inequality">Hardy–Littlewood inequality</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hardy%27s_inequality" title="Hardy's inequality">Hardy's inequality</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hardy%27s_theorem" title="Hardy's theorem">Hardy's theorem</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hardy%E2%80%93Littlewood_circle_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardy–Littlewood circle method">Hardy–Littlewood circle method</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hardy_field" title="Hardy field">Hardy field</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hardy%E2%80%93Littlewood_zeta_function_conjectures" title="Hardy–Littlewood zeta function conjectures">Hardy–Littlewood zeta function conjectures</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_Prize" title="Smith's Prize">Smith's Prize</a> (1901)<br /><a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> (1920)<br /><a href="/wiki/De_Morgan_Medal" title="De Morgan Medal">De Morgan Medal</a> (1929)<br /><a href="/wiki/Chauvenet_Prize" title="Chauvenet Prize">Chauvenet Prize</a> (1932)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Medal" title="Sylvester Medal">Sylvester Medal</a> (1940)<br /><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> (1947)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Edward_Hough_Love" title="Augustus Edward Hough Love">A. E. H. Love</a><br /><a href="/wiki/E._T._Whittaker" title="E. T. Whittaker">E. T. Whittaker</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cartwright" title="Mary Cartwright">Mary Cartwright</a><br /><a href="/wiki/I._J._Good" title="I. J. Good">I. J. Good</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Edward_Linfoot" title="Edward Linfoot">Edward Linfoot</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Offord" title="Cyril Offord">Cyril Offord</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Harry_Pitt" title="Harry Pitt">Harry Pitt</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rado" title="Richard Rado">Richard Rado</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Robert_Alexander_Rankin" title="Robert Alexander Rankin">Robert Rankin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Donald_C._Spencer" title="Donald C. Spencer">Donald Spencer</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tirukkannapuram_Vijayaraghavan" title="Tirukkannapuram Vijayaraghavan">Tirukkannapuram Vijayaraghavan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/E._M._Wright" title="E. M. Wright">E. M. Wright</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Chapman_(mathematician)" title="Sydney Chapman (mathematician)">Sydney Chapman</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Edward_Charles_Titchmarsh" title="Edward Charles Titchmarsh">Edward Titchmarsh</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Newbold" title="Ethel Newbold">Ethel Newbold</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Godfrey Harold Hardy</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (7 February 1877 – 1 December 1947)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an English <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a>, known for his achievements in <a href="/wiki/Number_theory" title="Number theory">number theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis">mathematical analysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mactutor_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mactutor-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mathgene_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathgene-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, he is known for the <a href="/wiki/Hardy%E2%80%93Weinberg_principle" title="Hardy–Weinberg principle">Hardy–Weinberg principle</a>, a basic principle of <a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">population genetics</a>. </p><p>G. H. Hardy is usually known by those outside the field of mathematics for his 1940 essay <i><a href="/wiki/A_Mathematician%27s_Apology" title="A Mathematician's Apology">A Mathematician's Apology</a></i>, often considered one of the best insights into the mind of a working mathematician written for the layperson. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RamanujanCambridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/RamanujanCambridge.jpg/220px-RamanujanCambridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/RamanujanCambridge.jpg/330px-RamanujanCambridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/RamanujanCambridge.jpg/440px-RamanujanCambridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1403" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>Charles F. Wilson, <a href="/wiki/Srinivasa_Ramanujan" title="Srinivasa Ramanujan">Srinivasa Ramanujan</a> (centre), G. H. Hardy (extreme right), and other scientists at Trinity College at the University of Cambridge, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1910s</span> </figcaption></figure> <p>Starting in 1914, Hardy was the mentor of the Indian mathematician <a href="/wiki/Srinivasa_Ramanujan" title="Srinivasa Ramanujan">Srinivasa Ramanujan</a>, a relationship that has become celebrated.<sup id="cite_ref-cola_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cola-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hardy almost immediately recognised Ramanujan's extraordinary albeit untutored brilliance, and Hardy and Ramanujan became close collaborators.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an interview by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Erd%C5%91s" title="Paul Erdős">Paul Erdős</a>, when Hardy was asked what his greatest contribution to mathematics was, Hardy unhesitatingly replied that it was the discovery of Ramanujan.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a lecture on Ramanujan, Hardy said that "my association with him is the one romantic incident in my life".<sup id="cite_ref-hardy-ramanujan_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardy-ramanujan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G._H._Hardy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>G. H. Hardy was born on 7 February 1877, in <a href="/wiki/Cranleigh" title="Cranleigh">Cranleigh</a>, Surrey, England, into a teaching family.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father was <a href="/wiki/Bursar" title="Bursar">Bursar</a> and Art Master at <a href="/wiki/Cranleigh_School" title="Cranleigh School">Cranleigh School</a>; his mother had been a senior mistress at Lincoln Training College for teachers. Both of his parents were mathematically inclined, though neither had a university education. He and his sister Gertrude "Gertie" Emily Hardy (1878–1963) were brought up by their educationally enlightened parents in a typical Victorian nursery attended by a nurse. At an early age, he argued with his nurse about the existence of Santa Claus and the efficacy of prayer. He read aloud to his sister books such as <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" title="Gulliver's Travels">Gulliver's Travels</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe">Robinson Crusoe</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 447">: 447 </span></sup> </p><p>Hardy's own natural affinity for mathematics was perceptible at an early age. When just two years old, he wrote numbers up to millions, and when taken to church he amused himself by <a href="/wiki/Factorize" class="mw-redirect" title="Factorize">factorising</a> the numbers of the hymns.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After schooling at <a href="/wiki/Cranleigh_School" title="Cranleigh School">Cranleigh</a>, Hardy was awarded a scholarship to <a href="/wiki/Winchester_College" title="Winchester College">Winchester College</a> for his mathematical work. In 1896, he entered <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was first tutored under <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rumsey_Webb" title="Robert Rumsey Webb">Robert Rumsey Webb</a>, but found it unsatisfying, and briefly considered switching to history. He then was tutored by <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Edward_Hough_Love" title="Augustus Edward Hough Love">Augustus Love</a>, who recommended him to read <a href="/wiki/Camille_Jordan" title="Camille Jordan">Camille Jordan</a>'s <i>Cours d'analyse</i>, which taught him for the first time "what mathematics really meant". After only two years of preparation under his coach, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Alfred_Herman" title="Robert Alfred Herman">Robert Alfred Herman</a>, Hardy was fourth in the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Mathematical_Tripos" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Mathematical Tripos">Mathematics Tripos</a> examination.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Years later, he sought to abolish the Tripos system, as he felt that it was becoming more an end in itself than a means to an end. While at university, Hardy joined the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Apostles" title="Cambridge Apostles">Cambridge Apostles</a>, an elite, intellectual secret society.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hardy cited as his most important influence his independent study of <i>Cours d'analyse de l'École Polytechnique</i> by the French mathematician <a href="/wiki/Camille_Jordan" title="Camille Jordan">Camille Jordan</a>, through which he became acquainted with the more precise mathematics tradition in continental Europe. In 1900 he passed part II of the Tripos, and in the same year he was elected to a Prize Fellowship at Trinity College.<sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 448">: 448 </span></sup> In 1903 he earned his M.A., which was the highest academic degree at English universities at that time. When his Prize Fellowship expired in 1906 he was appointed to the Trinity staff as a lecturer in mathematics, where teaching six hours per week left him time for research.<sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 448">: 448 </span></sup> </p><p>On 16 January 1913, <a href="/wiki/Srinivasa_Ramanujan" title="Srinivasa Ramanujan">Ramanujan</a> wrote to Hardy, who Ramanujan had known from studying <i>Orders of Infinity</i> (1910).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hardy read the letter in the morning, suspected it was a crank or a prank, but thought it over and realized in the evening that it was likely genuine because "great mathematicians are commoner than thieves or humbugs of such incredible skill".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then invited Ramanujan to Cambridge and began "the one romantic incident in my life".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell#First_World_War" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell affair</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, in 1919 he left Cambridge to take the <a href="/wiki/Savilian_Chair_of_Geometry" class="mw-redirect" title="Savilian Chair of Geometry">Savilian Chair of Geometry</a> (and thus become a Fellow of <a href="/wiki/New_College,_Oxford" title="New College, Oxford">New College</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford</a>. Hardy spent the academic year 1928–1929 at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> in an academic exchange with <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Veblen" title="Oswald Veblen">Oswald Veblen</a>, who spent the year at Oxford.<sup id="cite_ref-mactutor_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mactutor-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hardy gave the <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs_Lectureship" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs Lectureship">Josiah Willard Gibbs lecture</a> for 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hardy left Oxford and returned to Cambridge in 1931, becoming again a fellow of Trinity College and holding the <a href="/wiki/Sadleirian_Professor_of_Pure_Mathematics" title="Sadleirian Professor of Pure Mathematics">Sadleirian Professorship</a> until 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 453">: 453 </span></sup> It is believed that he left Oxford for Cambridge to avoid the compulsory retirement at 65.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was on the governing body of <a href="/wiki/Abingdon_School" title="Abingdon School">Abingdon School</a> from 1922 to 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1939, he suffered a <a href="/wiki/Coronary_thrombosis" title="Coronary thrombosis">coronary thrombosis</a>, which prevented him from playing tennis, squash, etc. He also lost his creative powers in mathematics. He was constantly bored and distracted himself by writing a privately circulated memoir about the Bertrand Russell affair. In the early summer of 1947, he attempted suicide by <a href="/wiki/Barbiturate_overdose" title="Barbiturate overdose">barbiturate overdose</a>. After that, he resolved to simply wait for death. He died suddenly one early morning while listening to his sister read out from a book of the history of Cambridge University cricket.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G._H._Hardy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hardy is credited with reforming British mathematics by bringing <a href="/wiki/Rigour#Mathematical_rigour" title="Rigour">rigour</a> into it, which was previously a characteristic of French, Swiss and German mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British mathematicians had remained largely in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Applied_mathematics" title="Applied mathematics">applied mathematics</a>, in thrall to the reputation of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Mathematical_Tripos" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Mathematical Tripos">Cambridge Mathematical Tripos</a>). Hardy was more in tune with the <i>cours d'analyse</i> methods dominant in France, and aggressively promoted his conception of <a href="/wiki/Pure_mathematics" title="Pure mathematics">pure mathematics</a>, in particular against the <a href="/wiki/Hydrodynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrodynamics">hydrodynamics</a> that was an important part of Cambridge mathematics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Hardy preferred to work only 4 hours every day on mathematics, spending the rest of the day talking, playing cricket, and other gentlemanly activities.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1911, he collaborated with <a href="/wiki/John_Edensor_Littlewood" title="John Edensor Littlewood">John Edensor Littlewood</a>, in extensive work in <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis">mathematical analysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Analytic_number_theory" title="Analytic number theory">analytic number theory</a>. This (along with much else) led to quantitative progress on <a href="/wiki/Waring%27s_problem" title="Waring's problem">Waring's problem</a>, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Hardy%E2%80%93Littlewood_circle_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardy–Littlewood circle method">Hardy–Littlewood circle method</a>, as it became known. In <a href="/wiki/Prime_number" title="Prime number">prime number</a> theory, they proved results and some notable <a href="/wiki/Conditional_result" class="mw-redirect" title="Conditional result">conditional results</a>. This was a major factor in the development of number theory as a system of <a href="/wiki/Conjecture" title="Conjecture">conjectures</a>; examples are the <a href="/wiki/First_Hardy%E2%80%93Littlewood_conjecture" title="First Hardy–Littlewood conjecture">first</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Hardy%E2%80%93Littlewood_conjecture" title="Second Hardy–Littlewood conjecture">second Hardy–Littlewood conjectures</a>. Hardy's collaboration with Littlewood is among the most successful and famous collaborations in mathematical history. In a 1947 lecture, the Danish mathematician <a href="/wiki/Harald_Bohr" title="Harald Bohr">Harald Bohr</a> reported a colleague as saying, "Nowadays, there are only three really great English mathematicians: Hardy, Littlewood, and Hardy–Littlewood."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xxvii">: xxvii </span></sup> </p><p>Hardy is also known for formulating the <a href="/wiki/Hardy%E2%80%93Weinberg_principle" title="Hardy–Weinberg principle">Hardy–Weinberg principle</a>, a basic principle of <a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">population genetics</a>, independently from <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Weinberg" title="Wilhelm Weinberg">Wilhelm Weinberg</a> in 1908. He played <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> with the geneticist <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Punnett" title="Reginald Punnett">Reginald Punnett</a>, who introduced the problem to him in purely mathematical terms.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> Hardy, who had no interest in genetics and described the mathematical argument as "very simple", may never have realised how important the result became.<sup id="cite_ref-hardy-annotated_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardy-annotated-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 117">: 117 </span></sup> </p><p>Hardy was elected an international honorary member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1921,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an international member of the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> in 1927,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an international member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hardy's collected papers have been published in seven volumes by <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pure_mathematics">Pure mathematics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G._H._Hardy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pure mathematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hardy preferred his work to be considered <i><a href="/wiki/Pure_mathematics" title="Pure mathematics">pure mathematics</a></i>, perhaps because of his <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">detestation of war</a> and the military uses to which mathematics had been <a href="/wiki/Applied_mathematics" title="Applied mathematics">applied</a>. He made several statements similar to that in his <a href="/wiki/A_Mathematician%27s_Apology" title="A Mathematician's Apology"><i>Apology</i></a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I have never done anything "useful". No discovery of mine has made, or is likely to make, directly or indirectly, for good or ill, the least difference to the amenity of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>However, aside from formulating the <a href="/wiki/Hardy%E2%80%93Weinberg_principle" title="Hardy–Weinberg principle">Hardy–Weinberg principle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">population genetics</a>, his famous work on integer partitions with his collaborator <a href="/wiki/Srinivasa_Ramanujan" title="Srinivasa Ramanujan">Ramanujan</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Partition_function_(number_theory)#Approximation_formulas" title="Partition function (number theory)">Hardy–Ramanujan asymptotic formula</a>, has been widely applied in physics to find quantum partition functions of atomic nuclei (first used by <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a>) and to derive thermodynamic functions of non-interacting <a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_statistics" title="Bose–Einstein statistics">Bose–Einstein</a> systems. Though Hardy wanted his maths to be "pure" and devoid of any application, much of his work has found applications in other branches of science.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, Hardy deliberately pointed out in his <i>Apology</i> that mathematicians generally do not "glory in the uselessness of their work", but rather – because science can be used for evil ends as well as good – "mathematicians may be justified in rejoicing that there is one science at any rate, and that their own, whose very remoteness from ordinary human activities should keep it gentle and clean."<sup id="cite_ref-Apology_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apology-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33">: 33 </span></sup> Hardy also rejected as a "delusion" the belief that the difference between pure and applied mathematics had anything to do with their utility. Hardy regards as "pure" the kinds of mathematics that are independent of the physical world, but also considers some "applied" mathematicians, such as the physicists <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">Maxwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a>, to be among the "real" mathematicians, whose work "has permanent aesthetic value" and "is eternal because the best of it may, like the best literature, continue to cause intense emotional satisfaction to thousands of people after thousands of years." Although he admitted that what he called "real" mathematics may someday become useful, he asserted that, at the time in which the <i>Apology</i> was written, only the "dull and elementary parts" of either pure or applied mathematics could "work for good or ill".<sup id="cite_ref-Apology_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apology-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 39">: 39 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personality">Personality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G._H._Hardy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hardy was extremely shy as a child and was socially awkward, cold and eccentric throughout his life. During his school years, he was top of his class in most subjects, and won many prizes and awards but hated having to receive them in front of the entire school. He was uncomfortable being introduced to new people, and could not bear to look at his own reflection in a mirror. It is said that, when staying in hotels, he would cover all the mirrors with towels.<sup id="cite_ref-snow67_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snow67-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Socially, Hardy was associated with the <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group" title="Bloomsbury Group">Bloomsbury Group</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Apostles" title="Cambridge Apostles">Cambridge Apostles</a>; <a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._M._Keynes" class="mw-redirect" title="J. M. Keynes">J. M. Keynes</a> were friends. Apart from close friendships, he had a few platonic relationships with young men who shared his sensibilities, and often his love of cricket.<sup id="cite_ref-cricket_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cricket-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mutual interest in cricket led him to befriend the young <a href="/wiki/C._P._Snow" title="C. P. Snow">C. P. Snow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-snow67_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snow67-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10–12">: 10–12 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hardy was a lifelong bachelor and in his final years he was cared for by his sister. </p><p>He was an avid cricket fan. Maynard Keynes observed that if Hardy had read the <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">stock exchange</a> for half an hour every day with as much interest and attention as he did the day's cricket scores, he would have become a rich man.<sup id="cite_ref-cricket_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cricket-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He liked to speak of the best class of mathematical research as "the <a href="/wiki/Jack_Hobbs" title="Jack Hobbs">Hobbs</a> class", and later, after Bradman appeared as an even greater batsman, "the <a href="/wiki/Don_Bradman" title="Don Bradman">Bradman</a> class".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the age of 20, he decided that he <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">did not believe in God</a>, which proved a minor issue as attending the chapel was compulsory at Cambridge University. He wrote a letter to his parents explaining that, and from then on he refused to go into any college chapel, even for purely ritualistic duties.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was at times politically involved, if not an activist. He took part in the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democratic_Control" title="Union of Democratic Control">Union of Democratic Control</a> during World War I, and For Intellectual Liberty in the late 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He admired America and the Soviet Union roughly equally. He found both sides of the Second World War objectionable.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hoffman_(science_writer)" title="Paul Hoffman (science writer)">Paul Hoffman</a> writes that "His concerns were wide-ranging, as evidenced by six New Year's resolutions he set in a postcard to a friend: </p><blockquote><p><span class="nowrap">(1)</span> prove the <a href="/wiki/Riemann_hypothesis" title="Riemann hypothesis">Riemann hypothesis</a>; (2) make 211 not out in the fourth innings of the last <a href="/wiki/The_Oval" title="The Oval">Test Match at the Oval</a>; (3) find an argument for the nonexistence of God which shall convince the general public; (4) be the first man at the top of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a>; (5) be proclaimed the first president of the U. S. S. R. of Great Britain and Germany; and (6) murder <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G._H._Hardy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cultural references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hardy is a key character, played by <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Irons" title="Jeremy Irons">Jeremy Irons</a>, in the 2015 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Knew_Infinity_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Man Who Knew Infinity (film)">The Man Who Knew Infinity</a></i>, based on the biography of Ramanujan with the same title.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hardy is a major character in <a href="/wiki/David_Leavitt" title="David Leavitt">David Leavitt</a>'s historical fiction novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Clerk" title="The Indian Clerk">The Indian Clerk</a></i> (2007), which depicts his Cambridge years and his relationship with <a href="/wiki/John_Edensor_Littlewood" title="John Edensor Littlewood">John Edensor Littlewood</a> and Ramanujan.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hardy is a secondary character in <i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Petros_and_Goldbach%27s_Conjecture" title="Uncle Petros and Goldbach's Conjecture">Uncle Petros and Goldbach's Conjecture</a></i> (1992), a mathematics novel by <a href="/wiki/Apostolos_Doxiadis" title="Apostolos Doxiadis">Apostolos Doxiadis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hardy is also a character in the 2014 Indian film, <i><a href="/wiki/Ramanujan_(film)" title="Ramanujan (film)">Ramanujan</a></i>, played by Kevin McGowan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G._H._Hardy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHardy2012" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, G. H. (2012) [1st pub. 1940, with foreword 1967]. <a href="/wiki/A_Mathematician%27s_Apology" title="A Mathematician's Apology"><i>A Mathematician's Apology</i></a>. With a foreword by <a href="/wiki/C._P._Snow" title="C. P. Snow">C. P. Snow</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-29559-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-29559-9"><bdi>978-1-107-29559-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Mathematician%27s+Apology&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-29559-9&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=G.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+H.+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hardy_annotated">Full text</a> The reprinted <i>Mathematician's Apology</i> with an introduction by C.P. Snow was recommended by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_du_Sautoy" title="Marcus du Sautoy">Marcus du Sautoy</a> in the BBC Radio program <i>A Good Read</i> in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy1999" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, G. H. (1999) [1st pub. Cambridge University Press: 1940]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.212059/"><i>Ramanujan: Twelve Lectures on Subjects Suggested by his Life and Work</i></a>. Providence, RI: AMS Chelsea. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-2023-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-2023-0"><bdi>978-0-8218-2023-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ramanujan%3A+Twelve+Lectures+on+Subjects+Suggested+by+his+Life+and+Work&rft.place=Providence%2C+RI&rft.pub=AMS+Chelsea&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8218-2023-0&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=G.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.212059%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+H.+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardyWright2008" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, G. H.; <a href="/wiki/E._M._Wright" title="E. M. Wright">Wright, E. M.</a> (2008) [1st ed. 1938]. <i>An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers</i>. Revised by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Heath-Brown" title="Roger Heath-Brown">D. R. Heath-Brown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._Silverman" title="Joseph H. Silverman">J. H. Silverman</a>, with a foreword by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wiles" title="Andrew Wiles">Andrew Wiles</a> (6th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921985-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921985-8"><bdi>978-0-19-921985-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Theory+of+Numbers&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-921985-8&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=G.+H.&rft.au=Wright%2C+E.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+H.+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy2008" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, G. H. (2008) [1st ed. 1908]. <a href="/wiki/A_Course_of_Pure_Mathematics" title="A Course of Pure Mathematics"><i>A Course of Pure Mathematics</i></a>. With a foreword by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_William_K%C3%B6rner" title="Thomas William Körner">T. W. Körner</a> (10th ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-72055-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-72055-7"><bdi>978-0-521-72055-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Course+of+Pure+Mathematics&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-72055-7&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=G.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+H.+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy2013" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, G. H. (2013) [1st ed. <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>: 1949]. <i>Divergent Series</i> (2nd ed.). Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-2649-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-2649-2"><bdi>978-0-8218-2649-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/49005496">49005496</a>. <a href="/wiki/MR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MR (identifier)">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0030620">0030620</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/808787">808787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divergent+Series&rft.place=Providence%2C+RI&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=American+Mathematical+Society&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F808787&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathscinet.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D0030620%23id-name%3DMR&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F49005496&rft.isbn=978-0-8218-2649-2&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=G.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+H.+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DivergentSeries/">Full text</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy1966–1979" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, G. H. (1966–1979). <a href="/wiki/London_Mathematical_Society" title="London Mathematical Society">London Mathematical Society</a> committee (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collectedpaperso0000hard"><i>Collected papers of G. H. Hardy; including joint papers with J. E. Littlewood and others</i></a></span>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-853340-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-853340-3"><bdi>0-19-853340-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/823424">823424</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+papers+of+G.+H.+Hardy%3B+including+joint+papers+with+J.+E.+Littlewood+and+others&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1966%2F1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F823424&rft.isbn=0-19-853340-3&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=G.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcollectedpaperso0000hard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+H.+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardyLittlewoodPólya1934" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, G. H.; <a href="/wiki/John_Edensor_Littlewood" title="John Edensor Littlewood">Littlewood, J. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/George_P%C3%B3lya" title="George Pólya">Pólya, G.</a> (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathematicalolympiads.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/inequalities-hardy-littlewood-polya.pdf"><i>Inequalities</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inequalities&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=G.+H.&rft.au=Littlewood%2C+J.+E.&rft.au=P%C3%B3lya%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathematicalolympiads.files.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F08%2Finequalities-hardy-littlewood-polya.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+H.+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy1970" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, G. H. (1970) [1st pub. 1942]. <i>Bertrand Russell and Trinity</i>. With a foreword by <a href="/wiki/C._D._Broad" title="C. D. Broad">C. D. Broad</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-11392-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-11392-2"><bdi>978-0-521-11392-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bertrand+Russell+and+Trinity&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-521-11392-2&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=G.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+H.+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G._H._Hardy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critical_line_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical line theorem">Critical line theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell%27s_theorem_(probability)" title="Campbell's theorem (probability)">Campbell–Hardy theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardy_hierarchy" title="Hardy hierarchy">Hardy hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardy_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardy notation">Hardy notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardy_space" title="Hardy space">Hardy space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguerre_polynomials#Hardy–Hille_formula" title="Laguerre polynomials">Hardy–Hille formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_O_notation#The_Hardy–Littlewood_definition" title="Big O notation">Hardy–Littlewood definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardy%E2%80%93Littlewood_inequality" title="Hardy–Littlewood inequality">Hardy–Littlewood inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardy%E2%80%93Littlewood_maximal_function" title="Hardy–Littlewood maximal function">Hardy–Littlewood maximal function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardy%E2%80%93Littlewood_tauberian_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardy–Littlewood tauberian theorem">Hardy–Littlewood tauberian theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardy%E2%80%93Littlewood_zeta_function_conjectures" title="Hardy–Littlewood zeta function conjectures">Hardy–Littlewood zeta function conjectures</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hardy%E2%80%93Ramanujan_Journal" title="Hardy–Ramanujan Journal">Hardy–Ramanujan Journal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardy%E2%80%93Ramanujan_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardy–Ramanujan number">Hardy–Ramanujan number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardy%E2%80%93Ramanujan_theorem" title="Hardy–Ramanujan theorem">Hardy–Ramanujan theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardy%27s_inequality" title="Hardy's inequality">Hardy's inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardy%27s_theorem" title="Hardy's theorem">Hardy's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardy_field" title="Hardy field">Hardy field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_function" title="Z function">Hardy Z function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisot%E2%80%93Vijayaraghavan_number" title="Pisot–Vijayaraghavan number">Pisot–Vijayaraghavan number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulam_spiral" title="Ulam spiral">Ulam spiral</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G._H._Hardy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G._H._Hardy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 26em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-frs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTitchmarsh1949" class="citation journal cs1">Titchmarsh, E. C. (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1949.0007">"Godfrey Harold Hardy. 1877–1947"</a>. <i>Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society</i>. <b>6</b> (18): 446–461. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1949.0007">10.1098/rsbm.1949.0007</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162237076">162237076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obituary+Notices+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Godfrey+Harold+Hardy.+1877%E2%80%931947&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=446-461&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1949.0007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162237076%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Titchmarsh&rft.aufirst=E.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frsbm.1949.0007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+H.+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GRO Register of Deaths: DEC 1947 4a 204 Cambridge – Godfrey H. Hardy, aged 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mactutor-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mactutor_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mactutor_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Hardy.html">"G. H. Hardy"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=G.+H.+Hardy&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FHardy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+H.+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mathgene-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mathgene_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=17806">G. H. Hardy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cola-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cola_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://robertkanigel.com/_i__b_the_man_who_knew_infinity__b___a_life_of_the_genius_ramanujan__i__58016.htm">THE MAN WHO KNEW INFINITY: A Life of the Genius Ramanujan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171205000101/http://robertkanigel.com/_i__b_the_man_who_knew_infinity__b___a_life_of_the_genius_ramanujan__i__58016.htm">Archived</a> 5 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 2 December 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittlewoodBollobás1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Edensor_Littlewood" title="John Edensor Littlewood">Littlewood, J.E.</a>; Bollobás, B. (1986). <i>Littlewood's Miscellany</i> (Rev. ed.). Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]; New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33058-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33058-9"><bdi>978-0-521-33058-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Littlewood%27s+Miscellany&rft.place=Cambridge+%5BCambridgeshire%5D%3B+New+York&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-521-33058-9&rft.aulast=Littlewood&rft.aufirst=J.E.&rft.au=Bollob%C3%A1s%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+H.+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlladi1987" class="citation journal cs2">Alladi, Krishnaswami (19 December 1987), "Ramanujan—An Estimation", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>, Madras, India, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Ramanujan%E2%80%94An+Estimation&rft.date=1987-12-19&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Alladi&rft.aufirst=Krishnaswami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+H.+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span>. Cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman1998" class="citation book cs2"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hoffman_(science_writer)" title="Paul Hoffman (science writer)">Hoffman, Paul</a> (1998), <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manwholovedonlyn00hoff_335"><i>The Man Who Loved Only Numbers</i></a></span>, Fourth Estate, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manwholovedonlyn00hoff_335/page/n91">82</a>–83, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85702-829-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85702-829-5"><bdi>1-85702-829-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+Who+Loved+Only+Numbers&rft.pages=82-83&rft.pub=Fourth+Estate&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-85702-829-5&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanwholovedonlyn00hoff_335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+H.+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hardy-ramanujan-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hardy-ramanujan_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy1999" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, G. H. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.212059/"><i>Ramanujan: Twelve Lectures on Subjects Suggested by his Life and Work</i></a>. Providence, RI: AMS Chelsea. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-2023-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-2023-0"><bdi>978-0-8218-2023-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ramanujan%3A+Twelve+Lectures+on+Subjects+Suggested+by+his+Life+and+Work&rft.place=Providence%2C+RI&rft.pub=AMS+Chelsea&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8218-2023-0&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=G.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.212059%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+H.+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GRO Register of Births: MAR 1877 2a 147 Hambledon – Godfrey Harold Hardy</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kanigel" title="Robert Kanigel">Robert Kanigel</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Knew_Infinity_(book)" title="The Man Who Knew Infinity (book)">The Man Who Knew Infinity</a></i>, p. 116, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-19259-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-19259-4">0-684-19259-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFACADHRDY896GH" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=HRDY896GH&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50">"Hardy, Godfrey Harold (HRDY896GH)"</a>. <i>A Cambridge Alumni Database</i>. University of Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hardy%2C+Godfrey+Harold+%28HRDY896GH%29&rft.btitle=A+Cambridge+Alumni+Database&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenn.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsearch-2018.pl%3Fsur%3D%26suro%3Dw%26fir%3D%26firo%3Dc%26cit%3D%26cito%3Dc%26c%3Dall%26z%3Dall%26tex%3DHRDY896GH%26sye%3D%26eye%3D%26col%3Dall%26maxcount%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+H.+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the 1898 Tripos competition, <a href="/wiki/R._W._H._T._Hudson" title="R. W. H. T. Hudson">R. W. H. T. Hudson</a> was 1st, <a href="/wiki/J._F._Cameron" title="J. F. Cameron">J. F. Cameron</a> was 2nd, and <a href="/wiki/James_Jeans" title="James Jeans">James Jeans</a> was 3rd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clerkmaxwellfoundation.org/WranglersWhatBecame2008_1_24.pdf">"What became of the Senior Wranglers?" by D. O. Forfar</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrattan-Guinness2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Grattan-Guinness" title="Ivor Grattan-Guinness">Grattan-Guinness, I.</a> (September 2001). "The interest of G. H. Hardy, F.R.S., in the philosophy and the history of mathematics". <i>Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>55</b> (3). The Royal Society: 411–424. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.2001.0155">10.1098/rsnr.2001.0155</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146374699">146374699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Records+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=The+interest+of+G.+H.+Hardy%2C+F.R.S.%2C+in+the+philosophy+and+the+history+of+mathematics&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=411-424&rft.date=2001-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsnr.2001.0155&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146374699%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Grattan-Guinness&rft.aufirst=I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+H.+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy2011" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, G. H. (Godfrey Harold) (21 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/38079"><i>Orders of Infinity: The 'Infinitärcalcül' of Paul Du Bois-Reymond</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orders+of+Infinity%3A+The+%27Infinit%C3%A4rcalc%C3%BCl%27+of+Paul+Du+Bois-Reymond&rft.date=2011-11-21&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=G.+H.+%28Godfrey+Harold%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F38079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+H.+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerndtRankin2000" class="citation journal cs1">Berndt, Bruce C.; Rankin, Robert A. 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H. 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H. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreword&rft.btitle=A+Mathematician%27s+Apology&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Snow&rft.aufirst=C.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+H.+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristensonGarcia2015" class="citation journal cs1">Christenson, H.; Garcia, S. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.claremont.edu/jhm/vol5/iss2/8/">"G.H. Hardy: Mathematical Biologist"</a>. <i>Journal of Humanistic Mathematics</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 96–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5642%2Fjhummath.201502.08">10.5642/jhummath.201502.08</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Humanistic+Mathematics&rft.atitle=G.H.+Hardy%3A+Mathematical+Biologist&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=96-102&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5642%2Fjhummath.201502.08&rft.aulast=Christenson&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Garcia%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.claremont.edu%2Fjhm%2Fvol5%2Fiss2%2F8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+H.+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cricket-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cricket_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cricket_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan,_Haider_Riaz2014" class="citation web cs1">Khan, Haider Riaz (18 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espncricinfo.com/blogs/content/story/781801.html">"GH Hardy, the mathematician who loved cricket"</a>. <i>Cricket Blogs</i>. <a href="/wiki/ESPNcricinfo" title="ESPNcricinfo">ESPNcricinfo</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cricket+Blogs&rft.atitle=GH+Hardy%2C+the+mathematician+who+loved+cricket&rft.date=2014-09-18&rft.au=Khan%2C+Haider+Riaz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.espncricinfo.com%2Fblogs%2Fcontent%2Fstory%2F781801.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+H.+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman1998" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Paul (1998). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Loved_Only_Numbers" title="The Man Who Loved Only Numbers">The Man Who Loved Only Numbers</a></i>. p. 81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+Who+Loved+Only+Numbers&rft.pages=81&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+H.+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Andrews2016" class="citation web cs1">George Andrews (February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/journals/notices/201602/rnoti-p178.pdf">"Film Review: 'The Man Who Knew Infinity'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Notices of the American Mathematical Society</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.ams.org/journals/notices/201602/rnoti-p178.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Notices+of+the+American+Mathematical+Society&rft.atitle=Film+Review%3A+%27The+Man+Who+Knew+Infinity%27&rft.date=2016-02&rft.au=George+Andrews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fjournals%2Fnotices%2F201602%2Frnoti-p178.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+H.+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2008" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, D. J. (26 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/26/fiction1">"Adding up to a life. Review of The Indian Clerk by David Leavitt"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Adding+up+to+a+life.+Review+of+The+Indian+Clerk+by+David+Leavitt&rft.date=2008-01-26&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=D.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2008%2Fjan%2F26%2Ffiction1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+H.+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevlin2000" class="citation web cs1">Devlin, Keith (1 April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.maa.org/press/maa-reviews/uncle-petros-and-goldbachs-conjecture">"Review: Uncle Petros and Goldbach's Conjecture by Apostolos Doxiadis"</a>. Mathematical Association of America<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Review%3A+Uncle+Petros+and+Goldbach%27s+Conjecture+by+Apostolos+Doxiadis&rft.pub=Mathematical+Association+of+America&rft.date=2000-04-01&rft.aulast=Devlin&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.maa.org%2Fpress%2Fmaa-reviews%2Funcle-petros-and-goldbachs-conjecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+H.+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/b008dqy5">"A Good Read - Marcus du Sautoy and David Dabydeen - BBC Sounds"</a>. <i>www.bbc.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=A+Good+Read+-+Marcus+du+Sautoy+and+David+Dabydeen+-+BBC+Sounds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fsounds%2Fplay%2Fb008dqy5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+H.+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G._H._Hardy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanigel1991" class="citation book cs1">Kanigel, Robert (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manwhoknewinfini00kani_1"><i>The Man Who Knew Infinity: A Life of the Genius Ramanujan</i></a></span>. New York: Washington Square Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-75061-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-75061-5"><bdi>0-671-75061-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+Who+Knew+Infinity%3A+A+Life+of+the+Genius+Ramanujan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Washington+Square+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-671-75061-5&rft.aulast=Kanigel&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanwhoknewinfini00kani_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+H.+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnow1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._P._Snow" title="C. P. Snow">Snow, C. P.</a> (1967). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/varietyofmen0000snow">"G. H. Hardy"</a></span>. <i>Variety of Men</i>. London: Macmillan. pp. 15–46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=G.+H.+Hardy&rft.btitle=Variety+of+Men&rft.place=London&rft.pages=15-46&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Snow&rft.aufirst=C.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvarietyofmen0000snow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+H.+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span> Reprinted as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnow2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._P._Snow" title="C. P. Snow">Snow, C.P</a> (2012) [1st pub. 1967]. Foreword. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mathematiciansap0000hard_u4z4"><i>A Mathematician's Apology</i></a></span>. By Hardy, G. H. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-29559-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-29559-9"><bdi>978-1-107-29559-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreword&rft.btitle=A+Mathematician%27s+Apology&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-29559-9&rft.aulast=Snow&rft.aufirst=C.P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmathematiciansap0000hard_u4z4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+H.+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbersAlexandersonDunham2015" class="citation book cs1">Albers, D.J.; Alexanderson, G.L.; Dunham, W., eds. (2015). <i>The G.H. Hardy Reader</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-10713-555-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-10713-555-0"><bdi>978-1-10713-555-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+G.H.+Hardy+Reader&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-10713-555-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+H.+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G._H._Hardy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:G._H._Hardy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:G. 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H. Hardy">G. H. Hardy</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/39236">Works by G. H. Hardy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Hardy%2C%20Godfrey%20Harold%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Hardy%2C%20Godfrey%20H%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Hardy%2C%20G%2E%20H%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Godfrey%20Harold%20Hardy%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Godfrey%20H%2E%20Hardy%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22G%2E%20H%2E%20Hardy%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Hardy%2C%20Godfrey%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Godfrey%20Hardy%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Godfrey%20Harold%20Hardy%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Godfrey%20H%2E%20Hardy%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22G%2E%20H%2E%20Hardy%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22G%2E%20Harold%20Hardy%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hardy%2C%20Godfrey%20Harold%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hardy%2C%20Godfrey%20H%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hardy%2C%20G%2E%20H%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hardy%2C%20G%2E%20Harold%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Godfrey%20Hardy%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hardy%2C%20Godfrey%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Godfrey%20Harold%20Hardy%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Godfrey%20H%2E%20Hardy%22%20OR%20title%3A%22G%2E%20H%2E%20Hardy%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Godfrey%20Hardy%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Godfrey%20Harold%20Hardy%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Godfrey%20H%2E%20Hardy%22%20OR%20description%3A%22G%2E%20H%2E%20Hardy%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Hardy%2C%20Godfrey%20Harold%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Hardy%2C%20Godfrey%20H%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Godfrey%20Hardy%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Hardy%2C%20Godfrey%22%29%20OR%20%28%221877-1947%22%20AND%20Hardy%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about G. H. Hardy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/9750">Works by G. H. Hardy</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Hardy.html">"G. H. Hardy"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=G.+H.+Hardy&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FHardy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+H.+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716185939/http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Quotations/Hardy.html">Quotations of G. H. Hardy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.numbertheory.org/obituaries/LMS/hardy/">Hardy's work on Number Theory</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisstein" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Wolfgang_Weisstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Wolfgang Weisstein">Weisstein, Eric Wolfgang</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Hardy.html">"Hardy, Godfrey Harold (1877–1947)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ScienceWorld" class="mw-redirect" title="ScienceWorld">ScienceWorld</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceWorld&rft.atitle=Hardy%2C+Godfrey+Harold+%281877%E2%80%931947%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscienceworld.wolfram.com%2Fbiography%2FHardy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+H.+Hardy" 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title="Copley Medal">Copley Medallists</a> (1901–1950)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah Willard Gibbs</a> (1901)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister</a> (1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Suess" title="Eduard Suess">Eduard Suess</a> (1903)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a> (1904)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a> (1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff">Élie Metchnikoff</a> (1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a> (1907)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> (1908)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_William_Hill" title="George William Hill">George William Hill</a> (1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a> (1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Darwin" title="George Darwin">George Darwin</a> (1911)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Klein" title="Felix Klein">Felix Klein</a> (1912)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Lankester" title="Ray Lankester">Ray Lankester</a> (1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> (1914)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a> (1915)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a> (1916)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Paul Émile Roux">Pierre Paul Émile Roux</a> (1917)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bayliss" title="William Bayliss">William Bayliss</a> (1919)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Tabberer_Brown" title="Horace Tabberer Brown">Horace Tabberer Brown</a> (1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Larmor" title="Joseph Larmor">Joseph Larmor</a> (1921)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> (1922)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Lamb" title="Horace Lamb">Horace Lamb</a> (1923)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Albert_Sharpey-Schafer" title="Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer">Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer</a> (1924)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> (1925)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a> (1926)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Algernon_Parsons" title="Charles Algernon Parsons">Charles Algernon Parsons</a> (1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schuster" title="Arthur Schuster">Arthur Schuster</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Ellery_Hale" title="George Ellery Hale">George Ellery Hale</a> (1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theobald_Smith" title="Theobald Smith">Theobald Smith</a> (1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Haldane" title="John Scott Haldane">John Scott Haldane</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Arthur Evans</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Hallett Dale</a> (1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a> (1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Langevin" title="Paul Langevin">Paul Langevin</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lewis_(cardiologist)" title="Thomas Lewis (cardiologist)">Thomas Lewis</a> (1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(chemist)" title="Robert Robinson (chemist)">Robert Robinson</a> (1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barcroft" title="Joseph Barcroft">Joseph Barcroft</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G._I._Taylor" title="G. I. Taylor">Geoffrey Ingram Taylor</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Avery" title="Oswald Avery">Oswald Avery</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian" title="Edgar Adrian">Edgar Douglas Adrian</a> (1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">G. H. Hardy</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Archibald Hill</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">George de Hevesy</a> (1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a> (1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="De_Morgan_Medallists" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:De_Morgan_Medallists" title="Template:De Morgan Medallists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:De_Morgan_Medallists" title="Template talk:De Morgan Medallists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:De_Morgan_Medallists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:De Morgan Medallists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="De_Morgan_Medallists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/De_Morgan_Medal" title="De Morgan Medal">De Morgan Medallists</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cayley" title="Arthur Cayley">Arthur Cayley</a> (1884)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Sylvester" title="James Joseph Sylvester">James Joseph Sylvester</a> (1887)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a> (1890)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Klein" title="Felix Klein">Felix Klein</a> (1893)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Roberts_(mathematician)" title="Samuel Roberts (mathematician)">S. Roberts</a> (1896)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Burnside" title="William Burnside">William Burnside</a> (1899)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/A._G._Greenhill" class="mw-redirect" title="A. G. Greenhill">A. G. Greenhill</a> (1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H._F._Baker" class="mw-redirect" title="H. F. Baker">H. F. Baker</a> (1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._W._L._Glaisher" class="mw-redirect" title="J. W. L. Glaisher">J. W. L. Glaisher</a> (1908)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Lamb" title="Horace Lamb">Horace Lamb</a> (1911)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._Larmor" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Larmor">J. Larmor</a> (1914)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._H._Young" class="mw-redirect" title="W. H. Young">W. H. Young</a> (1917)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/E._W._Hobson" title="E. W. Hobson">E. W. Hobson</a> (1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/P._A._MacMahon" class="mw-redirect" title="P. A. MacMahon">P. A. MacMahon</a> (1923)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Edward_Hough_Love" title="Augustus Edward Hough Love">A. E. H. Love</a> (1926)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Harold_Hardy" class="mw-redirect" title="Godfrey Harold Hardy">Godfrey Harold Hardy</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> (1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/E._T._Whittaker" title="E. T. Whittaker">E. T. Whittaker</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Edensor_Littlewood" title="John Edensor Littlewood">J. E. Littlewood</a> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Mordell" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mordell">Louis Mordell</a> (1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Chapman_(mathematician)" title="Sydney Chapman (mathematician)">Sydney Chapman</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Neville_Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="George Neville Watson">George Neville Watson</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/A._S._Besicovitch" class="mw-redirect" title="A. S. Besicovitch">A. S. Besicovitch</a> (1950)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Charles_Titchmarsh" title="Edward Charles Titchmarsh">E. C. Titchmarsh</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G._I._Taylor" title="G. I. Taylor">G. I. Taylor</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._V._D._Hodge" title="W. V. D. Hodge">W. V. D. Hodge</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Newman" title="Max Newman">Max Newman</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hall" title="Philip Hall">Philip Hall</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cartwright" title="Mary Cartwright">Mary Cartwright</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Mahler" title="Kurt Mahler">Kurt Mahler</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Graham_Higman" title="Graham Higman">Graham Higman</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Ambrose_Rogers" title="Claude Ambrose Rogers">C. Ambrose Rogers</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Atiyah" title="Michael Atiyah">Michael Atiyah</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/K._F._Roth" class="mw-redirect" title="K. F. Roth">K. F. Roth</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._W._S._Cassels" title="J. W. S. Cassels">J. W. S. Cassels</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/D._G._Kendall" class="mw-redirect" title="D. G. Kendall">D. G. Kendall</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Fr%C3%B6hlich" title="Albrecht Fröhlich">Albrecht Fröhlich</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._K._Hayman" class="mw-redirect" title="W. K. Hayman">W. K. Hayman</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R._A._Rankin" class="mw-redirect" title="R. A. Rankin">R. A. Rankin</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Green_(mathematician)" title="Sandy Green (mathematician)">J. A. Green</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bryan_John_Birch" title="Bryan John Birch">Bryan John Birch</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Keith_William_Morton" title="Keith William Morton">Keith William Morton</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Griggs_Thompson" class="mw-redirect" title="John Griggs Thompson">John Griggs Thompson</a> (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Gowers" title="Timothy Gowers">Timothy Gowers</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wiles" title="Andrew Wiles">Andrew Wiles</a> (2019)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Savilian_Professors" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Savilian_Professors" title="Template:Savilian Professors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Savilian_Professors" title="Template talk:Savilian Professors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Savilian_Professors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Savilian Professors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Savilian_Professors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Savilian Professors</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Chairs established by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Savile_(Bible_translator)" title="Henry Savile (Bible translator)">Sir Henry Savile</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Savilian_Professor_of_Astronomy" title="Savilian Professor of Astronomy">Savilian Professors<br />of Astronomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Bainbridge_(astronomer)" title="John Bainbridge (astronomer)">John Bainbridge</a> (1620)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Greaves" title="John Greaves">John Greaves</a> (1642)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Ward_(bishop_of_Salisbury)" title="Seth Ward (bishop of Salisbury)">Seth Ward</a> (1649)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a> (1661)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernard" title="Edward Bernard">Edward Bernard</a> (1673)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gregory_(mathematician)" title="David Gregory (mathematician)">David Gregory</a> (1691)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Caswell" title="John Caswell">John Caswell</a> (1709)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keill" title="John Keill">John Keill</a> (1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley" title="James Bradley">James Bradley</a> (1721)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hornsby" title="Thomas Hornsby">Thomas Hornsby</a> (1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Robertson" title="Abraham Robertson">Abraham Robertson</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Peter_Rigaud" title="Stephen Peter Rigaud">Stephen Rigaud</a> (1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Johnson_(priest)" title="George Johnson (priest)">George Johnson</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fishburn_Donkin" title="William Fishburn Donkin">William Donkin</a> (1842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pritchard" title="Charles Pritchard">Charles Pritchard</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hall_Turner" title="Herbert Hall Turner">Herbert Turner</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hemley_Plaskett" title="Harry Hemley Plaskett">Harry Plaskett</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Blackwell" title="Donald Blackwell">Donald Blackwell</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Efstathiou" title="George Efstathiou">George Efstathiou</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Silk" title="Joseph Silk">Joseph Silk</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Balbus" title="Steven Balbus">Steven Balbus</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Savilian_Professor_of_Geometry" title="Savilian Professor of Geometry">Savilian Professors<br />of Geometry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Briggs_(mathematician)" title="Henry Briggs (mathematician)">Henry Briggs</a> (1619)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Turner_(mathematician)" title="Peter Turner (mathematician)">Peter Turner</a> (1631)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wallis" title="John Wallis">John Wallis</a> (1649)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Edmond Halley</a> (1704)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Bliss" title="Nathaniel Bliss">Nathaniel Bliss</a> (1742)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Betts" title="Joseph Betts">Joseph Betts</a> (1765)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(anatomist_and_chemist)" title="John Smith (anatomist and chemist)">John Smith</a> (1766)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Robertson" title="Abraham Robertson">Abraham Robertson</a> (1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Peter_Rigaud" title="Stephen Peter Rigaud">Stephen Rigaud</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden_Powell_(mathematician)" title="Baden Powell (mathematician)">Baden Powell</a> (1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Stephen_Smith" title="Henry John Stephen Smith">Henry John Stephen Smith</a> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Sylvester" title="James Joseph Sylvester">James Joseph Sylvester</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Esson" title="William Esson">William Esson</a> (1897)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Godfrey Harold Hardy</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Charles_Titchmarsh" title="Edward Charles Titchmarsh">Edward Charles Titchmarsh</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Atiyah" title="Michael Atiyah">Michael Atiyah</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioan_James" title="Ioan James">Ioan James</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(mathematician)" title="Richard Taylor (mathematician)">Richard Taylor</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Hitchin" title="Nigel Hitchin">Nigel Hitchin</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Kirwan" title="Frances Kirwan">Frances Kirwan</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:University_of_Oxford" title="Portal:University of Oxford">University of Oxford portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chauvenet_Prize_recipients" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chauvenet_Prize_recipients" title="Template:Chauvenet Prize recipients"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chauvenet_Prize_recipients" title="Template talk:Chauvenet Prize recipients"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chauvenet_Prize_recipients" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chauvenet Prize recipients"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chauvenet_Prize_recipients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chauvenet_Prize" title="Chauvenet Prize">Chauvenet Prize</a> recipients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1925 <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ames_Bliss" title="Gilbert Ames Bliss">G. A. Bliss</a></li> <li>1929 <a href="/wiki/Theophil_Henry_Hildebrandt" title="Theophil Henry Hildebrandt">T. H. Hildebrandt</a></li> <li>1932 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">G. H. Hardy</a></li> <li>1935 <a href="/wiki/Dunham_Jackson" title="Dunham Jackson">Dunham Jackson</a></li> <li>1938 <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Thomas_Whyburn" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon Thomas Whyburn">G. T. Whyburn</a></li> <li>1941 <a href="/wiki/Saunders_Mac_Lane" title="Saunders Mac Lane">Saunders Mac Lane</a></li> <li>1944 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Horton_Cameron" title="Robert Horton Cameron">R. H. Cameron</a></li> <li>1947 <a href="/wiki/Paul_Halmos" title="Paul Halmos">Paul Halmos</a></li> <li>1950 <a href="/wiki/Mark_Kac" title="Mark Kac">Mark Kac</a></li> <li>1953 <a href="/wiki/Edward_J._McShane" title="Edward J. McShane">E. J. McShane</a></li> <li>1956 <a href="/wiki/R._H._Bruck" title="R. H. Bruck">Richard H. Bruck</a></li> <li>1960 <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Lanczos" title="Cornelius Lanczos">Cornelius Lanczos</a></li> <li>1963 <a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Davis" title="Philip J. Davis">Philip J. Davis</a></li> <li>1964 <a href="/wiki/Leon_Henkin" title="Leon Henkin">Leon Henkin</a></li> <li>1965 <a href="/wiki/Jack_K._Hale" title="Jack K. Hale">Jack K. Hale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._LaSalle" title="Joseph P. LaSalle">Joseph P. LaSalle</a></li> <li>1967 <a href="/wiki/Guido_Weiss" title="Guido Weiss">Guido Weiss</a></li> <li>1968 <a href="/wiki/Mark_Kac" title="Mark Kac">Mark Kac</a></li> <li>1970 <a href="/wiki/Shiing-Shen_Chern" title="Shiing-Shen Chern">Shiing-Shen Chern</a></li> <li>1971 <a href="/wiki/Norman_Levinson" title="Norman Levinson">Norman Levinson</a></li> <li>1972 <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Tr%C3%A8ves" title="François Trèves">François Trèves</a></li> <li>1973 <a href="/wiki/Carl_D._Olds" title="Carl D. Olds">Carl D. Olds</a></li> <li>1974 <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lax" title="Peter Lax">Peter D. Lax</a></li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Martin_Davis_(mathematician)" title="Martin Davis (mathematician)">Martin Davis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reuben_Hersh" title="Reuben Hersh">Reuben Hersh</a></li> <li>1976 <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Zalcman" title="Lawrence Zalcman">Lawrence Zalcman</a></li> <li>1977 <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Strang" title="Gilbert Strang">W. Gilbert Strang</a></li> <li>1978 <a href="/wiki/Shreeram_Shankar_Abhyankar" title="Shreeram Shankar Abhyankar">Shreeram S. Abhyankar</a></li> <li>1979 <a href="/wiki/Neil_Sloane" title="Neil Sloane">Neil J. A. Sloane</a></li> <li>1980 <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Bauer" title="Heinz Bauer">Heinz Bauer</a></li> <li>1981 <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_I._Gross" title="Kenneth I. Gross">Kenneth I. Gross</a></li> <li>1982 No award given.</li> <li>1983 No award given.</li> <li>1984 <a href="/w/index.php?title=R._Arthur_Knoebel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. Arthur Knoebel (page does not exist)">R. Arthur Knoebel</a></li> <li>1985 <a href="/wiki/Carl_Pomerance" title="Carl Pomerance">Carl Pomerance</a></li> <li>1986 <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Miel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Miel (page does not exist)">George Miel</a></li> <li>1987 <a href="/wiki/James_H._Wilkinson" title="James H. Wilkinson">James H. Wilkinson</a></li> <li>1988 <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Smale" title="Stephen Smale">Stephen Smale</a></li> <li>1989 <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Korevaar" title="Jacob Korevaar">Jacob Korevaar</a></li> <li>1990 <a href="/wiki/David_Allen_Hoffman" title="David Allen Hoffman">David Allen Hoffman</a></li> <li>1991 <a href="/wiki/W._B._R._Lickorish" title="W. B. R. Lickorish">W. B. Raymond Lickorish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Millett" title="Kenneth Millett">Kenneth C. Millett</a></li> <li>1992 <a href="/wiki/Steven_G._Krantz" title="Steven G. Krantz">Steven G. Krantz</a></li> <li>1993 <a href="/wiki/David_H._Bailey_(mathematician)" title="David H. Bailey (mathematician)">David H. Bailey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Borwein" title="Jonathan Borwein">Jonathan M. Borwein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Borwein" title="Peter Borwein">Peter B. Borwein</a></li> <li>1994 <a href="/wiki/Barry_Mazur" title="Barry Mazur">Barry Mazur</a></li> <li>1995 <a href="/wiki/Donald_G._Saari" title="Donald G. Saari">Donald G. Saari</a></li> <li>1996 <a href="/wiki/Joan_Birman" title="Joan Birman">Joan Birman</a></li> <li>1997 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Hawkins_Jr." title="Thomas W. Hawkins Jr.">Tom Hawkins</a></li> <li>1998 <a href="/wiki/Alan_Edelman" title="Alan Edelman">Alan Edelman</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Kostlan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eric Kostlan (page does not exist)">Eric Kostlan</a></li> <li>1999 <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rosen_(mathematician)" title="Michael Rosen (mathematician)">Michael I. Rosen</a></li> <li>2000 <a href="/wiki/Don_Zagier" title="Don Zagier">Don Zagier</a></li> <li>2001 <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_S._Gordon" title="Carolyn S. Gordon">Carolyn S. Gordon</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Webb_(mathematician)" title="David Webb (mathematician)">David L. Webb</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Gethner" title="Ellen Gethner">Ellen Gethner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stan_Wagon" title="Stan Wagon">Stan Wagon</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Wick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian Wick (page does not exist)">Brian Wick</a></li> <li>2003 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Callister_Hales" title="Thomas Callister Hales"> Thomas C. Hales</a></li> <li>2004 <a href="/wiki/Edward_Burger" title="Edward Burger">Edward B. Burger</a></li> <li>2005 <a href="/wiki/John_Stillwell" title="John Stillwell">John Stillwell</a></li> <li>2006 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Florian_Pfender&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Florian Pfender (page does not exist)">Florian Pfender</a> & <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_M._Ziegler" title="Günter M. Ziegler">Günter M. Ziegler</a></li> <li>2007 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_J._Simoson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew J. Simoson (page does not exist)">Andrew J. Simoson</a></li> <li>2008 <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Granville" title="Andrew Granville">Andrew Granville</a></li> <li>2009 <a href="/wiki/Harold_P._Boas" title="Harold P. Boas">Harold P. Boas</a></li> <li>2010 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_J._McCartin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian J. McCartin (page does not exist)">Brian J. McCartin</a></li> <li>2011 <a href="/wiki/Bjorn_Poonen" title="Bjorn Poonen">Bjorn Poonen</a></li> <li>2012 <a href="/wiki/Dennis_DeTurck" title="Dennis DeTurck">Dennis DeTurck</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herman_Gluck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herman Gluck (page does not exist)">Herman Gluck</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Pomerleano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Pomerleano (page does not exist)">Daniel Pomerleano</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Shea_Vela-Vick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Shea Vela-Vick (page does not exist)">David Shea Vela-Vick</a></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ghrist" title="Robert Ghrist">Robert Ghrist</a></li> <li>2014 <a href="/wiki/Ravi_Vakil" title="Ravi Vakil">Ravi Vakil</a></li> <li>2015 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dana_Mackenzie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dana Mackenzie (page does not exist)">Dana Mackenzie</a></li> <li>2016 <a href="/wiki/Susan_H._Marshall" title="Susan H. Marshall">Susan H. Marshall</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_R._Smith_(academic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald R. Smith (academic) (page does not exist)">Donald R. Smith</a></li> <li>2017 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Schilling_(mathematician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Schilling (mathematician) (page does not exist)">Mark Schilling</a></li> <li>2018 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_J._Velleman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel J. Velleman (page does not exist)">Daniel J. Velleman</a></li> <li>2019 <a href="/wiki/Tom_Leinster" title="Tom Leinster">Tom Leinster</a></li> <li>2020 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Pozdnyakov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimir Pozdnyakov (page does not exist)">Vladimir Pozdnyakov</a> & <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Steele" title="J. Michael Steele">J. Michael Steele</a></li> <li>2021 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Travis_Kowalski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Travis Kowalski (page does not exist)">Travis Kowalski</a></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/William_Dunham_(mathematician)" title="William Dunham (mathematician)">William Dunham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Brown" title="Ezra Brown">Ezra Brown</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Crawford_(mathematician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthew Crawford (mathematician) (page does not exist)">Matthew Crawford</a></li> <li>2023 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimmo_Eriksson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimmo Eriksson (page does not exist)">Kimmo Eriksson</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Eliasson" title="Jonas Eliasson">Jonas Eliasson</a></li> <li>2024 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Whitmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeffrey Whitmer (page does not exist)">Jeffrey Whitmer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118720376">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87124616">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120172090">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120172090">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00442450">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hardy, Godfrey H."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/IEIV013003">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35170765">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700671&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1272348">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/137913">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070535582">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=25021265100">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:hardy.godfrey-harold">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dblp.org/pid/62/9499">DBLP</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/81295">MathSciNet</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leopoldina.org/mitgliederverzeichnis/mitglieder/member/Member/show/godfrey-harold-hardy/">Leopoldina</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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