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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition_des_jets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Composition des jets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition_des_jets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_rotation_en_tant_que_source_d’énergie_possible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_rotation_en_tant_que_source_d’énergie_possible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>La rotation en tant que source d’énergie possible</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_rotation_en_tant_que_source_d’énergie_possible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jets_relativistes_d’étoiles_à_neutrons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jets_relativistes_d’étoiles_à_neutrons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Jets relativistes d’étoiles à neutrons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jets_relativistes_d’étoiles_à_neutrons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autres_illustrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autres_illustrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Autres illustrations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autres_illustrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vidéos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vidéos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Vidéos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vidéos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jet (astrophysique)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 30 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AB_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="نفث فلكي فيزيائي – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نفث فلكي فيزيائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8F" title="Релативистична струя – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Релативистична струя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_(astronomia)" title="Jet (astronomia) – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jet (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDtrysk_plazmatu" title="Výtrysk plazmatu – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Výtrysk plazmatu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_(Astronomie)" title="Jet (Astronomie) – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jet (Astronomie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysical_jet" title="Astrophysical jet – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Astrophysical jet" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_(astronom%C3%ADa)" title="Jet (astronomía) – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jet (astronomía)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="فواره قطبی – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فواره قطبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="खगोलभौतिक फौवारा – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खगोलभौतिक फौवारा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativisti%C4%8Dki_mlaz" title="Relativistički mlaz – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Relativistički mlaz" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativisztikus_jet" title="Relativisztikus jet – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Relativisztikus jet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_astrofisika" title="Jet astrofisika – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jet astrofisika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getto_relativistico" title="Getto relativistico – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Getto relativistico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="宇宙ジェット – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="宇宙ジェット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%ED%8A%B8_(%EC%B2%9C%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99)" title="제트 (천문학) – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제트 (천문학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmeschen_Jet" title="Kosmeschen Jet – luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kosmeschen Jet" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliatyvistin%C4%97_%C4%8Diurk%C5%A1l%C4%97" title="Reliatyvistinė čiurkšlė – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Reliatyvistinė čiurkšlė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Релативистички млаз – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Релативистички млаз" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_(astronomie)" title="Jet (astronomie) – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jet (astronomie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistisk_jet" title="Relativistisk jet – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Relativistisk jet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BCet_(astronomia)" title="Dżet (astronomia) – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dżet (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jato_astrof%C3%ADsico" title="Jato astrofísico – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jato astrofísico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8F" title="Релятивистская струя – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Релятивистская струя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic_jet" title="Relativistic jet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Relativistic jet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Млазна ерупција – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Млазна ерупција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistisk_jetstr%C3%A5le" title="Relativistisk jetstråle – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Relativistisk jetstråle" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofiziksel_jet" title="Astrofiziksel jet – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Astrofiziksel jet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Релятивистик агым – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Релятивистик агым" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Релятивістський струмінь – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Релятивістський струмінь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA%E6%80%A7%E5%96%B7%E6%B5%81" title="相对论性喷流 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="相对论性喷流" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour les articles homonymes, voir <a href="/wiki/Jet" class="mw-disambig" title="Jet">jet</a>. </p> </div></div> <p>Un <b>jet astrophysique</b> (ci-après « jet ») est un phénomène très souvent observé en <a href="/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie">astronomie</a>, lorsque des nuages de matière se forment le long de l’<a href="/wiki/Axe_de_rotation" title="Axe de rotation">axe de rotation</a> d’un <a href="/wiki/Objet_compact" title="Objet compact">objet compact</a>. Alors que les jets sont toujours le sujet de recherches en cours pour comprendre leur formation et leur fonctionnement, les deux hypothèses les plus probables de leur origine sont les interactions dynamiques à l’intérieur d’un <a href="/wiki/Disque_d%27accr%C3%A9tion" title="Disque d'accrétion">disque d'accrétion</a>, ou un procédé en lien avec un objet central très dense (tel qu’un <a href="/wiki/Trou_noir" title="Trou noir">trou noir</a> ou une <a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_%C3%A0_neutrons" title="Étoile à neutrons">étoile à neutrons</a>). Lorsque la matière est éjectée à une vitesse proche de la <a href="/wiki/Vitesse_de_la_lumi%C3%A8re" title="Vitesse de la lumière">vitesse de la lumière</a>, ces objets sont appelés « jets relativistes », à cause des effets importants de la <a href="/wiki/Relativit%C3%A9_restreinte" title="Relativité restreinte">relativité restreinte</a>. Les plus grands jets sont ceux qui proviennent des trous noirs dans les <a href="/wiki/Galaxie_active" title="Galaxie active">galaxies actives</a> telles que les <a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">quasars</a> ou les <a href="/wiki/Radiogalaxie" title="Radiogalaxie">radiogalaxies</a>. D'autres systèmes peuvent également abriter des jets tels que les <a href="/wiki/Variable_cataclysmique" title="Variable cataclysmique">étoiles variables cataclysmiques</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Binaire_X" title="Binaire X">binaires X</a> et les <a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_variable_de_type_T_Tauri" title="Étoile variable de type T Tauri">étoiles variables de type T Tauri</a>. Les <a href="/wiki/Objet_Herbig-Haro" title="Objet Herbig-Haro">objets de Herbig-Haro</a> sont générés par les interactions des jets dans le <a href="/wiki/Milieu_interstellaire" title="Milieu interstellaire">milieu interstellaire</a>. Les <a href="/wiki/Jet_bipolaire" title="Jet bipolaire">jets bipolaires</a> ou jets peuvent aussi être liés aux <a href="/wiki/Proto-%C3%A9toile" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-étoile">proto-étoiles</a> (jeunes <a href="/wiki/Naissance_des_%C3%A9toiles" title="Naissance des étoiles">étoiles en formation</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, ou aux étoiles évoluées appelées <a href="/wiki/Proton%C3%A9buleuse_plan%C3%A9taire" title="Protonébuleuse planétaire">protonébuleuses planétaires</a> (souvent sous la forme de <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9buleuse_bipolaire" title="Nébuleuse bipolaire">nébuleuses bipolaires</a>). </p><p>Beaucoup d’objets stellaires qui ont des disques d’accrétion possèdent des jets, mais ceux qui proviennent de <a href="/wiki/Trou_noir_supermassif" title="Trou noir supermassif">trous noirs supermassifs</a> sont en règle générale les plus rapides et les plus actifs. Alors qu'on ignore encore comment les disques d’accrétion accélèrent les jets ou produisent du plasma électron-positron, on pense qu’ils génèrent des <a href="/wiki/Champ_magn%C3%A9tique" title="Champ magnétique">champs magnétiques</a> emmêlés qui accélèrent et concentrent les jets. L’<a href="/wiki/Dynamique_des_fluides" title="Dynamique des fluides">hydrodynamique</a> de la <a href="/wiki/Tuy%C3%A8re_de_Laval" title="Tuyère de Laval">Tuyère de Laval</a> donne un indice sur les mécanismes concernés. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jets_relativistes">Jets relativistes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jet_(astrophysique)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Jets relativistes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jet_(astrophysique)&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Jets relativistes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span id="Relativistic_jet"></span> </p><p>Les <b>jets relativistes</b> sont des jets<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> très puissants de <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat_plasma" title="État plasma">plasma</a> qui atteignent des vitesses proches de la vitesse de la lumière et qui sont émis par les trous noirs centraux de quelques <a href="/wiki/Galaxie_active" title="Galaxie active">galaxies actives</a> (en particulier les <a href="/wiki/Radiogalaxie" title="Radiogalaxie">radiogalaxies</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">quasars</a>), les <a href="/wiki/Trou_noir_stellaire" title="Trou noir stellaire">trous noirs stellaires</a>, et les <a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_%C3%A0_neutrons" title="Étoile à neutrons">étoiles à neutrons</a>. Leur longueur peut atteindre plusieurs milliers<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et même plusieurs centaines de milliers d’années-lumière, le record étant de près d'1,5 million d’années-lumière<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Si la vitesse du jet est proche de la vitesse de la lumière, les effets de la relativité restreinte spécifique sont considérables ; par exemple, le <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rayonnement_relativiste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rayonnement relativiste (page inexistante)">rayonnement relativiste</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/relativistic_beaming" class="extiw" title="en:relativistic beaming"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « relativistic beaming »">(en)</span></a> changera la luminosité apparente du rayon (voir les jets « unilatéraux » ci-dessous). Les mécaniques à l’origine de ces deux créations de jets<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et de la composition des jets<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> sont toujours sujets à de nombreux débats au sein de la communauté scientifique. La composition d’un jet peut varier, certaines études favorisent un schéma dans lequel les jets seraient composés d’un mélange électriquement neutre de <a href="/wiki/Noyau_atomique" title="Noyau atomique">noyaux</a>, d’<a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectron" title="Électron">électrons</a>, et de <a href="/wiki/Positron" class="mw-redirect" title="Positron">positrons</a>, alors que d’autres seraient uniformément constitués de plasma électron-positron<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:M87_jet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/M87_jet.jpg/220px-M87_jet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/M87_jet.jpg/330px-M87_jet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/M87_jet.jpg/440px-M87_jet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1222" data-file-height="1276" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M87_(galaxie)" title="M87 (galaxie)">Messier 87</a> émettant un jet relativiste, observé par le télescope <a href="/wiki/Hubble_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Hubble (télescope spatial)">Hubble</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Les trous noirs massifs au centre des galaxies possèdent les jets les plus puissants. Des jets similaires bien plus petits se développent à partir d’<a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_%C3%A0_neutrons" title="Étoile à neutrons">étoiles à neutrons</a> et de <a href="/wiki/Trou_noir_stellaire" title="Trou noir stellaire">trous noirs stellaires</a>. Ces systèmes sont souvent appelés <a href="/wiki/Microquasar" title="Microquasar">microquasars</a>. Prenons l’exemple du système <a href="/wiki/SS_433" title="SS 433">SS 433</a>, dont le jet a été observé atteignant une vitesse de 0,23 <a href="/wiki/Vitesse_de_la_lumi%C3%A8re" title="Vitesse de la lumière">c</a>, bien que d’autres microquasars atteignent des vitesses de jet bien plus grandes (mais pas encore mesurées). Des jets plus faibles et moins relativistes peuvent être liés à beaucoup de systèmes binaires, le mécanisme d’accélération de ces jets peut être similaire au procédé de <a href="/wiki/Reconnexion_magn%C3%A9tique" title="Reconnexion magnétique">reconnexion magnétique</a> observé dans la <a href="/wiki/Magn%C3%A9tosph%C3%A8re" title="Magnétosphère">magnétosphère</a> de la Terre ainsi que dans le <a href="/wiki/Vent_solaire" title="Vent solaire">vent solaire</a>. </p><p>L’hypothèse principale qui existe en astrophysique est que la formation des jets relativistes est la clé qui permet d’expliquer la production de <a href="/wiki/Sursaut_gamma" title="Sursaut gamma">sursauts de rayons gamma</a> (ou SRG). Ces jets ont un <a href="/wiki/Facteur_de_Lorentz" title="Facteur de Lorentz">facteur de Lorentz</a> de ~100 ou plus (c’est-à-dire, une vitesse de plus de 0,99995 <a href="/wiki/Vitesse_de_la_lumi%C3%A8re" title="Vitesse de la lumière">c</a> environ), ce qui fait d’eux les objets célestes les plus rapides connus à ce jour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition_des_jets">Composition des jets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jet_(astrophysique)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Composition des jets" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jet_(astrophysique)&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Composition des jets"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L’une des meilleures approches pour observer les mécanismes qui produisent les jets est de déterminer la composition d’un jet sur un rayon directement observable. La plupart des observations et des analyses montrent que les jets sont composés principalement de plasma électron-<a href="/wiki/Positron" class="mw-redirect" title="Positron">positron</a><sup id="cite_ref-brandeis.edu_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandeis.edu-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-a_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>La trace de noyaux balayés dans un jet relativiste d’<a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectron" title="Électron">électrons</a>-<a href="/wiki/Positon" title="Positon">positron</a> devrait dégager beaucoup d’énergie, puisque ces noyaux plus lourds atteignent une vitesse égale à la vitesse des positrons et des électrons. </p><p>La production de rayons d’électrons-positrons de <span title="8,010 88 × 10⁻¹³ J ou 482 426 500 kJ/mol ou 6 199 000 000 nm" style="cursor:help">5</span> <abbr class="abbr" title="mégaélectron-volt">MeV</abbr> en laboratoire permet d’étudier des aspects tels que l’effet de choc des SRG et la manière dont les différentes particules interagissent avec et à l’intérieur des rayons relativistes d’électrons-positrons (par exemple, comment les rayons d’électrons-positrons se rejoignent)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="La_rotation_en_tant_que_source_d’énergie_possible"><span id="La_rotation_en_tant_que_source_d.E2.80.99.C3.A9nergie_possible"></span>La rotation en tant que source d’énergie possible</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jet_(astrophysique)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : La rotation en tant que source d’énergie possible" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jet_(astrophysique)&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : La rotation en tant que source d’énergie possible"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>À cause de l’énorme quantité d’énergie nécessaire à la propulsion d’un jet relativiste, on pense que certains jets sont propulsés par la force de rotation des <a href="/wiki/Trou_noir" title="Trou noir">trous noirs</a>. Il existe deux théories très connues sur la manière dont l’énergie est transférée du trou noir au jet. </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9canisme_de_Blandford%E2%80%93Znajek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mécanisme de Blandford–Znajek (page inexistante)">Mécanisme de Blandford–Znajek</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blandford%E2%80%93Znajek_process" class="extiw" title="en:Blandford–Znajek process"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Blandford–Znajek process »">(en)</span></a></i><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il s’agit de la théorie la plus populaire pour l’extraction d’énergie d’un trou noir central. Les <a href="/wiki/Champ_magn%C3%A9tique" title="Champ magnétique">champs magnétiques</a> autour d’un <a href="/wiki/Disque_d%27accr%C3%A9tion" title="Disque d'accrétion">disque d’accrétion</a> sont entrainés par la rotation du trou noir. La matière relativiste serait propulsée par le resserrement des lignes du champ.</li> <li><i>Le <a href="/wiki/Processus_de_Penrose" title="Processus de Penrose">processus de Penrose</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il s’agit d’extraire de l’énergie d’un trou noir par le biais de l’<a href="/wiki/Effet_Lense-Thirring" title="Effet Lense-Thirring">effet Lense-Thirring</a>. Cette théorie s’est avérée par la suite capable d’extraire de l’énergie relativiste des particules ainsi que son dynamisme<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, et par conséquent s’est montrée possible pour la formation des jets<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jets_relativistes_d’étoiles_à_neutrons"><span id="Jets_relativistes_d.E2.80.99.C3.A9toiles_.C3.A0_neutrons"></span>Jets relativistes d’étoiles à neutrons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jet_(astrophysique)&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Jets relativistes d’étoiles à neutrons" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jet_(astrophysique)&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Jets relativistes d’étoiles à neutrons"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Lighthouse_nebula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lighthouse_nebula.jpg/220px-Lighthouse_nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lighthouse_nebula.jpg/330px-Lighthouse_nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lighthouse_nebula.jpg/440px-Lighthouse_nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption>Le pulsar <a href="/w/index.php?title=IGR_J11014-6103&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IGR J11014-6103 (page inexistante)">IGR J11014-6103</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGR_J11014-6103" class="extiw" title="en:IGR J11014-6103"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « IGR J11014-6103 »">(en)</span></a> dont l’origine réside dans les vestiges d’une supernova, d’une nébuleuse et d’un jet.</figcaption></figure> <p>Les jets peuvent aussi être observés à partir d’<a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_%C3%A0_neutrons" title="Étoile à neutrons">étoiles à neutrons</a> tel que le <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsar</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=IGR_J11014-6103&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IGR J11014-6103 (page inexistante)">IGR J11014-6103</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGR_J11014-6103" class="extiw" title="en:IGR J11014-6103"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « IGR J11014-6103 »">(en)</span></a>, qui produit le plus grand jet observé dans notre Galaxie, la <a href="/wiki/Voie_lact%C3%A9e" title="Voie lactée">Voie lactée</a>. Ce jet peut être observé aux rayons X et n’a pas de signature radio<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le jet d’<a href="/w/index.php?title=IGR_J11014-6103&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IGR J11014-6103 (page inexistante)">IGR J11014-6103</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGR_J11014-6103" class="extiw" title="en:IGR J11014-6103"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « IGR J11014-6103 »">(en)</span></a> a une vitesse estimée à 0,8 c. Il n’est pas inscrit dans la dernière liste des AMXP (Pulsars observés aux rayons X)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et aucun accroissement de matière n’a été observé<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. On pensait que cette étoile tournait rapidement, mais des mesures effectuées après cette supposition ont montré que sa vitesse de rotation n’est que de 15,9 <abbr class="abbr" title="hertz">Hz</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Cette vitesse de rotation plutôt lente ainsi que le manque d’accrétion de matière suggèrent que ce jet d’électrons-positron de 0,8 c n’est pas alimenté par la rotation, ni par l’accrétion. Sur l’illustration, le jet aligné sur l’axe de rotation du pulsar, est perpendiculaire à la trajectoire du pulsar et s’étend à plus de 37 années-lumière (dix fois la distance allant de notre soleil à l’étoile la plus proche de celui-ci). Curieusement, de grands nuages de <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat_plasma" title="État plasma">plasma</a> d’électrons-positron sont parfois observés à proximité d’étoiles à neutrons ordinaires qui ne possèdent pas de jets<sup id="cite_ref-a_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Alors qu’IGR J11014-6103 ne possède pas de disque d’accrétion ni d’<a href="/wiki/Horizon_(trou_noir)" title="Horizon (trou noir)">horizon</a>, son jet de 0,8 c ne peut être alimenté par des processus développés dans la rubrique précédente. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Autres_illustrations">Autres illustrations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jet_(astrophysique)&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Autres illustrations" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jet_(astrophysique)&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Autres illustrations"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:NGC_5128.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Centaurus A observée aux rayons X révélant son jet relativiste."><img alt="Centaurus A observée aux rayons X révélant son jet relativiste." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/NGC_5128.jpg/252px-NGC_5128.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/NGC_5128.jpg/378px-NGC_5128.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/NGC_5128.jpg/504px-NGC_5128.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2154" data-file-height="1539" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Centaurus_A" title="Centaurus A">Centaurus A</a> observée aux rayons X révélant son jet relativiste.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Onde-radioM87.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Le jet de M87 observé par le radiotélescope Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array par onde radio (le champ de vision est plus grand et tourné par rapport à l’image précédente)"><img alt="Le jet de M87 observé par le radiotélescope Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array par onde radio (le champ de vision est plus grand et tourné par rapport à l’image précédente)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Onde-radioM87.jpg/330px-Onde-radioM87.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Onde-radioM87.jpg/495px-Onde-radioM87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Onde-radioM87.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="305" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Le jet de M87 observé par le radiotélescope <a href="/wiki/Karl_G._Jansky_Very_Large_Array" title="Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array">Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array</a> par <a href="/wiki/Onde_radio" title="Onde radio">onde radio</a> (le champ de vision est plus grand et tourné par rapport à l’image précédente)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 104.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 102.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:HST-3C66B-jet-O5BQ06010.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Image d’archive de Hubble du jet relativiste de 3C 66B (en) dans le proche UV"><img alt="Image d’archive de Hubble du jet relativiste de 3C 66B (en) dans le proche UV" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/HST-3C66B-jet-O5BQ06010.gif/154px-HST-3C66B-jet-O5BQ06010.gif" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/HST-3C66B-jet-O5BQ06010.gif/232px-HST-3C66B-jet-O5BQ06010.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/HST-3C66B-jet-O5BQ06010.gif 2x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="325" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Image d’archive de <a href="/wiki/Hubble_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Hubble (télescope spatial)">Hubble</a> du jet relativiste de <a href="/w/index.php?title=3C_66B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3C 66B (page inexistante)">3C 66B</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3C_66B" class="extiw" title="en:3C 66B"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « 3C 66B »">(en)</span></a> dans le proche <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">UV</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Hs-2015-19-a-small_web.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dans la Galaxie NGC 3862, un jet extragalactique de matière projeté à une vitesse proche de la vitesse de la lumière peut être observé dans un angle particulier[26]."><img alt="Dans la Galaxie NGC 3862, un jet extragalactique de matière projeté à une vitesse proche de la vitesse de la lumière peut être observé dans un angle particulier[26]." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Hs-2015-19-a-small_web.jpg/225px-Hs-2015-19-a-small_web.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Hs-2015-19-a-small_web.jpg/338px-Hs-2015-19-a-small_web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Hs-2015-19-a-small_web.jpg/450px-Hs-2015-19-a-small_web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dans la Galaxie NGC 3862, un jet extragalactique de matière projeté à une vitesse proche de la vitesse de la lumière peut être observé dans un angle particulier<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>26<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jet_(astrophysique)&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jet_(astrophysique)&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2007"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronomy.com/news/2007/12/star-sheds-via-reverse-whirlpool"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Star sheds via reverse whirlpool</cite></a> », Astronomy.com, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-12-27" data-sort-value="2007-12-27">27 décembre 2007</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2015-05-26" data-sort-value="2015-05-26">26 mai 2015</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="A.E.N.K.2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Wehrle,_A.E.Zacharias,_N.Johnston,_K.2009"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Wehrle, A.E., Zacharias, N., Johnston, K. <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (et d’autres)">et al.</abbr></i>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">What is the structure of Relativistic Jets in AGN on Scales of Light Days?</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Astro2010: the Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 2010,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-02-11" data-sort-value="2009-02-11">11 février 2009</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 310 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009astro2010S.310W">2009astro2010S.310W</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrao.edu/A2010/whitepapers/rac/Wehrle_AGN_jets_GCT.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+is+the+structure+of+Relativistic+Jets+in+AGN+on+Scales+of+Light+Days%3F&rft.jtitle=Astro2010%3A+the+Astronomy+and+Astrophysics+Decadal+Survey&rft.aulast=A.E.&rft.aufirst=Wehrle%2C&rft.au=Zacharias%2C+N.&rft.au=Johnston%2C+K.&rft.date=2009-02-11&rft.volume=2010&rft.pages=310&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrao.edu%2FA2010%2Fwhitepapers%2Frac%2FWehrle_AGN_jets_GCT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AJet+%28astrophysique%29"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Biretta1999"><span class="ouvrage" id="J._Biretta1999"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> J. <span class="nom_auteur">Biretta</span>, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stsci.edu/ftp/science/m87/m87.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Hubble Detects Faster-Than-Light Motion in Galaxy M87</cite></a> », <time class="nowrap" datetime="1999-01-06" data-sort-value="1999-01-06">6 janvier 1999</time></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2006"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="noarchive">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.yale.edu/2006/06/20/evidence-ultra-energetic-particles-jet-black-hole"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Evidence for Ultra-Energetic Particles in Jet from Black Hole</cite></a> » <small class="plainlinks cachelinks">[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513034113/http://www.yale.edu/opa/newsr/06-06-20-01.all.html">archive du <time>2008</time></a>]</small></span>, <span class="italique">Yale University – Office of Public Affairs</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2006-06-20" data-sort-value="2006-06-20">20 juin 2006</time></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Meier2003"><span class="ouvrage" id="David_L_Meier2003"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> David L <span class="nom_auteur">Meier</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">The theory and simulation of relativistic jet formation: Towards a unified model for micro- and macroquasars</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">New Astronomy Reviews</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 47, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéros">n<sup>os</sup></abbr> 6–7,‎ <time>2003</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 667 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1387-6473%2803%2900120-9">10.1016/S1387-6473(03)00120-9</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NewAR..47..667M">2003NewAR..47..667M</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0312048">astro-ph/0312048</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+theory+and+simulation+of+relativistic+jet+formation%3A+Towards+a+unified+model+for+micro-+and+macroquasars&rft.jtitle=New+Astronomy+Reviews&rft.issue=6%E2%80%937&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=David+L&rft.date=2003&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=667&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1387-6473%2803%2900120-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AJet+%28astrophysique%29"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="SemenovDyadechkinPunsly2004"><span class="ouvrage" id="V._SemenovSergey_DyadechkinBrian_Punsly2004"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> V. <span class="nom_auteur">Semenov</span>, Sergey <span class="nom_auteur">Dyadechkin</span> et Brian <span class="nom_auteur">Punsly</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Simulations of Jets Driven by Black Hole Rotation</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Science</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 305, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 5686,‎ <time>2004</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">978–980</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15310894">15310894</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1100638">10.1126/science.1100638</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Sci...305..978S">2004Sci...305..978S</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0408371">astro-ph/0408371</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Simulations+of+Jets+Driven+by+Black+Hole+Rotation&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.issue=5686&rft.aulast=Semenov&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Dyadechkin%2C+Sergey&rft.au=Punsly%2C+Brian&rft.date=2004&rft.volume=305&rft.pages=978%E2%80%93980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1100638&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15310894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AJet+%28astrophysique%29"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="GeorganopoulosKazanasPerlmanStecker2005"><span class="ouvrage" id="Markos_GeorganopoulosDemosthenes_KazanasEric_PerlmanFloyd_W._Stecker2005"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Markos <span class="nom_auteur">Georganopoulos</span>, Demosthenes <span class="nom_auteur">Kazanas</span>, Eric <span class="nom_auteur">Perlman</span> et Floyd W. <span class="nom_auteur">Stecker</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Bulk Comptonization of the Cosmic Microwave Background by Extragalactic Jets as a Probe of Their Matter Content</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">The Astrophysical Journal</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 625, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 2,‎ <time>2005</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 656 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/429558">10.1086/429558</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApJ...625..656G">2005ApJ...625..656G</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0502201">astro-ph/0502201</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bulk+Comptonization+of+the+Cosmic+Microwave+Background+by+Extragalactic+Jets+as+a+Probe+of+Their+Matter+Content&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.issue=2&rft.aulast=Georganopoulos&rft.aufirst=Markos&rft.au=Kazanas%2C+Demosthenes&rft.au=Perlman%2C+Eric&rft.au=Stecker%2C+Floyd+W.&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=625&rft.pages=656&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F429558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AJet+%28astrophysique%29"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Wardle1998"><span class="ouvrage" id="J.F.C_Wardle1998"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> J.F.C <span class="nom_auteur">Wardle</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Electron–positron jets associated with the quasar 3C279</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Nature</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 395, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 1 October 1998,‎ <time>1998</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">457–461</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/26675">10.1038/26675</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Natur.395..457W">1998Natur.395..457W</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Electron%E2%80%93positron+jets+associated+with+the+quasar+3C279&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.issue=1+October+1998&rft.aulast=Wardle&rft.aufirst=J.F.C&rft.date=1998&rft.volume=395&rft.pages=457%E2%80%93461&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F26675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AJet+%28astrophysique%29"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2007/antimatter_binary.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">NASA – Vast Cloud of Antimatter Traced to Binary Stars</cite></a> »</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brandeis.edu-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-brandeis.edu_10-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pc.astro.brandeis.edu/pdfs/elec-pos.pdf">Electron-positron Jets Associated with Quasar 3C 279</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/317769/meta">http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/317769/meta</a> Pair Plasma Dominance in the Relativistic Jet of 3C345</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-a_12-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-a_12-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sw-og52UUVg">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sw-og52UUVg</a> Science With Integral, Sep 2008 (start four minutes into video, note Sagittarius produces 15 billion tons/sec of positron-electron matter)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lasers.llnl.gov/workshops/user_group_2012/docs/7.3_chen.pdf">Lab production of <span title="8,010 88 × 10⁻¹³ J ou 482 426 500 kJ/mol ou 6 199 000 000 nm" style="cursor:help">5</span> <abbr class="abbr" title="mégaélectron-volt">MeV</abbr> positron-electron beams</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="BlandfordZnajek1977"><span class="ouvrage" id="R._D._BlandfordR._L._Znajek1977"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> R. D. <span class="nom_auteur">Blandford</span> et R. L. <span class="nom_auteur">Znajek</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Electromagnetic extraction of energy from Kerr black holes</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a></span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 179, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 3,‎ <time>1977</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 433 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/179.3.433">10.1093/mnras/179.3.433</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977MNRAS.179..433B">1977MNRAS.179..433B</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Electromagnetic+extraction+of+energy+from+Kerr+black+holes&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.issue=3&rft.aulast=Blandford&rft.aufirst=R.+D.&rft.au=Znajek%2C+R.+L.&rft.date=1977&rft.volume=179&rft.pages=433&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2F179.3.433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AJet+%28astrophysique%29"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Penrose1969"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Penrose, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Gravitational Collapse: The Role of General Relativity</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Rivista del Nuovo Cimento</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 1,‎ <time>1969</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">252–276</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969NCimR...1..252P">1969NCimR...1..252P</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gravitational+Collapse%3A+The+Role+of+General+Relativity&rft.jtitle=Rivista+del+Nuovo+Cimento&rft.au=Penrose&rft.date=1969&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=252%E2%80%93276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AJet+%28astrophysique%29"></span></span> Reprinted in: <span class="ouvrage" id="Penrose2002"><span class="ouvrage" id="R._Penrose2002">R. <span class="nom_auteur">Penrose</span>, <cite class="italique">"Golden Oldie": Gravitational Collapse: The Role of General Relativity</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 34, <time>2002</time>, 1141 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A%3A1016578408204">10.1023/A:1016578408204</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002GReGr..34.1141P">2002GReGr..34.1141P</a></span>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="chapitre(s)">chap.</abbr> 7<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Golden+Oldie%22%3A+Gravitational+Collapse%3A+The+Role+of+General+Relativity&rft.aulast=Penrose&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=34&rft.tpages=1141&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1016578408204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AJet+%28astrophysique%29"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Williams1995"><span class="ouvrage" id="R.K._Williams1995">R.K. Williams, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Extracting x rays, Ύ rays, and relativistic e<sup>−</sup>e<sup>+</sup> pairs from supermassive Kerr black holes using the Penrose mechanism</cite> », <i>Physical Review</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 51, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 10,‎ <time>1995</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">5387–5427</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10018300">10018300</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.51.5387">10.1103/PhysRevD.51.5387</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995PhRvD..51.5387W">1995PhRvD..51.5387W</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Extracting+x+rays%2C+%CE%8E+rays%2C+and+relativistic+e%E2%88%92e%2B+pairs+from+supermassive+Kerr+black+holes+using+the+Penrose+mechanism&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.issue=10&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=R.K.&rft.date=1995&rft.volume=51&rft.pages=5387%E2%80%935427&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.51.5387&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10018300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AJet+%28astrophysique%29"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Williams2004"><span class="ouvrage" id="Reva_Kay_Williams2004"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Reva Kay <span class="nom_auteur">Williams</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Collimated Escaping Vortical Polar e−e+Jets Intrinsically Produced by Rotating Black Holes and Penrose Processes</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">The Astrophysical Journal</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 611, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 2,‎ <time>2004</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 952 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/422304">10.1086/422304</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ApJ...611..952W">2004ApJ...611..952W</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0404135">astro-ph/0404135</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Collimated+Escaping+Vortical+Polar+e%E2%88%92e%2BJets+Intrinsically+Produced+by+Rotating+Black+Holes+and+Penrose+Processes&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.issue=2&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Reva+Kay&rft.date=2004&rft.volume=611&rft.pages=952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F422304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AJet+%28astrophysique%29"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2014/02/19/3948039.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Runaway pulsar has astronomers scratching their heads</cite></a> »</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="PatrunoWatts2012"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> A. Patruno et A. L. Watts, « <span class="noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1206.2727">Accreting Millisecond X-Ray Pulsars</a></span> », <time>2012</time>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.messagetoeagle.com/pulsarspeedest001.php"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Fastest Pulsar Moving With Tremendous Speed Of 6 Million Miles Per Hour – Found – MessageToEagle.com</cite></a> »</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2012/igrj11014/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Chandra :: Photo Album :: IGR J11014-6103  :: June 28, 2012</cite></a> »</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="PavanPühlhoferBordasAudard2015"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> L. Pavan, G. Pühlhofer, P. Bordas, M. Audard, M. Balbo <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (« et d’autres »)" lang="la">et al.</abbr></i>, « <span class="noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1511.01944">A closer view of the IGR J11014-6103 outflows</a></span> », <time>2015</time>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2014/02/19/neutron_star_jet_an_exploded_star_creates_a_truly_bizzare_scene.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Neutron star jet: An exploded star creates a truly bizarre scene.</cite></a> », <span class="italique">Slate Magazine</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="PavanBordasPühlhoferFilipović2014"><span class="ouvrage" id="L._PavanP._BordasG._PühlhoferM._D._Filipović2014"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> L. <span class="nom_auteur">Pavan</span>, P. <span class="nom_auteur">Bordas</span>, G. <span class="nom_auteur">Pühlhofer</span>, M. D. <span class="nom_auteur">Filipović</span>, A. <span class="nom_auteur">De Horta</span>, A. <span class="nom_auteur">o' Brien</span>, M. <span class="nom_auteur">Balbo</span>, R. <span class="nom_auteur">Walter</span>, E. <span class="nom_auteur">Bozzo</span>, C. <span class="nom_auteur">Ferrigno</span>, E. <span class="nom_auteur">Crawford</span> et L. <span class="nom_auteur">Stella</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">The long helical jet of the Lighthouse nebula, IGR J11014-6103</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Astronomy & Astrophysics</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 562,‎ <time>2014</time>, A122 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201322588">10.1051/0004-6361/201322588</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014A%26A...562A.122P">2014A&A...562A.122P</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1309.6792">1309.6792</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2014/02/aa22588-13.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+long+helical+jet+of+the+Lighthouse+nebula%2C+IGR+J11014-6103&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&rft.aulast=Pavan&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Bordas%2C+P.&rft.au=P%C3%BChlhofer%2C+G.&rft.au=Filipovi%C4%87%2C+M.+D.&rft.au=De+Horta%2C+A.&rft.au=o%27+Brien%2C+A.&rft.au=Balbo%2C+M.&rft.au=Walter%2C+R.&rft.au=Bozzo%2C+E.&rft.au=Ferrigno%2C+C.&rft.au=Crawford%2C+E.&rft.au=Stella%2C+L.&rft.date=2014&rft.volume=562&rft.pages=A122&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201322588&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aanda.org%2Farticles%2Faa%2Fpdf%2F2014%2F02%2Faa22588-13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AJet+%28astrophysique%29"></span></span></span> Long helical jet of Lighthouse nebula page 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="HalpernTomsickGotthelfCamilo2014"><span class="ouvrage" id="J._P._HalpernJ._A._TomsickE._V._GotthelfF._Camilo2014"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> J. P. <span class="nom_auteur">Halpern</span>, J. A. <span class="nom_auteur">Tomsick</span>, E. V. <span class="nom_auteur">Gotthelf</span>, F. <span class="nom_auteur">Camilo</span>, C. -Y. <span class="nom_auteur">Ng</span>, A. <span class="nom_auteur">Bodaghee</span>, J. <span class="nom_auteur">Rodriguez</span>, S. <span class="nom_auteur">Chaty</span> et F. <span class="nom_auteur">Rahoui</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Discovery of X-ray Pulsations from the INTEGRAL Source IGR J11014-6103</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">The Astrophysical Journal</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 795, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 2,‎ <time>2014</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> L27 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/795/2/L27">10.1088/2041-8205/795/2/L27</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...795L..27H">2014ApJ...795L..27H</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1410.2332">1410.2332</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Discovery+of+X-ray+Pulsations+from+the+INTEGRAL+Source+IGR+J11014-6103&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.issue=2&rft.aulast=Halpern&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.au=Tomsick%2C+J.+A.&rft.au=Gotthelf%2C+E.+V.&rft.au=Camilo%2C+F.&rft.au=Ng%2C+C.+-Y.&rft.au=Bodaghee%2C+A.&rft.au=Rodriguez%2C+J.&rft.au=Chaty%2C+S.&rft.au=Rahoui%2C+F.&rft.date=2014&rft.volume=795&rft.pages=L27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F2041-8205%2F795%2F2%2FL27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AJet+%28astrophysique%29"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2015"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2015/19/full/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Hubble Video Shows Shock Collision Inside Black Hole Jet</cite></a> », <time class="nowrap" datetime="2015-05-27" data-sort-value="2015-05-27">27 mai 2015</time></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jet_(astrophysique)&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jet_(astrophysique)&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jet_(astrophysique)&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jet_(astrophysique)&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disque_d%27accr%C3%A9tion" title="Disque d'accrétion">Disque d'accrétion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_bipolaire" title="Jet bipolaire">Jet bipolaire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9canisme_de_Blandford%E2%80%93Znajek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mécanisme de Blandford–Znajek (page inexistante)">Mécanisme de Blandford–Znajek</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blandford%E2%80%93Znajek_process" class="extiw" title="en:Blandford–Znajek process"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Blandford–Znajek process »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liste_des_articles_sur_l%E2%80%99%C3%A9tat_plasma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liste des articles sur l’état plasma (page inexistante)">Liste des articles sur l’état plasma</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plasma_(physics)_articles" class="extiw" title="en:List of plasma (physics) articles"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « List of plasma (physics) articles »">(en)</span></a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jet_(astrophysique)&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jet_(astrophysique)&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/990923a.html">NASA – Ask an Astrophysicist: Black Hole Bipolar Jets</a></li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/blackhole_jets_040817.html">SPACE.com – Twisted Physics: How Black Holes Spout Off</a></li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="ouvrage" id="BlandfordAgolBroderickHeyl2001"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Roger Blandford, Eric Agol, Avery Broderick, Jeremy Heyl, Leon Koopmans <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (« et d’autres »)" lang="la">et al.</abbr></i>, « <span class="noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0107228v1">Compact Objects and Accretion Disks</a></span> », <time>2001</time>.</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vidéos"><span id="Vid.C3.A9os"></span>Vidéos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jet_(astrophysique)&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifier la section : Vidéos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jet_(astrophysique)&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Vidéos"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nf7W-WfKxLM&ab_channel=NASA.govVideo">Hubble Video Shows Shock Collision inside Black Hole Jet</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/hubble-video-shows-shock-collision-inside-black-hole-jet">Article</a>)</li></ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Astronomie" title="Portail de l’astronomie"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Noun_Astronomy_Icon2.svg/25px-Noun_Astronomy_Icon2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Noun_Astronomy_Icon2.svg/37px-Noun_Astronomy_Icon2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Noun_Astronomy_Icon2.svg/50px-Noun_Astronomy_Icon2.svg.png 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