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brown coal</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Victorian brown coal"> <meta name="keywords" content="Victorian brown coal"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Victorian brown coal"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 709</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Victorian brown coal</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">709</span> Numerical Study on the Performance of Upgraded Victorian Brown Coal in an Ironmaking Blast Furnace</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Junhai%20Liao">Junhai Liao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yansong%20Shen"> Yansong Shen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aibing%20Yu"> Aibing Yu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A 3D numerical model is developed to simulate the complicated in-furnace combustion phenomena in the lower part of an ironmaking blast furnace (BF) while using pulverized coal injection (PCI) technology to reduce the consumption of relatively expensive coke. The computational domain covers blowpipe-tuyere-raceway-coke bed in the BF. The model is validated against experimental data in terms of gaseous compositions and coal burnout. Parameters, such as coal properties and some key operational variables, play an important role on the performance of coal combustion. Their diverse effects on different combustion characteristics are examined in the domain, in terms of gas compositions, temperature, and burnout. The heat generated by the combustion of upgraded Victorian brown coal is able to meet the heating requirement of a BF, hence making upgraded brown coal injected into BF possible. It is evidenced that the model is suitable to investigate the mechanism of the PCI operation in a BF. Prediction results provide scientific insights to optimize and control of the PCI operation. This model cuts the cost to investigate and understand the comprehensive combustion phenomena of upgraded Victorian brown coal in a full-scale BF. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blast%20furnace" title="blast furnace">blast furnace</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20study" title=" numerical study"> numerical study</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pulverized%20coal%20injection" title=" pulverized coal injection"> pulverized coal injection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Victorian%20brown%20coal" title=" Victorian brown coal"> Victorian brown coal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72804/numerical-study-on-the-performance-of-upgraded-victorian-brown-coal-in-an-ironmaking-blast-furnace" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72804.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">243</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">708</span> Satire of Victorian Mores in Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nagwa%20Abouserie%20Soliman">Nagwa Abouserie Soliman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Victorian era, which started with the reign of Queen Victoria from June 1837 to January 1901, could be considered as one of the most significant eras that had a crucial impact which formed contemporary British life despite the fact that with the rise of the British empire many negative aspects surfaced, namelysocial inequalities such as class differences, child labor, population increase and poverty due to the industrial revolution. Charles Dickens was one of the most prominent writers of the Victorian era who perceived the hypocrisy of the Victorian mores. The appropriate researchstyle that was chosen for this literary analysis is a qualitative research method in which the researcher used the conceptual approach to analyse theDickensian characterisation andwriting style through diction, narrative voice, and images. The aim of this paper is to argue that Charles Dickens inGreat Expectations (1861) was highly satirical of the Victorian mores, as he uses a lot of sharp irony-to satirize various Victorian traditions such as class divisions, the justice system, the poor working class, and the upper-class snobbery that he thought are inhumane and unjust. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=victorian" title="victorian">victorian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=child%20labour" title=" child labour"> child labour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=poverty" title=" poverty"> poverty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=class%20division" title=" class division"> class division</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=snobbery" title=" snobbery"> snobbery</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148205/satire-of-victorian-mores-in-charles-dickens-great-expectations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148205.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">123</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">707</span> Managing the Effects of Wet Coal on Generation in Thermal Power Station: A Case Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ravindra%20Gohane">Ravindra Gohane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20V.%20Deshmukh"> S. V. Deshmukh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The coal acts as a fuel on a very large scale. Coal forms the basis of any thermal power plant. Different types of coal are available for utilization. The moisture content, volatile nature and ash content determines the type of the coal. Out of these moisture plays a very important part as it is present naturally within the coal and is added while handling the coal and is termed as wet coal. The problems of wet coal are many and more particularly during rainy season such as generation loss, jamming of crusher, reduction in calorific value, transportation of coal etc. Efforts are made to resolve the problems arising out of wet coal worldwide. This paper highlights the issue of resolving the problem due to wet coal with the help of a case study involving installation of V-type wiper on the conveyer belt. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coal%20handling%20plant" title="coal handling plant">coal handling plant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wet%20coal" title=" wet coal"> wet coal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=v-type" title=" v-type"> v-type</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=generation" title=" generation"> generation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66146/managing-the-effects-of-wet-coal-on-generation-in-thermal-power-station-a-case-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66146.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">358</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">706</span> Clean Coal Using Coal Bed Methane: A Pollution Control Mechanism</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arish%20Iqbal">Arish Iqbal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Santosh%20Kumar%20Singh"> Santosh Kumar Singh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Energy from coal is one of the major source of energy throughout the world but taking into consideration its effect on environment 'Clean Coal Technologies' (CCT) came into existence. In this paper we have we studied why CCT’s are essential and what are the different types of CCT’s. Also, the coal and CCT scenario in India is introduced. Coal Bed Methane one of major CCT area is studied in detail. Different types of coal bed methane and its methods of extraction are discussed. The different problem areas during the extraction of CBM are identified and discussed. How CBM can be used as a fuel for future is also discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CBM%20%28coal%20bed%20methane%29" title="CBM (coal bed methane)">CBM (coal bed methane)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CCS%20%28carbon%20capture%20and%20storage%29" title=" CCS (carbon capture and storage)"> CCS (carbon capture and storage)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CCT%20%28clean%20coal%20technology%29" title=" CCT (clean coal technology)"> CCT (clean coal technology)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CMM%20%28coal%20mining%20methane%29" title=" CMM (coal mining methane)"> CMM (coal mining methane)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80218/clean-coal-using-coal-bed-methane-a-pollution-control-mechanism" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80218.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">240</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">705</span> Merit Order of Indonesian Coal Mining Sources to Meet the Domestic Power Plants Demand</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Victor%20Siahaan">Victor Siahaan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Coal still become the most important energy source for electricity generation known for its contribution which take the biggest portion of energy mix that a country has, for example Indonesia. The low cost of electricity generation and quite a lot of resources make this energy still be the first choice to fill the portion of base load power. To realize its significance to produce electricity, it is necessary to know the amount of coal (volume) needed to ensure that all coal power plants (CPP) in a country can operate properly. To secure the volume of coal, in this study, discussion was carried out regarding the identification of coal mining sources in Indonesia, classification of coal typical from each coal mining sources, and determination of the port of loading. By using data above, the sources of coal mining are then selected to feed certain CPP based on the compatibility of the coal typical and the lowest transport cost. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=merit%20order" title="merit order">merit order</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Indonesian%20coal%20mine" title=" Indonesian coal mine"> Indonesian coal mine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electricity" title=" electricity"> electricity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20plant" title=" power plant"> power plant</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144185/merit-order-of-indonesian-coal-mining-sources-to-meet-the-domestic-power-plants-demand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144185.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">153</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">704</span> Measurement of Coal Fineness, Air Fuel Ratio, and Fuel Weight Distribution in a Vertical Spindle Mill’s Pulverized Fuel Pipes at Classifier Vane 40%</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jayasiler%20Kunasagaram">Jayasiler Kunasagaram</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In power generation, coal fineness is crucial to maintain flame stability, ensure combustion efficiency, and lower emissions to the environment. In order for the pulverized coal to react effectively in the boiler furnace, the size of coal particles needs to be at least 70% finer than 74 μm. This paper presents the experiment results of coal fineness, air fuel ratio and fuel weight distribution in pulverized fuel pipes at classifier vane 40%. The aim of this experiment is to extract the pulverized coal is kinetically and investigate the data accordingly. Dirty air velocity, coal sample extraction, and coal sieving experiments were performed to measure coal fineness. The experiment results show that required coal fineness can be achieved at 40 % classifier vane. However, this does not surpass the desired value by a great margin. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coal%20power" title="coal power">coal power</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emissions" title=" emissions"> emissions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=isokinetic%20sampling" title=" isokinetic sampling"> isokinetic sampling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20generation" title=" power generation"> power generation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33677/measurement-of-coal-fineness-air-fuel-ratio-and-fuel-weight-distribution-in-a-vertical-spindle-mills-pulverized-fuel-pipes-at-classifier-vane-40" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33677.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">609</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">703</span> Effect of Pulp Density on Biodesulfurization of Mongolian Lignite Coal</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashish%20Pathak">Ashish Pathak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dong-Jin%20Kim"> Dong-Jin Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Byoung-Gon%20Kim"> Byoung-Gon Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Biological processes based on oxidation of sulfur compounds by chemolithotrophic microorganisms are emerging as an efficient and eco-friendly technique for removal of sulfur from the coal. In the present article, study was carried out to investigate the potential of biodesulfurization process in removing the sulfur from lignite coal sample collected from a Mongolian coal mine. The batch biodesulfurization experiments were conducted in 2.5 L borosilicate baffle type reactors at 35 ºC using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. The effect of pulp density on efficiency of biodesulfurization was investigated at different solids concentration (1-10%) of coal. The results of the present study suggested that the rate of desulfurization was retarded at higher coal pulp density. The optimum pulp density found 5% at which about 48% of the total sulfur was removed from the coal. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biodesulfurization" title="biodesulfurization">biodesulfurization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioreactor" title=" bioreactor"> bioreactor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coal" title=" coal"> coal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pyrite" title=" pyrite "> pyrite </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13312/effect-of-pulp-density-on-biodesulfurization-of-mongolian-lignite-coal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13312.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">495</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">702</span> Optimizing Coal Yard Management Using Discrete Event Simulation </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iqbal%20Felani">Iqbal Felani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A Coal-Fired Power Plant has some integrated facilities to handle coal from three separated coal yards to eight units power plant’s bunker. But nowadays the facilities are not reliable enough for supporting the system. Management planned to invest some facilities to increase the reliability. They also had a plan to make single spesification of coal used all of the units, called Single Quality Coal (SQC). This simulation would compare before and after improvement with two scenarios i.e First In First Out (FIFO) and Last In First Out (LIFO). Some parameters like stay time, reorder point and safety stock is determined by the simulation. Discrete event simulation based software, Flexsim 5.0, is used to help the simulation. Based on the simulation, Single Quality Coal with FIFO scenario has the shortest staytime with 8.38 days. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Coal%20Yard%20Management" title="Coal Yard Management">Coal Yard Management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Discrete%20event%20simulation%20First%20In%20First%20Out" title=" Discrete event simulation First In First Out"> Discrete event simulation First In First Out</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Last%20In%20First%20Out." title=" Last In First Out. "> Last In First Out. </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20725/optimizing-coal-yard-management-using-discrete-event-simulation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20725.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">671</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">701</span> Hazardous Gas Detection Robot in Coal Mines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kanchan%20J.%20Kakade">Kanchan J. Kakade</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20A.%20Annadate"> S. A. Annadate</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents design and development of underground coal mine monitoring using mbed arm cortex controller and ZigBee communication. Coal mine is a special type of mine which is dangerous in nature. Safety is the most important feature of a coal industry for proper functioning. It’s not only for employees and workers but also for environment and nation. Many coal producing countries in the world face phenomenal frequently occurred accidents in coal mines viz, gas explosion, flood, and fire breaking out during coal mines exploitation. Thus, such emissions of various gases from coal mines are necessary to detect with the help of robot. Coal is a combustible, sedimentary, organic rock, which is made up of mainly carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Coal Mine Detection Robot mainly detects mash gas and carbon monoxide. The mash gas is the kind of the mixed gas which mainly make up of methane in the underground of the coal mine shaft, and sometimes it abbreviate to methane. It is formed from vegetation, which has been fused between other rock layers and altered by the combined effects of heat and pressure over millions of years to form coal beds. Coal has many important uses worldwide. The most significant uses of coal are in electricity generation, steel production, cement manufacturing and as a liquid fuel. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zigbee%20communication" title="Zigbee communication">Zigbee communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=various%20sensors" title=" various sensors"> various sensors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hazardous%20gases" title=" hazardous gases"> hazardous gases</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mbed%20arm%20cortex%20M3%20core%20controller" title=" mbed arm cortex M3 core controller "> mbed arm cortex M3 core controller </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32662/hazardous-gas-detection-robot-in-coal-mines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32662.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">468</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">700</span> Evaluation of Biomass Introduction Methods in Coal Co-Gasification</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ruwaida%20Abdul%20Rasid">Ruwaida Abdul Rasid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kevin%20J.%20Hughes"> Kevin J. Hughes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Peter%20J.%20Henggs"> Peter J. Henggs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Pourkashanian"> Mohamed Pourkashanian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Heightened concerns over the amount of carbon emitted from coal-related processes are generating shifts to the application of biomass. In co-gasification, where coal is gasified along with biomass, the biomass may be fed together with coal (co-feeding) or an independent biomass gasifier needs to be integrated with the coal gasifier. The main aim of this work is to evaluate the biomass introduction methods in coal co-gasification. This includes the evaluation of biomass concentration input (B0 to B100) and its gasification performance. A process model is developed and simulated in Aspen HYSYS, where both coal and biomass are modeled according to its ultimate analysis. It was found that the syngas produced increased with increasing biomass content for both co-feeding and independent schemes. However, the heating values and heat duties decreases with biomass concentration as more CO2 are produced from complete combustion. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aspen%20HYSYS" title="aspen HYSYS">aspen HYSYS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomass" title=" biomass"> biomass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coal" title=" coal"> coal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=co-gasification%20modelling" title=" co-gasification modelling"> co-gasification modelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulation" title=" simulation"> simulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17080/evaluation-of-biomass-introduction-methods-in-coal-co-gasification" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17080.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">409</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">699</span> Mini Coal Gasifier for Fulfilling Small-Scale Industries Energy Consumption in Indonesia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Ade%20Andriansyah%20Efendi">Muhammad Ade Andriansyah Efendi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ika%20Monika"> Ika Monika </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Mini coal gasifier (GasMin) is a small reactor that could convert coal into combustible gas or producer gas which is designed to fulfill energy needs of small-scale industries. The producer gas can be utilized for both external and internal combustion. The design of coal gasifier is suitable for community require because it is easy to handle, affordable and environmentally friendly. The feasibility study shows that the substitution of 12 kg LPG or specially 50 kg LPG into GasMin of 20 kg coal capacity per hour is very attractive. The estimation price of 20 kg coal per hour capacity GasMin is 40 million rupiahs. In the year 2016, the implementation of GasMin conducted at alumunium industry and batik industry at Yogyakarta, Indonesia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomass" title="biomass">biomass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coal" title=" coal"> coal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy" title=" energy"> energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gasification" title=" gasification"> gasification</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65805/mini-coal-gasifier-for-fulfilling-small-scale-industries-energy-consumption-in-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65805.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">335</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">698</span> CO2 Sequestration for Enhanced Coal Bed Methane Recovery: A New Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abhinav%20Sirvaiya">Abhinav Sirvaiya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karan%20Gupta"> Karan Gupta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pankaj%20Garg"> Pankaj Garg</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The global warming due to the increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration is the most prominent issue of environment that the world is facing today. To solve this problem at global level, sequestration of CO2 in deep and unmineable coal seams has come out as one of the attractive alternatives to reduce concentration in atmosphere. This sequestration technology is not only going to help in storage of CO2 beneath the sub-surface but is also playing a major role in enhancing the coal bed methane recovery (ECBM) by displacing the adsorbed methane. This paper provides the answers for the need of CO2 injection in coal seams and how recovery is enhanced. We have discussed the recent development in enhancing the coal bed methane recovery and the economic scenario of the same. The effect of injection on the coal reservoir has also been discussed. Coal is a good absorber of CO2. That is why the sequestration of CO2 is emerged out to be a great approach, not only for storage purpose but also for enhancing coal bed methane recovery. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=global%20warming" title="global warming">global warming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20dioxide%20%28CO2%29" title=" carbon dioxide (CO2)"> carbon dioxide (CO2)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CO2%20sequestration" title=" CO2 sequestration"> CO2 sequestration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enhance%20coal%20bed%20methane%20%28ECBM%29" title=" enhance coal bed methane (ECBM)"> enhance coal bed methane (ECBM)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17429/co2-sequestration-for-enhanced-coal-bed-methane-recovery-a-new-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17429.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">505</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">697</span> Locally Produced Solid Biofuels – Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Competitiveness with Conventional Ways of Individual Space Heating</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jiri%20Beranovsky">Jiri Beranovsky</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jaroslav%20Knapek"> Jaroslav Knapek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tomas%20Kralik"> Tomas Kralik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kamila%20Vavrova"> Kamila Vavrova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper deals with the results of research focused on the complex aspects of the use of intentionally grown biomass on agricultural land for the production of solid biofuels as an alternative for individual household heating. . The study primarily deals with the analysis of CO2 emissions of the logistics cycle of biomass for the production of energy pellets. Growing, harvesting, transport and storage are evaluated in the pellet production cycle. The aim is also to take into account the consumption profile during the year in terms of heating of common family houses, which are typical end-market segment for these fuels. It is assumed that in family houses, bio-pellets are able to substitute typical fossil fuels, such as brown coal and old wood burning heating devices and also electric boilers. One of the competing technology with the pellets are heat pumps. The results show the CO2 emissions related with considered fuels and technologies for their utilization. Comparative analysis is aimed biopellets from intentionally grown biomass, brown coal, natural gas and electricity used in electric boilers and heat pumps. Analysis combines CO2 emissions related with individual fuels utilization with costs of these fuels utilization. Cost of biopellets from intentionally grown biomass is derived from the economic models of individual energy crop plantations. At the same time, the restrictions imposed by EU legislation on Ecodesign's fuel and combustion equipment requirements and NOx emissions are discussed. Preliminary results of analyzes show that to achieve the competitiveness of pellets produced from specifically grown biomass, it would be necessary to either significantly ecological tax on coal (from about 0.3 to 3-3.5 EUR/GJ), or to multiply the agricultural subsidy per area. In addition to the Czech Republic, the results are also relevant for other countries, such as Bulgaria and Poland, which also have a high proportion of solid fuels for household heating. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CO2%20emissions" title="CO2 emissions">CO2 emissions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heating%20costs" title=" heating costs"> heating costs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20crop" title=" energy crop"> energy crop</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pellets" title=" pellets"> pellets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brown%20coal" title=" brown coal"> brown coal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20pumps" title=" heat pumps"> heat pumps</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economical%20evaluation" title=" economical evaluation"> economical evaluation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123713/locally-produced-solid-biofuels-carbon-dioxide-emissions-and-competitiveness-with-conventional-ways-of-individual-space-heating" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123713.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">113</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">696</span> Effect of Coal on Engineering Properties in Building Materials: Opportunity to Manufacturing Insulating Bricks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bachir%20Chemani">Bachir Chemani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Halima%20Chemani"> Halima Chemani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of adding coal to obtain insulating ceramic product. The preparation of mixtures is achieved with 04 types of different masse compositions, consisting of gray and yellow clay, and coal. Analyses are performed on local raw materials by adding coal as additive. The coal content varies from 5 to 20 % in weight by varying the size of coal particles ranging from 0.25 mm to 1.60 mm. Initially, each natural moisture content of a raw material has been determined at the temperature of 105°C in a laboratory oven. The Influence of low-coal content on absorption, the apparent density, the contraction and the resistance during compression have been evaluated. The experimental results showed that the optimized composition could be obtained by adding 10% by weight of coal leading thus to insulating ceramic products with water absorption, a density and resistance to compression of 9.40 %, 1.88 g/cm3, 35.46 MPa, respectively. The results show that coal, when mixed with traditional raw materials, offers the conditions to be used as an additive in the production of lightweight ceramic products. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clay" title="clay">clay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coal" title=" coal"> coal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resistance%20to%20compression" title=" resistance to compression"> resistance to compression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insulating%20bricks" title=" insulating bricks"> insulating bricks</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10532/effect-of-coal-on-engineering-properties-in-building-materials-opportunity-to-manufacturing-insulating-bricks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10532.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">329</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">695</span> Depyritization of US Coal Using Iron-Oxidizing Bacteria: Batch Stirred Reactor Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashish%20Pathak">Ashish Pathak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dong-Jin%20Kim"> Dong-Jin Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haragobinda%20Srichandan"> Haragobinda Srichandan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Byoung-Gon%20Kim"> Byoung-Gon Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Microbial depyritization of coal using chemoautotrophic bacteria is gaining acceptance as an efficient and eco-friendly technique. The process uses the metabolic activity of chemoautotrophic bacteria in removing sulfur and pyrite from the coal. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans in removing the pyritic sulfur and iron from high iron and sulfur containing US coal. The experiment was undertaken in 8 L bench scale stirred tank reactor having 1% (w/v) pulp density of coal. The reactor was operated at 35ºC and aerobic conditions were maintained by sparging the air into the reactor. It was found that at the end of bio-depyritization process, about 90% of pyrite and 67% of pyritic sulfur was removed from the coal. The results indicate that the bio-depyritization process is an efficient process in treating the high pyrite and sulfur containing coal. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=At.ferrooxidans" title="At.ferrooxidans">At.ferrooxidans</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=batch%20reactor" title=" batch reactor"> batch reactor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coal%20desulfurization" title=" coal desulfurization"> coal desulfurization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pyrite" title=" pyrite"> pyrite</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1871/depyritization-of-us-coal-using-iron-oxidizing-bacteria-batch-stirred-reactor-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1871.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">276</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">694</span> Laboratory Scale Experimental Studies on CO₂ Based Underground Coal Gasification in Context of Clean Coal Technology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Geeta%20Kumari">Geeta Kumari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prabu%20Vairakannu"> Prabu Vairakannu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Coal is the largest fossil fuel. In India, around 37 % of coal resources found at a depth of more than 300 meters. In India, more than 70% of electricity production depends on coal. Coal on combustion produces greenhouse and pollutant gases such as CO₂, SOₓ, NOₓ, and H₂S etc. Underground coal gasification (UCG) technology is an efficient and an economic in-situ clean coal technology, which converts these unmineable coals into valuable calorific gases. The UCG syngas (mainly H₂, CO, CH₄ and some lighter hydrocarbons) which can utilized for the production of electricity and manufacturing of various useful chemical feedstock. It is an inherent clean coal technology as it avoids ash disposal, mining, transportation and storage problems. Gasification of underground coal using steam as a gasifying medium is not an easy process because sending superheated steam to deep underground coal leads to major transportation difficulties and cost effective. Therefore, for reducing this problem, we have used CO₂ as a gasifying medium, which is a major greenhouse gas. This paper focus laboratory scale underground coal gasification experiment on a coal block by using CO₂ as a gasifying medium. In the present experiment, first, we inject oxygen for combustion for 1 hour and when the temperature of the zones reached to more than 1000 ºC, and then we started supplying of CO₂ as a gasifying medium. The gasification experiment was performed at an atmospheric pressure of CO₂, and it was found that the amount of CO produced due to Boudouard reaction (C+CO₂  2CO) is around 35%. The experiment conducted to almost 5 hours. The maximum gas composition observed, 35% CO, 22 % H₂, and 11% CH4 with LHV 248.1 kJ/mol at CO₂/O₂ ratio 0.4 by volume. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underground%20coal%20gasification" title="underground coal gasification">underground coal gasification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clean%20coal%20technology" title=" clean coal technology"> clean coal technology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calorific%20value" title=" calorific value"> calorific value</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=syngas" title=" syngas"> syngas</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73112/laboratory-scale-experimental-studies-on-co2-based-underground-coal-gasification-in-context-of-clean-coal-technology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73112.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">229</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">693</span> Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Potential of White and Brown Sesame Seed Oils</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatima%20Bello">Fatima Bello</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibrahim%20Sani"> Ibrahim Sani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Medicinal plants are the most important sources of life saving drugs for the majority of world’s population. People of all continents have used hundreds to thousands of indigenous plants in curing and management of many diseases. Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the most widely cultivated species for its nutritious and medicinal seeds and oil. This research was carried out to determine the flavonoid content and antioxidant potential of two varieties of sesame seeds oil. Oil extraction was done using Soxhlet apparatus. The percentage oil yield for white and brown seeds were 47.85% and 20.72%, respectively. Flavonoid was present in both seeds with concentration of 480 mg/g and 360 mg/g in white and brown sesame seeds, respectively. The antioxidant potential was determined at different oil volume; 1.00, 0.75, 0.50 and 0.25ml. The results for the white and brown sesame seed oils were 96.8 and 70.7, 91.0 and 65.2, 83.1 and 55.4, 77.9 and 50.2, respectively. The white seed oil has higher oil yield than the brown seed oil. Likewise, the white seed oil has more flavonoid content than the brown seed oil and also better reducing power than the brown seed oil. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidant%20potential" title="antioxidant potential">antioxidant potential</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brown%20sesame%20seeds" title=" brown sesame seeds"> brown sesame seeds</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flavonoid%20content" title=" flavonoid content"> flavonoid content</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sesame%20seed%20oil" title=" sesame seed oil"> sesame seed oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sesamum%20indicum%20L." title=" Sesamum indicum L."> Sesamum indicum L.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=white%20sesame%20seeds" title=" white sesame seeds "> white sesame seeds </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32097/flavonoid-content-and-antioxidant-potential-of-white-and-brown-sesame-seed-oils" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32097.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">458</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">692</span> Exploring the Relationship between Building Construction Activity and Road-Related Expenditure in Victoria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Md.%20Aftabuzzaman">Md. Aftabuzzaman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Md.%20Kamruzzaman"> Md. Kamruzzaman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Road-related expenditure and building construction activity are two significant drivers of the Victorian economy. This paper investigates the relationship between building construction activity and road-related expenditure. Data for construction activities were collected from Victorian Building Authority, and road-related expenditure data were explored by the Bureau of Infrastructure and Transport Research Economics. The trend between these two sectors was compared. The analysis found a strong relationship between road-related expenditure and the volume of construction activity, i.e., the more construction activities, the greater the requirement of road-related expenditure, or vice-versa. The road-related expenditure has a two-year lag period, suggesting that the road sector requires two years to respond to the growth in the building sector. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building%20construction%20activity" title="building construction activity">building construction activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrastructure" title=" infrastructure"> infrastructure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20expenditure" title=" road expenditure"> road expenditure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Victorian%20Building%20Authority" title=" Victorian Building Authority"> Victorian Building Authority</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151164/exploring-the-relationship-between-building-construction-activity-and-road-related-expenditure-in-victoria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151164.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">129</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">691</span> The Science of Dreaming and Sleep in Selected Charles Dickens' Novels and Letters</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olga%20Colbert">Olga Colbert</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present work examines the representation of dreaming in Charles Dickens’ novels, particularly Oliver Twist. Dickens showed great interest in the science of dreaming and had ample knowledge of the latest dream theories in the Victorian era, as can be seen in his personal correspondence, most notably in his famous letter to Dr. Thomas Stone on 2/2/1851. This essay places Dickens’ personal writings side by side with his novels to elucidate whether the scientific paradigm about dreaming included in the novel is consistent with the current (in Dickens’ time) scientific knowledge, or whether it is anachronistic or visionary (ahead of his time). Oliver Twist is particularly useful because it contains entire passages pondering on the nature of dreaming, enumerating types of common dreams, and taking a stand on the interference of sensory perception during the dreaming state. The author is particularly intrigued by Dickens’ assumption of the commonality and universality of lucid dreaming as revealed in these passages. This essay places popular Victorian dream theories, such as those contained in Robert Macnish’s The Philosophy of Sleep, side by side with recent dream theory, particularly psychophysiologist Stephen LaBerge’s numerous articles and books on the topic of lucid dreaming to see if Dickens deviated in any way from the reigning paradigm of the Victorian era in his representation of dreaming in his novels. While Dickens puts to great narrative use many of the characteristics of dreaming described by leading Victorian theorists, the author of this study argues, however, that Dickens’ most visionary statements derive from his acute observations of his own dreaming experiences. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=consciousness" title="consciousness">consciousness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dickens" title=" Dickens"> Dickens</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dreaming" title=" dreaming"> dreaming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lucid%20dreaming" title=" lucid dreaming"> lucid dreaming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Victorian" title=" Victorian"> Victorian</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70169/the-science-of-dreaming-and-sleep-in-selected-charles-dickens-novels-and-letters" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70169.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">289</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">690</span> Analysis of Coal Tar Compositions Produced from Sub-Bituminous Kalimantan Coal Tar</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dewi%20Selvia%20Fardhyanti">Dewi Selvia Fardhyanti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Astrilia%20Damayanti"> Astrilia Damayanti</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Coal tar is a liquid by-product of coal pyrolysis processes. This liquid oil mixture contains various kind of useful compounds such as benzoic aromatic compounds and phenolic compounds. These compounds are widely used as raw material for insecticides, dyes, medicines, perfumes, coloring matters, and many others. The coal tar was collected by pyrolysis process of coal obtained from PT Kaltim Prima Coal and Arutmin-Kalimantan. The experiments typically occurred at the atmospheric pressure in a laboratory furnace at temperatures ranging from 300 to 550oC with a heating rate of 10oC/min and a holding time of 1 hour at the pyrolysis temperature. Nitrogen gas has been used to obtain the inert condition and to carry the gaseous pyrolysis products. The pyrolysis transformed organic materials into gaseous components, small quantities of liquid, and a solid residue (coke) containing fixed amount of carbon and ash. The composition of gas which is produced from the pyrolysis is carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, and other hydrocarbon compounds. The gas was condensed and the liquid containing oil/tar and water was obtained. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) was used to analyze the coal tar components. The obtained coal tar has the viscosity of 3.12 cp, the density of 2.78 g/cm3, the calorific value of 11,048.44 cal/g, and the molecular weight of 222.67. The analysis result showed that the coal tar contained more than 78 chemical compounds such as benzene, cresol, phenol, xylene, naphtalene, etc. The total phenolic compounds contained in coal tar is 33.25% (PT KPC) and 17.58% (Arutmin-Kalimantan). The total naphtalene compounds contained in coal tar is 14.15% (PT KPC) and 17.13% (Arutmin-Kalimantan). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coal%20tar" title="coal tar">coal tar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pyrolysis" title=" pyrolysis"> pyrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gas%20chromatography-mass%20spectroscopy" title=" gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy"> gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28336/analysis-of-coal-tar-compositions-produced-from-sub-bituminous-kalimantan-coal-tar" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28336.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">328</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">689</span> Oxygen Enriched Co-Combustion of Sub-Bituminous Coal/Biomass Waste Fuel Blends</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chaouki%20Ghenai">Chaouki Ghenai </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Computational Fluid Dynamic analysis of co-combustion of coal/biomass waste fuel blends is presented in this study. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effects of biomass portions (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%: weight percent) blended with coal and oxygen concentrations (21% for air, 35%, 50%, 75% and 100 % for pure oxygen) on the combustion performance and emissions. The goal is to reduce the air emissions from power plants coal combustion. Sub-bituminous Nigerian coal with calorific value of 32.51 MJ/kg and sawdust (biomass) with calorific value of 16.68 MJ/kg is used in this study. Coal/Biomass fuel blends co-combustion is modeled using mixture fraction/pdf approach for non-premixed combustion and Discrete Phase Modeling (DPM) to predict the trajectories and the heat/mass transfer of the fuel blend particles. The results show the effects of oxygen concentrations and biomass portions in the coal/biomass fuel blends on the gas and particles temperatures, the flow field, the devolitization and burnout rates inside the combustor and the CO2 and NOX emissions at the exit from the combustor. The results obtained in the course of this study show the benefits of enriching combustion air with oxygen and blending biomass waste with coal for reducing the harmful emissions from coal power plants. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=co-combustion" title="co-combustion">co-combustion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coal" title=" coal"> coal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomass" title=" biomass"> biomass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuel%20blends" title=" fuel blends"> fuel blends</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFD" title=" CFD"> CFD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=air%20emissions" title=" air emissions"> air emissions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39208/oxygen-enriched-co-combustion-of-sub-bituminous-coalbiomass-waste-fuel-blends" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39208.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">417</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">688</span> Abandoned Mine Methane Mitigation in the United States</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jerome%20Blackman">Jerome Blackman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pamela%20Franklin"> Pamela Franklin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Volha%20Roshchanka"> Volha Roshchanka</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The US coal mining sector accounts for 6% of total US Methane emissions (2021). 60% of US coal mining methane emissions come from active underground mine ventilation systems. Abandoned mines contribute about 13% of methane emissions from coal mining. While there are thousands of abandoned underground coal mines in the US, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that fewer than 100 have sufficient methane resources for viable methane recovery and use projects. Many abandoned mines are in remote areas far from potential energy customers and may be flooded, further complicating methane recovery. Because these mines are no longer active, recovery projects can be simpler to implement. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=abandoned%20mines" title="abandoned mines">abandoned mines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coal%20mine%20methane" title=" coal mine methane"> coal mine methane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coal%20mining" title=" coal mining"> coal mining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methane%20emissions" title=" methane emissions"> methane emissions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methane%20mitigation" title=" methane mitigation"> methane mitigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recovery%20and%20use" title=" recovery and use"> recovery and use</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176222/abandoned-mine-methane-mitigation-in-the-united-states" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176222.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">78</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">687</span> Analysis of Gas Transport and Sorption Processes in Coal under Confining Pressure Conditions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anna%20Pajdak">Anna Pajdak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mateusz%20%20Kudasik"> Mateusz Kudasik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Norbert%20%20Skoczylas"> Norbert Skoczylas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Leticia%20Teixeira%20Palla%20Braga"> Leticia Teixeira Palla Braga </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A substantial majority of gas transport and sorption researches into coal are carried out on samples that are free of stress. In natural conditions, coal occurs at considerable depths, which often exceed 1000 meters. In such conditions, coal is subjected to geostatic pressure. Thus, in natural conditions, the sorption capacity of coal subjected to geostatic pressure can differ considerably from the sorption capacity of coal, determined in laboratory conditions, which is free of stress. The work presents the results of filtration and sorption tests of gases in coal under confining pressure conditions. The tests were carried out on the author's device, which ensures: confining pressure regulation in the range of 0-30 MPa, isobaric gas pressure conditions, and registration of changes in sample volume during its gas saturation. Based on the conducted research it was found, among others, that the sorption capacity of coal relative to CO₂ was reduced by about 15% as a result of the change in the confining pressure from 1.5 MPa to 30 MPa exerted on the sample. The same change in sample load caused a significant, more than tenfold reduction in carbon permeability to CO₂. The results confirmed that a load of coal corresponding to a hydrostatic pressure of 1000 meters underground reduces its permeability and sorption properties. These results are so important that the effect of load on the sorption properties of coal should be taken into account in laboratory studies on the applicability of CO₂ Enhanced Coal Bed Methane Recovery (CO₂-ECBM) technology. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coal" title="coal">coal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=confining%20pressure" title=" confining pressure"> confining pressure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gas%20transport" title=" gas transport"> gas transport</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sorption" title=" sorption"> sorption</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124125/analysis-of-gas-transport-and-sorption-processes-in-coal-under-confining-pressure-conditions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124125.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">121</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">686</span> Quest for Literary Past: A Study of Byatt’s Possession</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chen%20Jun">Chen Jun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Antonia Susan Byatt’s Possession: A Romance has been misread as a postmodern pastiche novel since its publication because there are epics, epigraphs, lyrics, fairy tales, epistles, and even critical articles swollen in this work. The word ‘pastiche’ suggests messy, disorganized, and chaotic, which buries its artistic excellence while overlooking its subtitle, A Romance. The center of romance is the quest that the hero sets forth to conquer the adversity, hardship, and danger to accomplish a task to prove his identity or social worth. This paper argues that Byatt’s Possession is not a postmodern pastiche novel but rather a postmodern romance in which the characters in the academic world set forth their quest into the Victorian literary past that is nostalgically identified by Byatt as the Golden Age of English literature. In doing so, these five following issues are addressed: first, the origin of the protagonist Roland, and consequently, the nature of his quest; second, the central image of the dragon created by the fictional Victorian poet Henry Ash; third, Melusine as an image of female serpent created by the fictional Victorian poet Christabel LaMotte; fourth, the images of the two ladies; last, the image of water that links the dragon and the serpent. In Possession, the past is reinvented not as an unfortunate fall but as a Golden Age presented in the imaginative academic adventure. The dragon, a stereotypical symbol of evil, becomes the symbol of life in Byatt’s work, which parallels with the image of the mythical phoenix that can resurrect from its own ash. At the same time, the phoenix symbolizes Byatt’s efforts to revive the Victorian poetic art that is supposed to be dead in the post-capitalism society when the novel is the dominating literary genre and poetry becomes the minority. The fictional Victorian poet Ash is in fact Byatt’s own poetic mask through which she breathes life into the lost poetic artistry in the postmodern era. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Byatt" title="Byatt">Byatt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=possession" title=" possession"> possession</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=postmodern%20romance" title=" postmodern romance"> postmodern romance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=literary%20past" title=" literary past"> literary past</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29962/quest-for-literary-past-a-study-of-byatts-possession" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29962.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">414</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">685</span> Consequential Effects of Coal Utilization on Urban Water Supply Sources – a Study of Ajali River in Enugu State Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Enebe%20Christian%20Chukwudi">Enebe Christian Chukwudi </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Water bodies around the world notably underground water, ground water, rivers, streams, and seas, face degradation of their water quality as a result of activities associated with coal utilization including coal mining, coal processing, coal burning, waste storage and thermal pollution from coal plants which tend to contaminate these water bodies. This contamination results from heavy metals, presence of sulphate and iron, dissolved solids, mercury and other toxins contained in coal ash, sludge, and coal waste. These wastes sometimes find their way to sources of urban water supply and contaminate them. A major problem encountered in the supply of potable water to Enugu municipality is the contamination of Ajali River, the source of water supply to Enugu municipal by coal waste. Hydro geochemical analysis of Ajali water samples indicate high sulphate and iron content, high total dissolved solids(TDS), low pH (acidity values) and significant hardness in addition to presence of heavy metals, mercury, and other toxins. This is indicative of the following remedial measures: I. Proper disposal of mine wastes at designated disposal sites that are suitably prepared. II. Proper water treatment and III. Reduction of coal related contaminants taking advantage of clean coal technology. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effects" title="effects">effects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coal" title=" coal"> coal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=utilization" title=" utilization"> utilization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20quality" title=" water quality"> water quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sources" title=" sources"> sources</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste" title=" waste"> waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contamination" title=" contamination"> contamination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=treatment" title=" treatment"> treatment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16098/consequential-effects-of-coal-utilization-on-urban-water-supply-sources-a-study-of-ajali-river-in-enugu-state-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16098.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">424</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">684</span> Co-Pyrolysis of Bituminous Coal with Peat by Thermogravimetric Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ceren%20Efe">Ceren Efe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hale%20S%C3%BCt%C3%A7%C3%BC"> Hale Sütçü</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, the pyrolysis of bituminous coal, peat and their blends formed by mixing various ratios of them were examined by thermogravimetric analysis method. Thermogravimetric analyses of peat, bituminous coal and their blends in the proportions of 25 %, 50 % and 75 % were performed at heating rate of 10 °C/min and from the room temperature until to 800 °C temperature, in a nitrogen atmosphere of 100 ml/min. Kinetic parameters for the pyrolysis process were calculated using Coats&Redfern kinetic model. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bituminous%20coal" title="bituminous coal">bituminous coal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=peat" title=" peat"> peat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pyrolysis" title=" pyrolysis"> pyrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermogravimetric%20analysis" title=" thermogravimetric analysis"> thermogravimetric analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Coats%26Redfern" title=" Coats&Redfern"> Coats&Redfern</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62239/co-pyrolysis-of-bituminous-coal-with-peat-by-thermogravimetric-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62239.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">262</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">683</span> Combination Urea and KCl with Powder Coal Sub-Bituminous to Increase Nutrient Content of Ultisols in Limau Manis Padang West Sumatra</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amsar%20Maulana">Amsar Maulana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rafdea%20Syafitri"> Rafdea Syafitri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Topanal%20%20Gustiranda"> Topanal Gustiranda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Natasya%20Permatasari"> Natasya Permatasari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Herviyanti"> Herviyanti</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Coal as an alternative source of humic material that has the potential of 973.92 million tons (sub-bituminous amounted to 673.70 million tons) in West Sumatera. The purpose of this research was to study combination Urea and KCl with powder coal Sub-bituminous to increase nutrient content of Ultisols In Limau Manis Padang West Sumatera. The experiment was designed in Completely Randomized Design with 3 replications, those were T1) 0.5% (50g plot-1) of powder coal Sub-bituminous; T2) T1 and 125% (7.03g plot-1 ) of Urea recommendation; T3) T1 and 125% (5.85g plot-1) of KCl recommendation; T4) 1.0% (100g plot-1) of powder coal Sub-bituminous; T5) T4 and 125% (7.03g plot-1 ) of Urea recommendation; T6) T4 and 125% (5.85g plot-1) of KCl recommendation; T7) 1.5% (150g plot-1) of powder coal Sub-bituminous; T8) T7 and 125% (7.03g plot-1 ) of Urea recommendation; T9) T7 and 125% (5.85g plot-1) of KCl recommendation. The results showed that application 1.5% of powder coal Sub-bituminous and 125% of Urea recommendation could increase nutrient content of Ultisols such as pH by 0.33 unit, Organic – C by 2.03%, total – N by 0.31%, Available P by 14.16 ppm and CEC by 19.38 me 100g-1 after 2 weeks of incubation process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=KCl" title="KCl">KCl</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sub-bituminous" title=" sub-bituminous"> sub-bituminous</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultisols" title=" ultisols"> ultisols</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urea" title=" urea"> urea</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67115/combination-urea-and-kcl-with-powder-coal-sub-bituminous-to-increase-nutrient-content-of-ultisols-in-limau-manis-padang-west-sumatra" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67115.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">264</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">682</span> In-situ Oxygen Enrichment for Underground Coal Gasification </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adesola%20O.%20Orimoloye">Adesola O. Orimoloye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Edward%20Gobina"> Edward Gobina</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Membrane separation technology is still considered as an emerging technology in the mining sector and does not yet have the widespread acceptance that it has in other industrial sectors. Underground Coal Gasification (UCG), wherein coal is converted to gas in-situ, is a safer alternative to mining method that retains all pollutants underground making the process environmentally friendly. In-situ combustion of coal for power generation allows access to more of the physical global coal resource than would be included in current economically recoverable reserve estimates. Where mining is no longer taking place, for economic or geological reasons, controlled gasification permits exploitation of the deposit (again a reaction of coal to form a synthesis gas) of coal seams in situ. The oxygen supply stage is one of the most expensive parts of any gasification project but the use of membranes is a potentially attractive approach for producing oxygen-enriched air. In this study, a variety of cost-effective membrane materials that gives an optimal amount of oxygen concentrations in the range of interest was designed and tested at diverse operating conditions. Oxygen-enriched atmosphere improves the combustion temperature but a decline is observed if oxygen concentration exceeds optimum. Experimental result also reveals the preparatory method, apparatus and performance of the fabricated membrane. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=membranes" title="membranes">membranes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxygen-enrichment" title=" oxygen-enrichment"> oxygen-enrichment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gasification" title=" gasification"> gasification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coal" title=" coal"> coal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21892/in-situ-oxygen-enrichment-for-underground-coal-gasification" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21892.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">460</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">681</span> Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium Study in Solvent Extraction of o-Cresol from Coal Tar</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dewi%20Selvia%20Fardhyanti">Dewi Selvia Fardhyanti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Astrilia%20Damayanti"> Astrilia Damayanti</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Coal tar is a liquid by-product of the process of coal gasification and carbonation, also in some industries such as steel, power plant, cement, and others. This liquid oil mixture contains various kinds of useful compounds such as aromatic compounds and phenolic compounds. These compounds are widely used as raw material for insecticides, dyes, medicines, perfumes, coloring matters, and many others. This research investigates thermodynamic modelling of liquid-liquid equilibria (LLE) in solvent extraction of o-Cresol from the coal tar. The equilibria are modeled by ternary components of Wohl, Van Laar, and Three-Suffix Margules models. The values of the parameters involved are obtained by curve-fitting to the experimental data. Based on the comparison between calculated and experimental data, it turns out that among the three models studied, the Three-Suffix Margules seems to be the best to predict the LLE of o-Cresol for those system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coal%20tar" title="coal tar">coal tar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=o-Cresol" title=" o-Cresol"> o-Cresol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wohl" title=" Wohl"> Wohl</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Van%20Laar" title=" Van Laar"> Van Laar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=three-suffix%20margules" title=" three-suffix margules"> three-suffix margules</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46569/liquid-liquid-equilibrium-study-in-solvent-extraction-of-o-cresol-from-coal-tar" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46569.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">277</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">680</span> Coal Preparation Plant:Technology Overview and New Adaptations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amit%20Kumar%20Sinha">Amit Kumar Sinha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A coal preparation plant typically operates with multiple beneficiation circuits to process individual size fractions of coal obtained from mine so that the targeted overall plant efficiency in terms of yield and ash is achieved. Conventional coal beneficiation plant in India or overseas operates generally in two methods of processing; coarse beneficiation with treatment in dense medium cyclones or in baths and fines beneficiation with treatment in flotation cell. This paper seeks to address the proven application of intermediate circuit along with coarse and fines circuit in Jamadoba New Coal Preparation Plant of capacity 2 Mt/y to treat -0.5 mm+0.25 mm size particles in reflux classifier. Previously this size of particles was treated directly in Flotation cell which had operational and metallurgical limitations which will be discussed in brief in this paper. The paper also details test work results performed on the representative samples of TSL coal washeries to determine the top size of intermediate and fines circuit and discusses about the overlapping process of intermediate circuit and how it is process wise suitable to beneficiate misplaced particles from coarse circuit and fines circuit. This paper also compares the separation efficiency (Ep) of various intermediate circuit process equipment and tries to validate the use of reflux classifier over fine coal DMC or spirals. An overview of Modern coal preparation plant treating Indian coal especially Washery Grade IV coal with reference to Jamadoba New Coal Preparation Plant which was commissioned in 2018 with basis of selection of equipment and plant profile, application of reflux classifier in intermediate circuit and process design criteria is also outlined in this paper. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intermediate%20circuit" title="intermediate circuit">intermediate circuit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=overlapping%20process" title=" overlapping process"> overlapping process</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reflux%20classifier" title=" reflux classifier"> reflux classifier</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122497/coal-preparation-planttechnology-overview-and-new-adaptations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122497.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">136</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Victorian%20brown%20coal&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Victorian%20brown%20coal&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Victorian%20brown%20coal&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Victorian%20brown%20coal&page=5">5</a></li> <li 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href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Victorian%20brown%20coal&page=24">24</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Victorian%20brown%20coal&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul 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