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Грабливост — Википедија

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data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Главно мени</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">премести во страничникот</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">скриј</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Прегледник </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Посети главна страница [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Главна страница</span></a></li><li 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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>Скорешни промени</span></a></li><li id="n-pump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0"><span>Селска чешма</span></a></li><li id="n-Викисредби" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B0"><span>Викисредби</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Место каде што може да се информирате."><span>Помош</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Википедија" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-sr.svg" style="width: 7.8125em; height: 1.4375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Слободна енциклопедија" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-mk.svg" width="114" height="11" style="width: 7.125em; height: 0.6875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Пребарај низ Википедија [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Пребарај</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Пребарајте по Википедија" aria-label="Пребарајте по Википедија" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Пребарај низ Википедија [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Специјална:Барај"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Пребарај</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Лични алатки"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Изглед"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Сменете ги големината на фонтот, ширината и бојата" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Изглед" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Изглед</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_mk.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=mk" class=""><span>Дарување</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&amp;returnto=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Ви препорачуваме да направите сметка и да се најавите, иако тоа не е задолжително" class=""><span>Направи сметка</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5&amp;returnto=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Ви препорачуваме да се најавите, иако тоа не е задолжително. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Најава</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Повеќе можности" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Лични алатки" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Лични алатки</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Корисничко мени" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_mk.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=mk"><span>Дарување</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&amp;returnto=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Ви препорачуваме да направите сметка и да се најавите, иако тоа не е задолжително"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Направи сметка</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5&amp;returnto=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Ви препорачуваме да се најавите, иако тоа не е задолжително. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Најава</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Страници за одјавени уредници <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%88:%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4" aria-label="Дознајте повеќе за уредувањето"><span>дознајте повеќе</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Список на уредувања направени од оваа IP-адреса [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Придонеси</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Разговор за уредувањата од оваа IP-адреса [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Разговор</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Eтргни\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"anonnotice\" lang=\"mk\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"background:white\"\u003E\n\u003Cfigure class=\"mw-halign-left\" typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:F_icon.svg\" class=\"mw-file-description\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/F_icon.svg/25px-F_icon.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/F_icon.svg/38px-F_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/F_icon.svg/50px-F_icon.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"128\" data-file-height=\"128\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003Cfigcaption\u003E\u003C/figcaption\u003E\u003C/figure\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EСледете ја Википедија на македонски јазик на \u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"plainlinks\"\u003E\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.facebook.com/mk.wikipedia\"\u003EFacebook\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/b\u003E\nи на \u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"plainlinks\"\u003E\u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.instagram.com/wikimedia_mkd\"\u003EInstagram\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/b\u003E!\n\u003Cbr style=\"clear:both;\" /\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cfigure class=\"mw-halign-left\" typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg\" class=\"mw-file-description\" title=\"Уредувачки викенд „Зелен ’Рт“\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"Уредувачки викенд „Зелен ’Рт“\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"35\" height=\"21\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/53px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/70px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1020\" data-file-height=\"600\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003Cfigcaption\u003EУредувачки викенд „Зелен ’Рт“\u003C/figcaption\u003E\u003C/figure\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EСе известуваат сите заинтересирани уредници на Википедија на македонски јазик дека во периодот 30 ноември - 1 декември 2024 година ќе се одржи \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8\" title=\"Википедија:Уредувачки викенди\"\u003Eуредувачки викенд\u003C/a\u003E на тема „\u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8_2024#Зелен_’Рт\" title=\"Википедија:Уредувачки викенди 2024\"\u003EЗелен ’Рт\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E“.\n\u003Cbr style=\"clear:both;\" /\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cfigure class=\"mw-halign-left\" typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Wikipe-tan_mopping.png\" class=\"mw-file-description\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Wikipe-tan_mopping.png/25px-Wikipe-tan_mopping.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"25\" height=\"30\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Wikipe-tan_mopping.png/38px-Wikipe-tan_mopping.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Wikipe-tan_mopping.png/50px-Wikipe-tan_mopping.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1800\" data-file-height=\"2149\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003Cfigcaption\u003E\u003C/figcaption\u003E\u003C/figure\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EСе известуваат сите заинтересирани уредници дека во периодот од 4 ноември до 3 декември 2024 година се одржува \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8\" title=\"Википедија:Уредувачки натпревари\"\u003Eуредувачки натпревар\u003C/a\u003E за \u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_(2024)\" title=\"Википедија:Уредувачки натпревари/Средување (2024)\"\u003Eсредување на статии\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E. Прочитајте ги правилата и вклучете се!\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Мрежно место"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Содржина" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Содржина</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">премести во страничникот</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">скриј</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Почеток</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Дефиниција" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Дефиниција"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Дефиниција</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Дефиниција-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Таксономски_опсег" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Таксономски_опсег"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Таксономски опсег</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Таксономски_опсег-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Пребарување_храна" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Пребарување_храна"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Пребарување храна</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Пребарување_храна-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Префрли на пододделот Пребарување храна</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Пребарување_храна-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Пребарување" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Пребарување"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Пребарување</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Пребарување-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Проценка" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Проценка"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Проценка</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Проценка-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Лов" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Лов"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Лов</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Лов-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Заседа" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Заседа"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Заседа</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Заседа-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Балистичко_пресретнување" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Балистичко_пресретнување"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Балистичко пресретнување</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Балистичко_пресретнување-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Извршување" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Извршување"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Извршување</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Извршување-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ракување" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ракување"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Ракување</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ракување-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Осамен_наспроти_социјален_грабливец" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Осамен_наспроти_социјален_грабливец"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Осамен наспроти социјален грабливец</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Осамен_наспроти_социјален_грабливец-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Специјализација" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Специјализација"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Специјализација</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Специјализација-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Префрли на пододделот Специјализација</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Специјализација-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Физички_адаптации" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Физички_адаптации"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Физички адаптации</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Физички_адаптации-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Исхрана_и_однесување" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Исхрана_и_однесување"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Исхрана и однесување</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Исхрана_и_однесување-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Камуфлажа_и_мимикрија" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Камуфлажа_и_мимикрија"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Камуфлажа и мимикрија</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Камуфлажа_и_мимикрија-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Отров" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Отров"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Отров</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Отров-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Електрични_полиња" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Електрични_полиња"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Електрични полиња</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Електрични_полиња-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Физиологија" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Физиологија"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Физиологија</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Физиологија-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Противграбливски_приспособувања" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Противграбливски_приспособувања"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Противграбливски приспособувања</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Противграбливски_приспособувања-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Коеволуција" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Коеволуција"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Коеволуција</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Коеволуција-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Улога_во_екосистемите" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Улога_во_екосистемите"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Улога во екосистемите</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Улога_во_екосистемите-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Префрли на пододделот Улога во екосистемите</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Улога_во_екосистемите-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Трофично_ниво" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Трофично_ниво"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Трофично ниво</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Трофично_ниво-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Биолошка_разновидност_одржана_со_врвна_грабливост" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Биолошка_разновидност_одржана_со_врвна_грабливост"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Биолошка разновидност одржана со врвна грабливост</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Биолошка_разновидност_одржана_со_врвна_грабливост-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Динамика_на_населението" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Динамика_на_населението"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Динамика на населението</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Динамика_на_населението-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Еволутивна_историја" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Еволутивна_историја"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Еволутивна историја</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Еволутивна_историја-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Во_човечкото_општество" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Во_човечкото_општество"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Во човечкото општество</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Во_човечкото_општество-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Префрли на пододделот Во човечкото општество</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Во_човечкото_општество-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Практични_употреби" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Практични_употреби"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Практични употреби</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Практични_употреби-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Симболички_употреби" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Симболички_употреби"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Симболички употреби</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Симболички_употреби-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Белешки" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Белешки"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Белешки</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Белешки-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Наводи" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Наводи"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Наводи</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Наводи-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Извори" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Извори"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Извори</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Извори-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Надворешни_врски" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Надворешни_врски"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Надворешни врски</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Надворешни_врски-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Содржина" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Прик./скр. содржина" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Прик./скр. содржина</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Грабливост</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Појдете на статија на друг јазик. Достапно на 70 јазици" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 јазици</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predasie" title="Predasie — африканс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Predasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африканс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="добра статија"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="افتراس — арапски" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="افتراس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арапски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depredaci%C3%B3n" title="Depredación — арагонски" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Depredación" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="арагонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depredaci%C3%B3n" title="Depredación — астурски" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Depredación" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C4%B1rt%C4%B1c%C4%B1l%C4%B1q" title="Yırtıcılıq — азербејџански" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yırtıcılıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербејџански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Драпежніцтва — белоруски" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Драпежніцтва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="белоруски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Хищничество — бугарски" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хищничество" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="бугарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predacija" title="Predacija — босански" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Predacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="босански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depredaci%C3%B3" title="Depredació — каталонски" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Depredació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%83%D1%82%D0%BA%C4%83%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Çăткăнлăх — чувашки" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çăткăнлăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A6dation" title="Prædation — дански" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Prædation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="дански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4dation" title="Prädation — германски" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Prädation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="германски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisklus" title="Kisklus — естонски" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kisklus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="естонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="добра статија"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predation" title="Predation — англиски" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Predation" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="англиски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depredaci%C3%B3n" title="Depredación — шпански" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Depredación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="шпански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predado" title="Predado — есперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Predado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="есперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harraparitza" title="Harraparitza — баскиски" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Harraparitza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскиски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="شکارگری — персиски" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شکارگری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персиски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predati%C3%B3n" title="Predatión — фарски" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Predatión" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="фарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9dation" title="Prédation — француски" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Prédation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="француски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predaasje" title="Predaasje — западнофризиски" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Predaasje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="западнофризиски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depredaci%C3%B3n" title="Depredación — галициски" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Depredación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галициски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EC%8B%9D" title="포식 — корејски" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포식" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корејски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գիշատչություն — ерменски" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գիշատչություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ерменски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="परभक्षण — хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="परभक्षण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predato" title="Predato — идо" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Predato" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="идо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemangsaan" title="Pemangsaan — индонезиски" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemangsaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезиски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Predator" title="I-Predator — коса" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Predator" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="коса" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afr%C3%A1n" title="Afrán — исландски" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Afrán" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predazione" title="Predazione — италијански" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Predazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="италијански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%94" title="טריפה — хебрејски" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טריפה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="хебрејски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%95" title="ಭಕ್ಷಕ — каннада" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಕ್ಷಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="каннада" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მტაცებლობა — грузиски" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მტაცებლობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузиски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praedatio_(biologia)" title="Praedatio (biologia) — латински" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Praedatio (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C4%93son%C4%ABba" title="Plēsonība — латвиски" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Plēsonība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латвиски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okugajambula(Predation)" title="Okugajambula(Predation) — ганда" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Okugajambula(Predation)" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ганда" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragadoz%C3%B3_%C3%A9letm%C3%B3d" title="Ragadozó életmód — унгарски" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ragadozó életmód" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="унгарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemangsaan" title="Pemangsaan — малајски" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemangsaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малајски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatie" title="Predatie — холандски" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Predatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="холандски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8D%95%E9%A3%9F" title="捕食 — јапонски" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="捕食" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="јапонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predasjon" title="Predasjon — норвешки букмол" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Predasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвешки букмол" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predasjon" title="Predasjon — норвешки нинорск" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Predasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="норвешки нинорск" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamsoo" title="Adamsoo — оромо" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Adamsoo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="оромо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yirtqichlik" title="Yirtqichlik — узбечки" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yirtqichlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбечки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਸ਼ਿਕਾਰਖ਼ੋਰੀ — пенџапски" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਿਕਾਰਖ਼ੋਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="пенџапски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drapie%C5%BCnictwo" title="Drapieżnictwo — полски" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Drapieżnictwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="полски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preda%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Predação — португалски" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Predação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Хищничество — руски" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хищничество" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatorizmi_(prer%C3%ABmbimi)" title="Predatorizmi (prerëmbimi) — албански" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Predatorizmi (prerëmbimi)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predation" title="Predation — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Predation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plenilstvo" title="Plenilstvo — словенечки" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Plenilstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенечки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahal" title="Bahal — сомалиски" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bahal" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="сомалиски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8E%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="نێچیرگری — централнокурдски" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نێچیرگری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="централнокурдски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predacija" title="Predacija — српски" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Predacija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="српски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predacija" title="Predacija — српскохрватски" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Predacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="српскохрватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saalistus" title="Saalistus — фински" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saalistus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predation" title="Predation — шведски" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Predation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandaragit" title="Pandaragit — тагалог" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pandaragit" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="тагалог" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8C%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="இரைகௌவல் — тамилски" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரைகௌவல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамилски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagemra" title="Tagemra — кабилски" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tagemra" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="кабилски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Ерткычлык — татарски" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ерткычлык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="татарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD" title="การล่าเหยื่อ — тајландски" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การล่าเหยื่อ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тајландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C4%B1rt%C4%B1c%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" title="Yırtıcılık — турски" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yırtıcılık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Шүүргедекчи — тувански" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Шүүргедекчи" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="тувански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Хижацтво — украински" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хижацтво" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%83n_m%E1%BB%93i" title="Săn mồi — виетнамски" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Săn mồi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="виетнамски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8D%95%E9%A3%9F" title="捕食 — ву" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="捕食" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ву" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8D%95%E9%A3%9F" title="捕食 — кантонски" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="捕食" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seydwan" title="Seydwan — Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Seydwan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8D%95%E9%A3%9F" title="捕食 — кинески" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="捕食" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="кинески" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170430#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Уредување на меѓујазични врски" class="wbc-editpage">Уреди врски</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Именски простори"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Преглед на содржинската страница [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Страница</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80:%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" rel="discussion" title="Разговор за содржинската страница [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Разговор</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Менување на јазичната варијанта" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">македонски</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Посети"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82"><span>Читај</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;veaction=edit" title="Уредете ја страницава [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Уреди</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=edit" title="Уредување на изворниот код на страницава [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Уреди извор</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=history" title="Претходни верзии на оваа страница. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Историја</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Алатки за страници"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="алатник" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">алатник</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Алатки</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">премести во страничникот</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">скриј</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Повеќе можности" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Дејства </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82"><span>Читај</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;veaction=edit" title="Уредете ја страницава [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Уреди</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=edit" title="Уредување на изворниот код на страницава [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Уреди извор</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=history"><span>Историја</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Општо </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Список на сите викистраници што водат овде [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Што води овде</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" rel="nofollow" title="Скорешни промени на страници со врски на оваа страница [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Поврзани промени</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Список на сите службени страници [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Службени страници</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;oldid=5263716" title="Постојана врска до оваа преработка на страницата"><span>Постојана врска</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=info" title="Повеќе информации за страницата"><span>Информации за страницата</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4&amp;page=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;id=5263716&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Информации како да ја наведете оваа страница"><span>Наведи ја страницава</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%9D%D0%B0URL&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%2593%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%2582"><span>Дај скратена URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%2593%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%2582"><span>Преземи QR-код</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Печати/извези </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82"><span>Создај книга</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Преземи како PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;printable=yes" title="Верзија за печатење на оваа страница [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Верзија за печатење</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> На други проекти </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Predation" hreflang="en"><span>Ризница</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170430" title="Врска до поврзаниот предмет во складиштето за податоци [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Предмет на Википодатоци</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Алатки за страници"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Изглед"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Изглед</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">премести во страничникот</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">скриј</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Од Википедија — слободната енциклопедија</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="mk" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Polar_bear_(Ursus_maritimus)_with_its_prey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Polar_bear_%28Ursus_maritimus%29_with_its_prey.jpg/220px-Polar_bear_%28Ursus_maritimus%29_with_its_prey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Polar_bear_%28Ursus_maritimus%29_with_its_prey.jpg/330px-Polar_bear_%28Ursus_maritimus%29_with_its_prey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Polar_bear_%28Ursus_maritimus%29_with_its_prey.jpg/440px-Polar_bear_%28Ursus_maritimus%29_with_its_prey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2745" data-file-height="1544" /></a><figcaption> Осамен грабливец: <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Бела мечка">бела мечка</a> се храни со брадеста фока што ја убила.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Ants_eating_cicada,_jjron_22.11.2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ants_eating_cicada%2C_jjron_22.11.2009.jpg/220px-Ants_eating_cicada%2C_jjron_22.11.2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ants_eating_cicada%2C_jjron_22.11.2009.jpg/330px-Ants_eating_cicada%2C_jjron_22.11.2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ants_eating_cicada%2C_jjron_22.11.2009.jpg/440px-Ants_eating_cicada%2C_jjron_22.11.2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Социјални грабливци&#160;: мравките од месо соработуваат за да се хранат со цикада многу поголема од нив.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Грабливост</b> или <b>предација</b> — биолошки однос каде што еден организам, <b>грабливецот</b> (<b>предатор</b>), убива и јаде друг организам, неговиот <b>плен</b>. Тоа е едно од семејството на вообичаени однесувања за хранење кое вклучува <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Паразитизам">паразитизам</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Паразитизам">микрограбливост</a> (кои обично не го убиваат домаќинот) и паразитоидизам (што секогаш го прави, на крајот). Се разликува од <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%80%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Мршојадни животни">чистењето</a> на мртвиот плен, иако многу грабливци исто така чистат; се преклопува со <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Растителнојадно животно">тревопасните животни</a>, бидејќи грабливците на семињата и деструктивните фрујадци се грабливци. </p><p>Грабливците можат активно да бараат или да го гонат пленот или да го чекаат, честопати скриен. Кога е откриен плен, грабливецот проценува дали да го нападне. Ова може да вклучува заседа или потера пред грабнување, понекогаш по следење на пленот. Ако нападот е успешен, грабливецот го убива пленот, ги отстранува сите нејадливи делови како лушпата или боцките и го јаде. </p><p>Грабливците се приспособени и често се високо специјализирани за лов, со акутни сетила како што се <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Око">видот</a>, слухот или мирисот . Многу грабливи <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Животно">животни</a>, и <a href="/wiki/%E2%80%99%D0%A0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="’Рбетници">’рбетници</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Безрбетници">безрбетници</a>, имаат остри канџи или вилици за да го фатат, убиваат и исечат пленот. Други адаптации вклучуваат способност за криење и агресивна мимикрија кои ја подобруваат ефикасноста на ловот. </p><p>Грабливоста има моќен селективен ефект врз пленот, а пленот развива противграбливски приспособувања, како што се <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Апосемија">предупредувачко обојување</a>, алармни повици и други сигнали, камуфлажа, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Мимикрија">мимикрија</a> на добро одбранети видови и одбранбени боцки и хемикалии. Понекогаш грабливецот и пленот се наоѓаат во еволутивна трка во вооружување, циклус на адаптации и контра-адаптации. Грабливоста е главен двигател на <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Еволуција">еволуцијата</a> барем од <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Камбриум">камбрискиот</a> период. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Дефиниција"><span id=".D0.94.D0.B5.D1.84.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.98.D0.B0"></span>Дефиниција</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Уреди го одделот „Дефиниција“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Дефиниција"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:IndianSpiderWasp.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/IndianSpiderWasp.JPG/220px-IndianSpiderWasp.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/IndianSpiderWasp.JPG/330px-IndianSpiderWasp.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/IndianSpiderWasp.JPG/440px-IndianSpiderWasp.JPG 2x" data-file-width="917" data-file-height="1149" /></a><figcaption> Пајаковите оси ги парализираат и на крајот ги убиваат своите домаќини, но се сметаат за паразитоиди, а не за грабливци.</figcaption></figure> <p>На најосновно ниво, грабливците убиваат и јадат други организми. Сепак, концептот на грабливост е широк, различно дефиниран во различни контексти и вклучува широк спектар на методи на хранење; а некои врски што резултираат со смрт на пленот генерално не се нарекуваат грабливост. Паразитоид, како што е ихнеумонската оса, ги положува јајцата во или на својот домаќин; јајцата се отвораат во ларви, кои го јадат домаќинот и тој неизбежно умира. Зоолозите генерално го нарекуваат ова форма на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Паразитизам">паразитизам</a>, иако конвенционално се смета дека паразитите не ги убиваат своите домаќини. Може да се дефинира дека грабливецот се разликува од паразитоидот по тоа што има многу плен, заробен во текот на неговиот живот, каде што ларвата на паразитоид има само еден, или барем има обезбедено снабдување со храна за него само во една прилика.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LaffertyKuris2002_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaffertyKuris2002-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Predation%27s_Boundaries.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Predation%27s_Boundaries.svg/220px-Predation%27s_Boundaries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Predation%27s_Boundaries.svg/330px-Predation%27s_Boundaries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Predation%27s_Boundaries.svg/440px-Predation%27s_Boundaries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption>Поврзаност на грабливоста со други стратегии за хранење</figcaption></figure> <p>Има и други тешки и гранични случаи. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Паразитизам">Микрограбливците</a> се мали животни кои, како и грабливците, целосно се хранат со други организми; тие вклучуваат <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Болва">болви</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Комарец">комарци</a> кои консумираат крв од живи животни и <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Лисна вошка (страницата не постои)">вошки</a> кои консумираат сок од живи растенија. Меѓутоа, бидејќи тие обично не ги убиваат своите домаќини, тие сега често се сметаат за паразити.<sup id="cite_ref-PoulinRandhawa2015_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PoulinRandhawa2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rollinson_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rollinson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Животните кои <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Пасење">пасат</a> на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фитопланктон">фитопланктон</a> или душеци од микроби се грабливци, бидејќи ги консумираат и убиваат нивните организми за храна; но тревопасните животни кои прелистуваат лисја не се, бидејќи нивните растенија кои им служат како храна обично го преживуваат нападот.<sup id="cite_ref-Bengtson2002_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bengtson2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Кога животните јадат семиња ( <i>грабливост</i> на семиња или <i>зрна</i> ) или јајца ( <i>грабливост</i> на јајца), тие консумираат цели живи организми, што по дефиниција ги прави грабливци.<sup id="cite_ref-Janzen_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janzen-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NilssonBjörkman1985_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NilssonBjörkman1985-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HulmeBenkman2002_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HulmeBenkman2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%80%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Мршојадни животни">Чистачите</a>, организми кои јадат само организми пронајдени веќе мртви, не се грабливци, но многу грабливци како <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Шакал">шакалот</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Хиена">хиената</a> чистат кога ќе се укаже прилика.<sup id="cite_ref-Bengtson2002_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bengtson2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Меѓу безрбетниците, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Оса">социјалните оси</a> (жолти јакни) се и ловци и чистачи на други инсекти.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt2009_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt2009-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Таксономски_опсег"><span id=".D0.A2.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.81.D0.BE.D0.BD.D0.BE.D0.BC.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B8_.D0.BE.D0.BF.D1.81.D0.B5.D0.B3"></span>Таксономски опсег</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Уреди го одделот „Таксономски опсег“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Таксономски опсег"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Додека примерите на грабливци меѓу цицачите и птиците се добро познати,<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens2010_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> грабливците може да се најдат во широк опсег на таксони вклучувајќи членконоги. Тие се вообичаени меѓу инсектите, вклучително и мантиди, вилински коњчиња, врвки и скорпии . Кај некои видови, како што е алдерот, само ларвите се грабливи (возрасните не јадат). Пајаците се грабливи, како и другите копнени безрбетници како што се <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Скорпија">скорпиите</a>; стоногалки; некои грини, полжави и голтки; <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Цевчести црви">нематоди</a>; и планарни црви.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Во морските средини, повеќето <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Жаркари">книдари</a> (на пр. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Медуза">медузи</a>, хидроиди ), <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Реброносци">ктенофора</a> (желе со чешел), <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Иглокожи">ехинодерми</a> (на пример, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%95%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Морска ѕвезда">морски ѕвезди</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Морски ежови">морски ежови</a>, песочни долари и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Морски краставици">морски краставици</a> ) и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Сплескани црви">рамни црви</a> се грабливи. Меѓу <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Ракови">раковите</a>, јастозите, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Краба">раковите</a>, ракчињата и шталите се грабливци,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> а за возврат раковите се плен на речиси сите <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Главонози">главонози</a> (вклучувајќи <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Октопод">октоподи</a>, лигњи и сипи ).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8!.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8%21.gif/220px-%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8%21.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8%21.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption> <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Парамециум">Парамециум</a></i>, граблив цилијат, кој се храни со <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Бактерии">бактерии</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Прабливоста на семињата е ограничена на цицачи, птици и инсекти, но го има во речиси сите копнени екосистеми.<sup id="cite_ref-Janzen_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janzen-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HulmeBenkman2002_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HulmeBenkman2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Грабливоста на јајцата ги вклучува и специјалните грабливци на јајца, како што се некои <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Змија">змии</a> од <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Смокови">колобриди</a>, и генералистите, како што се лисиците и јазовците, кои опортунистички земаат јајца кога ќе ги најдат.<sup id="cite_ref-HanssenErikstad2012_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HanssenErikstad2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pike_Clark_Manica_Tseng_p._17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pike_Clark_Manica_Tseng_p.-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Некои растенија, како стомното растение, стапицата за муви на Венера и слаткото, се <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Месојадно растение">месојадни и консумираат инсекти</a> .<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens2010_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Методите на грабеж од страна на растенијата варираат во голема мера, но често вклучуваат замка за храна, механичка стимулација и електрични импулси за на крајот да го фатат и консумираат пленот.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Некои месојадни габи фаќаат <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Цевчести црви">нематоди</a> користејќи или активни стапици во форма на стегачки прстени или пасивни стапици со лепливи структури.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Многу видови на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Праживотни">протозои</a> ( <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Еукариоти">еукариоти</a> ) и <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Бактерии">бактерии</a> ( <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Прокариоти">прокариоти</a> ) плен на други микроорганизми; начинот на хранење е очигледно антички и еволуирал многу пати во двете групи.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens2010_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VelicerMendes-Soares2007_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VelicerMendes-Soares2007-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JurkevitchDavidov2006_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JurkevitchDavidov2006-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Помеѓу слатководните и морските <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Зоопланктон">зоопланктони</a>, без разлика дали се едноклеточни или повеќеклеточни, грабливото пасење на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фитопланктон">фитопланктонот</a> и помалите зоопланктони е вообичаено и се среќава во многу видови нанофлагелати, динофлагелати, цилијати, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Ротифери">ротифери</a>, разновидна палета на меровапланктонски групи и животински групи на ракови, имено копеподи и кладоцерани.<sup id="cite_ref-HansenBjørnsenHansen1997_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HansenBjørnsenHansen1997-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Пребарување_храна"><span id=".D0.9F.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.B1.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.83.D0.B2.D0.B0.D1.9A.D0.B5_.D1.85.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B0"></span>Пребарување храна</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Уреди го одделот „Пребарување храна“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Пребарување храна"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Foraging_Sequence.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Foraging_Sequence.svg/220px-Foraging_Sequence.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Foraging_Sequence.svg/330px-Foraging_Sequence.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Foraging_Sequence.svg/440px-Foraging_Sequence.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Основен циклус на потрага по храна за грабливец, со одредени варијации<sup id="cite_ref-Kramer2001_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramer2001-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>За да се нахрани, грабливецот мора да го бара, да го следи и да го убие својот плен. Овие дејства формираат циклус на потрага по храна.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffiths_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffiths-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WetzelLikens2000_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WetzelLikens2000-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Грабливецот мора да одлучи каде да бара плен врз основа на неговата географска местоположба; и штом ќе најде плен, мора да процени дали да го следи или да чека подобар избор. Ако избере потера, неговите физички способности го одредуваат начинот на потера (на пример, заседа или потера).<sup id="cite_ref-Pianka_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pianka-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Откако ќе го фати пленот, можеби ќе треба да троши енергија и за <i>ракување со</i> него (на пр., убивање, отстранување на секоја школка или боцки и голтање).<sup id="cite_ref-Kramer2001_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramer2001-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Griffiths_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffiths-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Пребарување"><span id=".D0.9F.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.B1.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.83.D0.B2.D0.B0.D1.9A.D0.B5"></span>Пребарување</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Уреди го одделот „Пребарување“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Пребарување"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Грабливците имаат избор на начини на пребарување кои се движат од <i>седење и чекање</i> до <i>активно</i> или <i>широко барање храна</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kramer2001_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramer2001-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bell2012_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell2012-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Методот на седење и чекање е најсоодветен ако пленот е густ и подвижен, а грабливецот има ниски барања за енергија.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell2012_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell2012-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Широкото барање храна троши повеќе енергија и се користи кога пленот е седентарен или ретко распространет.<sup id="cite_ref-Pianka_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pianka-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bell2012_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell2012-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Постои континуитет на режими на пребарување со интервали помеѓу периодите на движење кои се движат од секунди до месеци. Ајкулите, сончевите рипчиња, <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Инсектојади">инсектојадните</a> птици и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Ровчици">итрините</a> речиси секогаш се движат додека пајаците кои градат мрежа, водните безрбетници, богомолките и ветрушките ретко се движат. Помеѓу, краставиците и другите крајбрежни птици, слатководните риби, вклучително и слатките, и ларвите на кокцинелидните <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бубамари">бубачки (бубамари)</a>, наизменично се движат меѓу активно пребарување и скенирање на околината.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell2012_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell2012-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Thalassarche_melanophrys_in_flight_2_-_SE_Tasmania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Thalassarche_melanophrys_in_flight_2_-_SE_Tasmania.jpg/220px-Thalassarche_melanophrys_in_flight_2_-_SE_Tasmania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Thalassarche_melanophrys_in_flight_2_-_SE_Tasmania.jpg/330px-Thalassarche_melanophrys_in_flight_2_-_SE_Tasmania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Thalassarche_melanophrys_in_flight_2_-_SE_Tasmania.jpg/440px-Thalassarche_melanophrys_in_flight_2_-_SE_Tasmania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3334" /></a><figcaption>Албатросот со црни веѓи редовно лета стотици километри низ речиси празниот океан за да најде парчиња храна.</figcaption></figure> <p>Распределбите на пленот честопати се собираат на едно место, а грабливците реагираат со барање каде што пленот е најгусто распределен, а потоа бараат во закрпи.<sup id="cite_ref-Kramer2001_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramer2001-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Онаму каде што храната се наоѓа во групи, како што се ретки дождовни риби во речиси празен океан, фазата на пребарување бара од грабливецот да патува значително време и да потроши значителна количина на енергија, за да го лоцира секое парче храна.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell2012_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell2012-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> На пример, црно-веѓестиот албатрос редовно прави летови за потрага по храна во опсег од околу 700 километри (430 милји), до максимален опсег на потрага по храна од 3000 километри (1860 милји) за размножување на птици кои собираат храна за своите млади.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>б 1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gremillet2000_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gremillet2000-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Со статичен плен, некои грабливци можат да научат соодветни локации на групи и да се враќаат кај нив во интервали за да се хранат.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell2012_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell2012-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Оптималната стратегија за потрага по храна за пребарување е моделирана со помош на теоремата за маргинална вредност.<sup id="cite_ref-Charnov1976_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charnov1976-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Моделите за пребарување често се појавуваат случајно. Една таква е прошетка Леви, која има тенденција да вклучува кластери од кратки чекори со повремени долги чекори. Добро одговара на однесувањето на широк спектар на организми, вклучувајќи бактерии, пчели, ајкули и човечки ловци-собирачи.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Проценка"><span id=".D0.9F.D1.80.D0.BE.D1.86.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.BA.D0.B0"></span>Проценка</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Уреди го одделот „Проценка“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Проценка"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Ladybug_aphids.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ladybug_aphids.JPG/220px-Ladybug_aphids.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ladybug_aphids.JPG/330px-Ladybug_aphids.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ladybug_aphids.JPG/440px-Ladybug_aphids.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Седумточкеста бубамара">Бубамарите со седум точки</a> избираат растенија со добар квалитет за нивниот плен на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Лисна вошка (страницата не постои)">вошки</a> .</figcaption></figure> <p>Откако ќе најде плен, грабливецот мора да одлучи дали да го следи или да продолжи да го бара. Одлуката зависи од вклучените трошоци и придобивки. Птицата која бара инсекти троши многу време во потрага, но нивното фаќање и јадење е брзо и лесно, така што ефикасната стратегија за птицата е да го јаде секој вкусен инсект што ќе го најде. Спротивно на тоа, грабливец како лав или сокол лесно го наоѓа својот плен, но за да го фати бара многу напор. Во тој случај, грабливецот е поселективен.<sup id="cite_ref-Pianka_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pianka-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Еден од факторите што треба да се земе предвид е големината. Премалиот плен можеби не е вреден за маката поради количината на енергија што ја дава. Премногу голем и можеби е премногу тешко да се улови. На пример, мантидата фаќа плен со своите предни нозе и тие се оптимизирани за грабање плен со одредена големина. Мантидите не сакаат да напаѓаат плен што е далеку од таа големина. Постои позитивна корелација помеѓу големината на грабливецот и неговиот плен.<sup id="cite_ref-Pianka_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pianka-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Грабливецот исто така може да процени група и да одлучи дали да помине време во потрага по плен во неа.<sup id="cite_ref-Kramer2001_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramer2001-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ова може да вклучи одредено знаење за преференциите на пленот; на пример, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бубамари">бубамарите</a> можат да изберат парче вегетација погодна за нивниот плен на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Лисна вошка (страницата не постои)">вошки</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WilliamsFlaxman2012_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilliamsFlaxman2012-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Лов"><span id=".D0.9B.D0.BE.D0.B2"></span>Лов</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Уреди го одделот „Лов“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Лов"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>За да го фатат пленот, грабливците имаат спектар на начини на потера кои се движат од отворена потера (грабливост по <i>потера</i> ) до ненадеен удар на плен во близина (<i>гребливост од заседа</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens2010_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kramer2001_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramer2001-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Друга стратегија помеѓу заседата и потера е <i>балистичкото пресретнување</i>, каде што грабливецот го набљудува и предвидува движењето на пленот и потоа го започнува својот напад соодветно.<sup id="cite_ref-MooreBiewener2015_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MooreBiewener2015-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Заседа"><span id=".D0.97.D0.B0.D1.81.D0.B5.D0.B4.D0.B0"></span>Заседа</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Уреди го одделот „Заседа“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Заседа"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Грабливците кои чекаат од заседа се месојадни животни кои го фаќаат пленот скришум или изненадувачки. Кај животните, грабливецот од заседа се одликува со тоа што грабливецот ја скенира околината од скриена положба додека не се забележи плен, а потоа брзо извршува фиксен изненаден напад.<sup id="cite_ref-MooreBiewener2015_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MooreBiewener2015-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-deVries_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deVries-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Грабливците од заседа на ’рбетниците вклучуваат жаби, риби како што се ангелската ајкула, северната штука и источната жаба риба.<sup id="cite_ref-MooreBiewener2015_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MooreBiewener2015-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WhosWho_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhosWho-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fishes_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fishes-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Меѓу многуте грабливци од заседа безрбетници се пајаците од врата и пајаците од австралиски рак на копно и ракчињата богомолка во морето.<sup id="cite_ref-deVries_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deVries-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Грабливците од заседа често градат дупка во која ќе се сокријат, подобрувајќи го прикривањето по цена на намалување на нивното видно поле. Некои грабливци од заседа користат и мамки за да привлечат плен во опсегот на удар.<sup id="cite_ref-MooreBiewener2015_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MooreBiewener2015-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Движењето за фаќање треба да биде брзо за да се зароби пленот, имајќи предвид дека нападот не може да се измени откако ќе се започне.<sup id="cite_ref-MooreBiewener2015_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MooreBiewener2015-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Балистичко_пресретнување"><span id=".D0.91.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.B8.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.BA.D0.BE_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.B5.D1.81.D1.80.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.BD.D1.83.D0.B2.D0.B0.D1.9A.D0.B5"></span>Балистичко пресретнување</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Уреди го одделот „Балистичко пресретнување“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Балистичко пресретнување"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Chameleon_gab_fbi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Chameleon_gab_fbi.png/220px-Chameleon_gab_fbi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Chameleon_gab_fbi.png/330px-Chameleon_gab_fbi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Chameleon_gab_fbi.png/440px-Chameleon_gab_fbi.png 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Камелеон">Камелеонот</a> го напаѓа пленот испуштајќи го јазикот.</figcaption></figure> <p>Балистичкото пресретнување е стратегија каде што грабливецот го набљудува движењето на пленот, го предвидува неговото движење, изработува патека за пресретнување и потоа го напаѓа пленот на таа патека. Ова се разликува од грабливката од заседа по тоа што грабливецот го прилагодува својот напад според тоа како се движи пленот.<sup id="cite_ref-MooreBiewener2015_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MooreBiewener2015-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Балистичкото пресретнување вклучува краток период за планирање, давајќи му можност на пленот да избега. Некои жаби чекаат додека змиите не почнат да удираат пред да скокнат, намалувајќи го времето на располагање на змијата да го рекалибрира нејзиниот напад и максимизирајќи го аголното прилагодување што змијата треба да го направи за да ја пресретне жабата во реално време.<sup id="cite_ref-MooreBiewener2015_39-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MooreBiewener2015-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Балистичките грабливци вклучуваат инсекти како што се вилинските коњчиња и ’рбетници како што се стрелците (напаѓаат со млаз вода), <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Камелеон">камелеони</a> (напаѓаат со јазикот) и некои <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Смокови">колубридни змии</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MooreBiewener2015_39-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MooreBiewener2015-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Извршување"><span id=".D0.98.D0.B7.D0.B2.D1.80.D1.88.D1.83.D0.B2.D0.B0.D1.9A.D0.B5"></span>Извршување</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Уреди го одделот „Извршување“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Извршување"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Во потерата на грабливците, грабливците бркаат плен што бега. Ако пленот бега во права линија, фаќањето зависи само од тоа дали грабливецот е побрз од пленот.<sup id="cite_ref-MooreBiewener2015_39-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MooreBiewener2015-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ако пленот маневрира вртејќи сè додека бега, грабливецот мора да реагира во реално време за да пресмета и следи нова патека за пресретнување, како на пример со паралелна навигација, додека се затвора врз пленот.<sup id="cite_ref-MooreBiewener2015_39-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MooreBiewener2015-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Многу грабливци за потера користат камуфлажа за да му пријдат на пленот што е можно поблиску незабележано ( <i>демнат</i> ) пред да започнат со потера.<sup id="cite_ref-MooreBiewener2015_39-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MooreBiewener2015-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Грабливците на потера вклучуваат копнени цицачи како што се луѓе, африкански диви кучиња, забележани хиени и волци; морски грабливци како што се делфини, орки и многу грабливи риби, како што е туната;<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> грабливи птици (грабливци) како соколи; и инсекти како вилински коњчиња .<sup id="cite_ref-Combes_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Combes-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Екстремна форма на потера е истрајниот или упорниот лов, во кој грабливецот го уморува пленот следејќи го на голема далечина, понекогаш и со часови. Овој метод го користат ловци-собирачи и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Кучиња">каниди</a> како што се <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Африканско диво куче">африканските диви кучиња</a> и домашните песови. Африканското диво куче е екстремен упорен грабливец, кој го заморува индивидуалниот плен следејќи го многу милји со релативно мала брзина.<sup id="cite_ref-HubelMyattJordanDewhirst2016_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HubelMyattJordanDewhirst2016-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Специјализирана форма на грабеж за потера е хранењето на балените китови . Овие многу големи морски грабливци се хранат со <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Планктон">планктон</a>, особено крил, нуркајќи и активно пливајќи во концентрации на планктон, а потоа земаат огромна голтка вода и ја филтрираат низ нивните пердувести балински плочи.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Грабливците од потера може да бидат социјални, како лавот и волкот што ловат во групи или сами.<sup id="cite_ref-LaffertyKuris2002_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaffertyKuris2002-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ракување"><span id=".D0.A0.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.83.D0.B2.D0.B0.D1.9A.D0.B5"></span>Ракување</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Уреди го одделот „Ракување“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Ракување"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Штом грабливецот ќе го фати пленот, мора да се справи со него: многу внимателно ако пленот е опасен за јадење, како на пример ако поседува остри или отровни боцки, како кај многу риби плен. Некои сомови како што се Ictaluridae имаат боцки на грбот (дорзален) и стомак (пекторален) кои се блокираат во исправена положба; додека сом тепа кога ќе биде фатен, тие би можеле да ја пробијат устата на грабливецот, можеби фатално. Некои птици што јадат риба, како што е <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB-%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Орел-рибар">оспреот</a>, ја избегнуваат опасноста од боцки со тоа што го кинат пленот пред да го јадат.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes1989_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes1989-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Осамен_наспроти_социјален_грабливец"><span id=".D0.9E.D1.81.D0.B0.D0.BC.D0.B5.D0.BD_.D0.BD.D0.B0.D1.81.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.BE.D1.82.D0.B8_.D1.81.D0.BE.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.98.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BD_.D0.B3.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B1.D0.BB.D0.B8.D0.B2.D0.B5.D1.86"></span>Осамен наспроти социјален грабливец</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Уреди го одделот „Осамен наспроти социјален грабливец“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Осамен наспроти социјален грабливец"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Journal.pone.0112884.g001_a.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Journal.pone.0112884.g001_a.png/220px-Journal.pone.0112884.g001_a.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Journal.pone.0112884.g001_a.png/330px-Journal.pone.0112884.g001_a.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Journal.pone.0112884.g001_a.png/440px-Journal.pone.0112884.g001_a.png 2x" data-file-width="1969" data-file-height="619" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Волк">Волци</a>, социјални грабливци, соработуваат за да ловат и убиваат <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бизон">бизони</a> .</figcaption></figure> <p>Грабливците од различни видови понекогаш соработуваат за да фатат плен. Во <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Корален гребен">коралните гребени</a>, кога рибите како груперот и коралната пастрмка ќе забележат недостапен плен за нив, тие им сигнализираат на џиновските јагули, наполеоновите и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Октопод">октоподите</a> . Овие грабливци можат да пристапат до мали пукнатини и да го исфрлат пленот.<sup id="cite_ref-Vail2013_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vail2013-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Познато е дека <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82-%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Кит-убиец">китовите убијци</a> им помагаат на китовите да ловат китови . </p><p>Социјалниот лов им овозможува на грабливците да се справат со поширок опсег на плен, но со ризик од конкуренција за заробената храна. Осамените грабливци имаат повеќе шанси да го изедат тоа што ќе го фатат, по цена на зголемена потрошувачка на енергија за да го фатат и зголемен ризик дека пленот ќе избега.<sup id="cite_ref-BryceWilmers2017_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BryceWilmers2017-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MajerHolm2018_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MajerHolm2018-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Грабливците од заседа често се осамени за да го намалат ризикот самите да станат плен.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Од 245 копнени членови на <a href="/wiki/%D0%85%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Ѕверови">Carnivora</a> (групата која ги вклучува мачките, кучињата и мечките), 177 се самостојни ловци; и 35 од 37 <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Мачки">диви мачки</a> се сами,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> вклучувајќи ги и пумата и гепардот.<sup id="cite_ref-LaffertyKuris2002_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaffertyKuris2002-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BryceWilmers2017_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BryceWilmers2017-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Сепак, осамената пума им дозволува на другите пуми да учествуваат во убиството,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Којот">којотот</a> може да биде или осамен или социјален.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Други осамени грабливци ги вклучуваат северната штука,<sup id="cite_ref-StowNyqvist2012_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StowNyqvist2012-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> волчји пајаци и сите илјадници видови осамени оси меѓу членконогите,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> и многу <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Микроорганизам">микроорганизми</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Зоопланктон">зоопланктон</a> .<sup id="cite_ref-VelicerMendes-Soares2007_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VelicerMendes-Soares2007-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Специјализација"><span id=".D0.A1.D0.BF.D0.B5.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.98.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.B8.D0.B7.D0.B0.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.98.D0.B0"></span>Специјализација</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Уреди го одделот „Специјализација“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Специјализација"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Физички_адаптации"><span id=".D0.A4.D0.B8.D0.B7.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.BA.D0.B8_.D0.B0.D0.B4.D0.B0.D0.BF.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.86.D0.B8.D0.B8"></span>Физички адаптации</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Уреди го одделот „Физички адаптации“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Физички адаптации"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Под притисок на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Природна селекција">природната селекција</a>, грабливците еволуирале различни физички <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Адаптација (биологија)">адаптации</a> за откривање, фаќање, убивање и варење на пленот. Тие вклучуваат брзина, агилност, способност за криење, остри сетила, канџи, заби, филтри и соодветни дигестивни системи.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>За откривање на плен, грабливците имаат добро развиен <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Око">вид</a>, мирис или <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85" title="Слух">слух</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens2010_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Разновидните грабливци како бувовите и пајаците кои скокаат имаат очи свртени нанапред, обезбедувајќи точен двогледен вид на релативно тесно видно поле, додека грабливките често имаат помалку акутен сеопфатен вид. Животните како што се лисиците можат да го мирисаат својот плен дури и кога е скриен под 2 стапки (60&#160;cм) снег или земја. Многу грабливци имаат акутен слух, а некои како што се <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Лилјаци">лилјаците</a> со ехолокација ловат исклучиво со активна или пасивна употреба на звук.<sup id="cite_ref-RSM2012_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSM2012-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Грабливци, вклучувајќи ги големите мачки, <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Граблива птица">птици грабливки</a> и мравки имаат моќни вилици, остри заби или канџи кои ги користат за да го зграпчат и убијат својот плен. Некои грабливци како што се <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Змија">змиите</a> и птиците што јадат риби како <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%98%D0%B8" title="Чапји">чапјите</a> и корморани го голтаат својот плен цел; некои змии можат да ги откачат вилиците за да им овозможат да голтаат голем плен, додека птиците што јадат риби имаат долги клунови налик на копје што ги користат за да го прободат и фатат брзо-движечкиот и лизгав плен.<sup id="cite_ref-RSM2012_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSM2012-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Рибите и другите грабливци развиле способност да ги дробат или отвораат оклопните школки на мекотелите.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p> Многу грабливци се моќно изградени и можат да фатат и убиваат животни поголеми од себе; ова важи исто толку за малите грабливци како што се <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мравка">мравките</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Ровчици">итрините</a>, како и за големите и видливо мускулести месојади како <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Пума">пумата</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Лав">лавот</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LaffertyKuris2002_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaffertyKuris2002-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RSM2012_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSM2012-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Getz2011_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Getz2011-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 163.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Ursus_arctos_01_MWNH_145_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Черепот на кафеавата мечка има големи зашилени заби за убивање плен и заби одзади за сечење месо со дејство како ножици"><img alt="Черепот на кафеавата мечка има големи зашилени заби за убивање плен и заби одзади за сечење месо со дејство како ножици" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ursus_arctos_01_MWNH_145_%28cropped%29.JPG/245px-Ursus_arctos_01_MWNH_145_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="164" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ursus_arctos_01_MWNH_145_%28cropped%29.JPG/368px-Ursus_arctos_01_MWNH_145_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ursus_arctos_01_MWNH_145_%28cropped%29.JPG/490px-Ursus_arctos_01_MWNH_145_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3407" data-file-height="2503" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Черепот на кафеавата мечка има големи зашилени заби за убивање плен и заби одзади за сечење месо со дејство како ножици</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Myrmecia_pilosula_specimen_mandibles.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Големи сложени очи, чувствителни антени и моќни вилици (мравка)"><img alt="Големи сложени очи, чувствителни антени и моќни вилици (мравка)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Myrmecia_pilosula_specimen_mandibles.jpg/175px-Myrmecia_pilosula_specimen_mandibles.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Myrmecia_pilosula_specimen_mandibles.jpg/263px-Myrmecia_pilosula_specimen_mandibles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Myrmecia_pilosula_specimen_mandibles.jpg/350px-Myrmecia_pilosula_specimen_mandibles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="808" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Големи сложени очи, чувствителни антени и моќни вилици (мравка)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Crab_spider_seizes_field_digger_wasp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Рак пајак, грабливец од заседа со очи свртени напред, фаќа друг грабливец, оса"><img alt="Рак пајак, грабливец од заседа со очи свртени напред, фаќа друг грабливец, оса" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Crab_spider_seizes_field_digger_wasp.jpg/224px-Crab_spider_seizes_field_digger_wasp.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Crab_spider_seizes_field_digger_wasp.jpg/336px-Crab_spider_seizes_field_digger_wasp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Crab_spider_seizes_field_digger_wasp.jpg/448px-Crab_spider_seizes_field_digger_wasp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2409" data-file-height="1938" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Рак пајак, грабливец од заседа со очи свртени напред, фаќа друг грабливец, оса </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 197.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Hawk_eating_prey_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Црвеноопашестиот јастреб користи остри закачени канџи и клун за да го убие и кине својот плен"><img alt="Црвеноопашестиот јастреб користи остри закачени канџи и клун за да го убие и кине својот плен" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hawk_eating_prey_%28cropped%29.jpg/293px-Hawk_eating_prey_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hawk_eating_prey_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Hawk_eating_prey_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hawk_eating_prey_%28cropped%29.jpg/586px-Hawk_eating_prey_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1155" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Црвеноопашестиот јастреб користи остри закачени канџи и клун за да го убие и кине својот плен</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:GreatBlueHeronTampaFL.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Специјалист: голема сина чапја со риба"><img alt="Специјалист: голема сина чапја со риба" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/GreatBlueHeronTampaFL.JPG/228px-GreatBlueHeronTampaFL.JPG" decoding="async" width="152" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/GreatBlueHeronTampaFL.JPG/342px-GreatBlueHeronTampaFL.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/GreatBlueHeronTampaFL.JPG/455px-GreatBlueHeronTampaFL.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3136" data-file-height="2480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Специјалист: голема сина чапја со риба</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 173.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 171.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:MNP_Python_at_Moyer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Индискиот питон ја откачува вилицата за да проголта голем плен"><img alt="Индискиот питон ја откачува вилицата за да проголта голем плен" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/MNP_Python_at_Moyer.jpg/257px-MNP_Python_at_Moyer.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/MNP_Python_at_Moyer.jpg/385px-MNP_Python_at_Moyer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/MNP_Python_at_Moyer.jpg/513px-MNP_Python_at_Moyer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="695" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Python_molurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Python molurus">Индискиот питон</a> ја откачува вилицата за да проголта голем плен</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Исхрана_и_однесување"><span id=".D0.98.D1.81.D1.85.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.B8_.D0.BE.D0.B4.D0.BD.D0.B5.D1.81.D1.83.D0.B2.D0.B0.D1.9A.D0.B5"></span>Исхрана и однесување</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Уреди го одделот „Исхрана и однесување“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Исхрана и однесување"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Грабливците често се високо специјализирани во нивната исхрана и ловење; на пример, <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Евроазиски рис">евроазискиот рис</a> лови само мали копитари.<sup id="cite_ref-Sidorovich2011_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidorovich2011-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Други, како што се <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Леопард">леопардите</a>, се поопортунистички генералисти, плен на најмалку 100 видови.<sup id="cite_ref-Angelici2015_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angelici2015-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hayward2006_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayward2006-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Специјалистите може да бидат многу прилагодени да го фаќаат својот претпочитан плен, додека генералистите може подобро да се префрлат на друг плен кога претпочитаната цел е ретка. Кога пленот има згрчена (нерамномерна) распределба, се предвидува дека оптималната стратегија за грабливецот ќе биде поспецијализирана бидејќи пленот е повпечатлив и може побрзо да се најде;<sup id="cite_ref-Pulliam1974_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pulliam1974-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> се чини дека ова е точно за грабливците на неподвижен плен, но е сомнително со мобилниот плен.<sup id="cite_ref-SihChristensen2001_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SihChristensen2001-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Со грабливците кои се избираат според големината, грабливците избираат плен со одредена големина.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Големиот плен може да биде проблематичен за грабливецот, додека малиот плен може да биде тешко да се најде и во секој случај да обезбеди помала награда. Ова доведе до корелација помеѓу големината на грабливците и нивниот плен. Големината може да делува и како засолниште за голем плен. На пример, возрасните слонови се релативно безбедни од грабеж од лавови, но малолетниците се ранливи.<sup id="cite_ref-Owen-SmithMills2008_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Owen-SmithMills2008-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Камуфлажа_и_мимикрија"><span id=".D0.9A.D0.B0.D0.BC.D1.83.D1.84.D0.BB.D0.B0.D0.B6.D0.B0_.D0.B8_.D0.BC.D0.B8.D0.BC.D0.B8.D0.BA.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.98.D0.B0"></span>Камуфлажа и мимикрија</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Уреди го одделот „Камуфлажа и мимикрија“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Камуфлажа и мимикрија"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Членовите на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Мачки">семејството на мачки</a>, како што се <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Снежен леопард">снежен леопард</a> (висорамнини без дрвја), <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Тигар">тигар</a> (тревни рамнини, мочуришта од трска), <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Оцелот">оцелот</a> (шума), рибарска мачка (гради покрај водата) и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Лав">лав</a> (отворени рамнини) се камуфлирани со боја и нарушувачки шари кои одговараат на нивните живеалишта.<sup id="cite_ref-Cott12_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cott12-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Во агресивната мимикрија, одредени грабливци, вклучувајќи инсекти и риби, користат боја и однесување за да привлечат плен. Женките Фотурис светулки, на пример, ги копираат светлосните сигнали на други видови, со што привлекуваат машки светулки, кои ги фаќаат и јадат. Цветните богомолки се грабливци од заседа; камуфлирани како цвеќиња, како орхидеи, тие привлекуваат плен и го грабнуваат кога е доволно блиску. Жабарите се екстремно добро камуфлирани и активно го намамуваат својот плен да се приближи со помош на еска, мамка на крајот од додатокот на главата како прачка, со кој нежно мавтаат за да имитираат мало животно, голтајќи го пленот со исклучително брзо движење. кога е во домет. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Отров"><span id=".D0.9E.D1.82.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.B2"></span>Отров</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Уреди го одделот „Отров“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Отров"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Многу помали грабливци, како што е медузата, користат отров за да го покорат својот плен,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> а отровот исто така може да помогне во варењето (како што е случајот со змиите ѕвечарка и некои <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Пајаци">пајаци</a> ).<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barceloux2008_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barceloux2008-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Мермерната морска змија која се приспособила на грабнување на јајца има атрофирани отровни жлезди, а генот за нејзиниот токсин од три прсти содржи <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Мутација">мутација</a> (со бришење на два <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Нуклеотид">нуклеотида</a>) што ги деактивира. Овие промени се објаснуваат со фактот дека неговиот плен не треба да се покори.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_Fry_Kini_2005_pp._81–89_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_Fry_Kini_2005_pp._81–89-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Електрични_полиња"><span id=".D0.95.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BA.D1.82.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.B8_.D0.BF.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.B8.D1.9A.D0.B0"></span>Електрични полиња</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Уреди го одделот „Електрични полиња“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Електрични полиња"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Elektroplax_Rochen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Elektroplax_Rochen.png/220px-Elektroplax_Rochen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Elektroplax_Rochen.png/330px-Elektroplax_Rochen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Elektroplax_Rochen.png/440px-Elektroplax_Rochen.png 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Електричен зрак што ја покажува локацијата на електричниот орган и електроцитите наредени во него</figcaption></figure> <p>Неколку групи на грабливи риби имаат способност да детектираат, следат, а понекогаш, како во електричниот зрак, да го онеспособат својот плен со <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Електрорецептор">насетување и генерирање на електрични полиња</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Feulner,_P._G.,_M._Plath,_J._Engelmann,_F._Kirschbaum,_R._Tiedemann_2009_225–228_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feulner,_P._G.,_M._Plath,_J._Engelmann,_F._Kirschbaum,_R._Tiedemann_2009_225–228-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Catania2015_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catania2015-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Електричниот орган е изведен од модифицирано нервно или мускулно ткиво.<sup id="cite_ref-Kramer1996_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramer1996-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Физиологија"><span id=".D0.A4.D0.B8.D0.B7.D0.B8.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B3.D0.B8.D1.98.D0.B0"></span>Физиологија</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Уреди го одделот „Физиологија“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Физиологија"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Физиолошките адаптации на грабливката ја вклучуваат способноста на грабливите бактерии да го варат сложениот полимер на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пептидогликан">пептидогликан</a> од <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%95%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Клеточен ѕид">клеточните ѕидови</a> на бактериите што ги пленат.<sup id="cite_ref-JurkevitchDavidov2006_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JurkevitchDavidov2006-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Месојадните ’рбетници од сите пет главни класи (риби, водоземци, рептили, птици и цицачи) имаат пониски релативни стапки на транспорт на шеќер до <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Аминокиселина">аминокиселини</a> од тревопасните или сештојадите, веројатно затоа што тие добиваат многу аминокиселини од животинските <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Белковина">белковини</a> во нивната исхрана.<sup id="cite_ref-KarasovDiamond1988_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KarasovDiamond1988-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Противграбливски_приспособувања"><span id=".D0.9F.D1.80.D0.BE.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.B2.D0.B3.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B1.D0.BB.D0.B8.D0.B2.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B8_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.81.D0.BF.D0.BE.D1.81.D0.BE.D0.B1.D1.83.D0.B2.D0.B0.D1.9A.D0.B0"></span>Противграбливски приспособувања</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Уреди го одделот „Противграбливски приспособувања“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Противграбливски приспособувања"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>За да се спротивстави на грабливката, пленот еволуирал одбрана за употреба во секоја фаза од нападот. Тие можат да се обидат да избегнат откривање, како на пример со употреба на камуфлажа и мимикрија. Тие можат да откријат грабливци и да ги предупредат другите за нивното присуство. Доколку бидат откриени, тие можат да се обидат да избегнат да бидат цел на напад, на пример, со сигнализирање дека се токсични или непријатни, со формирање групи или дека потера би била непрофитабилна. Ако станат цел, тие можат да се обидат да го одвратат нападот со одбранбени средства како што се оклоп, пердуви, невкусност или мобинг; и тие можат да избегнат напад што е во тек со заплашување на грабливецот, со преправање дека се мртви, фрлање делови од телото како опашки или едноставно бегство. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Коеволуција"><span id=".D0.9A.D0.BE.D0.B5.D0.B2.D0.BE.D0.BB.D1.83.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.98.D0.B0"></span>Коеволуција</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Уреди го одделот „Коеволуција“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Коеволуција"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg/220px-Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg/330px-Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg/440px-Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption> Лилјаците користат ехолокација за да ловат молци ноќе.</figcaption></figure> <p>Грабливците и пленот се природни непријатели, а многу од нивните адаптации изгледаат дизајнирани да се спротивстават еден на друг. На пример, лилјаците имаат софистицирани системи за ехолокација за откривање на инсекти и друг плен, а инсектите развиле разновидни одбранбени средства, вклучително и способност да ги слушаат повиците за ехолокација.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs_2017_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs_2017-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Многу грабливци кои трчаат на копно, како што се волците, развиле долги екстремитети како одговор на зголемената брзина на нивниот плен.<sup id="cite_ref-Janis_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janis-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Нивните адаптации се окарактеризирани како еволутивна трка во вооружување, пример за <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Коеволуција">коеволуција</a> на два вида.<sup id="cite_ref-DawKrebs_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DawKrebs-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Во поглед на еволуцијата фокусиран на гените, гените на грабливецот и пленот може да се смета дека се натпреваруваат за телото на пленот.<sup id="cite_ref-DawKrebs_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DawKrebs-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Сепак, принципот „живот-вечера“ на Докинс и Кребс предвидува дека оваа трка во вооружување е асиметрична: ако грабливецот не успее да го фати својот плен, ја губи вечерата, додека ако успее, пленот го губи животот.<sup id="cite_ref-DawKrebs_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DawKrebs-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Micrurus_fulviusHolbrookV3P10AA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Micrurus_fulviusHolbrookV3P10AA.jpg/220px-Micrurus_fulviusHolbrookV3P10AA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Micrurus_fulviusHolbrookV3P10AA.jpg/330px-Micrurus_fulviusHolbrookV3P10AA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Micrurus_fulviusHolbrookV3P10AA.jpg/440px-Micrurus_fulviusHolbrookV3P10AA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="1446" /></a><figcaption>Источната корална змија, која и самата е грабливец, е доволно отровна за да ги убие грабливците што ја напаѓаат, па кога ќе ја избегнат, ова однесување мора да се наследи, а не да се научи.</figcaption></figure> <p>Метафората за трка во вооружување подразбира постојано ескалирање на напредок во нападот и одбраната. Сепак, овие адаптации доаѓаат со трошок; на пример, подолгите нозе имаат зголемен ризик од кршење,<sup id="cite_ref-Abrams_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrams-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> додека специјализираниот јазик на камелеонот, со неговата способност да делува како проектил, е бескорисен за преклопување на вода, па камелеонот мора да пие роса од вегетацијата.<sup id="cite_ref-Brodie_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brodie-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Принципот „живот-вечера“ е критикуван на повеќе основи. Степенот на асиметријата во природната селекција делумно зависи од наследноста на адаптивните особини.<sup id="cite_ref-Brodie_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brodie-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Исто така, ако грабливецот изгуби доволно вечери, и тој ќе го загуби животот.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrams_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrams-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brodie_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brodie-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Од друга страна, цената на фитнес способноста за дадена изгубена вечера е непредвидлив, бидејќи грабливецот може брзо да најде подобар плен. Покрај тоа, повеќето грабливци се генералисти, што го намалува влијанието на дадената адаптација на плен врз грабливецот. Бидејќи специјализацијата е предизвикана од коеволуцијата грабливец-плен, реткоста на специјалисти може да значи дека трките во вооружување грабливец-плен се ретки.<sup id="cite_ref-Brodie_90-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brodie-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Тешко е да се одреди дали дадените адаптации се навистина резултат на коеволуцијата, каде што адаптацијата на пленот доведува до адаптација на грабливец што се спротивставува со понатамошна адаптација на пленот. Алтернативно објаснување е <i>ескалацијата</i>, каде што грабливците се прилагодуваат на конкурентите, нивните сопствени грабливци или опасниот плен.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Очигледните приспособувања на грабливоста, исто така, може да се појават од други причини, а потоа да бидат избрани за напад или одбрана. Кај некои од инсектите плен од лилјаци, слухот еволуирал пред да се појават лилјаците и се користел за слушање сигнали што се користат за територијална одбрана и парење.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs_2017_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs_2017-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Нивниот слух еволуирал како одговор на грабливоста на лилјаците, но единствениот јасен пример за реципрочна адаптација кај лилјаците е скришната ехолокација.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs_2017_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs_2017-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Посиметрична трка во вооружување може да се случи кога пленот е опасен, има боцки, пердуви, токсини или отров што може да му наштетат на грабливецот. Грабливецот може да одговори со избегнување, што пак ја поттикнува еволуцијата на мимикријата. Избегнувањето не е нужно еволутивен одговор бидејќи генерално се учи од лошите искуства со пленот. Меѓутоа, кога пленот е способен да го убие грабливецот (како и коралната змија со својот отров), нема можност за учење и избегнувањето мора да се наследи. Грабливците можат да одговорат и на опасниот плен со контра-адаптации. Во западна Северна Америка, обичната змија жартиера развила отпорност на токсинот во кожата на тритонот со груба кожа .<sup id="cite_ref-Brodie_90-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brodie-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Улога_во_екосистемите"><span id=".D0.A3.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B3.D0.B0_.D0.B2.D0.BE_.D0.B5.D0.BA.D0.BE.D1.81.D0.B8.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BC.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B5"></span>Улога во екосистемите</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Уреди го одделот „Улога во екосистемите“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Улога во екосистемите"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Грабливците влијаат на нивните екосистеми не само директно со јадење на сопствениот плен, туку и со индиректни средства, како што е намалување на грабливката од други видови или менување на однесувањето на тревопасниот живот во потрага по храна, како што е ефектот на биоразновидноста на волците врз вегетацијата покрај реката или морските видри на шумите со алги. . Ова може да ги објасни ефектите од динамиката на популацијата, како што се циклусите забележани кај рисот и зајаците со чевли за снег.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Preisser_Bolnick_2005_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preisser_Bolnick_2005-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-classics_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classics-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Трофично_ниво"><span id=".D0.A2.D1.80.D0.BE.D1.84.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.BE_.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.B2.D0.BE"></span>Трофично ниво</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Уреди го одделот „Трофично ниво“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Трофично ниво"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Еден начин за класификација на грабливците е според трофично ниво . Месојадите кои се хранат со <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Растителнојадно животно">тревопасни животни</a> се секундарни потрошувачи; нивните грабливци се терцијарни потрошувачи, и така натаму.<sup id="cite_ref-Lindeman1942_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindeman1942-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> На врвот на овој <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ланец на исхрана">синџир</a> на исхрана се највисоките грабливци како што се <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Лав">лавовите</a> .<sup id="cite_ref-OrdizBischofSwenson2013_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OrdizBischofSwenson2013-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Сепак, многу грабливци јадат од повеќе нивоа на синџирот на исхрана; месојад може да јаде и секундарни и терцијарни потрошувачи.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ова значи дека многу грабливци мора да се борат со интраеснафскиот грабливец, каде што другите грабливци ги убиваат и јадат. На пример, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Којот">којотите</a> се натпреваруваат и понекогаш убиваат сиви лисици и бобкети .<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Биолошка_разновидност_одржана_со_врвна_грабливост"><span id=".D0.91.D0.B8.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.BE.D1.88.D0.BA.D0.B0_.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B7.D0.BD.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.B8.D0.B4.D0.BD.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82_.D0.BE.D0.B4.D1.80.D0.B6.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D1.81.D0.BE_.D0.B2.D1.80.D0.B2.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.B3.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B1.D0.BB.D0.B8.D0.B2.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82"></span>Биолошка разновидност одржана со врвна грабливост</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=23" title="Уреди го одделот „Биолошка разновидност одржана со врвна грабливост“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Биолошка разновидност одржана со врвна грабливост"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Грабливците може да ја зголемат <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Биоразновидност">биоразновидноста</a> на заедниците со тоа што ќе спречат еден вид да стане доминантен. Таквите грабливци се познати како клучни видови и може да имаат големо влијание врз рамнотежата на организмите во одреден <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Екосистем">екосистем</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bond2012_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bond2012-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Воведувањето или отстранувањето на овој грабливец, или промените во неговата густина на населеност, може да имаат драстични каскадни ефекти врз рамнотежата на многу други популации во екосистемот. На пример, животните кои пасат на пасиштата може да спречат еден доминантен вид да преземе.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Fig._1_-Riparian_willow_recovery_(26485120926)_horiz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Fig._1_-Riparian_willow_recovery_%2826485120926%29_horiz.jpg/220px-Fig._1_-Riparian_willow_recovery_%2826485120926%29_horiz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Fig._1_-Riparian_willow_recovery_%2826485120926%29_horiz.jpg/330px-Fig._1_-Riparian_willow_recovery_%2826485120926%29_horiz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Fig._1_-Riparian_willow_recovery_%2826485120926%29_horiz.jpg/440px-Fig._1_-Riparian_willow_recovery_%2826485120926%29_horiz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4795" data-file-height="1215" /></a><figcaption> Закрепнување на крајбрежна врба. Лево, во 2002 година; десно, во 2015 година</figcaption></figure> <p>Елиминацијата на волците од <a href="/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Јелоустоун">Националниот парк Јелоустоун</a> имало големо влијание врз трофичката пирамида . Во таа област, волците се и клучни видови и врвни грабливци. Без грабливост, тревопасните животни почнале прекумерно да пасат многу дрвенести видови, што влијаело на популациите на растенијата во областа. Покрај тоа, волците често ги спречувале животните да пасат во близина на потоци, заштитувајќи ги изворите на храна на дабарите . Отстранувањето на волците имало директно влијание врз популацијата на дабарите, бидејќи нивното живеалиште станало територија за пасење. Зголеменото прелистување на <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Врба">врбите</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Четинари">четинарите</a> долж Blacktail Creek поради недостаток на грабливци предизвикало засекување на каналот бидејќи намалената популација на дабари повеќе не можела да ја забави водата и да ја одржува почвата на своето место. На тој начин се покажало дека грабливците се од витално значење во екосистемот.<sup id="cite_ref-Ripple2004_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ripple2004-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Динамика_на_населението"><span id=".D0.94.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.B0.D0.BC.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.BD.D0.B0.D1.81.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.BE"></span>Динамика на населението</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=24" title="Уреди го одделот „Динамика на населението“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Динамика на населението"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Milliers_fourrures_vendues_en_environ_90_ans_odum_1953_en.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A line graph of the number of Canada lynx furs sold to the Hudson&#39;s Bay Company on the vertical axis against the numbers of snowshoe hare on the horizontal axis for the period 1845 to 1935" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Milliers_fourrures_vendues_en_environ_90_ans_odum_1953_en.jpg/220px-Milliers_fourrures_vendues_en_environ_90_ans_odum_1953_en.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Milliers_fourrures_vendues_en_environ_90_ans_odum_1953_en.jpg/330px-Milliers_fourrures_vendues_en_environ_90_ans_odum_1953_en.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Milliers_fourrures_vendues_en_environ_90_ans_odum_1953_en.jpg/440px-Milliers_fourrures_vendues_en_environ_90_ans_odum_1953_en.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1254" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption> Број на крзна од зајаци (<i>Lepus americanus</i>) (жолта позадина) и канадски рис (црна линија, преден план) продадени на компанијата Хадсон Беј од 1845 до 1935 година</figcaption></figure> <p>Во отсуство на грабливци, популацијата на еден вид може да расте експоненцијално додека не се приближи до носивоста на животната средина.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Грабливците го ограничуваат растот на пленот и со нивно консумирање и со менување на нивното однесување.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Зголемувањето или намалувањето на популацијата на плен може да доведе и до зголемување или намалување на бројот на грабливци, на пример, преку зголемување на бројот на младенчиња што ги носат. </p><p>Циклични флуктуации се забележани кај популациите на грабливец и плен, често со поместувања помеѓу циклусите на грабливец и плен. Добро познат пример е оној на зајакот и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Рис">рисот</a> . Во текот на широк распон на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тајга">тајгите</a> во Алјаска и Канада, популацијата на зајаците флуктуира речиси синхронизирано во период од 10 години, а популациите на рисот флуктуираат како одговор на тоа. Ова за прв пат беше видено во историските записи за животни фатени од ловци на крзно за компанијата Хадсон Беј пред повеќе од еден век.<sup id="cite_ref-classics_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classics-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krebs_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krebs-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Snowshoe_Hare_10-year_Cycle_–_A_Cautionary_Tale_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Snowshoe_Hare_10-year_Cycle_–_A_Cautionary_Tale-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Bitesize_-_Predators_and_their_prey_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Bitesize_-_Predators_and_their_prey-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Lotka-Volterra_model_(1.1,_0.4,_0.4,_0.1).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lotka-Volterra_model_%281.1%2C_0.4%2C_0.4%2C_0.1%29.png/220px-Lotka-Volterra_model_%281.1%2C_0.4%2C_0.4%2C_0.1%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lotka-Volterra_model_%281.1%2C_0.4%2C_0.4%2C_0.1%29.png/330px-Lotka-Volterra_model_%281.1%2C_0.4%2C_0.4%2C_0.1%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lotka-Volterra_model_%281.1%2C_0.4%2C_0.4%2C_0.1%29.png/440px-Lotka-Volterra_model_%281.1%2C_0.4%2C_0.4%2C_0.1%29.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption> Циклуси на популацијата грабливец - плен во моделот Лотка-Волтера</figcaption></figure> <p>Едноставен модел на систем со по еден вид на грабливец и плен, равенките Лотка-Волтера, ги предвидува циклусите на популацијата.<sup id="cite_ref-Goel1971_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goel1971-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Сепак, обидите да се репродуцираат предвидувањата на овој модел во лабораторија честопати не успеваат; на пример, кога протозоата <i>Didinium nasutum</i> се додава на култура која го содржи неговиот плен, <i>Paramecium caudatum</i>, вториот често се доведува до исчезнување.<sup id="cite_ref-Princeton_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Princeton-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Равенките Лотка-Волтера се потпираат на неколку поедноставувачки претпоставки и тие се структурно нестабилни, што значи дека секоја промена во равенките може да ја стабилизира или дестабилизира динамиката.<sup id="cite_ref-Murdoch_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murdoch-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> На пример, една претпоставка е дека грабливците имаат линеарен функционален одговор на пленот: стапката на убиства се зголемува пропорционално со стапката на средби. Ако оваа стапка е ограничена со времето поминато за ракување со секој улов, тогаш популацијата на плен може да достигне густина над која грабливците не можат да ги контролираат.<sup id="cite_ref-Princeton_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Princeton-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Друга претпоставка е дека секој поединечен плен е идентичен. Во реалноста, грабливците имаат тенденција да избираат млади, слаби и болни поединци, оставајќи ја популацијата на плен способна повторно да расте.<sup id="cite_ref-Genovart2010_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genovart2010-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Многу фактори можат да ја стабилизираат популацијата на грабливци и плен.<sup id="cite_ref-Rockwood_2009_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rockwood_2009-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Еден пример е присуството на повеќекратни грабливци, особено генералисти кои се привлечени од даден вид плен ако е изобилен и бараат на друго место ако не е.<sup id="cite_ref-Rockwood_2009_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rockwood_2009-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Како резултат на тоа, циклусите на популација имаат тенденција да се најдат во северните умерени и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Субарктичка зона">субарктички</a> екосистеми, бидејќи мрежите за храна се поедноставни.<sup id="cite_ref-Rockwood_2009_112-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rockwood_2009-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Системот на зајаци и рисови со чевли за снег е субарктички, но дури и тоа вклучува други грабливци, вклучувајќи којоти, гошавки и големи рогови бувови, а циклусот е засилен со варијации во храната достапна за зајаците.<sup id="cite_ref-Rockwood_2009_112-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rockwood_2009-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Развиени се низа математички модели со релаксирање на претпоставките направени во моделот Лотка-Волтера; тие на различни начини им дозволуваат на животните да имаат географска дистрибуција или да мигрираат&#160;; да има разлики меѓу поединците, како што се <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Пол">полот</a> и старосната структура, така што само некои поединци се репродуцираат; да живеат во различна средина, како на пример со менување на <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Годишно време">годишните времиња</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Cushing2005_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cushing2005-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> и анализирање на интеракциите на повеќе од само два вида одеднаш. Ваквите модели предвидуваат многу различни и често хаотични динамики на популацијата грабливец-плен.<sup id="cite_ref-Cushing2005_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cushing2005-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KozlovVakulenko2013_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KozlovVakulenko2013-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Присуството на засолништа, каде што пленот е безбеден од грабливци, може да му овозможи на пленот да одржува поголеми популации, но исто така може да ја дестабилизира динамиката.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BerrymanHawkins2006_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BerrymanHawkins2006-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Еволутивна_историја"><span id=".D0.95.D0.B2.D0.BE.D0.BB.D1.83.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.B2.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.B8.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.98.D0.B0"></span>Еволутивна историја</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=25" title="Уреди го одделот „Еволутивна историја“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Еволутивна историја"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Предирањето датира од пред појавата на општо признатите месојади со стотици милиони (можеби милијарди) години. Грабливоста еволуирала постојано кај различни групи на организми.<sup id="cite_ref-Bengtson2002_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bengtson2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Подемот на <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Еукариоти">еукариотските</a> клетки на околу 2,7 Gya, порастот на повеќеклеточните организми на околу 2 Gya и порастот на мобилните грабливци (околу 600 Mya - 2 Gya, веројатно околу 1 Gya) се припишуваат на раното грабливо однесување, и многу многу рани остатоци покажуваат докази за дупнатини или други ознаки кои им се припишуваат на малите видови грабливци.<sup id="cite_ref-Bengtson2002_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bengtson2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Веројатно предизвикало големи еволутивни транзиции, вклучувајќи го пристигнувањето на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Клетка">клетки</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Еукариоти">еукариоти</a>, сексуална репродукција, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Многуклеточен организам">повеќеклеточност</a>, зголемена големина, подвижност (вклучувајќи го летот на инсектите<sup id="cite_ref-GrimaldiEngel2005_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrimaldiEngel2005-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ) и оклопни школки и егзоскелети.<sup id="cite_ref-Bengtson2002_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bengtson2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Најраните грабливци биле микробни организми кои ги голтале или паселе други. Бидејќи фосилните записи се лоши, овие први грабливци би можеле да датираат помеѓу 1 и над 2,7 Gya (пред милијарди години) <sup id="cite_ref-Bengtson2002_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bengtson2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Грабливоста видно станала важна непосредно пред <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Камбриум">Камбрискиот</a> период - пред околу 550 милиони години - како што е потврдено од речиси истовремениот развој на калцификација кај животните и алгите,<sup id="cite_ref-Grant1991_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant1991-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> избегнувајќи дупчење од грабливост. Сепак, грабливците паселе микроорганизми од пред најмалку 1,000 милиони години,<sup id="cite_ref-Bengtson2002_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bengtson2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Awramik1971_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Awramik1971-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stanley2008_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley2008-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> со докази за селективно (наместо случајно) грабнување од слично време.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Фосил">Фосилниот запис</a> демонстрира долга историја на интеракции помеѓу грабливците и нивниот плен од камбрискиот период па наваму, покажувајќи на пример дека некои грабливци дупчеле низ лушпите на мекотелите со <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Школки">бивалвни</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Полжави">гастроподи</a>, додека други ги јаделе овие организми со кршење на нивните лушпи.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelley_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelley-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Меѓу камбриските грабливци имало безрбетници како аномалокаридидите со додатоци погодни за грабање плен, големи сложени очи и вилици направени од тврд материјал како оној во <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Егзоскелет">егзоскелетот</a> на инсектот.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Некои од првите <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%E2%80%99%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Вилични ’рбетници">риби што имале вилици</a> биле оклопните и главно грабливи <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Оклопни риби">плакодерми</a> од <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80" title="Силур">Силурскиот</a> до <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Девон (период)">девонскиот</a> период, од кои едната, 6 метарската <i>Dunkleosteus</i>, се смета за првиот <a href="/wiki/%E2%80%99%D0%A0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="’Рбетници">’рбетник</a> во светот „надграбливец“, плен на други грабливци.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson&amp;Westneat2009_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson&amp;Westneat2009-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carr2010_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carr2010-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Инсекти">Инсектите</a> развиле способност да летаат во раниот <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Карбон">карбон</a> или доцниот девон, овозможувајќи им, меѓу другото, да избегаат од грабливците.<sup id="cite_ref-GrimaldiEngel2005_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrimaldiEngel2005-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Меѓу најголемите грабливци кои некогаш живееле биле <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80o%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Терoподи">тероподните диносауруси</a> како што е <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Тираносаурус">Тираносаурус</a></i> од периодот на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Креда (период)">креда</a>. Тие ловеле тревопасни диносауруси како што се хадросаурусите, цератопсиите и анкилосаурусите.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 164.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Cambrian_substrate_revolution_02.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Камбриската револуција на подлогата виде дека животот на морското дно се смени од минимално закопување (лево) во разновидна фауна за вкопување (десно), веројатно за да се избегнат новите камбриски грабливци."><img alt="Камбриската револуција на подлогата виде дека животот на морското дно се смени од минимално закопување (лево) во разновидна фауна за вкопување (десно), веројатно за да се избегнат новите камбриски грабливци." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Cambrian_substrate_revolution_02.png/247px-Cambrian_substrate_revolution_02.png" decoding="async" width="165" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Cambrian_substrate_revolution_02.png 1.5x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="265" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian_substrate_revolution&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambrian substrate revolution (страницата не постои)">Камбриската револуција на подлогата</a> виде дека животот на <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_floor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sea floor (страницата не постои)">морското дно</a> се смени од минимално закопување (лево) во разновидна фауна за вкопување (десно), веројатно за да се избегнат новите <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambrian (страницата не постои)">камбриски</a> грабливци.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Laggania_cambria_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Устата на аномалокаридидната Laggania cambria, камбриски безрбетник, веројатно врвен грабливец"><img alt="Устата на аномалокаридидната Laggania cambria, камбриски безрбетник, веројатно врвен грабливец" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Laggania_cambria_02.jpg/240px-Laggania_cambria_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Laggania_cambria_02.jpg/360px-Laggania_cambria_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Laggania_cambria_02.jpg/480px-Laggania_cambria_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1826" data-file-height="1370" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Устата на <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anomalocaridid&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Anomalocaridid (страницата не постои)">аномалокаридидната</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laggania_cambria&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Laggania cambria (страницата не постои)">Laggania cambria</a></i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambrian (страницата не постои)">камбриски</a> безрбетник, веројатно врвен грабливец</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 294.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 292.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Dunkleosteus_terrelli_-_MUSE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dunkleosteus, девонски плакодерм, можеби првиот суперграбливец на ’рбетници во светот, реконструкција"><img alt="Dunkleosteus, девонски плакодерм, можеби првиот суперграбливец на ’рбетници во светот, реконструкција" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Dunkleosteus_terrelli_-_MUSE.jpg/439px-Dunkleosteus_terrelli_-_MUSE.jpg" decoding="async" width="293" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Dunkleosteus_terrelli_-_MUSE.jpg/658px-Dunkleosteus_terrelli_-_MUSE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Dunkleosteus_terrelli_-_MUSE.jpg/877px-Dunkleosteus_terrelli_-_MUSE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1777" data-file-height="730" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunkleosteus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dunkleosteus (страницата не постои)">Dunkleosteus</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Девон (период)">девонски</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Плакодерм (страницата не постои)">плакодерм</a>, можеби првиот суперграбливец на ’рбетници во светот, реконструкција</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 193.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 191.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Meganeura_monyi_au_Museum_de_Toulouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Meganeura monyi, грабливи карбонски инсект поврзан со вилинските коњчиња, може да лета за да избега од копнените грабливци. Неговата голема големина, со распон на крилјата од 65&#160;cм (30&#160;ин), може да го одрази недостатокот на ’рбетници воздушни грабливци во тоа време."><img alt="Meganeura monyi, грабливи карбонски инсект поврзан со вилинските коњчиња, може да лета за да избега од копнените грабливци. Неговата голема големина, со распон на крилјата од 65&#160;cм (30&#160;ин), може да го одрази недостатокот на ’рбетници воздушни грабливци во тоа време." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Meganeura_monyi_au_Museum_de_Toulouse.jpg/287px-Meganeura_monyi_au_Museum_de_Toulouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Meganeura_monyi_au_Museum_de_Toulouse.jpg/430px-Meganeura_monyi_au_Museum_de_Toulouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Meganeura_monyi_au_Museum_de_Toulouse.jpg/573px-Meganeura_monyi_au_Museum_de_Toulouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7357" data-file-height="4626" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meganeura_monyi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Meganeura monyi (страницата не постои)">Meganeura monyi</a></i>, грабливи <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carboniferous&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Carboniferous (страницата не постои)">карбонски</a> <a href="/wiki/Insect" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect">инсект</a> поврзан со <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragonfly&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dragonfly (страницата не постои)">вилинските коњчиња</a>, може да лета за да избега од копнените грабливци. Неговата голема големина, со распон на крилјата од 65&#160;cм (30&#160;ин), може да го одрази недостатокот на ’рбетници воздушни грабливци во тоа време.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Tyrannosaurus_model_at_NHM.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Тираносаурус, голем теропод диносаурус од Креда, реконструкција"><img alt="Тираносаурус, голем теропод диносаурус од Креда, реконструкција" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Tyrannosaurus_model_at_NHM.jpg/171px-Tyrannosaurus_model_at_NHM.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Tyrannosaurus_model_at_NHM.jpg/257px-Tyrannosaurus_model_at_NHM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Tyrannosaurus_model_at_NHM.jpg/342px-Tyrannosaurus_model_at_NHM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Тираносаурус</i>, голем <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theropod_dinosaur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Theropod dinosaur (страницата не постои)">теропод диносаурус</a> од <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cretaceous&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cretaceous (страницата не постои)">Креда</a>, реконструкција</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Во_човечкото_општество"><span id=".D0.92.D0.BE_.D1.87.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.B5.D1.87.D0.BA.D0.BE.D1.82.D0.BE_.D0.BE.D0.BF.D1.88.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B2.D0.BE"></span>Во човечкото општество</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=26" title="Уреди го одделот „Во човечкото општество“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Во човечкото општество"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Bushmen_hunters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bushmen_hunters.jpg/220px-Bushmen_hunters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bushmen_hunters.jpg/330px-Bushmen_hunters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bushmen_hunters.jpg/440px-Bushmen_hunters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6016" /></a><figcaption>Сан Хантер, Боцвана</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Практични_употреби"><span id=".D0.9F.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.82.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.B8_.D1.83.D0.BF.D0.BE.D1.82.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.B1.D0.B8"></span>Практични употреби</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=27" title="Уреди го одделот „Практични употреби“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Практични употреби"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Луѓето, како <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Сештојад">сештојади</a>, се до одреден степен грабливи,<sup id="cite_ref-DarimontFoxBryanReimchen2015_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DarimontFoxBryanReimchen2015-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> користат оружје и алатки за ловење <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Риболов">риби</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Лов">ловат</a> и заробуваат животни.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Тие користат и други грабливи видови како кучиња, корморани<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Сокол">соколи</a> за да фатат плен за храна или за спорт.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Два грабливци со средна големина, кучиња и мачки, се животните кои најчесто се чуваат како <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Милениче">домашни миленици</a> во западните општества.<sup id="cite_ref-Aegerter_Fouracre_Smith_p=e0174709_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aegerter_Fouracre_Smith_p=e0174709-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Луѓето ловци, вклучително и Сан од јужна Африка, користат упорност во ловот, форма на грабеж по потера, каде што гонителот може да биде побавен од пленот, како што е антилопата куду на кратки растојанија, но го следи на пладневна топлина додека не се исцрпи, потера која може да потрае и до пет часа.<sup id="cite_ref-Liebenberg20089_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liebenberg20089-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Во биолошката контрола на штетници, грабливци (и паразитоиди) од природниот опсег на штетници се воведуваат за контрола на популациите, со ризик да предизвикаат непредвидени проблеми. Природните грабливци, под услов да не им штетат на видовите кои не се штетници, се еколошки и одржлив начин за намалување на штетите врз посевите и алтернатива на употребата на хемиски агенси како што се <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Пестицид">пестицидите</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Симболички_употреби"><span id=".D0.A1.D0.B8.D0.BC.D0.B1.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.BA.D0.B8_.D1.83.D0.BF.D0.BE.D1.82.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.B1.D0.B8"></span>Симболички употреби</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=28" title="Уреди го одделот „Симболички употреби“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Симболички употреби"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:She-wolf_suckles_Romulus_and_Remus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/She-wolf_suckles_Romulus_and_Remus.jpg/220px-She-wolf_suckles_Romulus_and_Remus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/She-wolf_suckles_Romulus_and_Remus.jpg/330px-She-wolf_suckles_Romulus_and_Remus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/She-wolf_suckles_Romulus_and_Remus.jpg/440px-She-wolf_suckles_Romulus_and_Remus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption> Капитолинскиот волк ги дои <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Ромул и Рем">Ромул и Рем</a>, митските основачи на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Римски период">Рим</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Во филмот, идејата за грабливец како опасен <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Хуманоид">хуманоиден</a> непријател се користи во <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Научна фантастика">научно-фантастичниот</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC)" title="Хорор (филм)">хорор</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%80)" title="Акција (жанр)">акционен филм „</a>Предатор“ од 1987 година и неговите три продолженија.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Застрашувачки грабливец, огромна <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Голема бела ајкула">бела ајкула</a> што јаде човек, е исто така централно место во трилерот на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Стивен Спилберг">Стивен Спилберг</a> од 1974 година „<i>Вилици</i>“.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Во поезијата на тема грабливост, може да се истражи свеста на грабливецот, како на пример во <i>Штука</i> на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Тед Хјуз">Тед Хјуз</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Фразата „Природа, црвена во забите и канџите“ од Алфред, песната на Лорд Тенисон од 1849 година „ In Memoriam AHH “ се толкува како да се однесува на борбата помеѓу грабливците и пленот.<sup id="cite_ref-Gould_1995_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gould_1995-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Во митологијата и народната басна, грабливците како лисицата и волкот имаат измешана репутација.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallner1998_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallner1998-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Лисицата била симбол на плодноста во Стара Грција, но временски демон во северна Европа и суштество на ѓаволот во раното христијанство; лисицата е претставена како итра, алчна и лукава во басните од <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Езопови басни">Езоп</a> наваму.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallner1998_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallner1998-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Големиот лош волк им е познат на децата во приказните како <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Црвенкапа">Црвенкапа</a></i>, но е демонска фигура во исландските Еда саги, каде што волкот Фенрир се појавува во апокалиптичниот <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Рагнарок">крај на светот</a> .<sup id="cite_ref-Wallner1998_145-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallner1998-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Во средниот век, верувањето се раширило во <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Врколак">врколаците</a>, луѓето се трансформирале во волци.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallner1998_145-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallner1998-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Во Стариот Рим и Египет, волкот се обожавал, волчицата се појавува во основачкиот мит за Рим, доејќи ги <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Ромул и Рем">Ромул и Рем</a> .<sup id="cite_ref-Wallner1998_145-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallner1998-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Неодамна, во Книгата за <i>џунглата</i> на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Радјард Киплинг">Радијард Киплинг</a> од 1894 година, Могли е воспитан од глутницата волци.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallner1998_145-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallner1998-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ставовите кон големите грабливци во Северна Америка, како што се волкот, <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Гризли">гризли</a> и пумата, се префрлија од непријателство или амбивалентност, придружени со активно прогонство, кон позитивни и заштитнички во втората половина на 20 век.<sup id="cite_ref-KellertBlackRushBath1996_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KellertBlackRushBath1996-146"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Белешки"><span id=".D0.91.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.B5.D1.88.D0.BA.D0.B8"></span>Белешки</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=29" title="Уреди го одделот „Белешки“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Белешки"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A range of 3000 kilometres means a flight distance of at least 6000 kilometres out and back.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Наводи"><span id=".D0.9D.D0.B0.D0.B2.D0.BE.D0.B4.D0.B8"></span>Наводи</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=30" title="Уреди го одделот „Наводи“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Наводи"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 25em; -webkit-column-width: 25em; column-width: 25em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGurrWrattenSnyder2012" class="citation book">Gurr, Geoff M.; Wratten, Stephen D.; Snyder, William E. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ng4hIDQ_k8C&amp;pg=PT105"><i>Biodiversity and Insect Pests: Key Issues for Sustainable Management</i></a>. John Wiley &amp; Sons. стр.&#160;105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/978-1-118-23185-2" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/978-1-118-23185-2"><bdi>978-1-118-23185-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Biodiversity+and+Insect+Pests%3A+Key+Issues+for+Sustainable+Management&amp;rft.pages=105&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-118-23185-2&amp;rft.aulast=Gurr&amp;rft.aufirst=Geoff+M.&amp;rft.au=Wratten%2C+Stephen+D.&amp;rft.au=Snyder%2C+William+E.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ng4hIDQ_k8C%26pg%3DPT105&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5289462">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaffertyKuris2002-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LaffertyKuris2002_2-0">2,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LaffertyKuris2002_2-1">2,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LaffertyKuris2002_2-2">2,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LaffertyKuris2002_2-3">2,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLafferty,_K._D.Kuris,_A._M.2002" class="citation journal">Lafferty, K. D.; Kuris, A. M. (2002). „Trophic strategies, animal diversity and body size“. <i>Trends Ecol. Evol</i>. <b>17</b> (11): 507–513. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0169-5347%2802%2902615-0">10.1016/s0169-5347(02)02615-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Trends+Ecol.+Evol.&amp;rft.atitle=Trophic+strategies%2C+animal+diversity+and+body+size&amp;rft.volume=17&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=507-513&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0169-5347%2802%2902615-0&amp;rft.au=Lafferty%2C+K.+D.&amp;rft.au=Kuris%2C+A.+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PoulinRandhawa2015-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PoulinRandhawa2015_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPoulinRandhawa2015" class="citation journal">Poulin, Robert; Randhawa, Haseeb S. (February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4413784">„Evolution of parasitism along convergent lines: from ecology to genomics“</a>. <i>Parasitology</i>. <b>142</b> (Suppl 1): S6–S15. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0031182013001674">10.1017/S0031182013001674</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4413784">4413784</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24229807">24229807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Parasitology&amp;rft.atitle=Evolution+of+parasitism+along+convergent+lines%3A+from+ecology+to+genomics&amp;rft.volume=142&amp;rft.issue=Suppl+1&amp;rft.pages=S6-S15&amp;rft.date=2015-02&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4413784&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24229807&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0031182013001674&amp;rft.aulast=Poulin&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft.au=Randhawa%2C+Haseeb+S.&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4413784&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rollinson-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Rollinson_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPoulin,_Robert2011" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Poulin_(zoologist)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Poulin (zoologist) (страницата не постои)">Poulin, Robert</a> (2011). Rollinson, D.; Hay, S. I. (уред.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9y4AlXka7t0C&amp;pg=PA28"><i>The Many Roads to Parasitism: A Tale of Convergence</i></a>. <i>Advances in Parasitology</i>. <b>74</b>. Academic Press. стр.&#160;27–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-385897-9.00001-X">10.1016/B978-0-12-385897-9.00001-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/978-0-12-385897-9" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/978-0-12-385897-9"><bdi>978-0-12-385897-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21295676">21295676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Many+Roads+to+Parasitism%3A+A+Tale+of+Convergence&amp;rft.pages=27-28&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21295676&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-385897-9.00001-X&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-12-385897-9&amp;rft.au=Poulin%2C+Robert&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9y4AlXka7t0C%26pg%3DPA28&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bengtson2002-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bengtson2002_5-0">5,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bengtson2002_5-1">5,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bengtson2002_5-2">5,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bengtson2002_5-3">5,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bengtson2002_5-4">5,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bengtson2002_5-5">5,5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bengtson2002_5-6">5,6</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBengtson,_S.2002" class="citation book">Bengtson, S. (2002). „Origins and early evolution of predation“. Во Kowalewski, M.; Kelley, P. H. (уред.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080910205539/http://www.nrm.se/download/18.4e32c81078a8d9249800021552/Bengtson2002predation.pdf"><i>The fossil record of predation. The Paleontological Society Papers 8</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Paleontological Society. стр.&#160;289–317. Архивирано од <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrm.se/download/18.4e32c81078a8d9249800021552/Bengtson2002predation.pdf">изворникот</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> на 2008-09-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Посетено на <span class="nowrap">2022-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Origins+and+early+evolution+of+predation&amp;rft.btitle=The+fossil+record+of+predation.+The+Paleontological+Society+Papers+8&amp;rft.pages=289-317&amp;rft.pub=The+Paleontological+Society&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.au=Bengtson%2C+S.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrm.se%2Fdownload%2F18.4e32c81078a8d9249800021552%2FBengtson2002predation.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Janzen-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Janzen_6-0">6,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Janzen_6-1">6,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJanzen1971" class="citation journal">Janzen, D. H. (1971). „Seed Predation by Animals“. <i>Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics</i>. <b>2</b>: 465–492. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.es.02.110171.002341">10.1146/annurev.es.02.110171.002341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Ecology+and+Systematics&amp;rft.atitle=Seed+Predation+by+Animals&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.pages=465-492&amp;rft.date=1971&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.es.02.110171.002341&amp;rft.aulast=Janzen&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+H.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NilssonBjörkman1985-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NilssonBjörkman1985_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNilssonBjörkmanForslundHöglund1985" class="citation journal">Nilsson, Sven G.; Björkman, Christer; Forslund, Pär; Höglund, Jacob (1985). „Egg predation in forest bird communities on islands and mainland“. <i>Oecologia</i>. <b>66</b> (4): 511–515. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985Oecol..66..511N">1985Oecol..66..511N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00379342">10.1007/BF00379342</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28310791">28310791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Oecologia&amp;rft.atitle=Egg+predation+in+forest+bird+communities+on+islands+and+mainland&amp;rft.volume=66&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=511-515&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28310791&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00379342&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1985Oecol..66..511N&amp;rft.aulast=Nilsson&amp;rft.aufirst=Sven+G.&amp;rft.au=Bj%C3%B6rkman%2C+Christer&amp;rft.au=Forslund%2C+P%C3%A4r&amp;rft.au=H%C3%B6glund%2C+Jacob&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HulmeBenkman2002-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-HulmeBenkman2002_8-0">8,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-HulmeBenkman2002_8-1">8,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHulme,_P._E.Benkman,_C._W.2002" class="citation book">Hulme, P. E.; Benkman, C. W. (2002). C. M. Herrera and O. Pellmyr (уред.). <i>Granivory</i>. <i>Plant animal Interactions: An Evolutionary Approach</i>. Blackwell. стр.&#160;132–154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/978-0-632-05267-7" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/978-0-632-05267-7"><bdi>978-0-632-05267-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Granivory&amp;rft.pages=132-154&amp;rft.pub=Blackwell&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-632-05267-7&amp;rft.au=Hulme%2C+P.+E.&amp;rft.au=Benkman%2C+C.+W.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKaneHealyGuillermeRuxton2017" class="citation journal">Kane, Adam; Healy, Kevin; Guillerme, Thomas; Ruxton, Graeme D.; Jackson, Andrew L. (2017). „A recipe for scavenging in vertebrates – the natural history of a behaviour“. <i>Ecography</i>. <b>40</b> (2): 324–334. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fecog.02817">10.1111/ecog.02817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Ecography&amp;rft.atitle=A+recipe+for+scavenging+in+vertebrates+%E2%80%93+the+natural+history+of+a+behaviour&amp;rft.volume=40&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=324-334&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fecog.02817&amp;rft.aulast=Kane&amp;rft.aufirst=Adam&amp;rft.au=Healy%2C+Kevin&amp;rft.au=Guillerme%2C+Thomas&amp;rft.au=Ruxton%2C+Graeme+D.&amp;rft.au=Jackson%2C+Andrew+L.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">&#124;hdl-access=</code> бара <code class="cs1-code">&#124;hdl=</code> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%88:CS1_errors#param_access_requires_param" class="mw-redirect" title="Помош:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKruuk1972" class="citation book">Kruuk, Hans (1972). <i>The Spotted Hyena: A Study of Predation and Social Behaviour</i>. University of California Press. стр.&#160;107–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/978-0226455082" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/978-0226455082"><bdi>978-0226455082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Spotted+Hyena%3A+A+Study+of+Predation+and+Social+Behaviour&amp;rft.pages=107-108&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.date=1972&amp;rft.isbn=978-0226455082&amp;rft.aulast=Kruuk&amp;rft.aufirst=Hans&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidt2009-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt2009_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2009" class="citation book">Schmidt, Justin O. (2009). „Wasps“. <i>Wasps - ScienceDirect</i>. <i>Encyclopedia of Insects</i> (Second. изд.). стр.&#160;1049–1052. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-374144-8.00275-7">10.1016/B978-0-12-374144-8.00275-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/9780123741448" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/9780123741448"><bdi>9780123741448</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Wasps&amp;rft.btitle=Wasps+-+ScienceDirect&amp;rft.pages=1049-1052&amp;rft.edition=Second&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-374144-8.00275-7&amp;rft.isbn=9780123741448&amp;rft.aulast=Schmidt&amp;rft.aufirst=Justin+O.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevens2010-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Stevens2010_12-0">12,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Stevens2010_12-1">12,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Stevens2010_12-2">12,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Stevens2010_12-3">12,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Stevens2010_12-4">12,4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStevens,_Alison_N._P.2010" class="citation journal">Stevens, Alison N. P. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/predation-herbivory-and-parasitism-13261134">„Predation, Herbivory, and Parasitism“</a>. <i>Nature Education Knowledge</i>. <b>3</b> (10): 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Education+Knowledge&amp;rft.atitle=Predation%2C+Herbivory%2C+and+Parasitism&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=36&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.au=Stevens%2C+Alison+N.+P.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fscitable%2Fknowledge%2Flibrary%2Fpredation-herbivory-and-parasitism-13261134&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://australianmuseum.net.au/predators-parasites-and-parasitoids">„Predators, parasites and parasitoids“</a>. <i>Australian Museum</i> (англиски)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Посетено на <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Australian+Museum&amp;rft.atitle=Predators%2C+parasites+and+parasitoids&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faustralianmuseum.net.au%2Fpredators-parasites-and-parasitoids&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPhelan2009" class="citation book">Phelan, Jay (2009). <i>What Is life?&#160;: a guide to biology</i> (Student. изд.). W.H. Freeman &amp; Co. стр.&#160;432. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/9781429223188" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/9781429223188"><bdi>9781429223188</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=What+Is+life%3F+%3A+a+guide+to+biology&amp;rft.pages=432&amp;rft.edition=Student&amp;rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman+%26+Co&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=9781429223188&amp;rft.aulast=Phelan&amp;rft.aufirst=Jay&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVillanuevaPerriconeFiorito2017" class="citation journal">Villanueva, Roger; Perricone, Valentina; Fiorito, Graziano (17 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5563153">„Cephalopods as Predators: A Short Journey among Behavioral Flexibilities, Adaptions, and Feeding Habits“</a>. <i>Frontiers in Physiology</i>. <b>8</b>: 598. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffphys.2017.00598">10.3389/fphys.2017.00598</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5563153">5563153</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28861006">28861006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Physiology&amp;rft.atitle=Cephalopods+as+Predators%3A+A+Short+Journey+among+Behavioral+Flexibilities%2C+Adaptions%2C+and+Feeding+Habits&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.pages=598&amp;rft.date=2017-08-17&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5563153&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28861006&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffphys.2017.00598&amp;rft.aulast=Villanueva&amp;rft.aufirst=Roger&amp;rft.au=Perricone%2C+Valentina&amp;rft.au=Fiorito%2C+Graziano&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5563153&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HanssenErikstad2012-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-HanssenErikstad2012_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHanssenErikstad2012" class="citation journal">Hanssen, Sveinn Are; Erikstad, Kjell Einar (2012). „The long-term consequences of egg predation“. <i>Behavioral Ecology</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 564–569. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbeheco%2Fars198">10.1093/beheco/ars198</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Ecology&amp;rft.atitle=The+long-term+consequences+of+egg+predation&amp;rft.volume=24&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=564-569&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbeheco%2Fars198&amp;rft.aulast=Hanssen&amp;rft.aufirst=Sveinn+Are&amp;rft.au=Erikstad%2C+Kjell+Einar&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pike_Clark_Manica_Tseng_p.-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Pike_Clark_Manica_Tseng_p._17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPikeClarkManicaTseng2016" class="citation journal">Pike, David A.; Clark, Rulon W.; Manica, Andrea; Tseng, Hui-Yun; Hsu, Jung-Ya; Huang, Wen-San (2016-02-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4768160">„Surf and turf: predation by egg-eating snakes has led to the evolution of parental care in a terrestrial lizard“</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 22207. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...622207P">2016NatSR...622207P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep22207">10.1038/srep22207</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4768160">4768160</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26915464">26915464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&amp;rft.atitle=Surf+and+turf%3A+predation+by+egg-eating+snakes+has+led+to+the+evolution+of+parental+care+in+a+terrestrial+lizard&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=22207&amp;rft.date=2016-02-26&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4768160&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26915464&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep22207&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NatSR...622207P&amp;rft.aulast=Pike&amp;rft.aufirst=David+A.&amp;rft.au=Clark%2C+Rulon+W.&amp;rft.au=Manica%2C+Andrea&amp;rft.au=Tseng%2C+Hui-Yun&amp;rft.au=Hsu%2C+Jung-Ya&amp;rft.au=Huang%2C+Wen-San&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4768160&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAinsworthCalladineMartayPark2017" class="citation book">Ainsworth, Gill; Calladine, John; Martay, Blaise; Park, Kirsty; Redpath, Steve; Wernham, Chris; Wilson, Mark; Young, Juliette (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299389845"><i>Understanding Predation: A review bringing together natural science and local knowledge of recent wild bird population changes and their drivers in Scotland</i></a>. Scotland's Moorland Forum. стр.&#160;233–234. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13140%2FRG.2.1.1014.6960">10.13140/RG.2.1.1014.6960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Understanding+Predation%3A+A+review+bringing+together+natural+science+and+local+knowledge+of+recent+wild+bird+population+changes+and+their+drivers+in+Scotland&amp;rft.pages=233-234&amp;rft.pub=Scotland%27s+Moorland+Forum&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13140%2FRG.2.1.1014.6960&amp;rft.aulast=Ainsworth&amp;rft.aufirst=Gill&amp;rft.au=Calladine%2C+John&amp;rft.au=Martay%2C+Blaise&amp;rft.au=Park%2C+Kirsty&amp;rft.au=Redpath%2C+Steve&amp;rft.au=Wernham%2C+Chris&amp;rft.au=Wilson%2C+Mark&amp;rft.au=Young%2C+Juliette&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F299389845&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHedrichFukushima2021" class="citation journal">Hedrich, Rainer; Fukushima, Kenji (20 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220507221318/https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-arplant-080620-010429">„On the Origin of Carnivory: Molecular Physiology and Evolution of Plants on an Animal Diet“</a>. <i>Annual Review of Plant Biology</i>. <b>72</b> (1). annurev–arplant–080620-010429. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-arplant-080620-010429">10.1146/annurev-arplant-080620-010429</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1543-5008">1543-5008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33434053">33434053</a> <span class="cs1-hidden-error error citation-comment">Проверете ја вредноста <code class="cs1-code">&#124;pmid=</code> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%88:CS1_errors#bad_pmid" class="mw-redirect" title="Помош:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>. Архивирано од <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-arplant-080620-010429">изворникот</a> на 2022-05-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Посетено на <span class="nowrap">2022-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Plant+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+Origin+of+Carnivory%3A+Molecular+Physiology+and+Evolution+of+Plants+on+an+Animal+Diet&amp;rft.volume=72&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=annurev-arplant-080620-010429&amp;rft.date=2021-05-20&amp;rft.issn=1543-5008&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33434053&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-arplant-080620-010429&amp;rft.aulast=Hedrich&amp;rft.aufirst=Rainer&amp;rft.au=Fukushima%2C+Kenji&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.annualreviews.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-arplant-080620-010429&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPramer,_D.1964" class="citation journal">Pramer, D. (1964). „Nematode-trapping fungi“. <i>Science</i>. <b>144</b> (3617): 382–388. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964Sci...144..382P">1964Sci...144..382P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.144.3617.382">10.1126/science.144.3617.382</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1713426">1713426</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14169325">14169325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Nematode-trapping+fungi&amp;rft.volume=144&amp;rft.issue=3617&amp;rft.pages=382-388&amp;rft.date=1964&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.144.3617.382&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14169325&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1713426&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1964Sci...144..382P&amp;rft.au=Pramer%2C+D.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VelicerMendes-Soares2007-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-VelicerMendes-Soares2007_21-0">21,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-VelicerMendes-Soares2007_21-1">21,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVelicerMendes-Soares2007" class="citation journal">Velicer, Gregory J.; Mendes-Soares, Helena (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/S0960-9822(08)01412-7.pdf">„Bacterial predators“</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cell</i>. <b>19</b> (2): R55–R56. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.10.043">10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.043</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19174136">19174136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Cell&amp;rft.atitle=Bacterial+predators&amp;rft.volume=19&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=R55-R56&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.10.043&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19174136&amp;rft.aulast=Velicer&amp;rft.aufirst=Gregory+J.&amp;rft.au=Mendes-Soares%2C+Helena&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fcurrent-biology%2Fpdf%2FS0960-9822%2808%2901412-7.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JurkevitchDavidov2006-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-JurkevitchDavidov2006_22-0">22,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-JurkevitchDavidov2006_22-1">22,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJurkevitchDavidov2006" class="citation book">Jurkevitch, Edouard; Davidov, Yaacov (2006). „Phylogenetic Diversity and Evolution of Predatory Prokaryotes“. <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Слободен пристап како проба за ограничено време, инаку бара претплата"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/predatoryprokary00jurk"><i>Predatory Prokaryotes</i></a></span>. Springer. стр.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/predatoryprokary00jurk/page/n17">11</a>–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F7171_052">10.1007/7171_052</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/978-3-540-38577-6" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/978-3-540-38577-6"><bdi>978-3-540-38577-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+Diversity+and+Evolution+of+Predatory+Prokaryotes&amp;rft.btitle=Predatory+Prokaryotes&amp;rft.pages=11-56&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F7171_052&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-540-38577-6&amp;rft.aulast=Jurkevitch&amp;rft.aufirst=Edouard&amp;rft.au=Davidov%2C+Yaacov&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpredatoryprokary00jurk&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HansenBjørnsenHansen1997-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-HansenBjørnsenHansen1997_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHansenBjørnsenHansen1997" class="citation journal">Hansen, Per Juel; Bjørnsen, Peter Koefoed; Hansen, Benni Winding (1997). „Zooplankton grazing and growth: Scaling within the 2-2,-μm body size range“. <i>Limnology and Oceanography</i>. <b>42</b> (4): 687–704. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997LimOc..42..687H">1997LimOc..42..687H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4319%2Flo.1997.42.4.0687">10.4319/lo.1997.42.4.0687</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Limnology+and+Oceanography&amp;rft.atitle=Zooplankton+grazing+and+growth%3A+Scaling+within+the+2-2%2C-%CE%BCm+body+size+range&amp;rft.volume=42&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=687-704&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4319%2Flo.1997.42.4.0687&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997LimOc..42..687H&amp;rft.aulast=Hansen&amp;rft.aufirst=Per+Juel&amp;rft.au=Bj%C3%B8rnsen%2C+Peter+Koefoed&amp;rft.au=Hansen%2C+Benni+Winding&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"> summarizes findings from many authors.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kramer2001-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kramer2001_24-0">24,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kramer2001_24-1">24,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kramer2001_24-2">24,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kramer2001_24-3">24,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kramer2001_24-4">24,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kramer2001_24-5">24,5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2001" class="citation book">Kramer, Donald L. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712172711/http://www.biology.mcgill.ca/faculty/kramer/articles/Kramer_90_part_a.pdf">„Foraging behavior“</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Во Fox, C. W.; Roff, D. A.; Fairbairn, D. J. (уред.). <i>Evolutionary Ecology: Concepts and Case Studies</i>. Oxford University Press. стр.&#160;232–238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/9780198030133" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/9780198030133"><bdi>9780198030133</bdi></a>. Архивирано од <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biology.mcgill.ca/faculty/kramer/articles/Kramer_90_part_a.pdf">изворникот</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> на 12 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Посетено на <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Foraging+behavior&amp;rft.btitle=Evolutionary+Ecology%3A+Concepts+and+Case+Studies&amp;rft.pages=232-238&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=9780198030133&amp;rft.aulast=Kramer&amp;rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biology.mcgill.ca%2Ffaculty%2Fkramer%2Farticles%2FKramer_90_part_a.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffiths-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Griffiths_25-0">25,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Griffiths_25-1">25,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths1980" class="citation journal">Griffiths, David (November 1980). „Foraging costs and relative prey size“. <i>The American Naturalist</i>. <b>116</b> (5): 743–752. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F283666">10.1086/283666</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2460632">2460632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&amp;rft.atitle=Foraging+costs+and+relative+prey+size&amp;rft.volume=116&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=743-752&amp;rft.date=1980-11&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F283666&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2460632&amp;rft.aulast=Griffiths&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WetzelLikens2000-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-WetzelLikens2000_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWetzelLikens2000" class="citation book">Wetzel, Robert G.; Likens, Gene E. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limnologicalanal0000wetz">„Predator-Prey Interactions“</a>. <i>Limnological Analyses</i>. Springer. стр.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limnologicalanal0000wetz/page/257">257–262</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4757-3250-4_17">10.1007/978-1-4757-3250-4_17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/978-1-4419-3186-3" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/978-1-4419-3186-3"><bdi>978-1-4419-3186-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Predator-Prey+Interactions&amp;rft.btitle=Limnological+Analyses&amp;rft.pages=257-262&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4757-3250-4_17&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4419-3186-3&amp;rft.aulast=Wetzel&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+G.&amp;rft.au=Likens%2C+Gene+E.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flimnologicalanal0000wetz&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pianka-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Pianka_27-0">27,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Pianka_27-1">27,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Pianka_27-2">27,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Pianka_27-3">27,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPianka2011" class="citation book">Pianka, Eric R. (2011). <i>Evolutionary ecology</i> (7 (eBook). изд.). Eric R. Pianka. стр.&#160;78–83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Evolutionary+ecology&amp;rft.pages=78-83&amp;rft.edition=7+%28eBook%29&amp;rft.pub=Eric+R.+Pianka&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.aulast=Pianka&amp;rft.aufirst=Eric+R.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMacArthur1984" class="citation book">MacArthur, Robert H. (1984). „The economics of consumer choice“. <i>Geographical ecology&#160;: patterns in the distribution of species</i>. Princeton University Press. стр.&#160;59–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/9780691023823" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/9780691023823"><bdi>9780691023823</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+economics+of+consumer+choice&amp;rft.btitle=Geographical+ecology+%3A+patterns+in+the+distribution+of+species&amp;rft.pages=59-76&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1984&amp;rft.isbn=9780691023823&amp;rft.aulast=MacArthur&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bell2012-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bell2012_29-0">29,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bell2012_29-1">29,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bell2012_29-2">29,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bell2012_29-3">29,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bell2012_29-4">29,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bell2012_29-5">29,5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBell2012">Bell 2012</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBell2012 (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Категорија:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEastmanThiel2015" class="citation book">Eastman, Lucas B.; Thiel, Martin (2015). „Foraging behavior of crustacean predators and scavengers“. Во Thiel, Martin; Watling, Les (уред.). <i>Lifestyles and feeding biology</i>. Oxford University Press. стр.&#160;535–556. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/9780199797066" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/9780199797066"><bdi>9780199797066</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Foraging+behavior+of+crustacean+predators+and+scavengers&amp;rft.btitle=Lifestyles+and+feeding+biology&amp;rft.pages=535-556&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.isbn=9780199797066&amp;rft.aulast=Eastman&amp;rft.aufirst=Lucas+B.&amp;rft.au=Thiel%2C+Martin&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPerry1999" class="citation journal">Perry, Gad (January 1999). „The Evolution of Search Modes: Ecological versus Phylogenetic Perspectives“. <i>The American Naturalist</i>. <b>153</b> (1): 98–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F303145">10.1086/303145</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29578765">29578765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&amp;rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Search+Modes%3A+Ecological+versus+Phylogenetic+Perspectives&amp;rft.volume=153&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=98-109&amp;rft.date=1999-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F303145&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29578765&amp;rft.aulast=Perry&amp;rft.aufirst=Gad&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gremillet2000-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gremillet2000_33-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGremilletWilsonWanlessChater2000" class="citation journal">Gremillet, D.; Wilson, R. P.; Wanless, S.; Chater, T. (2000). „Black-browed albatrosses, international fisheries and the Patagonian Shelf“. <i>Marine Ecology Progress Series</i>. <b>195</b>: 69–280. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000MEPS..195..269G">2000MEPS..195..269G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps195269">10.3354/meps195269</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Marine+Ecology+Progress+Series&amp;rft.atitle=Black-browed+albatrosses%2C+international+fisheries+and+the+Patagonian+Shelf&amp;rft.volume=195&amp;rft.pages=69-280&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3354%2Fmeps195269&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000MEPS..195..269G&amp;rft.aulast=Gremillet&amp;rft.aufirst=D.&amp;rft.au=Wilson%2C+R.+P.&amp;rft.au=Wanless%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Chater%2C+T.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charnov1976-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Charnov1976_34-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCharnov1976" class="citation journal">Charnov, Eric L. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/195/m195p269.pdf">„Optimal foraging, the marginal value theorem“</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Theoretical Population Biology</i>. <b>9</b> (2): 129–136. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0040-5809%2876%2990040-x">10.1016/0040-5809(76)90040-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1273796">1273796</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Theoretical+Population+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Optimal+foraging%2C+the+marginal+value+theorem&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=129-136&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0040-5809%2876%2990040-x&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1273796&amp;rft.aulast=Charnov&amp;rft.aufirst=Eric+L.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.int-res.com%2Farticles%2Fmeps%2F195%2Fm195p269.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2015" class="citation journal">Reynolds, Andy (September 2015). „Liberating Lévy walk research from the shackles of optimal foraging“. <i>Physics of Life Reviews</i>. <b>14</b>: 59–83. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhLRv..14...59R">2015PhLRv..14...59R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.plrev.2015.03.002">10.1016/j.plrev.2015.03.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25835600">25835600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Physics+of+Life+Reviews&amp;rft.atitle=Liberating+L%C3%A9vy+walk+research+from+the+shackles+of+optimal+foraging&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.pages=59-83&amp;rft.date=2015-09&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25835600&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.plrev.2015.03.002&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PhLRv..14...59R&amp;rft.aulast=Reynolds&amp;rft.aufirst=Andy&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan2008" class="citation journal">Buchanan, Mark (5 June 2008). „Ecological modelling: The mathematical mirror to animal nature“. <i>Nature</i>. <b>453</b> (7196): 714–716. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F453714a">10.1038/453714a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18528368">18528368</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Ecological+modelling%3A+The+mathematical+mirror+to+animal+nature&amp;rft.volume=453&amp;rft.issue=7196&amp;rft.pages=714-716&amp;rft.date=2008-06-05&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F453714a&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18528368&amp;rft.aulast=Buchanan&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WilliamsFlaxman2012-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-WilliamsFlaxman2012_37-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsFlaxman2012" class="citation journal">Williams, Amanda C.; Flaxman, Samuel M. (2012). „Can predators assess the quality of their prey's resource?“. <i>Animal Behaviour</i>. <b>83</b> (4): 883–890. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.anbehav.2012.01.008">10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.01.008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Animal+Behaviour&amp;rft.atitle=Can+predators+assess+the+quality+of+their+prey%27s+resource%3F&amp;rft.volume=83&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=883-890&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.anbehav.2012.01.008&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.aufirst=Amanda+C.&amp;rft.au=Flaxman%2C+Samuel+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFScharfNulmanOvadiaBouskila2006" class="citation journal">Scharf, Inon; Nulman, Einat; Ovadia, Ofer; Bouskila, Amos (September 2006). „Efficiency evaluation of two competing foraging modes under different conditions“. <i>The American Naturalist</i>. <b>168</b> (3): 350–357. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F506921">10.1086/506921</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16947110">16947110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&amp;rft.atitle=Efficiency+evaluation+of+two+competing+foraging+modes+under+different+conditions&amp;rft.volume=168&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=350-357&amp;rft.date=2006-09&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F506921&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16947110&amp;rft.aulast=Scharf&amp;rft.aufirst=Inon&amp;rft.au=Nulman%2C+Einat&amp;rft.au=Ovadia%2C+Ofer&amp;rft.au=Bouskila%2C+Amos&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MooreBiewener2015-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-MooreBiewener2015_39-0">38,00</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-MooreBiewener2015_39-1">38,01</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-MooreBiewener2015_39-2">38,02</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-MooreBiewener2015_39-3">38,03</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-MooreBiewener2015_39-4">38,04</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-MooreBiewener2015_39-5">38,05</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-MooreBiewener2015_39-6">38,06</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-MooreBiewener2015_39-7">38,07</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-MooreBiewener2015_39-8">38,08</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-MooreBiewener2015_39-9">38,09</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-MooreBiewener2015_39-10">38,10</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMooreBiewener2015" class="citation journal">Moore, Talia Y.; Biewener, Andrew A. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/25858000/MooreICB2015_Preprint.pdf?sequence=1">„Outrun or Outmaneuver: Predator–Prey Interactions as a Model System for Integrating Biomechanical Studies in a Broader Ecological and Evolutionary Context“</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Integrative and Comparative Biology</i>. <b>55</b> (6): 1188–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2Ficv074">10.1093/icb/icv074</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26117833">26117833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Integrative+and+Comparative+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Outrun+or+Outmaneuver%3A+Predator%E2%80%93Prey+Interactions+as+a+Model+System+for+Integrating+Biomechanical+Studies+in+a+Broader+Ecological+and+Evolutionary+Context&amp;rft.volume=55&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1188-97&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2Ficv074&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26117833&amp;rft.aulast=Moore&amp;rft.aufirst=Talia+Y.&amp;rft.au=Biewener%2C+Andrew+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdash.harvard.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1%2F25858000%2FMooreICB2015_Preprint.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deVries-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-deVries_40-0">39,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-deVries_40-1">39,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFdeVries,_M._S.Murphy,_E._A._K.Patek_S._N.2012" class="citation journal">deVries, M. S.; Murphy, E. A. K.; Patek S. N. (2012). „Strike mechanics of an ambush predator: the spearing mantis shrimp“. <i>Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>215</b> (Pt 24): 4374–4384. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.075317">10.1242/jeb.075317</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23175528">23175528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Strike+mechanics+of+an+ambush+predator%3A+the+spearing+mantis+shrimp&amp;rft.volume=215&amp;rft.issue=Pt+24&amp;rft.pages=4374-4384&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.075317&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23175528&amp;rft.au=deVries%2C+M.+S.&amp;rft.au=Murphy%2C+E.+A.+K.&amp;rft.au=Patek+S.+N.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WhosWho-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-WhosWho_41-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070518235841/http://www.hww.ca/hww2.asp?pid=1&amp;id=87&amp;cid=8">„Cougar“</a>. <i>Hinterland Who's Who</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Wildlife_Service&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Canadian Wildlife Service (страницата не постои)">Canadian Wildlife Service</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Wildlife_Federation&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Canadian Wildlife Federation (страницата не постои)">Canadian Wildlife Federation</a>. Архивирано од <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hww.ca/hww2.asp?pid=1&amp;id=87&amp;cid=8">изворникот</a> на 18 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Посетено на <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Hinterland+Who%27s+Who&amp;rft.atitle=Cougar&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hww.ca%2Fhww2.asp%3Fpid%3D1%26id%3D87%26cid%3D8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.in.gov/dnr/fishwild/files/fw-pikes.pdf">„Pikes (Esocidae)“</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Indiana Division of Fish and Wildlife<span class="reference-accessdate">. Посетено на <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Pikes+%28Esocidae%29&amp;rft.pub=Indiana+Division+of+Fish+and+Wildlife&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.in.gov%2Fdnr%2Ffishwild%2Ffiles%2Ffw-pikes.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fishes-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-fishes_43-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBray" class="citation web">Bray, Dianne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140914181407/http://www.fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/2835">„Eastern Frogfish, Batrachomoeus dubius“</a>. <i>Fishes of Australia</i>. Архивирано од <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/2835">изворникот</a> на 14 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Посетено на <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Fishes+of+Australia&amp;rft.atitle=Eastern+Frogfish%2C+Batrachomoeus+dubius&amp;rft.aulast=Bray&amp;rft.aufirst=Dianne&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishesofaustralia.net.au%2Fhome%2Fspecies%2F2835&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Liphistius">„Trapdoor spiders“</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Посетено на <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Trapdoor+spiders&amp;rft.pub=BBC&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnature%2Flife%2FLiphistius&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.desertmuseum.org/books/nhsd_trapdoor_spider.php">„Trapdoor spider“</a>. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Посетено на <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Trapdoor+spider&amp;rft.pub=Arizona-Sonora+Desert+Museum&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.desertmuseum.org%2Fbooks%2Fnhsd_trapdoor_spider.php&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGazdaConnorEdgarCox2005" class="citation journal">Gazda, S. K.; Connor, R. C.; Edgar, R. K.; Cox, F. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1634948">„A division of labour with role specialization in group-hunting bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) off Cedar Key, Florida“</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society</i>. <b>272</b> (1559): 135–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2004.2937">10.1098/rspb.2004.2937</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1634948">1634948</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15695203">15695203</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society&amp;rft.atitle=A+division+of+labour+with+role+specialization+in+group-hunting+bottlenose+dolphins+%28Tursiops+truncatus%29+off+Cedar+Key%2C+Florida&amp;rft.volume=272&amp;rft.issue=1559&amp;rft.pages=135-140&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1634948&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15695203&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2004.2937&amp;rft.aulast=Gazda&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+K.&amp;rft.au=Connor%2C+R.+C.&amp;rft.au=Edgar%2C+R.+K.&amp;rft.au=Cox%2C+F.&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1634948&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTyus2011" class="citation book">Tyus, Harold M. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K2fNBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA233"><i>Ecology and Conservation of Fishes</i></a>. CRC Press. стр.&#160;233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/978-1-4398-9759-1" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/978-1-4398-9759-1"><bdi>978-1-4398-9759-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ecology+and+Conservation+of+Fishes&amp;rft.pages=233&amp;rft.pub=CRC+Press&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4398-9759-1&amp;rft.aulast=Tyus&amp;rft.aufirst=Harold+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK2fNBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA233&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Combes-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Combes_48-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCombesSalcedoPanditIwasaki2013" class="citation journal">Combes, S. A.; Salcedo, M. K.; Pandit, M. M.; Iwasaki, J. M. (2013). „Capture Success and Efficiency of Dragonflies Pursuing Different Types of Prey“. <i>Integrative and Comparative Biology</i>. <b>53</b> (5): 787–798. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2Fict072">10.1093/icb/ict072</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23784698">23784698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Integrative+and+Comparative+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Capture+Success+and+Efficiency+of+Dragonflies+Pursuing+Different+Types+of+Prey&amp;rft.volume=53&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=787-798&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2Fict072&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23784698&amp;rft.aulast=Combes&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+A.&amp;rft.au=Salcedo%2C+M.+K.&amp;rft.au=Pandit%2C+M.+M.&amp;rft.au=Iwasaki%2C+J.+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HubelMyattJordanDewhirst2016-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-HubelMyattJordanDewhirst2016_49-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHubelMyattJordanDewhirst2016" class="citation journal">Hubel, Tatjana Y.; Myatt, Julia P.; Jordan, Neil R.; Dewhirst, Oliver P.; McNutt, J. Weldon; Wilson, Alan M. (2016-03-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4820543">„Energy cost and return for hunting in African wild dogs“</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>7</b>: 11034. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms11034">10.1038/ncomms11034</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4820543">4820543</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27023457">27023457</a>. <q>Cursorial hunting strategies range from one extreme of transient acceleration, power and speed to the other extreme of persistence and endurance with prey being fatigued to facilitate capture.Dogs and humans are considered to rely on endurance rather than outright speed and manoeuvrability for success when hunting cursorially.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&amp;rft.atitle=Energy+cost+and+return+for+hunting+in+African+wild+dogs&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.pages=11034&amp;rft.date=2016-03-29&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4820543&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27023457&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms11034&amp;rft.aulast=Hubel&amp;rft.aufirst=Tatjana+Y.&amp;rft.au=Myatt%2C+Julia+P.&amp;rft.au=Jordan%2C+Neil+R.&amp;rft.au=Dewhirst%2C+Oliver+P.&amp;rft.au=McNutt%2C+J.+Weldon&amp;rft.au=Wilson%2C+Alan+M.&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4820543&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGoldbogenCalambokidisShadwickOleson2006" class="citation journal">Goldbogen, J. A.; Calambokidis, J.; Shadwick, R. E.; Oleson, E. M.; McDonald, M. A.; Hildebrand, J. A. (2006). „Kinematics of foraging dives and lunge-feeding in fin whales“. <i>Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>209</b> (7): 1231–1244. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.02135">10.1242/jeb.02135</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16547295">16547295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Kinematics+of+foraging+dives+and+lunge-feeding+in+fin+whales&amp;rft.volume=209&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=1231-1244&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.02135&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16547295&amp;rft.aulast=Goldbogen&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+A.&amp;rft.au=Calambokidis%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Shadwick%2C+R.+E.&amp;rft.au=Oleson%2C+E.+M.&amp;rft.au=McDonald%2C+M.+A.&amp;rft.au=Hildebrand%2C+J.+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSandersBeichmanRomanScott2015" class="citation journal">Sanders, Jon G.; Beichman, Annabel C.; Roman, Joe; Scott, Jarrod J.; Emerson, David; McCarthy, James J.; Girguis, Peter R. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4595633">„Baleen whales host a unique gut microbiome with similarities to both carnivores and herbivores“</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>6</b>: 8285. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatCo...6.8285S">2015NatCo...6.8285S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms9285">10.1038/ncomms9285</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4595633">4595633</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26393325">26393325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&amp;rft.atitle=Baleen+whales+host+a+unique+gut+microbiome+with+similarities+to+both+carnivores+and+herbivores&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.pages=8285&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4595633&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26393325&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms9285&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NatCo...6.8285S&amp;rft.aulast=Sanders&amp;rft.aufirst=Jon+G.&amp;rft.au=Beichman%2C+Annabel+C.&amp;rft.au=Roman%2C+Joe&amp;rft.au=Scott%2C+Jarrod+J.&amp;rft.au=Emerson%2C+David&amp;rft.au=McCarthy%2C+James+J.&amp;rft.au=Girguis%2C+Peter+R.&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4595633&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbes1989-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Forbes1989_52-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFForbes1989" class="citation journal">Forbes, L. Scott (1989). „Prey Defences and Predator Handling Behaviour: The Dangerous Prey Hypothesis“. <i>Oikos</i>. <b>55</b> (2): 155–158. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3565418">10.2307/3565418</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3565418">3565418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Oikos&amp;rft.atitle=Prey+Defences+and+Predator+Handling+Behaviour%3A+The+Dangerous+Prey+Hypothesis&amp;rft.volume=55&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=155-158&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3565418&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3565418&amp;rft.aulast=Forbes&amp;rft.aufirst=L.+Scott&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vail2013-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Vail2013_53-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVailManicaBshary2013" class="citation journal">Vail, Alexander L.; Manica, Andrea; Bshary, Redouan (23 April 2013). „Referential gestures in fish collaborative hunting“. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 1765. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NatCo...4.1765V">2013NatCo...4.1765V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms2781">10.1038/ncomms2781</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23612306">23612306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&amp;rft.atitle=Referential+gestures+in+fish+collaborative+hunting&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=1765&amp;rft.date=2013-04-23&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23612306&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms2781&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013NatCo...4.1765V&amp;rft.aulast=Vail&amp;rft.aufirst=Alexander+L.&amp;rft.au=Manica%2C+Andrea&amp;rft.au=Bshary%2C+Redouan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFYong2013" class="citation news">Yong, Ed (24 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/phenomena/2013/04/24/groupers-use-gestures-to-recruit-morays-for-hunting-team-ups/">„Groupers Use Gestures to Recruit Morays For Hunting Team-Ups“</a>. <i>National Geographic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Посетено на <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&amp;rft.atitle=Groupers+Use+Gestures+to+Recruit+Morays+For+Hunting+Team-Ups&amp;rft.date=2013-04-24&amp;rft.aulast=Yong&amp;rft.aufirst=Ed&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fscience%2Fphenomena%2F2013%2F04%2F24%2Fgroupers-use-gestures-to-recruit-morays-for-hunting-team-ups%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BryceWilmers2017-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BryceWilmers2017_55-0">54,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BryceWilmers2017_55-1">54,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBryceWilmersWilliams2017" class="citation journal">Bryce, Caleb M.; Wilmers, Christopher C.; Williams, Terrie M. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5563439">„Energetics and evasion dynamics of large predators and prey: pumas vs. hounds“</a>. <i>PeerJ</i>. <b>5</b>: e3701. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.3701">10.7717/peerj.3701</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5563439">5563439</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28828280">28828280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PeerJ&amp;rft.atitle=Energetics+and+evasion+dynamics+of+large+predators+and+prey%3A+pumas+vs.+hounds&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.pages=e3701&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5563439&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28828280&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7717%2Fpeerj.3701&amp;rft.aulast=Bryce&amp;rft.aufirst=Caleb+M.&amp;rft.au=Wilmers%2C+Christopher+C.&amp;rft.au=Williams%2C+Terrie+M.&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5563439&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MajerHolm2018-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-MajerHolm2018_56-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMajerHolmLubinBilde2018" class="citation journal">Majer, Marija; Holm, Christina; Lubin, Yael; Bilde, Trine (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6081395">„Cooperative foraging expands dietary niche but does not offset intra-group competition for resources in social spiders“</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 11828. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatSR...811828M">2018NatSR...811828M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-018-30199-x">10.1038/s41598-018-30199-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6081395">6081395</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30087391">30087391</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&amp;rft.atitle=Cooperative+foraging+expands+dietary+niche+but+does+not+offset+intra-group+competition+for+resources+in+social+spiders&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=11828&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6081395&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30087391&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-018-30199-x&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NatSR...811828M&amp;rft.aulast=Majer&amp;rft.aufirst=Marija&amp;rft.au=Holm%2C+Christina&amp;rft.au=Lubin%2C+Yael&amp;rft.au=Bilde%2C+Trine&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6081395&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210802002919/https://sibleynaturecenter.org/photo-essays/ambush-predators">„Ambush Predators“</a>. <i>Sibley Nature Center</i> (англиски). Архивирано од <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sibleynaturecenter.org/photo-essays/ambush-predators">изворникот</a> на 2021-08-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Посетено на <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Sibley+Nature+Center&amp;rft.atitle=Ambush+Predators&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsibleynaturecenter.org%2Fphoto-essays%2Fambush-predators&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFElbrochQuigley2016" class="citation journal">Elbroch, L. Mark; Quigley, Howard (10 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5804185">„Social interactions in a solitary carnivore“</a>. <i>Current Zoology</i>. <b>63</b> (4): 357–362. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcz%2Fzow080">10.1093/cz/zow080</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5804185">5804185</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29491995">29491995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Zoology&amp;rft.atitle=Social+interactions+in+a+solitary+carnivore&amp;rft.volume=63&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=357-362&amp;rft.date=2016-07-10&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5804185&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29491995&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcz%2Fzow080&amp;rft.aulast=Elbroch&amp;rft.aufirst=L.+Mark&amp;rft.au=Quigley%2C+Howard&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5804185&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFQuenqua2017" class="citation news">Quenqua, Douglas (11 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/11/science/pumas-solitary-social.html?hpw&amp;rref=science&amp;action=click&amp;pgtype=Homepage&amp;module=well-region&amp;region=bottom-well&amp;WT.nav=bottom-well">„Solitary Pumas Turn Out to Be Mountain Lions Who Lunch“</a>. <i>The New York Times</i> (англиски)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Посетено на <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Solitary+Pumas+Turn+Out+to+Be+Mountain+Lions+Who+Lunch&amp;rft.date=2017-10-11&amp;rft.aulast=Quenqua&amp;rft.aufirst=Douglas&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F10%2F11%2Fscience%2Fpumas-solitary-social.html%3Fhpw%26rref%3Dscience%26action%3Dclick%26pgtype%3DHomepage%26module%3Dwell-region%26region%3Dbottom-well%26WT.nav%3Dbottom-well&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFlores2016" class="citation book">Flores, Dan (2016). <i>Coyote America&#160;: a natural and supernatural history</i>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/978-0465052998" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/978-0465052998"><bdi>978-0465052998</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Coyote+America+%3A+a+natural+and+supernatural+history&amp;rft.pub=Basic+Books&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.isbn=978-0465052998&amp;rft.aulast=Flores&amp;rft.aufirst=Dan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StowNyqvist2012-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-StowNyqvist2012_61-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStowNyqvistGozlanCucherousset2012" class="citation journal">Stow, Adam; Nyqvist, Marina J.; Gozlan, Rodolphe E.; Cucherousset, Julien; Britton, J. Robert (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3282768">„Behavioural Syndrome in a Solitary Predator Is Independent of Body Size and Growth Rate“</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>7</b> (2): e31619. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...731619N">2012PLoSO...731619N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0031619">10.1371/journal.pone.0031619</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3282768">3282768</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22363687">22363687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&amp;rft.atitle=Behavioural+Syndrome+in+a+Solitary+Predator+Is+Independent+of+Body+Size+and+Growth+Rate&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=e31619&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3282768&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22363687&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0031619&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...731619N&amp;rft.aulast=Stow&amp;rft.aufirst=Adam&amp;rft.au=Nyqvist%2C+Marina+J.&amp;rft.au=Gozlan%2C+Rodolphe+E.&amp;rft.au=Cucherousset%2C+Julien&amp;rft.au=Britton%2C+J.+Robert&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3282768&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnh.org/explore/news-blogs/on-exhibit-posts/how-do-spiders-hunt/">„How do Spiders Hunt?“</a>. American Museum of Natural History. 25 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Посетено на <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=How+do+Spiders+Hunt%3F&amp;rft.pub=American+Museum+of+Natural+History&amp;rft.date=2014-08-25&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnh.org%2Fexplore%2Fnews-blogs%2Fon-exhibit-posts%2Fhow-do-spiders-hunt%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marinebio.org/oceans/zooplankton/">„Zooplankton“</a>. MarineBio Conservation Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Посетено на <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Zooplankton&amp;rft.pub=MarineBio+Conservation+Society&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarinebio.org%2Foceans%2Fzooplankton%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBar-Yam" class="citation web">Bar-Yam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://necsi.edu/projects/evolution/co-evolution/pred-prey/co-evolution_predator.html">„Predator-Prey Relationships“</a>. New England Complex Systems Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Посетено на <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Predator-Prey+Relationships&amp;rft.pub=New+England+Complex+Systems+Institute&amp;rft.au=Bar-Yam&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnecsi.edu%2Fprojects%2Fevolution%2Fco-evolution%2Fpred-prey%2Fco-evolution_predator.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RSM2012-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-RSM2012_65-0">64,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-RSM2012_65-1">64,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-RSM2012_65-2">64,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180403131659/http://royalsaskmuseum.ca/pub/Lesson%20Plans/Resources/Predator%20and%20Prey%20Adaptations.pdf">„Predator &amp; Prey: Adaptations“</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Royal Saskatchewan Museum. 2012. Архивирано од <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsaskmuseum.ca/pub/Lesson%20Plans/Resources/Predator%20and%20Prey%20Adaptations.pdf">изворникот</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> на 3 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Посетено на <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Predator+%26+Prey%3A+Adaptations&amp;rft.pub=Royal+Saskatchewan+Museum&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsaskmuseum.ca%2Fpub%2FLesson%2520Plans%2FResources%2FPredator%2520and%2520Prey%2520Adaptations.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVermeij1993" class="citation book">Vermeij, Geerat J. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M3pCQ6ks5PEC&amp;pg=PR11"><i>Evolution and Escalation: An Ecological History of Life</i></a>. Princeton University Press. стр.&#160;11 and passim. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/978-0-691-00080-0" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/978-0-691-00080-0"><bdi>978-0-691-00080-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Evolution+and+Escalation%3A+An+Ecological+History+of+Life&amp;rft.pages=11+and+passim&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-691-00080-0&amp;rft.aulast=Vermeij&amp;rft.aufirst=Geerat+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM3pCQ6ks5PEC%26pg%3DPR11&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Getz2011-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Getz2011_67-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGetz,_W._M.2011" class="citation journal">Getz, W. M. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3032891">„Biomass transformation webs provide a unified approach to consumer-resource modelling“</a>. <i>Ecology Letters</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 113–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1461-0248.2010.01566.x">10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01566.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3032891">3032891</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21199247">21199247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Ecology+Letters&amp;rft.atitle=Biomass+transformation+webs+provide+a+unified+approach+to+consumer-resource+modelling&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=113-24&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3032891&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21199247&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1461-0248.2010.01566.x&amp;rft.au=Getz%2C+W.+M.&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3032891&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sidorovich2011-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sidorovich2011_68-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSidorovich2011" class="citation book">Sidorovich, Vadim (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cHxwAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA426"><i>Analysis of vertebrate predator-prey community: Studies within the European Forest zone in terrains with transitional mixed forest in Belarus</i></a>. Tesey. стр.&#160;426. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/978-985-463-456-2" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/978-985-463-456-2"><bdi>978-985-463-456-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Analysis+of+vertebrate+predator-prey+community%3A+Studies+within+the+European+Forest+zone+in+terrains+with+transitional+mixed+forest+in+Belarus&amp;rft.pages=426&amp;rft.pub=Tesey&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=978-985-463-456-2&amp;rft.aulast=Sidorovich&amp;rft.aufirst=Vadim&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcHxwAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA426&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Angelici2015-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Angelici2015_69-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAngelici2015" class="citation book">Angelici, Francesco M. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S1c-CwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA160"><i>Problematic Wildlife: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach</i></a>. Springer. стр.&#160;160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/978-3-319-22246-2" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/978-3-319-22246-2"><bdi>978-3-319-22246-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Problematic+Wildlife%3A+A+Cross-Disciplinary+Approach&amp;rft.pages=160&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-319-22246-2&amp;rft.aulast=Angelici&amp;rft.aufirst=Francesco+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS1c-CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA160&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayward2006-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hayward2006_70-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHaywardHenschelO&#39;BrienHofmeyr2006" class="citation journal">Hayward, M. W.; Henschel, P.; O'Brien, J.; Hofmeyr, M.; Balme, G.; Kerley, G.I.H. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200229233750/https://ibs.bialowieza.pl/g2/pdf/1596.pdf">„Prey preferences of the leopard (<i>Panthera pardus</i>)“</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Zoology</i>. <b>270</b> (2): 298–313. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.2006.00139.x">10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00139.x</a>. Архивирано од <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibs.bialowieza.pl/g2/pdf/1596.pdf">изворникот</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> на 2020-02-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Посетено на <span class="nowrap">2022-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Zoology&amp;rft.atitle=Prey+preferences+of+the+leopard+%28Panthera+pardus%29&amp;rft.volume=270&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=298-313&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.2006.00139.x&amp;rft.aulast=Hayward&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+W.&amp;rft.au=Henschel%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Hofmeyr%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Balme%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Kerley%2C+G.I.H.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibs.bialowieza.pl%2Fg2%2Fpdf%2F1596.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pulliam1974-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Pulliam1974_71-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPulliam1974" class="citation journal">Pulliam, H. Ronald (1974). „On the Theory of Optimal Diets“. <i>The American Naturalist</i>. <b>108</b> (959): 59–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F282885">10.1086/282885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+Theory+of+Optimal+Diets&amp;rft.volume=108&amp;rft.issue=959&amp;rft.pages=59-74&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F282885&amp;rft.aulast=Pulliam&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+Ronald&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SihChristensen2001-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-SihChristensen2001_72-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSihChristensen2001" class="citation journal">Sih, Andrew; Christensen, Bent (2001). „Optimal diet theory: when does it work, and when and why does it fail?“. <i>Animal Behaviour</i>. <b>61</b> (2): 379–390. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fanbe.2000.1592">10.1006/anbe.2000.1592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Animal+Behaviour&amp;rft.atitle=Optimal+diet+theory%3A+when+does+it+work%2C+and+when+and+why+does+it+fail%3F&amp;rft.volume=61&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=379-390&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fanbe.2000.1592&amp;rft.aulast=Sih&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew&amp;rft.au=Christensen%2C+Bent&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSprules1972" class="citation journal">Sprules, W. Gary (1972). „Effects of Size-Selective Predation and Food Competition on High Altitude Zooplankton Communities“. <i>Ecology</i>. <b>53</b> (3): 375–386. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1934223">10.2307/1934223</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1934223">1934223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Ecology&amp;rft.atitle=Effects+of+Size-Selective+Predation+and+Food+Competition+on+High+Altitude+Zooplankton+Communities&amp;rft.volume=53&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=375-386&amp;rft.date=1972&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1934223&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1934223&amp;rft.aulast=Sprules&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+Gary&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Owen-SmithMills2008-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Owen-SmithMills2008_74-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOwen-SmithMills2008" class="citation journal">Owen-Smith, Norman; Mills, M. G. L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/9023/1/Owen-Smith_Predator-prey%282008%29.pdf">„Predator-prey size relationships in an African large-mammal food web“</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Animal Ecology</i>. <b>77</b> (1): 173–183. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2656.2007.01314.x">10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01314.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18177336">18177336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Animal+Ecology&amp;rft.atitle=Predator-prey+size+relationships+in+an+African+large-mammal+food+web&amp;rft.volume=77&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=173-183&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2656.2007.01314.x&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18177336&amp;rft.aulast=Owen-Smith&amp;rft.aufirst=Norman&amp;rft.au=Mills%2C+M.+G.+L.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.up.ac.za%2Fbitstream%2F2263%2F9023%2F1%2FOwen-Smith_Predator-prey%25282008%2529.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cott12-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Cott12_75-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCott1940">Cott 1940</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCott1940 (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Категорија:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRuppertFoxBarnes2004" class="citation book">Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard, S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004). <i>Invertebrate Zoology, 7th edition</i>. Cengage Learning. стр.&#160;153–154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/978-81-315-0104-7" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/978-81-315-0104-7"><bdi>978-81-315-0104-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Invertebrate+Zoology%2C+7th+edition&amp;rft.pages=153-154&amp;rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=978-81-315-0104-7&amp;rft.aulast=Ruppert&amp;rft.aufirst=Edward+E.&amp;rft.au=Fox%2C+Richard%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Barnes%2C+Robert+D.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCetaruk,_Edward_W.2005" class="citation book">Cetaruk, Edward W. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WuA4LsWXXWEC&amp;pg=PA1075">„Rattlesnakes and Other Crotalids“</a>. Во Brent, Jeffrey (уред.). <i>Critical care toxicology: diagnosis and management of the critically poisoned patient</i>. Elsevier Health Sciences. стр.&#160;1075. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/978-0-8151-4387-1" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/978-0-8151-4387-1"><bdi>978-0-8151-4387-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Rattlesnakes+and+Other+Crotalids&amp;rft.btitle=Critical+care+toxicology%3A+diagnosis+and+management+of+the+critically+poisoned+patient&amp;rft.pages=1075&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8151-4387-1&amp;rft.au=Cetaruk%2C+Edward+W.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWuA4LsWXXWEC%26pg%3DPA1075&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barceloux2008-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Barceloux2008_78-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBarceloux2008" class="citation book">Barceloux, Donald G. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CpqzhHc072AC&amp;pg=PA1028"><i>Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances: Foods, Fungi, Medicinal Herbs, Plants, and Venomous Animals</i></a>. Wiley. стр.&#160;1028. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/978-0-470-33557-4" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/978-0-470-33557-4"><bdi>978-0-470-33557-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Medical+Toxicology+of+Natural+Substances%3A+Foods%2C+Fungi%2C+Medicinal+Herbs%2C+Plants%2C+and+Venomous+Animals&amp;rft.pages=1028&amp;rft.pub=Wiley&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-470-33557-4&amp;rft.aulast=Barceloux&amp;rft.aufirst=Donald+G.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCpqzhHc072AC%26pg%3DPA1028&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Li_Fry_Kini_2005_pp._81–89-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Li_Fry_Kini_2005_pp._81–89_79-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLiFryKini2005" class="citation journal">Li, Min; Fry, B.G.; Kini, R. Manjunatha (2005). „Eggs-Only Diet: Its Implications for the Toxin Profile Changes and Ecology of the Marbled Sea Snake (Aipysurus eydouxii)“. <i>Journal of Molecular Evolution</i>. <b>60</b> (1): 81–89. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JMolE..60...81L">2005JMolE..60...81L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00239-004-0138-0">10.1007/s00239-004-0138-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15696370">15696370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molecular+Evolution&amp;rft.atitle=Eggs-Only+Diet%3A+Its+Implications+for+the+Toxin+Profile+Changes+and+Ecology+of+the+Marbled+Sea+Snake+%28Aipysurus+eydouxii%29&amp;rft.volume=60&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=81-89&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15696370&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00239-004-0138-0&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005JMolE..60...81L&amp;rft.aulast=Li&amp;rft.aufirst=Min&amp;rft.au=Fry%2C+B.G.&amp;rft.au=Kini%2C+R.+Manjunatha&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCastello,_M._E.,_A._Rodriguez-Cattaneo,_P._A._Aguilera,_L._Iribarne,_A._C._Pereira,_and_A._A._Caputi2009" class="citation journal">Castello, M. E., A. Rodriguez-Cattaneo, P. A. Aguilera, L. Iribarne, A. C. Pereira, and A. A. Caputi (2009). „Waveform generation in the weakly electric fish Gymnotus coropinae (Hoedeman): the electric organ and the electric organ discharge“. <i>Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>212</b> (9): 1351–1364. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.022566">10.1242/jeb.022566</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19376956">19376956</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Waveform+generation+in+the+weakly+electric+fish+Gymnotus+coropinae+%28Hoedeman%29%3A+the+electric+organ+and+the+electric+organ+discharge&amp;rft.volume=212&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=1351-1364&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.022566&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19376956&amp;rft.au=Castello%2C+M.+E.%2C+A.+Rodriguez-Cattaneo%2C+P.+A.+Aguilera%2C+L.+Iribarne%2C+A.+C.+Pereira%2C+and+A.+A.+Caputi&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1-одржување: повеќе имиња: список на автори (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:CS1-%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5:_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%9C%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0:_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Категорија:CS1-одржување: повеќе имиња: список на автори">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feulner,_P._G.,_M._Plath,_J._Engelmann,_F._Kirschbaum,_R._Tiedemann_2009_225–228-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Feulner,_P._G.,_M._Plath,_J._Engelmann,_F._Kirschbaum,_R._Tiedemann_2009_225–228_81-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFeulner,_P._G.,_M._Plath,_J._Engelmann,_F._Kirschbaum,_R._Tiedemann2009" class="citation journal">Feulner, P. G., M. Plath, J. Engelmann, F. Kirschbaum, R. Tiedemann (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2665802">„Electrifying love: electric fish use species-specific discharge for mate recognition“</a>. <i>Biology Letters</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 225–228. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2008.0566">10.1098/rsbl.2008.0566</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2665802">2665802</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19033131">19033131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&amp;rft.atitle=Electrifying+love%3A+electric+fish+use+species-specific+discharge+for+mate+recognition&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=225-228&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2665802&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19033131&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2008.0566&amp;rft.au=Feulner%2C+P.+G.%2C+M.+Plath%2C+J.+Engelmann%2C+F.+Kirschbaum%2C+R.+Tiedemann&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2665802&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1-одржување: повеќе имиња: список на автори (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:CS1-%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5:_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%9C%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0:_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Категорија:CS1-одржување: повеќе имиња: список на автори">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catania2015-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Catania2015_82-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCatania2015" class="citation journal">Catania, Kenneth C. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4667699">„Electric eels use high-voltage to track fast-moving prey“</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 8638. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatCo...6.8638C">2015NatCo...6.8638C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms9638">10.1038/ncomms9638</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4667699">4667699</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26485580">26485580</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&amp;rft.atitle=Electric+eels+use+high-voltage+to+track+fast-moving+prey&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=8638&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4667699&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26485580&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms9638&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NatCo...6.8638C&amp;rft.aulast=Catania&amp;rft.aufirst=Kenneth+C.&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4667699&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kramer1996-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kramer1996_83-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKramer1996" class="citation journal">Kramer, Bernd (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epub.uni-regensburg.de/2108/1/ubr00728.pdf">„Electroreception and communication in fishes“</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Progress in Zoology</i>. <b>42</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Zoology&amp;rft.atitle=Electroreception+and+communication+in+fishes&amp;rft.volume=42&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.aulast=Kramer&amp;rft.aufirst=Bernd&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepub.uni-regensburg.de%2F2108%2F1%2Fubr00728.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KarasovDiamond1988-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-KarasovDiamond1988_84-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKarasovDiamond1988" class="citation journal">Karasov, William H.; Diamond, Jared M. (1988). „Interplay between Physiology and Ecology in Digestion“. <i>BioScience</i>. <b>38</b> (9): 602–611. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1310825">10.2307/1310825</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1310825">1310825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BioScience&amp;rft.atitle=Interplay+between+Physiology+and+Ecology+in+Digestion&amp;rft.volume=38&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=602-611&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1310825&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1310825&amp;rft.aulast=Karasov&amp;rft.aufirst=William+H.&amp;rft.au=Diamond%2C+Jared+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobs_2017-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs_2017_85-0">84,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs_2017_85-1">84,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs_2017_85-2">84,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobsBastian2017">Jacobs &amp; Bastian 2017</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFJacobsBastian2017 (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Категорија:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBarbosaCastellanos2005" class="citation book">Barbosa, Pedro; Castellanos, Ignacio (2005). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Слободен пристап како проба за ограничено време, инаку бара претплата"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ecologypredatorp00barb"><i>Ecology of predator-prey interactions</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. стр.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ecologypredatorp00barb/page/n96">78</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/9780199874545" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/9780199874545"><bdi>9780199874545</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ecology+of+predator-prey+interactions&amp;rft.pages=78&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=9780199874545&amp;rft.aulast=Barbosa&amp;rft.aufirst=Pedro&amp;rft.au=Castellanos%2C+Ignacio&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fecologypredatorp00barb&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Janis-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Janis_87-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJanisWilhelm1993" class="citation journal">Janis, C. M.; Wilhelm, P. B. (1993). „Were there mammalian pursuit predators in the Tertiary? Dances with wolf avatars“. <i>Journal of Mammalian Evolution</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 103–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf01041590">10.1007/bf01041590</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mammalian+Evolution&amp;rft.atitle=Were+there+mammalian+pursuit+predators+in+the+Tertiary%3F+Dances+with+wolf+avatars&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=103-125&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf01041590&amp;rft.aulast=Janis&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+M.&amp;rft.au=Wilhelm%2C+P.+B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DawKrebs-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DawKrebs_88-0">87,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DawKrebs_88-1">87,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DawKrebs_88-2">87,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins,_RichardKrebs,_J._R.1979" class="citation journal">Dawkins, Richard; <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Krebs,_Baron_Krebs&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Krebs, Baron Krebs (страницата не постои)">Krebs, J. R.</a> (1979). „Arms races between and within species“. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>205</b> (1161): 489–511. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979RSPSB.205..489D">1979RSPSB.205..489D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.1979.0081">10.1098/rspb.1979.0081</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42057">42057</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Arms+races+between+and+within+species&amp;rft.volume=205&amp;rft.issue=1161&amp;rft.pages=489-511&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F42057&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.1979.0081&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979RSPSB.205..489D&amp;rft.au=Dawkins%2C+Richard&amp;rft.au=Krebs%2C+J.+R.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abrams-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Abrams_89-0">88,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Abrams_89-1">88,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAbrams1986" class="citation journal">Abrams, Peter A. (November 1986). „Adaptive responses of predators to prey and prey to predators: The failure of the arms-race analogy“. <i>Evolution</i>. <b>40</b> (6): 1229–1247. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1558-5646.1986.tb05747.x">10.1111/j.1558-5646.1986.tb05747.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28563514">28563514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Evolution&amp;rft.atitle=Adaptive+responses+of+predators+to+prey+and+prey+to+predators%3A+The+failure+of+the+arms-race+analogy&amp;rft.volume=40&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1229-1247&amp;rft.date=1986-11&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1558-5646.1986.tb05747.x&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28563514&amp;rft.aulast=Abrams&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brodie-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Brodie_90-0">89,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Brodie_90-1">89,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Brodie_90-2">89,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Brodie_90-3">89,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Brodie_90-4">89,4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrodie1999" class="citation journal">Brodie, Edmund D. (July 1999). „Predator-Prey Arms Races“. <i>BioScience</i>. <b>49</b> (7): 557–568. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1313476">10.2307/1313476</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1313476">1313476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BioScience&amp;rft.atitle=Predator-Prey+Arms+Races&amp;rft.volume=49&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=557-568&amp;rft.date=1999-07&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1313476&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1313476&amp;rft.aulast=Brodie&amp;rft.aufirst=Edmund+D.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVermeij1994" class="citation journal">Vermeij, G J (November 1994). „The Evolutionary Interaction Among Species: Selection, Escalation, and Coevolution“. <i>Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 219–236. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.es.25.110194.001251">10.1146/annurev.es.25.110194.001251</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Ecology+and+Systematics&amp;rft.atitle=The+Evolutionary+Interaction+Among+Species%3A+Selection%2C+Escalation%2C+and+Coevolution&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=219-236&amp;rft.date=1994-11&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.es.25.110194.001251&amp;rft.aulast=Vermeij&amp;rft.aufirst=G+J&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSheriffPeacorHawlenaThaker2020" class="citation journal">Sheriff, Michael J.; Peacor, Scott D.; Hawlena, Dror; Thaker, Maria; Gaillard, Jean‐Michel (2020). „Non-Consumptive Predator Effects on Prey Population Size: A Dearth of Evidence“. <i>Journal of Animal Ecology</i>. <b>89</b> (6): 1302–1316. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1365-2656.13213">10.1111/1365-2656.13213</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32215909">32215909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Animal+Ecology&amp;rft.atitle=Non-Consumptive+Predator+Effects+on+Prey+Population+Size%3A+A+Dearth+of+Evidence&amp;rft.volume=89&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1302-1316&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1365-2656.13213&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32215909&amp;rft.aulast=Sheriff&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&amp;rft.au=Peacor%2C+Scott+D.&amp;rft.au=Hawlena%2C+Dror&amp;rft.au=Thaker%2C+Maria&amp;rft.au=Gaillard%2C+Jean%E2%80%90Michel&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Preisser_Bolnick_2005-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Preisser_Bolnick_2005_93-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPreisserBolnickBenard2005" class="citation journal">Preisser, Evan L.; Bolnick, Daniel I.; Benard, Michael F. (2005). „Scared to Death? The Effects of Intimidation and Consumption in Predator–Prey Interactions“. <i>Ecology</i>. <b>86</b> (2): 501–509. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F04-0719">10.1890/04-0719</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9658">0012-9658</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Ecology&amp;rft.atitle=Scared+to+Death%3F+The+Effects+of+Intimidation+and+Consumption+in+Predator%E2%80%93Prey+Interactions&amp;rft.volume=86&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=501-509&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1890%2F04-0719&amp;rft.issn=0012-9658&amp;rft.aulast=Preisser&amp;rft.aufirst=Evan+L.&amp;rft.au=Bolnick%2C+Daniel+I.&amp;rft.au=Benard%2C+Michael+F.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-classics-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-classics_94-0">93,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-classics_94-1">93,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPeckarskyAbramsBolnickDill2008" class="citation journal">Peckarsky, Barbara L.; Abrams, Peter A.; Bolnick, Daniel I.; Dill, Lawrence M.; Grabowski, Jonathan H.; Luttbeg, Barney; Orrock, John L.; Peacor, Scott D.; Preisser, Evan L. (September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/bio_facpubs/121">„Revisiting the classics: considering nonconsumptive effects in textbook examples of predator–prey interactions“</a>. <i>Ecology</i>. <b>89</b> (9): 2416–2425. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F07-1131.1">10.1890/07-1131.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18831163">18831163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Ecology&amp;rft.atitle=Revisiting+the+classics%3A+considering+nonconsumptive+effects+in+textbook+examples+of+predator%E2%80%93prey+interactions&amp;rft.volume=89&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=2416-2425&amp;rft.date=2008-09&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1890%2F07-1131.1&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18831163&amp;rft.aulast=Peckarsky&amp;rft.aufirst=Barbara+L.&amp;rft.au=Abrams%2C+Peter+A.&amp;rft.au=Bolnick%2C+Daniel+I.&amp;rft.au=Dill%2C+Lawrence+M.&amp;rft.au=Grabowski%2C+Jonathan+H.&amp;rft.au=Luttbeg%2C+Barney&amp;rft.au=Orrock%2C+John+L.&amp;rft.au=Peacor%2C+Scott+D.&amp;rft.au=Preisser%2C+Evan+L.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.uri.edu%2Fbio_facpubs%2F121&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindeman1942-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lindeman1942_95-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLindeman1942" class="citation journal">Lindeman, Raymond L. (1942). „The Trophic-Dynamic Aspect of Ecology“. <i>Ecology</i>. <b>23</b> (4): 399–417. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1930126">10.2307/1930126</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1930126">1930126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Ecology&amp;rft.atitle=The+Trophic-Dynamic+Aspect+of+Ecology&amp;rft.volume=23&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=399-417&amp;rft.date=1942&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1930126&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1930126&amp;rft.aulast=Lindeman&amp;rft.aufirst=Raymond+L.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OrdizBischofSwenson2013-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-OrdizBischofSwenson2013_96-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOrdizBischofSwenson2013" class="citation journal">Ordiz, Andrés; Bischof, Richard; Swenson, Jon E. (2013). „Saving large carnivores, but losing the apex predator?“. <i>Biological Conservation</i>. <b>168</b>: 128–133. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2013.09.024">10.1016/j.biocon.2013.09.024</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Biological+Conservation&amp;rft.atitle=Saving+large+carnivores%2C+but+losing+the+apex+predator%3F&amp;rft.volume=168&amp;rft.pages=128-133&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2013.09.024&amp;rft.aulast=Ordiz&amp;rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9s&amp;rft.au=Bischof%2C+Richard&amp;rft.au=Swenson%2C+Jon+E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPimmLawton1978" class="citation journal">Pimm, S. L.; Lawton, J. H. 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(2000). „Competition and intraguild predation among three sympatric carnivores“. <i>Oecologia</i>. <b>125</b> (2): 258–270. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Oecol.125..258F">2000Oecol.125..258F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs004420000448">10.1007/s004420000448</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24595837">24595837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Oecologia&amp;rft.atitle=Competition+and+intraguild+predation+among+three+sympatric+carnivores&amp;rft.volume=125&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=258-270&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24595837&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs004420000448&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000Oecol.125..258F&amp;rft.au=Fedriani%2C+J.+M.&amp;rft.au=Fuller%2C+T.+K.&amp;rft.au=Sauvajot%2C+R.+M.&amp;rft.au=York%2C+E.+C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">&#124;hdl-access=</code> бара <code class="cs1-code">&#124;hdl=</code> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%88:CS1_errors#param_access_requires_param" class="mw-redirect" title="Помош:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bond2012-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bond2012_99-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBond2012" class="citation book">Bond, W. J. (2012). „11. Keystone species“. Во Schulze, Ernst-Detlef; Mooney, Harold A. (уред.). <i>Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function</i>. Springer. стр.&#160;237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/978-3642580017" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/978-3642580017"><bdi>978-3642580017</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=11.+Keystone+species&amp;rft.btitle=Biodiversity+and+Ecosystem+Function&amp;rft.pages=237&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.isbn=978-3642580017&amp;rft.aulast=Bond&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBotkin,_D.Keller,_E.2003" class="citation book">Botkin, D.; Keller, E. (2003). <i>Environmental Science: Earth as a living planet</i>. John Wiley &amp; Sons. стр.&#160;2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/978-0-471-38914-9" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/978-0-471-38914-9"><bdi>978-0-471-38914-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Environmental+Science%3A+Earth+as+a+living+planet&amp;rft.pages=2&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-471-38914-9&amp;rft.au=Botkin%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Keller%2C+E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ripple2004-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ripple2004_101-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRippleBeschta2004" class="citation journal">Ripple, William J.; Beschta, Robert L. (2004). „Wolves and the Ecology of Fear: Can Predation Risk Structure Ecosystems?“. <i>BioScience</i>. <b>54</b> (8): 755. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1641%2F0006-3568%282004%29054%5B0755%3AWATEOF%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054&#91;0755:WATEOF&#93;2.0.CO&#59;2</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BioScience&amp;rft.atitle=Wolves+and+the+Ecology+of+Fear%3A+Can+Predation+Risk+Structure+Ecosystems%3F&amp;rft.volume=54&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=755&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1641%2F0006-3568%282004%29054%5B0755%3AWATEOF%5D2.0.CO%3B2&amp;rft.aulast=Ripple&amp;rft.aufirst=William+J.&amp;rft.au=Beschta%2C+Robert+L.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNeal2004" class="citation book">Neal, Dick (2004). <i>Introduction to population biology</i>. Cambridge University Press. стр.&#160;68–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/9780521532235" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/9780521532235"><bdi>9780521532235</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+population+biology&amp;rft.pages=68-69&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=9780521532235&amp;rft.aulast=Neal&amp;rft.aufirst=Dick&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNelsonMatthewsRosenheim2004" class="citation journal">Nelson, Erik H.; Matthews, Christopher E.; Rosenheim, Jay A. (July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/05x73880">„Predators Reduce Prey Population Growth by Inducing Changes in Prey Behavior“</a>. <i>Ecology</i>. <b>85</b> (7): 1853–1858. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F03-3109">10.1890/03-3109</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3450359">3450359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Ecology&amp;rft.atitle=Predators+Reduce+Prey+Population+Growth+by+Inducing+Changes+in+Prey+Behavior&amp;rft.volume=85&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=1853-1858&amp;rft.date=2004-07&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1890%2F03-3109&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3450359&amp;rft.aulast=Nelson&amp;rft.aufirst=Erik+H.&amp;rft.au=Matthews%2C+Christopher+E.&amp;rft.au=Rosenheim%2C+Jay+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F05x73880&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krebs-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Krebs_104-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKrebsBoonstraBoutinSinclair2001" class="citation journal">Krebs, Charles J.; Boonstra, Rudy; Boutin, Stan; Sinclair, A.R.E. (2001). „What Drives the 10-year Cycle of Snowshoe Hares?“. <i>BioScience</i>. <b>51</b> (1): 25. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1641%2F0006-3568%282001%29051%5B0025%3AWDTYCO%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051&#91;0025:WDTYCO&#93;2.0.CO&#59;2</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BioScience&amp;rft.atitle=What+Drives+the+10-year+Cycle+of+Snowshoe+Hares%3F&amp;rft.volume=51&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=25&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1641%2F0006-3568%282001%29051%5B0025%3AWDTYCO%5D2.0.CO%3B2&amp;rft.aulast=Krebs&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles+J.&amp;rft.au=Boonstra%2C+Rudy&amp;rft.au=Boutin%2C+Stan&amp;rft.au=Sinclair%2C+A.R.E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Snowshoe_Hare_10-year_Cycle_–_A_Cautionary_Tale-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Snowshoe_Hare_10-year_Cycle_–_A_Cautionary_Tale_105-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKrebsMyers2014" class="citation web">Krebs, Charley; Myers, Judy (2014-07-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~krebs/ecological_rants/?p=786">„The Snowshoe Hare 10-year Cycle – A Cautionary Tale“</a>. <i>Ecological rants</i>. University of British Columbia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Посетено на <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Ecological+rants&amp;rft.atitle=The+Snowshoe+Hare+10-year+Cycle+%E2%80%93+A+Cautionary+Tale&amp;rft.date=2014-07-12&amp;rft.aulast=Krebs&amp;rft.aufirst=Charley&amp;rft.au=Myers%2C+Judy&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zoology.ubc.ca%2F~krebs%2Fecological_rants%2F%3Fp%3D786&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_Bitesize_-_Predators_and_their_prey-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Bitesize_-_Predators_and_their_prey_106-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/ocr_gateway/understanding_environment/interdependencerev2.shtml">„Predators and their prey“</a>. <i>BBC Bitesize</i>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC">BBC</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Посетено на <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+Bitesize&amp;rft.atitle=Predators+and+their+prey&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fschools%2Fgcsebitesize%2Fscience%2Focr_gateway%2Funderstanding_environment%2Finterdependencerev2.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goel1971-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Goel1971_107-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGoelMaitraMontroll1971" class="citation book">Goel, Narendra S.; Maitra, S. C.; Montroll, E. W. (1971). <i>On the Volterra and Other Non-Linear Models of Interacting Populations</i>. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/978-0122874505" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/978-0122874505"><bdi>978-0122874505</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=On+the+Volterra+and+Other+Non-Linear+Models+of+Interacting+Populations&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rft.date=1971&amp;rft.isbn=978-0122874505&amp;rft.aulast=Goel&amp;rft.aufirst=Narendra+S.&amp;rft.au=Maitra%2C+S.+C.&amp;rft.au=Montroll%2C+E.+W.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Princeton-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Princeton_108-0">107,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Princeton_108-1">107,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLevinCarpenterGodfrayKinzig2009" class="citation book">Levin, Simon A.; Carpenter, Stephen R.; Godfray, H. Charles J.; Kinzig, Ann P.; Loreau, Michel; Losos, Jonathan B.; Walker, Brian; Wilcove, David S. (2009). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Слободен пристап како проба за ограничено време, инаку бара претплата"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/princetonguideto00levi"><i>The Princeton guide to ecology</i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. стр.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/princetonguideto00levi/page/n218">204</a>–209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/9781400833023" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/9781400833023"><bdi>9781400833023</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Princeton+guide+to+ecology&amp;rft.pages=204-209&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=9781400833023&amp;rft.aulast=Levin&amp;rft.aufirst=Simon+A.&amp;rft.au=Carpenter%2C+Stephen+R.&amp;rft.au=Godfray%2C+H.+Charles+J.&amp;rft.au=Kinzig%2C+Ann+P.&amp;rft.au=Loreau%2C+Michel&amp;rft.au=Losos%2C+Jonathan+B.&amp;rft.au=Walker%2C+Brian&amp;rft.au=Wilcove%2C+David+S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprincetonguideto00levi&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murdoch-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Murdoch_109-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMurdochBriggsNisbet2013" class="citation book">Murdoch, William W.; Briggs, Cheryl J.; Nisbet, Roger M. (2013). <i>Consumer-resource dynamics</i>. Princeton University Press. стр.&#160;39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/9781400847259" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/9781400847259"><bdi>9781400847259</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Consumer-resource+dynamics&amp;rft.pages=39&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=9781400847259&amp;rft.aulast=Murdoch&amp;rft.aufirst=William+W.&amp;rft.au=Briggs%2C+Cheryl+J.&amp;rft.au=Nisbet%2C+Roger+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-110">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNowakMay2000" class="citation book">Nowak, Martin; May, Robert M. (2000). <i>Virus Dynamics&#160;: Mathematical Principles of Immunology and Virology</i>. Oxford University Press. стр.&#160;8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/9780191588518" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/9780191588518"><bdi>9780191588518</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Virus+Dynamics+%3A+Mathematical+Principles+of+Immunology+and+Virology&amp;rft.pages=8&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=9780191588518&amp;rft.aulast=Nowak&amp;rft.aufirst=Martin&amp;rft.au=May%2C+Robert+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Genovart2010-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Genovart2010_111-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGenovartNegreTavecchiaBistuer2010" class="citation journal">Genovart, M.; Negre, N.; Tavecchia, G.; Bistuer, A.; Parpal, L.; Oro, D. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841644">„The young, the weak and the sick: evidence of natural selection by predation“</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>5</b> (3): e9774. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PLoSO...5.9774G">2010PLoSO...5.9774G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0009774">10.1371/journal.pone.0009774</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841644">2841644</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20333305">20333305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&amp;rft.atitle=The+young%2C+the+weak+and+the+sick%3A+evidence+of+natural+selection+by+predation&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=e9774&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2841644&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20333305&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0009774&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PLoSO...5.9774G&amp;rft.aulast=Genovart&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.au=Negre%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Tavecchia%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Bistuer%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Parpal%2C+L.&amp;rft.au=Oro%2C+D.&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2841644&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rockwood_2009-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Rockwood_2009_112-0">111,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Rockwood_2009_112-1">111,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Rockwood_2009_112-2">111,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Rockwood_2009_112-3">111,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRockwood2009">Rockwood 2009</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRockwood2009 (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Категорија:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cushing2005-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cushing2005_113-0">112,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cushing2005_113-1">112,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCushing2005" class="citation journal">Cushing, J. M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/2005-42-04/S0273-0979-05-01055-4/S0273-0979-05-01055-4.pdf">„Book Reviews | Mathematics in population biology, by Horst R. Thiene“</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society</i>. <b>42</b> (4): 501–505. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0273-0979-05-01055-4">10.1090/S0273-0979-05-01055-4</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Mathematical+Society&amp;rft.atitle=Book+Reviews+%7C+Mathematics+in+population+biology%2C+by+Horst+R.+Thiene&amp;rft.volume=42&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=501-505&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1090%2FS0273-0979-05-01055-4&amp;rft.aulast=Cushing&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fjournals%2Fbull%2F2005-42-04%2FS0273-0979-05-01055-4%2FS0273-0979-05-01055-4.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-114">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThieme2003" class="citation book">Thieme, Horst R. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cHcjnkrMweYC"><i>Mathematics in Population Biology</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/978-0-691-09291-1" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/978-0-691-09291-1"><bdi>978-0-691-09291-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Mathematics+in+Population+Biology&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-691-09291-1&amp;rft.aulast=Thieme&amp;rft.aufirst=Horst+R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcHcjnkrMweYC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KozlovVakulenko2013-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-KozlovVakulenko2013_115-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKozlovVakulenko2013" class="citation journal">Kozlov, Vladimir; Vakulenko, Sergey (3 July 2013). „On chaos in Lotka–Volterra systems: an analytical approach“. <i>Nonlinearity</i>. <b>26</b> (8): 2299–2314. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Nonli..26.2299K">2013Nonli..26.2299K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0951-7715%2F26%2F8%2F2299">10.1088/0951-7715/26/8/2299</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nonlinearity&amp;rft.atitle=On+chaos+in+Lotka%E2%80%93Volterra+systems%3A+an+analytical+approach&amp;rft.volume=26&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=2299-2314&amp;rft.date=2013-07-03&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0951-7715%2F26%2F8%2F2299&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Nonli..26.2299K&amp;rft.aulast=Kozlov&amp;rft.aufirst=Vladimir&amp;rft.au=Vakulenko%2C+Sergey&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-116">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSih1987" class="citation journal">Sih, Andrew (1987). „Prey refuges and predator-prey stability“. <i>Theoretical Population Biology</i>. <b>31</b>: 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0040-5809%2887%2990019-0">10.1016/0040-5809(87)90019-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Theoretical+Population+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Prey+refuges+and+predator-prey+stability&amp;rft.volume=31&amp;rft.pages=1-12&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0040-5809%2887%2990019-0&amp;rft.aulast=Sih&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-117">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcNair1986" class="citation journal">McNair, James N (1986). „The effects of refuges on predator-prey interactions: A reconsideration“. <i>Theoretical Population Biology</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 38–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0040-5809%2886%2990004-3">10.1016/0040-5809(86)90004-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3961711">3961711</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Theoretical+Population+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=The+effects+of+refuges+on+predator-prey+interactions%3A+A+reconsideration&amp;rft.volume=29&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=38-63&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0040-5809%2886%2990004-3&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3961711&amp;rft.aulast=McNair&amp;rft.aufirst=James+N&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BerrymanHawkins2006-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-BerrymanHawkins2006_118-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBerrymanHawkinsHawkins2006" class="citation journal">Berryman, Alan A.; Hawkins, Bradford A.; Hawkins, Bradford A. (2006). „The refuge as an integrating concept in ecology and evolution“. <i>Oikos</i>. <b>115</b> (1): 192–196. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0030-1299.2006.15188.x">10.1111/j.0030-1299.2006.15188.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Oikos&amp;rft.atitle=The+refuge+as+an+integrating+concept+in+ecology+and+evolution&amp;rft.volume=115&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=192-196&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0030-1299.2006.15188.x&amp;rft.aulast=Berryman&amp;rft.aufirst=Alan+A.&amp;rft.au=Hawkins%2C+Bradford+A.&amp;rft.au=Hawkins%2C+Bradford+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-119">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCressmanGaray2009" class="citation journal">Cressman, Ross; Garay, József (2009). „A predator–prey refuge system: Evolutionary stability in ecological systems“. <i>Theoretical Population Biology</i>. <b>76</b> (4): 248–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tpb.2009.08.005">10.1016/j.tpb.2009.08.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19751753">19751753</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Theoretical+Population+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=A+predator%E2%80%93prey+refuge+system%3A+Evolutionary+stability+in+ecological+systems&amp;rft.volume=76&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=248-57&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tpb.2009.08.005&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19751753&amp;rft.aulast=Cressman&amp;rft.aufirst=Ross&amp;rft.au=Garay%2C+J%C3%B3zsef&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-120">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAbrams,_P._A.2000" class="citation journal">Abrams, P. A. (2000). „The evolution of predator-prey interactions: theory and evidence“. <i>Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics</i>. <b>31</b>: 79–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ecolsys.31.1.79">10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.79</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Ecology+and+Systematics&amp;rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+predator-prey+interactions%3A+theory+and+evidence&amp;rft.volume=31&amp;rft.pages=79-105&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.ecolsys.31.1.79&amp;rft.au=Abrams%2C+P.+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GrimaldiEngel2005-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-GrimaldiEngel2005_121-0">120,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-GrimaldiEngel2005_121-1">120,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGrimaldiEngel2005" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Grimaldi_(entomologist)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="David Grimaldi (entomologist) (страницата не постои)">Grimaldi, David</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_S._Engel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael S. Engel (страницата не постои)">Engel, Michael S.</a> (2005). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Слободен пристап како проба за ограничено време, инаку бара претплата"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutioninsects00grim_110"><i>Evolution of the Insects</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. стр.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutioninsects00grim_110/page/n169">155</a>–160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/978-0-521-82149-0" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/978-0-521-82149-0"><bdi>978-0-521-82149-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Evolution+of+the+Insects&amp;rft.pages=155-160&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-82149-0&amp;rft.aulast=Grimaldi&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.au=Engel%2C+Michael+S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolutioninsects00grim_110&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grant1991-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Grant1991_122-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGrant,_S._W._F.Knoll,_A._H.Germs,_G._J._B.1991" class="citation journal">Grant, S. W. F.; Knoll, A. H.; Germs, G. J. B. (1991). „Probable Calcified Metaphytes in the Latest Proterozoic Nama Group, Namibia: Origin, Diagenesis, and Implications“. <i>Journal of Paleontology</i>. <b>65</b> (1): 1–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002233600002014X">10.1017/S002233600002014X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1305691">1305691</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11538648">11538648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Paleontology&amp;rft.atitle=Probable+Calcified+Metaphytes+in+the+Latest+Proterozoic+Nama+Group%2C+Namibia%3A+Origin%2C+Diagenesis%2C+and+Implications&amp;rft.volume=65&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=1-18&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11538648&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1305691&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS002233600002014X&amp;rft.au=Grant%2C+S.+W.+F.&amp;rft.au=Knoll%2C+A.+H.&amp;rft.au=Germs%2C+G.+J.+B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Awramik1971-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Awramik1971_123-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAwramik,_S._M.1971" class="citation journal">Awramik, S. M. (19 November 1971). „Precambrian columnar stromatolite diversity: Reflection of metazoan appearance“. <i>Science</i>. <b>174</b> (4011): 825–827. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971Sci...174..825A">1971Sci...174..825A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.174.4011.825">10.1126/science.174.4011.825</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17759393">17759393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Precambrian+columnar+stromatolite+diversity%3A+Reflection+of+metazoan+appearance&amp;rft.volume=174&amp;rft.issue=4011&amp;rft.pages=825-827&amp;rft.date=1971-11-19&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17759393&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.174.4011.825&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1971Sci...174..825A&amp;rft.au=Awramik%2C+S.+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley2008-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Stanley2008_124-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStanley,_Steven_M.2008" class="citation journal">Stanley, Steven M. (2008). „Predation defeats competition on the seafloor“. <i>Paleobiology</i>. <b>34</b> (1): 1–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1666%2F07026.1">10.1666/07026.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Paleobiology&amp;rft.atitle=Predation+defeats+competition+on+the+seafloor&amp;rft.volume=34&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=1-21&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1666%2F07026.1&amp;rft.au=Stanley%2C+Steven+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-125">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLoronRainbirdTurnerWilder_Greenman2018" class="citation journal">Loron, Corentin C.; Rainbird, Robert H.; Turner, Elizabeth C.; Wilder Greenman, J.; Javaux, Emmanuelle J. (2018). „Implications of selective predation on the macroevolution of eukaryotes: Evidence from Arctic Canada“. <i>Emerging Topics in Life Sciences</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 247–255. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1042%2FETLS20170153">10.1042/ETLS20170153</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32412621">32412621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Emerging+Topics+in+Life+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Implications+of+selective+predation+on+the+macroevolution+of+eukaryotes%3A+Evidence+from+Arctic+Canada&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=247-255&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1042%2FETLS20170153&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32412621&amp;rft.aulast=Loron&amp;rft.aufirst=Corentin+C.&amp;rft.au=Rainbird%2C+Robert+H.&amp;rft.au=Turner%2C+Elizabeth+C.&amp;rft.au=Wilder+Greenman%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Javaux%2C+Emmanuelle+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelley-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kelley_126-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKelley2003" class="citation book">Kelley, Patricia (2003). <i>Predator--Prey Interactions in the Fossil Record</i>. Springer. стр.&#160;113–139, 141–176 and passim. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/978-1-4615-0161-9" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/978-1-4615-0161-9"><bdi>978-1-4615-0161-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/840283264">840283264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Predator--Prey+Interactions+in+the+Fossil+Record&amp;rft.pages=113-139%2C+141-176+and+passim&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F840283264&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4615-0161-9&amp;rft.aulast=Kelley&amp;rft.aufirst=Patricia&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-127">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDaley2013" class="citation journal">Daley, Allison C. (2013). „Anomalocaridids“. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>23</b> (19): R860–R861. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2013.07.008">10.1016/j.cub.2013.07.008</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24112975">24112975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Anomalocaridids&amp;rft.volume=23&amp;rft.issue=19&amp;rft.pages=R860-R861&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2013.07.008&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24112975&amp;rft.aulast=Daley&amp;rft.aufirst=Allison+C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson&amp;Westneat2009-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson&amp;Westneat2009_128-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonWestneat,_M.2009" class="citation journal">Anderson, P. S. L.; Westneat, M. (2009). „A biomechanical model of feeding kinematics for Dunkleosteus terrelli (Arthrodira, Placodermi)“. <i>Paleobiology</i>. <b>35</b> (2): 251–269. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1666%2F08011.1">10.1666/08011.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Paleobiology&amp;rft.atitle=A+biomechanical+model+of+feeding+kinematics+for+Dunkleosteus+terrelli+%28Arthrodira%2C+Placodermi%29&amp;rft.volume=35&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=251-269&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1666%2F08011.1&amp;rft.aulast=Anderson&amp;rft.aufirst=P.+S.+L.&amp;rft.au=Westneat%2C+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carr2010-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Carr2010_129-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCarr2010" class="citation journal">Carr, Robert K. 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Архивирано од <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/dinosaur/2012/04/when-tyrannosaurus-chomped-sauropods/">изворникот</a> на 24 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Посетено на <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vertebrate+Paleontology&amp;rft.atitle=When+Tyrannosaurus+Chomped+Sauropods&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=469-472&amp;rft.date=2012-04-13&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1671%2F0272-4634%282005%29025%5B0469%3ATRFTUC%5D2.0.CO%3B2&amp;rft.aulast=Switeck&amp;rft.aufirst=Brian&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.smithsonianmag.com%2Fdinosaur%2F2012%2F04%2Fwhen-tyrannosaurus-chomped-sauropods%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DarimontFoxBryanReimchen2015-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-DarimontFoxBryanReimchen2015_131-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDarimontFoxBryanReimchen2015" class="citation journal">Darimont, C. T.; Fox, C. H.; Bryan, H. M.; Reimchen, T. E. (2015-08-20). „The unique ecology of human predators“. <i>Science</i>. <b>349</b> (6250): 858–860. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Sci...349..858D">2015Sci...349..858D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aac4249">10.1126/science.aac4249</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26293961">26293961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=The+unique+ecology+of+human+predators&amp;rft.volume=349&amp;rft.issue=6250&amp;rft.pages=858-860&amp;rft.date=2015-08-20&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26293961&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aac4249&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Sci...349..858D&amp;rft.aulast=Darimont&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+T.&amp;rft.au=Fox%2C+C.+H.&amp;rft.au=Bryan%2C+H.+M.&amp;rft.au=Reimchen%2C+T.+E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-132">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGabrielvon_Brandt,_Andres2005" class="citation book">Gabriel, Otto; von Brandt, Andres (2005). <i>Fish catching methods of the world</i>. Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/978-0-85238-280-6" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/978-0-85238-280-6"><bdi>978-0-85238-280-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Fish+catching+methods+of+the+world&amp;rft.pub=Blackwell&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-85238-280-6&amp;rft.aulast=Gabriel&amp;rft.aufirst=Otto&amp;rft.au=von+Brandt%2C+Andres&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-133">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin2008" class="citation book">Griffin, Emma (2008). <i>Blood Sport: Hunting in Britain Since 1066</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/978-0300145458" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/978-0300145458"><bdi>978-0300145458</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Blood+Sport%3A+Hunting+in+Britain+Since+1066&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0300145458&amp;rft.aulast=Griffin&amp;rft.aufirst=Emma&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-134">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKing,_Richard_J.2013" class="citation book">King, Richard J. (1 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ucGyAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA9"><i>The Devil's Cormorant: A Natural History</i></a>. University of New Hampshire Press. стр.&#160;9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/978-1-61168-225-0" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/978-1-61168-225-0"><bdi>978-1-61168-225-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Devil%27s+Cormorant%3A+A+Natural+History&amp;rft.pages=9&amp;rft.pub=University+of+New+Hampshire+Press&amp;rft.date=2013-10-01&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-61168-225-0&amp;rft.au=King%2C+Richard+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DucGyAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA9&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-135">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGlasier1998" class="citation book">Glasier, Phillip (1998). <i>Falconry and Hawking</i>. Batsford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/978-0713484076" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/978-0713484076"><bdi>978-0713484076</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Falconry+and+Hawking&amp;rft.pub=Batsford&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=978-0713484076&amp;rft.aulast=Glasier&amp;rft.aufirst=Phillip&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aegerter_Fouracre_Smith_p=e0174709-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Aegerter_Fouracre_Smith_p=e0174709_136-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAegerterFouracreSmith2017" class="citation journal">Aegerter, James; Fouracre, David; Smith, Graham C. (2017). Olsson, I Anna S (уред.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5389805">„A first estimate of the structure and density of the populations of pet cats and dogs across Great Britain“</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>12</b> (4): e0174709. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PLoSO..1274709A">2017PLoSO..1274709A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0174709">10.1371/journal.pone.0174709</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Слободен пристап"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5389805">5389805</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28403172">28403172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&amp;rft.atitle=A+first+estimate+of+the+structure+and+density+of+the+populations+of+pet+cats+and+dogs+across+Great+Britain&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=e0174709&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5389805&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28403172&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0174709&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017PLoSO..1274709A&amp;rft.aulast=Aegerter&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft.au=Fouracre%2C+David&amp;rft.au=Smith%2C+Graham+C.&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5389805&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-137">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Humane_Society_of_the_United_States" class="citation web">The Humane Society of the United States. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120407193941/http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/pet_overpopulation/facts/pet_ownership_statistics.html">„U.S. Pet Ownership Statistics“</a>. Архивирано од <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/pet_overpopulation/facts/pet_ownership_statistics.html">изворникот</a> на 2012-04-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Посетено на <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=U.S.+Pet+Ownership+Statistics&amp;rft.au=The+Humane+Society+of+the+United+States&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanesociety.org%2Fissues%2Fpet_overpopulation%2Ffacts%2Fpet_ownership_statistics.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liebenberg20089-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Liebenberg20089_138-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLiebenberg2008" class="citation journal">Liebenberg, Louis (2008). „The relevance of persistence hunting to human evolution“. <i>Journal of Human Evolution</i>. <b>55</b> (6): 1156–1159. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2008.07.004">10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.07.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18760825">18760825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Evolution&amp;rft.atitle=The+relevance+of+persistence+hunting+to+human+evolution&amp;rft.volume=55&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1156-1159&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2008.07.004&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18760825&amp;rft.aulast=Liebenberg&amp;rft.aufirst=Louis&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-139">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2002/10_october/31/progs6-10_mammalspack.pdf">„Food For Thought“</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Life_of_Mammals&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Life of Mammals (страницата не постои)">The Life of Mammals</a></i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Broadcasting_Corporation&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="British Broadcasting Corporation (страницата не постои)">British Broadcasting Corporation</a>. 31 October 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Life+of+Mammals&amp;rft.atitle=Food+For+Thought&amp;rft.date=2002-10-31&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fpressoffice%2Fpressreleases%2Fstories%2F2002%2F10_october%2F31%2Fprogs6-10_mammalspack.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-140">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFlint,_Maria_LouiseDreistadt,_Steve_H.1998" class="citation book">Flint, Maria Louise; Dreistadt, Steve H. (1998). Clark, Jack K. (уред.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FBJvpMqcV9UC"><i>Natural Enemies Handbook: The Illustrated Guide to Biological Pest Control</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/978-0-520-21801-7" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/978-0-520-21801-7"><bdi>978-0-520-21801-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Natural+Enemies+Handbook%3A+The+Illustrated+Guide+to+Biological+Pest+Control&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-520-21801-7&amp;rft.au=Flint%2C+Maria+Louise&amp;rft.au=Dreistadt%2C+Steve+H.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFBJvpMqcV9UC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-141">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2013" class="citation book">Johnston, Keith M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yUAfAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA98"><i>Science Fiction Film: A Critical Introduction</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berg_Publishers&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Berg Publishers (страницата не постои)">Berg Publishers</a>. стр.&#160;98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/9780857850560" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/9780857850560"><bdi>9780857850560</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Science+Fiction+Film%3A+A+Critical+Introduction&amp;rft.pages=98&amp;rft.pub=Berg+Publishers&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=9780857850560&amp;rft.aulast=Johnston&amp;rft.aufirst=Keith+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyUAfAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA98&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-142">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSchatz" class="citation book">Schatz, Thomas. „The New Hollywood“. <i>Movie Blockbusters</i>. стр.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Q-OAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA25&amp;dq=%22jaws+was+essentially+an+action+film+and+a+thriller%22">25</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+New+Hollywood&amp;rft.btitle=Movie+Blockbusters&amp;rft.pages=25&amp;rft.aulast=Schatz&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"> In: <cite id="CITEREFStringer2003" class="citation book">Stringer, Julian (2003). <i>Movie Blockbusters</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Routledge&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Routledge (страницата не постои)">Routledge</a>. стр.&#160;15–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/978-0-415-25608-7" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/978-0-415-25608-7"><bdi>978-0-415-25608-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Movie+Blockbusters&amp;rft.pages=15-44&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-415-25608-7&amp;rft.aulast=Stringer&amp;rft.aufirst=Julian&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-143">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDavison2002" class="citation news">Davison, Peter (1 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/01/books/predators-and-prey.html">„Predators and Prey | Selected Poems, 1957-1994 by Ted Hughes“</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Посетено на <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2018</span>. <q>Hughes's earliest books contained a bewildering profusion of poems between their covers: ... fish and fowl, beasts of the field and forest, vigorous embodiments of predators and prey. Hughes as a student had taken up anthropology, not literature, and he chose to meditate his way into trancelike states of preconsciousness before committing poems to paper. His poems, early or late, enter into the relations of living creatures; they move in close to animal consciousness: <i>The Thought-Fox,</i> <i>Esther's Tomcat,</i> <i>Pike.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Predators+and+Prey+%7C+Selected+Poems%2C+1957-1994+by+Ted+Hughes&amp;rft.date=2002-12-01&amp;rft.aulast=Davison&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F12%2F01%2Fbooks%2Fpredators-and-prey.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gould_1995-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gould_1995_144-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGould1995" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Jay_Gould&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Jay Gould (страницата не постои)">Gould, Stephen Jay</a> (1995). <i>The Tooth and Claw Centennial</i>. <i>Dinosaur in a Haystack</i>. Harmony Books. стр.&#160;63–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/978-0517703939" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/978-0517703939"><bdi>978-0517703939</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Tooth+and+Claw+Centennial&amp;rft.pages=63-75&amp;rft.pub=Harmony+Books&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.isbn=978-0517703939&amp;rft.aulast=Gould&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephen+Jay&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wallner1998-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wallner1998_145-0">144,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wallner1998_145-1">144,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wallner1998_145-2">144,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wallner1998_145-3">144,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wallner1998_145-4">144,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wallner1998_145-5">144,5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWallner2005" class="citation web">Wallner, Astrid (18 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181005154029/https://www.waldwissen.net/wald/tiere/saeuger/wsl_raubtiere_mythologie/index_EN">„The role of predators in Mythology“</a>. WaldWissen Information for Forest Management. Архивирано од <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.waldwissen.net/wald/tiere/saeuger/wsl_raubtiere_mythologie/index_EN">изворникот</a> на 5 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Посетено на <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+role+of+predators+in+Mythology&amp;rft.pub=WaldWissen+Information+for+Forest+Management&amp;rft.date=2005-07-18&amp;rft.aulast=Wallner&amp;rft.aufirst=Astrid&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.waldwissen.net%2Fwald%2Ftiere%2Fsaeuger%2Fwsl_raubtiere_mythologie%2Findex_EN&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"> translated from Wallner, A. (1998) <i>Die Bedeutung der Raubtiere in der Mythologie: Ergebnisse einer Literaturstudie</i>. - Inf.bl. Forsch.bereiches Landsch.ökol. 39: 4-5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KellertBlackRushBath1996-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-KellertBlackRushBath1996_146-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKellertBlackRushBath1996" class="citation journal">Kellert, Stephen R.; Black, Matthew; Rush, Colleen Reid; Bath, Alistair J. (1996). „Human Culture and Large Carnivore Conservation in North America“. <i>Conservation Biology</i>. <b>10</b> (4): 977–990. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1523-1739.1996.10040977.x">10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10040977.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Conservation+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Human+Culture+and+Large+Carnivore+Conservation+in+North+America&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=977-990&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1523-1739.1996.10040977.x&amp;rft.aulast=Kellert&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephen+R.&amp;rft.au=Black%2C+Matthew&amp;rft.au=Rush%2C+Colleen+Reid&amp;rft.au=Bath%2C+Alistair+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Извори"><span id=".D0.98.D0.B7.D0.B2.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B8"></span>Извори</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=31" title="Уреди го одделот „Извори“" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>уреди</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="Уреди изворен код на одделот: Извори"><span>уреди извор</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBeauchamp2012" class="citation book">Beauchamp, Guy (2012). <i>Social predation&#160;: how group living benefits predators and prey</i>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/9780124076549" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/9780124076549"><bdi>9780124076549</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Social+predation+%3A+how+group+living+benefits+predators+and+prey&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.isbn=9780124076549&amp;rft.aulast=Beauchamp&amp;rft.aufirst=Guy&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBell2012" class="citation book">Bell, W. J. (2012). <i>Searching Behaviour&#160;: the behavioural ecology of finding resources</i>. Springer Netherlands. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/9789401130981" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/9789401130981"><bdi>9789401130981</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Searching+Behaviour+%3A+the+behavioural+ecology+of+finding+resources&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.isbn=9789401130981&amp;rft.aulast=Bell&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCaro2005" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tim_Caro&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tim Caro (страницата не постои)">Caro, Tim</a> (2005). <i>Antipredator Defenses in Birds and Mammals</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/978-0-226-09436-6" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/978-0-226-09436-6"><bdi>978-0-226-09436-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Antipredator+Defenses+in+Birds+and+Mammals&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-226-09436-6&amp;rft.aulast=Caro&amp;rft.aufirst=Tim&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCott1940" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_B._Cott&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh B. Cott (страницата не постои)">Cott, Hugh B.</a> (1940). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adaptive_Coloration_in_Animals&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Adaptive Coloration in Animals (страницата не постои)"><i>Adaptive Coloration in Animals</i></a>. Methuen. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/974070031">974070031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Adaptive+Coloration+in+Animals&amp;rft.pub=Methuen&amp;rft.date=1940&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F974070031&amp;rft.aulast=Cott&amp;rft.aufirst=Hugh+B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFJacobsBastian2017" class="citation book">Jacobs, David Steve; Bastian, Anna (2017). <i>Predator-prey interactions&#160;: co-evolution between bats and their prey</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/9783319324920" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/9783319324920"><bdi>9783319324920</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Predator-prey+interactions+%3A+co-evolution+between+bats+and+their+prey&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.isbn=9783319324920&amp;rft.aulast=Jacobs&amp;rft.aufirst=David+Steve&amp;rft.au=Bastian%2C+Anna&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRockwood2009" class="citation book">Rockwood, Larry L. (2009). <i>Introduction to population ecology</i>. John Wiley &amp; Sons. стр.&#160;281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80/9781444309102" title="Специјална:ПечатенИзвор/9781444309102"><bdi>9781444309102</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+population+ecology&amp;rft.pages=281&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=9781444309102&amp;rft.aulast=Rockwood&amp;rft.aufirst=Larry+L.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmk.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5289462"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRuxtonSherrattSpeed2004" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graeme_Ruxton&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Graeme Ruxton (страницата не постои)">Ruxton, Graeme D.</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_N._Sherratt&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas N. 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