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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economic impacts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economic_impacts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economic impacts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economic_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impact_on_urban_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_urban_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Impact on urban industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_urban_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consequences_on_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequences_on_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Consequences on infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consequences_on_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Real_estate_development_costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Real_estate_development_costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Real estate development costs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Real_estate_development_costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiscal_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiscal_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Fiscal impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiscal_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_on_urban_diversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_urban_diversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Effect on urban diversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_urban_diversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Environmental impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Social impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A" title="الضواحي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الضواحي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbanizasiya" title="Suburbanizasiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Suburbanizasiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Субурбанизация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Субурбанизация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbanizace" title="Suburbanizace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Suburbanizace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbanisierung" title="Suburbanisierung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Suburbanisierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eeslinnastumine" title="Eeslinnastumine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eeslinnastumine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banlieusardisation" title="Banlieusardisation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Banlieusardisation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%EC%99%B8%ED%99%94" title="교외화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교외화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Սուբուրբանիզացիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սուբուրբանիզացիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="פרבריות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרבריות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szuburbaniz%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Szuburbanizáció – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szuburbanizáció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbanisatie" title="Suburbanisatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Suburbanisatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%8A%E5%A4%96%E5%8C%96" title="郊外化 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="郊外化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbanizacja" title="Suburbanizacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Suburbanizacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbaniza%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Suburbanização – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Suburbanização" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Субурбанизация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Субурбанизация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbanisation" title="Suburbanisation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Suburbanisation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbaniz%C3%A1cia" title="Suburbanizácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Suburbanizácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Субурбанизација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Субурбанизација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esikaupungistuminen" title="Esikaupungistuminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Esikaupungistuminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Субурбанізація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Субурбанізація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%8A%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%96" title="郊区城市化 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="郊区城市化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1091971#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Suburbanization" title="Special:EditPage/Suburbanization">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Suburbanization" title="Talk:Suburbanization">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove 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metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/40px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/60px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/80px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may need to be rewritten</b> to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suburbanization&action=edit">You can help</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Talk:Suburbanization" title="Talk:Suburbanization">talk page</a> may contain suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suburbia_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Suburbia_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/300px-Suburbia_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Suburbia_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/450px-Suburbia_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Suburbia_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/600px-Suburbia_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A suburban <a href="/wiki/Land_use_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Land use planning">land use</a> pattern in the United States (<a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado Springs">Colorado Springs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>), showing a mix of residential streets and <a href="/wiki/Dead_end_(street)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead end (street)">cul-de-sacs</a> intersected by a four-lane road.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Suburbanization</b> (<a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>), also spelled <b>suburbanisation</b> (<a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>), is a population shift from <a href="/wiki/Core_city" title="Core city">historic core cities</a> or rural areas into <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburbs</a>. Most suburbs are built in a formation of <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">(sub)urban sprawl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence of the movement of households and businesses away from city centers, low-density, peripheral urban areas grow.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents of curbing suburbanization argue that sprawl leads to <a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">urban decay</a> and a concentration of lower-income residents in the <a href="/wiki/Inner_city" title="Inner city">inner city</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in addition to environmental harm. </p><p>Suburbanization can be a progressive process, as growing population pushes outward the zones of the <a href="/wiki/Concentric_zone_model" title="Concentric zone model">concentric zone model</a> that move outward to escape the increasing density of inward areas. For example, <a href="/wiki/Kings_County,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings County, New York">Kings County, New York</a> served <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> as farmland in the 18th century, with boats carrying produce across the East River. The <a href="/wiki/Fulton_Ferry_(ferry)" title="Fulton Ferry (ferry)">steam ferry</a> later made <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Heights" title="Brooklyn Heights">Brooklyn Heights</a> a <a href="/wiki/Commuter_town" title="Commuter town">commuter town</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a>. <a href="/wiki/Streetcar_suburb" title="Streetcar suburb">Streetcar suburbs</a> spread through the county, and as <a href="/wiki/Elevated_railway" title="Elevated railway">elevated railways</a> further extended its reach, the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Brooklyn">City of Brooklyn</a> grew to fill the county. Areas along the river became industrialized and apartment buildings filled the places where factories did not replace the scattered houses. As a result, much of Brooklyn transformed into a suburban economy and later into an urban economy entirely. Many other suburbs have followed this same cycle. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburbanization&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburbanization&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248332772"><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This section has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Suburbanization" title="Special:EditPage/Suburbanization">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Suburbanization" title="Talk:Suburbanization">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Tone plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Tone" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b>tone or style may not reflect the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic tone</a> used on Wikipedia</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> See Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">guide to writing better articles</a> for suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Suburbanization##" title="Talk:Suburbanization">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pf006593-suburbs_with_cows.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pf006593-suburbs_with_cows.jpg/300px-Pf006593-suburbs_with_cows.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pf006593-suburbs_with_cows.jpg/450px-Pf006593-suburbs_with_cows.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Pf006593-suburbs_with_cows.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>View of a housing development near a farm in <a href="/wiki/Richfield,_Minnesota" title="Richfield, Minnesota">Richfield, Minnesota</a>, a suburb of <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, 1954.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post–World War II economic expansion</a> in the United States included a sudden boom in housing construction as developers raced to address housing shortages across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As veterans returned from war, their GI Bill benefits made it especially easy to buy homes in these new, cost-efficient neighborhoods, populating them quickly with young couples and new families. <a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Racially discriminatory housing policies</a> in many areas prevented people of color from buying homes in the new suburbs, making them largely white-dominated spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nationwide mass migration of white homeowners into the suburbs became known as "<a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">white flight</a>". Throughout the years, the desire to separate work life and home life has grown<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, causing an increase in suburban populations. </p><p>Suburbs are often built around certain industries such as restaurants, shopping, and entertainment, which allows suburban residents to travel less and interact more within the suburban area.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 21st century, the spread of communication services, such as <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">broadband</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-mail" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail">e-mail</a>, and practical home <a href="/wiki/Video_conferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Video conferencing">video conferencing</a>, have enabled more people to work from home rather than commuting. Increased connectivity and <a href="/wiki/Digitization" title="Digitization">digitization</a> of office-based work, especially in response to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, have improved the ability for suburban residents to work from home. </p><p>Similarly, the rise of modern delivery <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistics</a> in <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">postal services</a>, which take advantage of computerization and the availability of efficient transportation networks, also eliminates some of the advantages that were once to be had from having a business located in the city. Industrial, warehousing, and factory land uses have also moved to suburban areas. This removes the need for company headquarters to be within a quick <a href="/wiki/Courier" title="Courier">courier</a> distance of warehouses and ports. Urban areas often suffer from traffic congestion, which creates extra driver costs for the company that may have otherwise been reduced if they were located in a suburban area near a highway instead.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Should provide evidence that businesses located in suburbs experience lower costs related to traffic congestion compared to urban areas. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Lower property taxes and low land prices encourage selling industrial land for profitable <a href="/wiki/Brownfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Brownfield">brownfield</a> redevelopment.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Suburban areas also offer more land to use as a buffer between industrial areas and residential and retail spaces. This may avoid <a href="/wiki/NIMBY" title="NIMBY">NIMBY</a> sentiments and <a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">gentrification</a> pressure from the local community due to residential and retail areas being adjacent to industrial spaces in an urban area. Suburban municipalities can offer tax breaks, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_park" title="Industrial park">specialized zoning</a>, and regulatory incentives to attract industrial land users to their area, such as <a href="/wiki/City_of_Industry,_California" title="City of Industry, California">City of Industry, California</a>. The overall effect of these developments is that both businesses and individuals now see an advantage to relocating to the suburbs, where the cost of buying land, renting space, and running their operations is cheaper than in the city. This continuing dispersal from a single-city center has led to the advent of <a href="/wiki/Edge_city" title="Edge city">edge cities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exurbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Exurbs">exurbs</a>, which arise out of clusters of office buildings built in suburban <a href="/wiki/Commercial_area" title="Commercial area">commercial areas</a>, shopping malls, and other high-density developments. With more jobs for suburbanites in these areas rather than in the main city core from which the suburbs grew, traffic patterns have become more complex, with the volume of intra-suburban traffic increasing. Historically, by the year 2000, nearly half of the US population had relocated to suburban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Europe">Eastern Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburbanization&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Eastern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many Eastern European countries, cities have the reputation of being dangerous or very expensive areas to live, while the suburbs are often viewed as safer and more conducive to raising a family. There have however, also been periods of <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a>. </p><p>During the mid to late 20th century, most socialist countries in the Eastern Bloc were characterized by under-urbanization,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which meant that industrial growth occurred well in advance of urban growth, which was sustained by rural-urban commuting. City growth, residential mobility, land, and housing development were under tight political control. Consequently, sub-urbanization in post-socialist Europe is not only a recent, but also a particular phenomenon. The creation of housing and land markets, together with state's withdrawal from housing provisions, have led to the development of privatized modes of housing production and consumption, with an increasing role for private actors, and particularly for households. Yet, the regulatory and institutional frameworks indispensable to a market-driven housing system – including housing finance – have remained underdeveloped, particularly in south-eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This environment has undoubtedly stimulated housing self-provision.<sup id="cite_ref-usj.sagepub.com_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usj.sagepub.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clearly, different forces have shaped different outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Post-communist_suburbanization_in_the_Pitesti,_Romania_(2009).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Post-communist_suburbanization_in_the_Pitesti%2C_Romania_%282009%29.JPG/220px-Post-communist_suburbanization_in_the_Pitesti%2C_Romania_%282009%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Post-communist_suburbanization_in_the_Pitesti%2C_Romania_%282009%29.JPG/330px-Post-communist_suburbanization_in_the_Pitesti%2C_Romania_%282009%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Post-communist_suburbanization_in_the_Pitesti%2C_Romania_%282009%29.JPG/440px-Post-communist_suburbanization_in_the_Pitesti%2C_Romania_%282009%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Post-socialist suburbanization in <a href="/wiki/Pite%C8%99ti,_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitești, Romania">Pitești, Romania</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Long-suppressed urbanization and a dramatic housing backlog resulted in extensive peri-urban growth in Tirana (<a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>), which during the 1990s doubled the size of the city whereas war refugees put pressure on cities of former Yugoslavia. Elsewhere processes of suburbanization seemed dominant, but their pace differed according to housing shortages, available finances, preferences, and the degree of 'permitted' informality. The process was slow in Prague during the 1990s and more apparent after 2000, when housing affordability improved. Conversely, Slovenian and Romanian suburban developments visibly surrounded cities/towns during the 1990s. Nonetheless, socialist legacies of underdeveloped infrastructure and the affordability crisis of transition differentiate post-socialist suburbs from their Western counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-usj.sagepub.com_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usj.sagepub.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various degrees of informality characterized suburban housing from illegal occupation of public land (<a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>), <a href="/wiki/Illegal_construction" title="Illegal construction">illegal construction</a> on agricultural private land (<a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>) to the unauthorized but later legalized developments in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>. Suburban housing displayed a chaotic/unplanned character, especially in south-eastern Europe, where the state retains a degree of illegitimacy. Accepting scattered for-profit housing, much of the new detached suburban houses seem self-developed. Allegedly, owner-building has become a household strategy to adapt to recession, high and volatile inflation, to cut construction costs, and to bridge access to housing. The predominantly owner-built feature of most suburban housing, with the land often obtained at no cost through restitution policies or illegal occupation, allowed a mix of low-/middle-income households within these developments.<sup id="cite_ref-usj.sagepub.com_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usj.sagepub.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychological_effects">Psychological effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburbanization&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Psychological effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_isolation">Social isolation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburbanization&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Social isolation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, it was believed that living in highly urban areas resulted in <a href="/wiki/Social_isolation" title="Social isolation">social isolation</a>, disorganization, and psychological problems, while living in the suburbs was supposed to overall improve <a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">happiness</a>, due to lower population density, lower crime, and a more stable population. A study based on data from 1974, however, found this not to be the case, finding that people living in the suburbs had neither greater satisfaction with their neighborhood nor greater satisfaction with the quality of their lives as compared to people living in urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drug_abuse">Drug abuse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburbanization&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Drug abuse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pre-existing disparities in the demographic composition of suburbs pose problems in drug consumption and abuse. This is due to the disconnection created between drug addiction and the biased outward perception of suburban health and safety.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difference in drug mortality rates of suburban and urban spaces is sometimes fueled by the relationship between the general public, medical practitioners, and the pharmaceutical industry. These affluent individuals who are living in the suburbs often have increased means of obtaining otherwise expensive and potent drugs, such as opioids and narcotics through valid prescriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, the combination of demographic and economic features created as a result of suburbanization has increased the risk of drug abuse in suburban communities. Heroin in suburban communities has increased in incidence as new heroin users in the United States are predominantly white suburban men and women in their early twenties.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adolescents and young adults are at an increased risk of drug abuse in suburban spaces due to the enclosed social and economic enclaves that surburbanization propagates. The <i>New England Study of Suburban Youth</i> found that the upper middle class suburban cohorts displayed an increased drug use when compared to the natural average.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The shift in demographics and economic statuses related to suburbanization has increased the risk of drug abuse in affluent American communities and changed the approach to drug abuse public health initiatives. When addressing public health concerns of drug abuse with patients directly, suburban health care providers and medical practitioners have the advantage of treating a demographic of drug abuse patients that are better educated and equipped with resources to recover from addiction and overdose.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disparity of treatment and initiatives between suburban and urban environments in regard to drug abuse and overdose is a public health concern. Although suburban healthcare providers may have more resources to address drug addiction, abuse, and overdose, preconceived ideas about suburban lifestyles may prevent them from providing proper treatment to patients.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considering the increasing incidence of drug abuse in suburban environments, the contextual factors that affect certain demographics must also be considered to better understand the prevalence of drug abuse in suburbs; for example, adolescents and their relationship with social groups in school and other socializing forces that occur as a result of suburbanization impact drug abuse incidence.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_impacts">Economic impacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburbanization&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Economic impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Car_dependency" title="Car dependency">Car dependency</a></div> <p>The economic impacts of suburbanization have become very evident since the trend began in the 1950s. Changes in infrastructure, industry, <a href="/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">real estate development</a> costs, fiscal policies, and diversity of cities have been easily apparent, as "making it to the suburbs", mainly in order to own a home and escape the chaos of urban centers, have become the goals of many American citizens. These impacts have many benefits as well as side effects and are becoming increasingly important in the planning and revitalization of modern cities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_on_urban_industry">Impact on urban industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburbanization&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Impact on urban industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Highway_401.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Highway_401.png/220px-Highway_401.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Highway_401.png/330px-Highway_401.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Highway_401.png/440px-Highway_401.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_401" title="Ontario Highway 401">401 highway</a> near Toronto, Canada with a suburban industry area in the background. Note the office buildings are far apart. Many office buildings in suburban industry areas stand on large green campuses, unlike downtown ones with nearby buildings and very little greenery.</figcaption></figure> <p>The days of industry dominating the urban cores of cities are diminishing as population <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralization</a> of urban centers increases. Companies increasingly look to build industrial parks in less populated areas, largely for more modern buildings and ample parking, as well as to appease the popular desire to work in less congested areas<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (August 2022)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup>. Government economic policies that provide incentives for companies to build new structures and lack of incentives to build on <a href="/wiki/Brownfield_land" title="Brownfield land">Brownfield land</a>, also contribute to the flight of industrial development from major cities to surrounding suburban areas. As suburban industrial development becomes increasingly more profitable<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, it becomes less financially attractive to build in high-density areas. Another impact of industry leaving the city is the reduction of <a href="/wiki/Buffer_zone" title="Buffer zone">buffer zones</a> separating metropolitan areas, industrial parks and surrounding suburban residential areas. As this land becomes more economically relevant, the value of such properties very often increases, causing many undeveloped landowners to sell their land.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consequences_on_infrastructure">Consequences on infrastructure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburbanization&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Consequences on infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As America continues to sprawl, the cost of the required water lines, sewer lines, and roads could cost more than $21,000 per residential and non-residential development unit, costing the American government $1.12 trillion between 2005 and 2030. Along with the costs of infrastructure, existing infrastructure suffers, as most of the government's money that is dedicated to improving infrastructure goes to paying for the new necessities in areas further out from the urban core. As a result, the government will often forego maintenance on previously built infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Real_estate_development_costs">Real estate development costs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburbanization&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Real estate development costs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, prospective home buyers will often drive farther into the suburbs until they can find an area in which they can afford a home. This concept is colloquially known as "drive until you qualify." </p><p>Suburban lots are typically larger than urban lots. Thus, bigger lots often mean fewer lots<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and suburbanization can lead to less dense real estate development. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiscal_impact">Fiscal impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburbanization&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fiscal impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Public deficits can often grow as a result of suburbanization, mainly because property taxes tend to be lower in less densely populated areas. Also, because of decentralization, lack of variety of housing types, and greater distances between homes, real estate development and public service costs tend to increase, which in turn increases the deficit of upper levels of government.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suburbanization often resulted in lower tax revenues for cities, leading to a reduction in the quality of public services due to the exodus of wealthier populations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_on_urban_diversity">Effect on urban diversity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburbanization&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Effect on urban diversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the trend of suburbanization took hold in the United States, many of the people who left the city for the suburbs were white. As a result, there was a rise in Black home ownership in central cities. As white households left for the suburbs, housing prices in transition neighborhoods fell, which often lowered the cost of home ownership for Black households. This trend was stronger in older and denser cities, especially in the Northeast and Midwest, because new construction was generally more difficult. As of the 2010 census, minorities such as African Americans, Asian Americans and Indo-Americans have become an increasing large factor in recent suburbanization. Many suburbs now have large minority communities in suburban and commuter cities.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_impacts">Environmental impacts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburbanization&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Environmental impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The growth of suburbanization and the spread of people living outside the city can causes negative impacts on the environment. Suburbanization has been linked to the increase in vehicle mileage, increased land use, and an increase in residential energy consumption. From these factors of suburbanization, it has then caused a degradation of air quality, increase usage of natural resources like water and oil, as well as increased amounts of greenhouse gas. With the increased use of vehicles to commute to and from the work place this causes increased use of oil and gas as well as an increase in emissions. With the increase in emissions from vehicles, this then can cause air pollution and degrades the air quality of an area. Suburbanization is growing which causes an increase in housing development, that then results in an increase in <a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">land consumption</a> and available land. Suburbanization has also been linked to increases in natural resource use like water to meet residents' demands and to maintain suburban lawns. Also, with the increase in technology and consumptions of residents there is an increase in energy consumption by the amount of electricity used by residents.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_impacts">Social impacts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburbanization&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Social impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>With these longer commutes, it's having a potential effect on their academic performance. I've seen it in the classroom especially with early morning classes. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Mike Smith-Cairns, a geography instructor at <a href="/wiki/Langara_College" title="Langara College">Langara College</a>, author of 2017 college transportation survey<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suburbanization&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Suburbanization has negative social impacts on many groups of people, including children, adolescents, and the elderly. Children affected by suburbanization or urban sprawl are occasionally referred to as "cul-de-sac kids." Because children living in suburbs typically cannot go anywhere without a parent, they are less able to practice independence. Teenagers without independence can experience boredom, isolation, and frustration. These feelings have even led to an increase in rates of teenage suicide and school shootings in suburban areas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The elderly in suburbia may also experience more social isolation after losing the ability to drive. Both the wealthy elderly and those who still live in suburbs are largely separated from all other groups of society.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburbanization&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterurbanization" title="Counterurbanization">Counterurbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_divide" title="Transport divide">Transport divide</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburbanization&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/urban-area/">"Urban Areas"</a>. 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href="/wiki/Twin_cities" title="Twin cities">Twin cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_city" title="Satellite city">Satellite city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_city" title="Edge city">Edge city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commuter_town" title="Commuter town">Commuter town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_proper" title="City proper">City proper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_limits" title="City limits">limits</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">Conurbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis" title="Megalopolis">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_with_the_most_skyscrapers" title="List of cities with the most skyscrapers">Cities with the most skyscrapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Suburbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinking_city" title="Shrinking city">Shrinking cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost town</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandoned_village" title="Abandoned village">Abandoned village</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_city" title="Lost city">Lost city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tent_city" title="Tent city">Tent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">Closed city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_town" title="College town">College town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">Urban government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_status" title="City status">City status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct-controlled_municipality" title="Direct-controlled municipality">direct-controlled</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city" title="Independent city">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_city" title="Autonomous city">Autonomous city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_GDP" title="List of cities by GDP">World's cities by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">Global city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">Central business district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_cities_for_expatriate_employees" title="List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees">Most expensive cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cheapest_cities" title="List of cheapest cities">Cheapest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_livable_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Most livable cities">Most livable cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">Urban decay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">Ghetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_ruins" title="Modern ruins">Modern ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-go_area" title="No-go area">No-go area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanty_town" title="Shanty town">Shanty town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skid_row" title="Skid row">Skid row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slum" title="Slum">Slum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">Urban renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_bond" title="Municipal bond">Municipal bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_III" title="Habitat III">Habitat III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peri-urban_agriculture" title="Peri-urban agriculture">Peri-urban agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_urban_planning" title="History of urban planning">History of urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_urban_planning" title="Theories of urban planning">Theories of urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_aspects_of_urban_planning" title="Technical aspects of urban planning">Technical aspects of urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planner" title="Urban planner">Urban planners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_open_space" title="Public open space">Public open space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_green_space" title="Urban green space">Green space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_wild" title="Urban wild">Urban wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">Mixed-use development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">Grid plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_zone_model" title="Concentric zone model">Concentric zone model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sector_model" title="Sector model">Sector model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_nuclei_model" title="Multiple nuclei model">Multiple nuclei model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_settlement" title="Linear settlement">Linear settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_city" title="Smart city">Smart city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle-friendly" title="Bicycle-friendly">Bicycle-friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclability" title="Cyclability">Cyclability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_infrastructure" title="Cycling infrastructure">Cycling infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">Pedestrian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkability" title="Walkability">Walkability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">Urban population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">World's largest cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_throughout_history" title="List of largest cities throughout history">throughout history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_proper_by_population_density" title="List of cities proper by population density">Most densely populated cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_capitals_by_population" title="List of national capitals by population">Most populous national capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_satellite_cities_by_population" title="List of satellite cities by population">Most populous satellite cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Urbanism" title="Urbanism">Urbanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_studies" title="Urban studies">Urban studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_morphology" title="Urban morphology">Urban morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_culture" title="Urban culture">Urban culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">Urban sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-urbanism" title="Anti-urbanism">Anti-urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_exploration" title="Urban exploration">Urban exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_homesteading" title="Urban homesteading">Urban homesteading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_urbanism" title="Unitary urbanism">Unitary urbanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_cities" title="Climate change and cities">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-cities" title="Eco-cities">Eco-cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">Green infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_urbanism" title="Green urbanism">Green urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Tree_Initiative" title="Million Tree Initiative">Million Tree Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">Sustainable city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_11" title="Sustainable Development Goal 11">Sustainable Development Goal 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urbanism" title="Sustainable urbanism">Sustainable urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest_inequity" title="Urban forest inequity">Urban forest inequity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest" title="Urban forest">Urban forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">Urban forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">Urban park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_prairie" title="Urban prairie">Urban prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">Urban reforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-carbon_city" title="Zero-carbon city">Zero-carbon city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" 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