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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_the_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_the_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Criticism of the term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_the_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Defense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Goals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Goals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Goals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Goals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interpretation_of_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretation_of_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Interpretation of texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretation_of_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_political" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_political"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Social and political</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_political-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflicts_with_the_secular_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicts_with_the_secular_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Conflicts with the secular state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflicts_with_the_secular_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_fundamentalist_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_fundamentalist_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Islamic fundamentalist states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_fundamentalist_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_fundamentalist_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_fundamentalist_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Islamic fundamentalist groups</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Islamic_fundamentalist_groups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Islamic fundamentalist groups subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Islamic_fundamentalist_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ISIL/ISIS/Daesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ISIL/ISIS/Daesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>ISIL/ISIS/Daesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ISIL/ISIS/Daesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caucasus_Emirate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caucasus_Emirate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Caucasus Emirate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caucasus_Emirate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Al-Shabaab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Shabaab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Al-Shabaab</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Shabaab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boko_Haram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boko_Haram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Boko Haram</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boko_Haram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ansar_Deen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ansar_Deen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Ansar Deen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ansar_Deen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ansar_al-Sharia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ansar_al-Sharia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Ansar al-Sharia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ansar_al-Sharia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Human rights controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opinion_polling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opinion_polling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Opinion polling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opinion_polling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Islamic fundamentalism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أصولية إسلامية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أصولية إسلامية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="ইছলামিক মৌলবাদ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইছলামিক মৌলবাদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="ইসলামি মৌলবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইসলামি মৌলবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%84%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Ислямски фундаментализъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ислямски фундаментализъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonamentalisme_isl%C3%A0mic" title="Fonamentalisme islàmic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fonamentalisme islàmic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C3%A1msk%C3%BD_fundamentalismus" title="Islámský fundamentalismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Islámský fundamentalismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neofundamentalismus_(Islam)" title="Neofundamentalismus (Islam) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Neofundamentalismus (Islam)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentalismo_isl%C3%A1mico" title="Fundamentalismo islámico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fundamentalismo islámico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islama_fundamentismo" title="Islama fundamentismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Islama fundamentismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamiar_fundamentalismo" title="Islamiar fundamentalismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Islamiar fundamentalismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="بنیادگرایی اسلامی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بنیادگرایی اسلامی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%AC%EB%9E%8C_%EC%9B%90%EB%A6%AC%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="이슬람 원리주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이슬람 원리주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamski_fundamentalizam" title="Islamski fundamentalizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Islamski fundamentalizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentalisme_Islam" title="Fundamentalisme Islam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fundamentalisme Islam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondamentalismo_islamico" title="Fondamentalismo islamico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fondamentalismo islamico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental%C3%AEzma_%C3%AEslam%C3%AE" title="Fundamentalîzma îslamî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Fundamentalîzma îslamî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamo_fundamentalizmas" title="Islamo fundamentalizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Islamo fundamentalizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="اسلامويين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسلامويين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentalisme_Islam" title="Fundamentalisme Islam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fundamentalisme Islam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moslimfundamentalisme" title="Moslimfundamentalisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Moslimfundamentalisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="イスラム原理主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イスラム原理主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islom_fundamentalizmi" title="Islom fundamentalizmi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Islom fundamentalizmi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamski_fundamentalizm" title="Islamski fundamentalizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Islamski fundamentalizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentalismo_isl%C3%A2mico" title="Fundamentalismo islâmico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fundamentalismo islâmico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Исламский фундаментализм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Исламский фундаментализм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Islamic fundamentalism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentalizmi_islam" title="Fundamentalizmi islam – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fundamentalizmi islam" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Islamic fundamentalism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="بنچینەگەریی ئیسلامی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بنچینەگەریی ئیسلامی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li 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href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamilainen_fundamentalismi" title="Islamilainen fundamentalismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Islamilainen fundamentalismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamisk_fundamentalism" title="Islamisk fundamentalism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Islamisk fundamentalism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slami_k%C3%B6ktendincilik" title="İslami köktendincilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İslami köktendincilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ideology which seeks to return to the fundamentals of Islam</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;font-size:88%; line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamism" title="Category:Islamism">a series</a> on</span></span><br /><span style="font-size:230%;"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Fundamentals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamism" title="History of Islamism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_secularism" title="Islam and secularism">Secularism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">Salafism by country/region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Principlism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Principlism in Iran">Shia Islamism</a><br /></li></ul> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Islamic fundamentalism</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy in Islam</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">Takfir</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_governance" title="Islamic governance">Islamic governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Islamic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_monarchy" title="Islamic monarchy">Islamic monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_knowledge" title="Islamization of knowledge">of knowledge</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">Political Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">aspects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shura</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Influences</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><b>Scholastic</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawat-e-Islami" title="Dawat-e-Islami">Dawat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_movement" title="Nur movement">Nurcu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">by country/region</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Political</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafist_Call" title="Salafist Call">Salafist Call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafist_Front" title="Salafist Front">Salafist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehreek-e-Labbaik_Pakistan" title="Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan">Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties" title="List of Islamic political parties">List of Islamic political parties</a></li></ul> <p><b>Militant</b> </p> <ul><li>Militant Islamism based in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template:Militant Islamism in the Middle East">MENA region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Key texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Caliphate_or_the_Supreme_Imamate_(book)" title="The Caliphate or the Supreme Imamate (book)">The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rashid_Rida" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Rashid Rida">Rashīd Rīďha 1922</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam" title="The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam">Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal 1930s</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Principles_of_State_and_Government_in_Islam" title="The Principles of State and Government in Islam">Principles of State and Government</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Asad 1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestones_(book)" title="Milestones (book)"><i>Ma'alim fi al-Tariq</i> ("Milestones")</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb 1965</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government:_Governance_of_the_Jurist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist"><i>Islamic Government: <br />Governance of the Jurist</i> ("Velayat-e faqih")</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini 1970</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Heads of state</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zia_ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Zia ul-Haq">Zia ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mohammed Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">House of Saud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Thani" title="House of Thani">House of Thani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Key ideologues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamza_al-Masri" title="Abu Hamza al-Masri">Abu Hamza al-Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam%C4%81l_al-D%C4%ABn_al-Afgh%C4%81n%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī">Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Hussain_Ahmad" title="Qazi Hussain Ahmad">Qazi Hussain Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Nasiruddin_al-Albani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani">Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rached_Ghannouchi" title="Rached Ghannouchi">Rached Ghannouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safwat_Hegazi" title="Safwat Hegazi">Safwat Hegazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necip_Faz%C4%B1l_K%C4%B1sak%C3%BCrek" title="Necip Fazıl Kısakürek">Necip Fazıl Kısakürek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasan_Nadwi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Hasan Nadwi">Abul Hasan Nadwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Nabhani" title="Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani">Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ramadan" title="Tariq Ramadan">Tariq Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Abu_Rashta" title="Ata Abu Rashta">Ata Abu Rashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navvab_Safavi" title="Navvab Safavi">Navvab Safavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Shariatullah" title="Haji Shariatullah">Haji Shariatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Al-Turabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Al-Turabi">Hassan Al-Turabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Criticism of Islamism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism of Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberal and reform movements within Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_and_progressive_Islam_in_Europe" title="Liberal and progressive Islam in Europe">in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_and_progressive_Islam_in_North_America" title="Liberal and progressive Islam in North America">in North America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Abu_al-Fadl" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaled Abu al-Fadl">Khaled Abu al-Fadl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farag_Foda" title="Farag Foda">Farag Foda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelwahab_Meddeb" title="Abdelwahab Meddeb">Abdelwahab Meddeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryam_Namazie" title="Maryam Namazie">Maryam Namazie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maajid_Nawaaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Maajid Nawaaz">Maajid Nawaaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Harris (author)">Sam Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Roy_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivier Roy (professor)">Olivier Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassam_Tibi" title="Bassam Tibi">Bassam Tibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Sa%27id_al-Ashmawi" title="Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi">Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Kepel" title="Gilles Kepel">Gilles Kepel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz_Maher" title="Shiraz Maher">Shiraz Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Ranstorp" title="Magnus Ranstorp">Magnus Ranstorp</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Islam and modernity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernism">Modernism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Islam and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <p><span class="nowrap"><span 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.navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism_sidebar" title="Template:Islamism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Islamism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:whitesmoke; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:whitesmoke"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Practices and concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istishhad" title="Istishhad">Istishhad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahid" title="Shahid">Shahid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Widow_(Chechnya)" title="Black Widow (Chechnya)">Shahidka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inghimasi" title="Inghimasi">Inghimasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_video" title="Martyrdom video">Martyrdom video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beheading_video" title="Beheading video">Beheading video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">Suicide attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_flag" title="Jihadist flag">Jihadist flag</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:whitesmoke"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Islamic fundamentalism</a></b></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:whitesmoke"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Notable jihadist organisations</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tehrik-i-Taliban_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan">Pakistani Taliban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Movement_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine">Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan" title="Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan">Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sham" title="Ahrar al-Sham">Ahrar al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq" title="Islamic State of Iraq">Islamic State of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayat_Tahrir_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayat Tahrir al-Sham">Hayat Tahrir al-Sham</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:whitesmoke"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Jihadism in Africa</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Cabo_Delgado" title="Insurgency in Cabo Delgado">Insurgency in Cabo Delgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb and Sahel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:whitesmoke"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Jihadism in Asia</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_Islamic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="East Turkestan Islamic Movement">East Turkestan Islamic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_insurgency_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Moro insurgency in the Philippines">Moro insurgency in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban_insurgency" title="Taliban insurgency">Taliban insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Arabs" title="Afghan Arabs">Arab mujahideen in Afghanistan</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:whitesmoke"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Jihadism in the West</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism_in_Europe" title="Islamic terrorism in Europe">Islamic terrorism in Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_and_Islamic_terrorism_in_the_Balkans" title="Islamism and Islamic terrorism in the Balkans">Islamic terrorism in the Balkans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islamism in the United Kingdom">Islamism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_extremism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadist extremism in the United States">Jihadist extremism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Foreign fighters in the Bosnian War">Foreign fighters in Bosnia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_mujahideen" title="Bosnian mujahideen">Bosnian mujahideen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Syrian_and_Iraqi_Civil_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars">Foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homegrown_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Homegrown terrorism">Homegrown terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadi_tourism" title="Jihadi tourism">Jihadi tourism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jihadism_sidebar" title="Template:Jihadism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jihadism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jihadism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jihadism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jihadism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Islamic fundamentalism</b> has been defined as a <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">revivalist</a> and reform movement of <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> who aim to return to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">founding scriptures of Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arjomand_1995_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arjomand_1995-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term has been used interchangeably with similar terms such as <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a>, Islamic revivalism, <a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a>, Islamic activism, and has been criticized as pejorative. </p><p>Some of the beliefs attributed to Islamic fundamentalists are that the primary sources of Islam (the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a>), should be interpreted in a literal and originalist way;<sup id="cite_ref-WahhabiIslam_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WahhabiIslam-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that <a href="/wiki/Fasad" title="Fasad">corrupting</a> non-Islamic influences should be eliminated from every part of Muslims' lives; and that the societies, economies, and governance of <a href="/wiki/Muslim-majority_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim-majority countries">Muslim-majority countries</a> should return to the fundamentals of Islam, the system of Islam, and become <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arjomand_1995_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arjomand_1995-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ORFPI1994:215_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORFPI1994:215-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions_and_descriptions">Definitions and descriptions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions and descriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;font-size:88%; line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Sunni_Islamic_movements" title="Category:Sunni Islamic movements"><span style="color:blue">a series</span></a> on:</span></span> <br /><span style="font-size:200%;"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg/200px-View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg/300px-View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg/400px-View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1647" data-file-height="1094" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Imam_Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab_Mosque" title="Imam Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque</a>, Qatar</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi Theology">Theology and Influences</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya" title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya">Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dhahabi" title="Al-Dhahabi">Al-Dhahabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abd_al-Hadi" title="Ibn Abd al-Hadi">Ibn Abd al-Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Muflih" title="Ibn Muflih">Ibn Muflih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hayya_Al-Sindhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Hayya Al-Sindhi">Muhammad Hayaat Al-Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Ismail_Dehlvi" title="Shah Ismail Dehlvi">Ismail Dehlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shawkani" title="Al-Shawkani">Al-Shawkani</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Founders and key figures</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Nazeer_Husain" title="Syed Nazeer Husain">Syed Nazeer Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_Qasimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamal al-Din Qasimi">Jamal al-Din Qasimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ibrahim_Al_ash-Sheikh" title="Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh">Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_Al-Fawzan" title="Saleh Al-Fawzan">Al-Fawzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Jibrin" title="Ibn Jibrin">Ibn Jibrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubair_Ali_Zai" title="Zubair Ali Zai">Zubair Ali Zai</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Prominent_Salafis" title="Salafi movement">List of Salafi scholars</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Salafi_Islamic_universities_and_colleges" title="Category:Salafi Islamic universities and colleges">Notable universities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Qura_University" title="Umm al-Qura University">Umm al-Qura University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_University_of_Madinah" title="Islamic University of Madinah">Islamic University of Madinah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam_Mohammad_Ibn_Saud_Islamic_University" title="Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University">Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamia_Salafia,_Faisalabad" title="Jamia Salafia, Faisalabad">Jamia Salafia, Faisalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamia_Salafia,_Varanasi" title="Jamia Salafia, Varanasi">Jamia Salafia, Varanasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Islamic_University" title="International Islamic University">International Islamic University</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Salafi_Islamic_universities_and_colleges" title="Category:Salafi Islamic universities and colleges">List of Salafi Islamic universities</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Trends_within_Salafism" title="Salafi movement">Related ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Islamic fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhaj" title="Manhaj">Manhaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailaifengye" title="Sailaifengye">Sailaifengye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi-Salafi_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi-Salafi relations">Sufi-Salafi relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazimism" title="Hazimism">Hazimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">by country/region</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties" title="List of Islamic political parties">Associated organizations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nour_Party" title="Al-Nour Party">Al-Nour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_Party" title="Authenticity Party">Authenticity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Party" title="People Party">People Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takfir_wal-Hijra" title="Takfir wal-Hijra">Takfir wal-Hijra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a> </p> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Salafi" title="Template:Salafi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Salafi" title="Template talk:Salafi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Salafi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Salafi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The term fundamentalism has been deemed misleading by those who suggest that all mainstream Muslims believe in the literal divine origin and perfection of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and are therefore "fundamentalists",<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others who believe it is a term that is used by outsiders in order to describe perceived trends within Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A professor of religious studies at <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Esposito" title="John Esposito">John L. Esposito</a>, criticized the usage of the term "Islamic Fundamentalism" due to its ambiguous nature; asserting that the linguistic deployment of the term has been heavily influenced through Western-centric lens of Christian presuppositions. According to him, the more appropriate terms would be "<a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revivalism</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Islamic_activism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic activism">Islamic activism</a>", since the traditions of <i><a href="/wiki/Tajdid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajdid">Tajdid</a></i> (revival) and <i><a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">Islah</a></i> (reform) are rooted within the Islamic religious history, from the early Islamic centuries to the contemporary times. During the 1990s, the <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet states</a> used "Islamic fundamentalism" as a synonym for "<a href="/wiki/Wahhabism#Etymology" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some 20th century preachers and writers sometimes dubbed Islamic fundamentalist include <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud">Ibn Saud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mawdudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mawdudi">Abul Ala Mawdudi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Islamic_fundamentalism_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Islamic_fundamentalism-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Israr_Ahmed" title="Israr Ahmed">Israr Ahmed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahhabi movement">Wahhabi movement</a> and its <a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">funding by Saudi Arabia</a> is often described as being responsible for the popularity of contemporary Islamic fundamentalism. </p><p>Definitions vary as to what Islamic fundamentalism exactly is and how it differs from <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> (or political Islam) or <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revivalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic revivalism">Islamic revivalism</a>. </p> <ul><li>Form of Islamism – <a href="/wiki/Graham_Fuller" class="mw-redirect" title="Graham Fuller">Graham Fuller</a> believes that Islamic fundamentalism is a subset of Islamism rather than a distinctive form of it, and to him, Islamic fundamentalists are "the most conservative element among Islamists". Its "strictest form" includes "<a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a>, which is sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Salafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi">salafiyya</a>. ... For fundamentalists the law is the most essential component of Islam, and it leads to an overwhelming emphasis upon <a href="/wiki/Islamic_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a>, usually narrowly conceived."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Author <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Roy_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivier Roy (professor)">Olivier Roy</a> takes a similar line, describing "neo-fundamentalists", (i.e. contemporary fundamentalists) as being more passionate than earlier Islamists in their opposition to the perceived "corrupting influence of Western culture", avoiding Western dress, "neckties, laughter, the use of Western forms of salutation, handshakes, applause", discouraging but not forbidding other activities such as sports, ideally limiting the Muslim public space to "the family and the mosque".<sup id="cite_ref-ORFPI1994:83_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORFPI1994:83-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this fundamentalists have "drifted" away from the stand of the Islamists of the 1970s and 1980s, such as [Abul A'la Maududi] who:</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...didn't hesitate to attend Hindu ceremonies. <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a> never proposed giving <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran" title="Christianity in Iran">Iranian Christians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Jews</a> the status of <a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">dhimmi</a> (protected communities) as provided for in the sharia: the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenians" title="Iranian Armenians">Armenians of Iran</a> have remained Iranian citizens, are required to perform military service and pay the same taxes as Muslims, and have the right to vote (with separate electoral colleges). Similarly, the Afghan Jamaat, in its statutes, has declared it legal to employ non-Muslims as experts in the eyes of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-ORFPI1994:215_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORFPI1994:215-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <ul><li>Umbrella term – Another American observer, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Pelletreau,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Pelletreau, Jr.">Robert Pelletreau, Jr.</a>, Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs, believes it the other way around, Islamism being the subset of Muslims "with political goals ... within" the "broader fundamentalist revival".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American historian <a href="/wiki/Ira_Lapidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ira Lapidus">Ira Lapidus</a> sees Islamic fundamentalism as "an umbrella designation for a very wide variety of movements, some intolerant and exclusivist, some pluralistic; some favourable to science, some anti-scientific; some primarily devotional and some primarily political; some democratic, some authoritarian; some pacific, some violent."<sup id="cite_ref-Lapidus-2002-823_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lapidus-2002-823-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Synonym – Still another, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Kramer" title="Martin Kramer">Martin Kramer</a>, sees little difference between the two terms (at least in usage in one country): "To all intents and purposes, Islamic fundamentalism and Islamism have become synonyms in contemporary American usage."<sup id="cite_ref-KramerTerms_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KramerTerms-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Scriptural literalism – According to another academic, <a href="/wiki/Natana_J._Delong-Bas" class="mw-redirect" title="Natana J. Delong-Bas">Natana J. Delong-Bas</a>, the contemporary use of the term Islamic fundamentalism applies to Muslims who seek not just "to return to the primary sources", but who use "a literal interpretation of those sources".<sup id="cite_ref-WahhabiIslam_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WahhabiIslam-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Use of <i>ijtihad</i> in Islamic law – According to academic <a href="/wiki/John_Esposito" title="John Esposito">John Esposito</a>, one of the most defining features of Islamic fundamentalism is belief in the "reopening" of the gates of <i><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a></i> ("independent reasoning" used in reaching a legal decision in Sunni law).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differences_with_Islamism">Differences with Islamism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Differences with Islamism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Roy distinctions between Fundamentalism and Islamism (or at least pre-1990 Islamism) are in the fields of: </p> <ul><li>Politics and economics. Islamists often talk of "revolution" and they believe "that the society will only be Islamized through social and political action: it is necessary to leave the mosque ..." Fundamentalists are primarily interested in Islamic practice, less interested in "modernity or Western models of politics or economics", and less willing to associate with non-Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-ORFPI1994:82-3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORFPI1994:82-3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>. While both Islamists and fundamentalists are committed to implementing Sharia law, Islamists "tend to consider it more a project than a corpus."<sup id="cite_ref-ORFPI1994:59_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORFPI1994:59-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Issue of women. "Islamists generally tend to favour the education of women and their participation in social and political life: the Islamist woman militates, studies, and has the right to work, but in a <a href="/wiki/Chador" title="Chador">chador</a>. Islamist groups include women's associations." While the fundamentalist preaches that women should return to their homes, Islamism believes that it is sufficient if "the sexes are separated in public".<sup id="cite_ref-ORFPI1994:38_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORFPI1994:38-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Variety and diversity within Islamic social movements has been highlighted by Husnul Amin in his work by referring to plurality within these movements.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Historian Ervand Abrahamian (who essentially devoted a book—<i>Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic</i>—to why Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a>, leader of the Iranian Revolution, was not a fundamentalist but a populist, and calls the term "Islamic fundamentalism" in general "not only confusing but also misleading and even downright wrong"), notes that in the Islamic Republic of Iran, supporters of Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> "finding no equivalent in Persian or Arabic" for fundamentalist, "have proudly coined a new word, <i>bonyadegar</i>, by translating literally the English term fundamental-ist."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differences_with_Christian_fundamentalism">Differences with Christian fundamentalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Differences with Christian fundamentalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Differences between <a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Christian fundamentalism</a> and Islamic fundamentalism include (according to <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a>):<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> "In western usage, these words [Revivalism and Fundamentalism] have a rather specific connotation; they suggest a certain type of religiosity- emotional indeed sentimental; not intellectual, perhaps even anti-intellectual; and in general apolitical and even anti-political. Fundamentalists are against <a href="/wiki/Liberal_movements_within_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal movements within Islam">liberal theology</a> and biblical criticism and in favor of a return to fundamentals-i.e. to the divine inerrant text of the <a href="/wiki/Scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Scriptures">scriptures</a>. For the so call fundamentalists of Islam these are not and never have been the issues. Liberal theology have not hitherto made much headway in Islam, and the divinity and inerrancy of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> are still central dogmas of the faith ... Unlike their Christian namesakes, the Islamic fundamentalists do not set aside but on the contrary embrace much of the post-scriptural scholastic tradition of their faith, in both its theological and its legal aspects."</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Islamic fundamentalism (at least among <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> Muslims) traditionally tends to fall into "traditionalist" and "reformist" tendencies: </p> <ul><li>Traditionalists accept "the continuity" between the founding Islamic "texts"—the <i><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></i>—and their commentaries. Traditionalists take "imitation" (<i><a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">taqlid</a></i>), accepting what was said before and refusing to innovate (<i><a href="/wiki/Bid%CA%BBah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidʻah">bidah</a></i>), as a "basic principle, They follow one of the great <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">schools</a> of religious jurisprudence (<a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a>). Their vision of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a></i> is essentially legalistic and used to determine what is religiously right or wrong for <a href="/wiki/Enjoining_good_and_forbidding_wrong" title="Enjoining good and forbidding wrong">Enjoining good and forbidding wrong</a>. Traditionalists are sometimes connected to the popular forms of <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a> school in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>)."<sup id="cite_ref-ORFPI1994:30-1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORFPI1994:30-1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Reformist" fundamentalism, in contrast, "criticizes the tradition, the commentaries, popular religious practices" (<a href="/wiki/Marabout" title="Marabout">Maraboutism</a>, the cult of saints), "deviations, and superstitions"; it aims to purify <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> by returning to the <i>Quran</i> and the <i>Sunnah</i>. 18th-century examples are <a href="/wiki/Shah_Waliullah_Dehlawi" title="Shah Waliullah Dehlawi">Shah Waliullah Dehlawi</a> in India and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Ibn Abdul Wahhab</a> in the Arabian Peninsula. This reformism is often "developed in response to an external threat" such as "the influence of Hinduism on Islam". In the late 19th century, the <i><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">salafiyya</a></i> movement spread throughout the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab countries</a>; "marking a phase between Fundamentalism and <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-ORFPI1994:30-1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORFPI1994:30-1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Sayyid Rashid Rida</a> (1865–1935), a major scholar of the <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Evolution" title="Salafi movement">early <i>Salafiyya</i></a>, believed that the triumphs of early generations of Muslims (<i><a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">Salaf</a></i>) were <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God's</a> reward for them being faithful followers and blamed contemporary decline of <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> on four major factors: i) <a href="/wiki/European_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="European imperialism">European imperialism</a> ii) <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a> iii) neglect of the correct practice of Islam iv) <i><a href="/wiki/Rafida" title="Rafida">Raafidi</a></i> doctrines<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversy">Controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticism_of_the_term">Criticism of the term</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Criticism of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "Islamic fundamentalism" has been criticized by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khaled_Abou_El_Fadl" title="Khaled Abou El Fadl">Khaled Abou El Fadl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eli_Berman" title="Eli Berman">Eli Berman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Esposito" title="John Esposito">John Esposito</a>, among others. Many have proposed replacing it with another term, such as "puritanical", "Islamic revivalism" or "activism", and "radical Islam". </p><p>Lewis, a leading historian of Islam, believes that although "the use of this term is established and must be accepted": </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It remains unfortunate and can be misleading. "Fundamentalist" is a Christian term. It seems to have come into use in the early years of the last century, and it denotes certain <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> churches and organizations, more particularly, those that maintain the literal divine origin and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">inerrancy of the Bible</a>. In this, they oppose the liberal and modernist theologians, who tend to have a more critical, historical view of Scripture. Among Muslim theologians, there is as yet no such liberal or modernist approach to the Qur'an, and all Muslims, in their attitude to the text of the Qur'an, are in principle at least fundamentalists. Where the so-called Muslim fundamentalists differ from other Muslims and indeed from Christian fundamentalists is in their scholasticism and their legalism. They base themselves not only on the Qur'an, but also on the Traditions of the Prophet, and on the corpus of transmitted theological and legal learning.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>John Esposito has attacked the term for its association "with political <a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">activism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">extremism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fanaticism" title="Fanaticism">fanaticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">anti-Americanism</a>", saying "I prefer to speak of Islamic revivalism and Islamic activism."<sup id="cite_ref-esposito-1992-8_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esposito-1992-8-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Abou_El_Fadl" title="Khaled Abou El Fadl">Khaled Abou El Fadl</a> of UCLA, a critic of those who are called Islamic fundamentalists, also finds fault with the term because: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[M]any liberal, progressive, or moderate Muslims would describe themselves as usulis, or fundamentalist, without thinking that this carries a negative connotation. In the Islamic context, it makes much more sense to describe the fanatical reductionism and narrow-minded literalism of some groups as puritanical (a term that in the West invokes a particular historical experience)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Eli_Berman" title="Eli Berman">Eli Berman</a> argues that "radical Islam" is a better term for many post-1920s movements starting with the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>, because these movements are seen as practicing "unprecedented <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">extremism</a>", thus, they do not qualify as movements which are returning to the practice of historic fundamentals.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Defense">Defense</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Defense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contrast, American author Anthony J. Dennis accepts the widespread usage and relevance of the term and calls Islamic fundamentalism "more than a religion today, it is a worldwide movement." He notes the intertwining of social, religious and political goals found within the movement and states that Islamic fundamentalism "deserves to be seriously studied and debated from a secular perspective as a revolutionary ideology."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At least two Muslim academics, Syrian philosopher <a href="/wiki/Sadiq_Jalal_al-Azm" title="Sadiq Jalal al-Azm">Sadiq Jalal al-Azm</a> and Egyptian philosopher <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Hanafi" title="Hassan Hanafi">Hassan Hanafi</a>, have defended the use of the phrase. Surveying the doctrines of the new Islamic movements, Al-Azm found them to consist of "an immediate return to Islamic 'basics' and 'fundamentals'. ... It seems to me quite reasonable that calling these Islamic movements 'Fundamentalist' (and in the strong sense of the term) is adequate, accurate, and correct."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hassan Hanafi reached the same conclusion: "It is difficult to find a more appropriate term than the one recently used in the West, 'fundamentalism,' to cover the meaning of what we name Islamic awakening or revival."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Study">Study</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1988, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, backed by the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>, launched <a href="/wiki/The_Fundamentalism_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fundamentalism Project">The Fundamentalism Project</a>, devoted to researching fundamentalism in the worlds major religions, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>. It defined fundamentalism as "approach, or set of strategies, by which beleaguered believers attempt to preserve their distinctive identity as a people or group ... by a selective retrieval of doctrines, beliefs, and practices from a sacred past."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2013 study by Wissenschaftszentrums Berlin für Sozialforschung finds that Islamic fundamentalism is <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic fundamentalism in Europe">widespread among European Muslims</a> with the majority saying religious rules are more important than civil laws and three quarters rejecting religious pluralism within Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent study shows that some European Muslims perceive Western governments as inherently hostile towards Islam as a source of identity. This perception, however, declined significantly after the emergence of ISIS, especially among young and educated European Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern Islamic fundamentalist movements have their origins in the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Arab poet <a href="/wiki/Adunis" class="mw-redirect" title="Adunis">Adunis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamic World</a> experienced an influx of European ideas, values and thoughts during the late nineteenth century. The thinkers in the Muslim world reacted to modernity in three major ways. <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularists</a> like <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Aqa_Khan_Kermani" title="Mirza Aqa Khan Kermani">Mirza Aqa Khan Kermani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>, etc. considered Islam to be responsible for the backwardness of Muslims; gradually abandoning religion and adopted Western ideas. Meanwhile, Modernists like <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> advocated reforms to reconcile with modernity; while emphasizing adherence to basic Islamic ideals. A third current; widely known as Islamic fundamentalism, pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'ala Mawdudi</a> (1903–1979 CE) in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, asserted that <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is relevant for all times and must reign supreme. They idealised the era of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">companions</a>, and sought to revive its "purity" and <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">early Islamic power</a>. For them, the economic, political and military problems of the Islamic World are due to Muslim negligence in strictly adhering to the tenets of <i><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The trajectory of Islamic fundamentalism was marked by four phases. The first phase of proto-fundamentalism emerged during the late 19th century in wake of backlash against the Western colonial onslaught. Its main representatives were the <i><a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulema</a></i> of <i><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></i> movement in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and religious revivalists of the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafiyya</a></i> and various <a href="/wiki/Anti-colonial" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-colonial">anti-colonial</a> trends. The anti-colonial religious activists consisted of two factions: the <a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">reformists</a> who kept to scriptural religious discourse, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">modernists</a> who campaigned to adopt Western ideals and institutions. The religious endeavours of the Syrian-Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a> (1865–1935 CE) marks the transition from proto-fundamentalism to the second phase of Islamic fundamentalism.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rida became the first major <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">theologian</a> to comprehensively elucidate the foundational principles of an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> in its modern iteration, and these doctrines would be readily adopted by later Islamic fundamentalists.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahhabi">Wahhabi</a> movement, an Arabian fundamentalist movement that began in the 18th century, had also gained traction and spread during the 19th and 20th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, Rashid Rida would be highly influenced by the Hanbali puritanical and revivalist doctrines of the 13th century <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbalite</a> theologian <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a> and the Wahhabi movement; and began to ardently campaign against Western influence and modernist ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ideas of Rashid Rida, who is widely regarded as the spiritual father of the <i>Salafiyya</i> movement, marks the rise of Islamic fundamentalist movements. He advocated fundamentalist causes through the early Islamic journal <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Man%C4%81r_(magazine)" title="Al-Manār (magazine)">Al-Manar</a></i> that operated for about thirty-five years and popularised his political theory of Islamic state after the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>; as an alternative model against rising currents of <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Influenced by Rida's ideals that campaigned for the establishment of an Islamic state in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Caliphate" title="Abolition of the Caliphate">abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate</a>, popular Islamist movements such as the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e Islami</a> carried the banner of fundamentalism during the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>. The Brothers incorporated the <i>Salafiyya</i> message into a comprehensive political programme, while the Jamaʿat envisioned an all-out battle against Western influence and culture. The combination of religion and politics offered by these movements established contemporary Islamic fundamentalism.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomsbury_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomsbury-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The emergence of the next phase occurred in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Decolonialisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonialisation">de-colonialisation</a> era following the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, during which Islamic fundamentalists were persecuted by authoritarian regimes and became radicalized. The radical new teachings were epitomized in the treatises of <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a>, which elucidated notions such as the return of the <i><a href="/wiki/Jahiliyyah" title="Jahiliyyah">Jahiliyya</a></i> (pre-Islamic barbarity). Influenced by Qutb, a number of vanguard groups sprang up which turned to violence and terror in their struggle against "apostate" regimes. In <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, a radical <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shiʿa</a> combination of <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a>'s doctrine of <i><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">wilayat-i faqih</a></i> (guardianship of the jurist) and <a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">ʿAli Shariʿati</a>'s modernist social reinterpretations of the <i><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur’an</a></i> would form the ideological basis of the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomsbury_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomsbury-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, some <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> governments, particularly those of the United States and the United Kingdom, launched covert and overt campaigns to encourage and strengthen fundamentalist groups in the Middle East and southern Asia. These groups were seen as a hedge against potential expansion by the Soviet Union, and as a means to prevent the growth of nationalistic movements that were not necessarily favorable toward the interests of the Western nations.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1970s, the Islamists had become important allies in supporting governments, such as Egypt, which were friendly to U.S. interests. By the late 1970s, however, some fundamentalist groups had become militaristic leading to threats and changes to existing regimes. The <a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">overthrow of the Shah in Iran</a> and rise of the <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> was one of the most significant signs of this shift.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, fundamentalist forces in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> caused a <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">civil war</a>, caused a near-civil war in Egypt, and caused the downfall of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet occupation in Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the contemporary era, the term "fundamentalism" is usually applied to denote these <a href="/wiki/Militant_Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Militant Islamist">militant Islamist</a> vanguards; although historians like <a href="/wiki/Itzchak_Weismann" title="Itzchak Weismann">Itzchak Weismann</a> argue that it is more accurate to describe them as its radical offshoots. <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama b. Ladin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaʾida</a> belong to a fourth phase of Islamic fundamentalism, known as <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi-jihadism</a>, a movement that strives to move the battle against "<a href="/wiki/Kufr" class="mw-redirect" title="Kufr">infidelity</a>" on an international scale; since the turn of the twenty-first century.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomsbury_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomsbury-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muslim critics of Islamic fundamentalism often draw a parallel between the modern fundamentalist movement and the 7th century <a href="/wiki/Khawarij" class="mw-redirect" title="Khawarij">Khawarij</a> sect. From their essentially political position, the Kharijites developed extreme doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream Sunni and Shia Muslims. The Kharijites were particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">Takfir</a>, whereby they declared other Muslims to be unbelievers and therefore deemed them worthy of death.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hasan-balance-2012_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hasan-balance-2012-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Goals">Goals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Goals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interpretation_of_texts">Interpretation of texts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Interpretation of texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Islamic fundamentalists, or at least "reformist" fundamentalists, believe that Islam is based on the Qur'an, <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> and "criticize the tradition, the commentaries, popular religious practices (<a href="/wiki/Marabout" title="Marabout">maraboutism</a>, the cult of saints), deviations, and superstitions. They aim to return to the founding texts."<sup id="cite_ref-ORFPI1994:30-1_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORFPI1994:30-1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of individuals who adhere to this tendency are the 18th-century Shah Waliullah in India and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd-al-Wahhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab</a> in the Arabian Peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-ORFPI1994:30-1_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORFPI1994:30-1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view is commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafism</a> today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_and_political">Social and political</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Social and political"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Along with adherents of other <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">fundamentalist</a> movements,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islamic fundamentalists hold the view that the problems of the world stem from <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secular</a> influences. </p><p>Some scholars of Islam, such as <a href="/wiki/Bassam_Tibi" title="Bassam Tibi">Bassam Tibi</a>, believe that, contrary to their own message, Islamic fundamentalists are not actually traditionalists. He refers to <i><a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwahs</a></i> which have been issued by fundamentalists such as the fatwa which states that "every Muslim who pleads for the suspension of the shari'a is an apostate and can be killed. The killing of those apostates cannot be prosecuted under Islamic law because this killing is justified" as going beyond, and unsupported by, the Qur'an. Tibi asserts, "The command to slay reasoning Muslims is un-Islamic, an invention of Islamic fundamentalists".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conflicts_with_the_secular_state">Conflicts with the secular state</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Conflicts with the secular state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Islamic fundamentalism's push for <i>sharia</i> and an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> has come into conflict with conceptions of the <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> state, such as the internationally supported <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>. Anthony J. Dennis notes that "Western and Islamic visions of the state, the individual and society are not only divergent, they are often totally at odds."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among human rights<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fundamentalist Muslims oppose are: </p> <ul><li>Freedom from <a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">religious police</a></li> <li>Equality issues between men and women<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (And thus fundamentalist muslims are not <a href="/wiki/Feminists" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminists">feminists</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_religion_and_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Separation of religion and state">Separation of religion and state</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islamic_fundamentalist_states">Islamic fundamentalist states</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Islamic fundamentalist states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran</a> is seen by some scholars<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (February 2016)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> as a success of Islamic fundamentalism.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (February 2016)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> argue that <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> is also largely governed by fundamentalist principles (see <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahhabi movement">Wahhabi movement</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but <a href="/wiki/Johannes_J.G._Jansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes J.G. Jansen">Johannes J.G. Jansen</a> disagrees, arguing that it is more akin to a traditional Muslim state, where a power separation exists between "princes" (<i>umarā</i>) and "scholars" (<i><a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, Jansen argues that <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a> came to power by advocating the formation of a system of Islamic government where the highest level of authority is in the hands of the <i>ulamā</i> (see <i><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurists" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists">Wilayat al Faqih</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islamic_fundamentalist_groups">Islamic fundamentalist groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Islamic fundamentalist groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Islamic fundamentalist groups include <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ansar_ul_Islam_(Western_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ansar ul Islam (Western Africa)">Ansar al-Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armed_Islamic_Group_of_Algeria" title="Armed Islamic Group of Algeria">Armed Islamic Group of Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Islam_(Gaza_Strip)" class="mw-redirect" title="Army of Islam (Gaza Strip)">Army of Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Egyptian Islamic Jihad">Egyptian Islamic Jihad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed" title="Jaish-e-Mohammed">Jaish-e-Mohammed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jemaah_Islamiyah" title="Jemaah Islamiyah">Jemaah Islamiyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harkat-ul-Jihad_al-Islami" title="Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami">Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harkat-ul-Mujahideen" title="Harkat-ul-Mujahideen">Harkat-ul-Mujahideen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Mujahideen" title="Indian Mujahideen">Indian Mujahideen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tehrik-i-Taliban_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan">Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham" title="Tahrir al-Sham">Tahrir al-Sham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hizb-ut_Tahrir" class="mw-redirect" title="Hizb-ut Tahrir">Hizb-ut Tahrir</a> among many others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ISIL/ISIS/Daesh"><span id="ISIL.2FISIS.2FDaesh"></span>ISIL/ISIS/Daesh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: ISIL/ISIS/Daesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Ideology of the Islamic State">Ideology of the Islamic State</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caucasus_Emirate">Caucasus Emirate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Caucasus Emirate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate" title="Caucasus Emirate">Caucasus Emirate</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate" title="Caucasus Emirate">Caucasus Emirate</a> is a fundamentalist Islamic terrorist group residing primarily in the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. Created from the remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a> (ChRI) in October 2007, it adheres to an ideology of Salafist-takfiri jihad<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that seeks to establish an Islamic caliphate within the North Caucasus and Volga region (primarily the republics of <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a>). Many of their fighters are also present in jihadist battlegrounds such as Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq, and throughout Central Asia. Many plots involving Chechen and other indigenous ethnic groups of the North Caucasus have also been thwarted in Europe over the recent years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Al-Shabaab">Al-Shabaab</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Al-Shabaab"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab (militant group)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a>, meaning "the Youth", is a Somalia-based cell of the <a href="/wiki/Militant_Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Militant Islamist">militant Islamist</a> group <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>, formally recognized in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Shabaab is designated as a terrorist group by countries including Australia, Canada, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boko_Haram">Boko Haram</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Boko Haram"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Special:EditPage/Islamic fundamentalism">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Congregation of the People of Tradition for Proselytism and Jihad (Arabic: جماعة اهل السنة للدعوة والجهاد Jamā'a Ahl al-sunnah li-da'wa wa al-jihād), better known by its Hausa name <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a> (pronounced [bōːkòː hàrâm], "Western education is sinful"), is a jihadist militant organization based in the northeast of Nigeria. It is an Islamist movement which strongly opposes man-made laws and westernization. Founded by Mohammed Yusuf in 2001, the organization seeks to establish sharia law in the country. The group is also known for attacking Christians and bombing Mosques and churches. </p><p>The movement is divided into three factions. In 2011, Boko Haram was responsible for at least 450 killings in Nigeria. It was also reported that they had been responsible for over 620 deaths over the first 6 months of 2012. Since its founding in 2001, the jihadists have been responsible for between 3,000 and 10,000 deaths. </p><p>The group became known internationally following sectarian violence in Nigeria in July 2009, which left over 1000 people dead. They do not have a clear structure or evident chain of command. Moreover, it is still a matter of debate whether Boko Haram has links to terror outfits outside Nigeria and its fighters have frequently clashed with Nigeria's central government. A US commander stated that Boko Haram is likely linked to Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), although professor Paul Lubeck points out that no evidence is presented for any claims of material international support. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ansar_Deen">Ansar Deen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ansar Deen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ansar_Deen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ansar Deen">Ansar Deen</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ansar_Deen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ansar Deen">Ansar Deen</a> is an Islamist militant group in the country of Mali that wants Shariah law in Mali.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AFP133_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP133-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It opposes <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> shrines.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its main support comes from the Ifora tribe of <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuaregs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group is connected to <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP133_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP133-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It took part in the <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_Rebellion_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuareg Rebellion (2012)">2012 Tuareg Rebellion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mojwa_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mojwa-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They destroyed the tomb of a Sufi saint which was a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It managed to take control of Northern Mali,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they formed a pact with the <a href="/wiki/National_Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Azawad" title="National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad">MNLA</a> forming the Islamic Republic of Azawad.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC265_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC265-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is <a href="/wiki/U.S._State_Department_list_of_Foreign_Terrorist_Organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations">designated a terrorist group</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ansar_al-Sharia">Ansar al-Sharia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ansar al-Sharia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Sharia" title="Ansar al-Sharia">Ansar al-Sharia</a></div> <p><b>Ansar al-Sharia</b> or <b>Ansar al-Shariah</b> is a name used by a collection of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">radical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Militant_Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Militant Islamist">militant Islamist</a> groups or militias, in at least eight countries. While they share names and ideology, they lack a unified command structure. The eight countries in which the groups have operated are <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_rights_controversy">Human rights controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Human rights controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sharia#Contemporary_issues" title="Sharia">Sharia § Contemporary issues</a></div> <p>Some states and movements that are perceived or claimed to be Islamic fundamentalists have been criticized for their <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> record by international organizations. The acceptance of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> on human rights has been somewhat limited even in Muslim countries that are not seen as fundamentalist. <a href="/wiki/Ann_Elizabeth_Mayer" title="Ann Elizabeth Mayer">Ann Elizabeth Mayer</a> writes that states with a predominantly Muslim population, even when they adopt laws along European lines, are influenced by Islamic rules and precepts of <i>sharia</i>, which cause conflict with international law on human rights. According to Mayer, features found in conflict include severe deficiencies in criminal procedure, harsh criminal penalties causing great suffering, discrimination against women and non-Muslims, and prohibition against abandoning the Islamic religion. In 1990, under Saudi leadership, the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>, a group representing all Muslim majority nations, adopted the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a>, which substantially diverges from the 1948 <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> (UDHR). The Cairo declaration lacks provisions for democratic principles, protection for religious freedom, freedom of association and freedom of the press, as well as equality in rights and equal protection under the law. Further it stipulates that "all the rights and freedoms stipulated in this Declaration are subject to the Islamic <i>shari'a</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-mayer_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayer-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cairo declaration followed years of limited acceptance of the Universal declaration by predominantly Muslim states. As an example, in 1984, Iran's UN representative, Said Raja'i Khorasani, said the following amid allegations of human rights violations, "[Iran] recognized no authority ... apart from Islamic law.... Conventions, declarations and resolutions or decisions of international organizations, which were contrary to Islam, had no validity in the Islamic Republic of Iran.... The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which represented secular understanding of the Judaeo-Christian tradition, could not be implemented by Muslims and did not accord with the system of values recognized by the Islamic Republic of Iran; this country would therefore not hesitate to violate its provisions."<sup id="cite_ref-mayer_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayer-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These departures, both theoretical and practical, have resulted in a multitude of practices and cases criticized by international human rights groups. See <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran" title="Human rights in Iran">human rights in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Human rights in Saudi Arabia">human rights in Saudi Arabia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taliban_treatment_of_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Taliban treatment of women">Taliban treatment of women</a> for specific examples. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opinion_polling">Opinion polling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Opinion polling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_and_analysis_about_Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Opinion polling and analysis about Islamic fundamentalism">Opinion polling and analysis about Islamic fundamentalism</a></div> <p>In a 2005 <a href="/wiki/Lowy_Institute_for_International_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowy Institute for International Policy">Lowy Institute for International Policy</a> Poll 57% of Australians indicated they are worried about the rise of Islamic fundamentalism.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amos_N._Guiora" title="Amos N. Guiora">Amos N. Guiora</a> noted that this is equivalent to the number of Australians who perceived American Foreign Policy as a threat, he further noted that not just Muslim countries have an unfavourable opinion of the United States but a large number of western countries such as: France, Germany, Great Britain and Spain and concluded that Australia was not an outlier on this regard.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lowy Institute claimed that the result "raised eyebrows". </p> <ul><li>A <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> poll found that 33% of Americans think that Muslim Americans were more "sympathetic to terrorists than other Citizens" <a href="/wiki/Rik_Coolsaet" title="Rik Coolsaet">Rik Coolsaet</a> analysed this as indicating a high level of distrust directed at the American Muslim community.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Times</i> did this survey during the <a href="/wiki/Park51" title="Park51">Park51</a> Ground Zero Mosque incident. The <i>Times</i> called the findings "appalling" and also analysed the data as showing a very high level of distrust of Muslim Americans and robust disapproval of the <a href="/wiki/Park51" title="Park51">Park51</a> Mosque proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i> stated that it does not trust the poll carried out by the New York Times and that the figures would be higher than 33%. They further claimed that New York residents are tolerant and if the figures were 33% in New York then "non-New Yorker fellow citizens are far more deeply biased and warped than the Gotham locals".<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/54px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Diyala_Province_Bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 Diyala Province Bombing">2009 Diyala 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title="Religious exclusivism">Religious exclusivism#Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Mahmudnizhad" title="Mona Mahmudnizhad">Mona Mahmudnizhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Taqi_Mesbah-Yazdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad-Taqi Mesbah-Yazdi">Mohammad-Taqi Mesbah-Yazdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_patrol_incidents_in_London" title="Muslim patrol incidents in London">Muslim patrol incidents in London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Muslims_in_independent_India" title="Violence against Muslims in independent India">Violence against Muslims in independent India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi">Salafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahhabi movement">Wahhabi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi movement</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Arjomand_1995-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arjomand_1995_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arjomand_1995_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArjomand1995" class="citation book cs1">Arjomand, Said A. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx6hBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27">"The Search for Fundamentals and Islamic Fundamentalism"</a>. In van Vucht Tijssen, Lieteke; Berting, Jan; Lechner, Frank (eds.). <i>The Search for Fundamentals: The Process of Modernisation and the Quest for Meaning</i>. <a href="/wiki/Dordrecht" title="Dordrecht">Dordrecht</a>: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Verlag">Springer Verlag</a>. pp. 27–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-015-8500-2_2">10.1007/978-94-015-8500-2_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-3542-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-3542-9"><bdi>978-0-7923-3542-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Search+for+Fundamentals+and+Islamic+Fundamentalism&rft.btitle=The+Search+for+Fundamentals%3A+The+Process+of+Modernisation+and+the+Quest+for+Meaning&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=27-39&rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-015-8500-2_2&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-3542-9&rft.aulast=Arjomand&rft.aufirst=Said+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDx6hBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WahhabiIslam-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WahhabiIslam_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WahhabiIslam_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeLong-Bas2004" class="citation book cs1">DeLong-Bas, Natana J. 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Hadar, <i>Policy Analysis,</i> Cato Institute, 27 August 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkin2000" class="citation web cs1">Atkin, Muriel (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ca-c.org/online/2000/journal_eng/eng01_2000/16.atkin.shtml">"The Rhetoric ofIslamophobia"</a>. <i>CA&C Press</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210925070024/https://www.ca-c.org/online/2000/journal_eng/eng01_2000/16.atkin.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CA%26C+Press&rft.atitle=The+Rhetoric+ofIslamophobia&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Atkin&rft.aufirst=Muriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ca-c.org%2Fonline%2F2000%2Fjournal_eng%2Feng01_2000%2F16.atkin.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Esposito1992" class="citation book cs1">L. Esposito, John (1992). <i>The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality?</i>. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. pp. 7–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-510298-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-510298-3"><bdi>0-19-510298-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+Threat%3A+Myth+or+Reality%3F&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+Inc.&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-19-510298-3&rft.aulast=L.+Esposito&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Islamic_fundamentalism-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Islamic_fundamentalism_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/H007">"Islamic fundamentalism"</a>. 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Pelletreau, Jr., <i><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Policy_Council" title="Middle East Policy Council">Middle East Policy Council</a></i>, 26 May 1994, "Symposium: Resurgent Islam in the Middle East," <i><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Policy" title="Middle East Policy">Middle East Policy</a></i>, Fall 1994, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lapidus-2002-823-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lapidus-2002-823_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapidus2002" class="citation book cs1">Lapidus, Ira M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I3mVUEzm8xMC&pg=PA823"><i>A History of Islamic Societies</i></a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 823. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521779333" title="Special:BookSources/9780521779333"><bdi>9780521779333</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Islamic+Societies&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=823&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780521779333&rft.aulast=Lapidus&rft.aufirst=Ira+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI3mVUEzm8xMC%26pg%3DPA823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KramerTerms-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KramerTerms_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030801132248/http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/Terms.htm">Coming to Terms, Fundamentalists or Islamists? Martin Kramer</a> originally in <i>Middle East Quarterly</i> (Spring 2003), pp. 65–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Esposito, John, <i>Voices of Resurgent Islam</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-503340-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-503340-X">0-19-503340-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ORFPI1994:82-3-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ORFPI1994:82-3_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#ORFPI1994">Roy, <i>Failure of Political Islam</i>, 1994</a>: pp. 82–3, 215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ORFPI1994:59-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ORFPI1994:59_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#ORFPI1994">Roy, <i>Failure of Political Islam</i>, 1994</a>: p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ORFPI1994:38-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ORFPI1994:38_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#ORFPI1994">Roy, <i>Failure of Political Islam</i>, 1994</a>: pp. 38, 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmin2014" class="citation journal cs1">Amin, Husnul (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801234915/https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-3396928401/making-sense-of-islamic-social-movements-a-critical">"Making Sense of Islamic Social Movements: A Critical Review of Major Theoretical Approaches"</a>. <i>Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Pakistan+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Making+Sense+of+Islamic+Social+Movements%3A+A+Critical+Review+of+Major+Theoretical+Approaches&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Amin&rft.aufirst=Husnul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F1P3-3396928401%2Fmaking-sense-of-islamic-social-movements-a-critical&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic</i>, by Ervand Abrahamian, University of California Press, 1993, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, Bernard(1993) Islam in history:ideas, people and events in the Middle East:398</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ORFPI1994:30-1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ORFPI1994:30-1_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ORFPI1994:30-1_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ORFPI1994:30-1_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ORFPI1994:30-1_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#ORFPI1994">Roy, <i>Failure of Political Islam</i>, 1994</a>: pp. 30–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Bennett2013" class="citation journal cs1">M. 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Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds., <i>Fundamentalisms and Society</i> (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, "Introduction," in Martin and Appleby, eds., Fundamentalisms and the State (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wzb.eu/en/press-release/islamic-fundamentalism-is-widely-spread">"Islamic fundamentalism is widely spread"</a>. Wissenschaftszentrums Berlin für Sozialforschung. 9 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islamic+fundamentalism+is+widely+spread&rft.pub=Wissenschaftszentrums+Berlin+f%C3%BCr+Sozialforschung&rft.date=2013-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wzb.eu%2Fen%2Fpress-release%2Fislamic-fundamentalism-is-widely-spread&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHekmatpourBurns2019" class="citation journal cs1">Hekmatpour, Peyman; Burns, Thomas J. (2019). "Perception of Western governments' hostility to Islam among European Muslims before and after ISIS: the important roles of residential segregation and education". <i>The British Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>70</b> (5): 2133–2165. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-4446.12673">10.1111/1468-4446.12673</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-4446">1468-4446</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31004347">31004347</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:125038730">125038730</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Perception+of+Western+governments%27+hostility+to+Islam+among+European+Muslims+before+and+after+ISIS%3A+the+important+roles+of+residential+segregation+and+education&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=2133-2165&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=1468-4446&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A125038730%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31004347&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-4446.12673&rft.aulast=Hekmatpour&rft.aufirst=Peyman&rft.au=Burns%2C+Thomas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dreyfuss (2006), p. 2<br />Cooper (2008), p. 272</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurad2021" class="citation web cs1">Murad, Suleiman (27 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orientxxi.info/lu-vu-entendu/article4995">"أدونيس والإسلام، تيه ومغالطات"</a> [Adonis and Islam: Mistakes and Inaccuracies]. <i>ORIENTXXI</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210827074858/https://orientxxi.info/lu-vu-entendu/article4995">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ORIENTXXI&rft.atitle=%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%8C+%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%87+%D9%88%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AA&rft.date=2021-08-27&rft.aulast=Murad&rft.aufirst=Suleiman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forientxxi.info%2Flu-vu-entendu%2Farticle4995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidgeonWeismann2015" class="citation book cs1">Ridgeon, Lloyd; Weismann, Itzchak (2015). "1: Modernity from Within: Islamic Fundamentalism and Sufism". <i>Sufis and Salafis in the Contemporary Age</i>. 50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK: Bloomsbury. pp. 12–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-2387-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-2387-7"><bdi>978-1-4725-2387-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+Modernity+from+Within%3A+Islamic+Fundamentalism+and+Sufism&rft.btitle=Sufis+and+Salafis+in+the+Contemporary+Age&rft.place=50+Bedford+Square%2C+London%2C+WC1B+3DP%2C+UK&rft.pages=12-13&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4725-2387-7&rft.aulast=Ridgeon&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rft.au=Weismann%2C+Itzchak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnayat1982" class="citation book cs1">Enayat, Hamid (1982). <i>Modern Islamic Political Thought: The Response of the Shi'i and Sunni Muslims to the Twentieth Century</i>. London: The Macmillan Press Ltd. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-27969-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-27969-4"><bdi>978-0-333-27969-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Islamic+Political+Thought%3A+The+Response+of+the+Shi%27i+and+Sunni+Muslims+to+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Press+Ltd&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-333-27969-4&rft.aulast=Enayat&rft.aufirst=Hamid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cooper (2008), p. 272</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Bennett2013" class="citation journal cs1">M. Bennett, Andrew (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1035&context=pilronline">"Islamic History & Al-Qaeda: A Primer to Understanding the Rise of Islamist Movements in the Modern World"</a>. <i>Pace International Law Review Online</i>. <b>3</b> (10). PACE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW: 345 – via DigitalCommons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pace+International+Law+Review+Online&rft.atitle=Islamic+History+%26+Al-Qaeda%3A+A+Primer+to+Understanding+the+Rise+of+Islamist+Movements+in+the+Modern+World&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=345&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=M.+Bennett&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.pace.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1035%26context%3Dpilronline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidgeon2015" class="citation book cs1">Ridgeon, Lloyd (2015). <i>Sufis and Salafis in the Contemporary Age</i>. 50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-2387-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-2387-7"><bdi>978-1-4725-2387-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sufis+and+Salafis+in+the+Contemporary+Age&rft.place=50+Bedford+Square%2C+London%2C+WC1B+3DP%2C+UK&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4725-2387-7&rft.aulast=Ridgeon&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloomsbury-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloomsbury_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloomsbury_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloomsbury_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidgeonWeismann2015" class="citation book cs1">Ridgeon, Lloyd; Weismann, Itzchak (2015). "1: Modernity from Within: Islamic Fundamentalism and Sufism". <i>Sufis and Salafis in the Contemporary Age</i>. 50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK: Bloomsbury. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-2387-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-2387-7"><bdi>978-1-4725-2387-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+Modernity+from+Within%3A+Islamic+Fundamentalism+and+Sufism&rft.btitle=Sufis+and+Salafis+in+the+Contemporary+Age&rft.place=50+Bedford+Square%2C+London%2C+WC1B+3DP%2C+UK&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4725-2387-7&rft.aulast=Ridgeon&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rft.au=Weismann%2C+Itzchak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dreyfuss (2006), pp. 1–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dreyfuss (2006), p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dreyfuss (2006), p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2014" class="citation news cs1">Khan, Sheema (29 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/another-battle-with-islams-true-believers/article20802390/">"Another battle with Islam's 'true believers'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Another+battle+with+Islam%27s+%27true+believers%27&rft.date=2014-09-29&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Sheema&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fglobe-debate%2Fanother-battle-with-islams-true-believers%2Farticle20802390%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamad_Jebara_More_Mohamad_Jebara" class="citation web cs1">Mohamad Jebara More Mohamad Jebara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ottawacitizen.com/news/national/fruits-of-the-tree-of-extremism">"Imam Mohamad Jebara: Fruits of the tree of extremism"</a>. <i>Ottawa Citizen</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ottawa+Citizen&rft.atitle=Imam+Mohamad+Jebara%3A+Fruits+of+the+tree+of+extremism&rft.au=Mohamad+Jebara+More+Mohamad+Jebara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fottawacitizen.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ffruits-of-the-tree-of-extremism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hasan-balance-2012-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hasan-balance-2012_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasan2012" class="citation web cs1">Hasan, Usama (July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140802045255/http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/the-balance-of-islam-in-challenging-extremism.pdf">"The Balance of Islam in Challenging Extremism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Quilliam. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/the-balance-of-islam-in-challenging-extremism.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Balance+of+Islam+in+Challenging+Extremism&rft.pub=Quilliam&rft.date=2012-07&rft.aulast=Hasan&rft.aufirst=Usama&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quilliamfoundation.org%2Fwp%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fpublications%2Ffree%2Fthe-balance-of-islam-in-challenging-extremism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews" class="citation web cs1">Matthews, Terry L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091006100127/http://www.wfu.edu/~matthetl/perspectives/twentyone.html">"Fundamentalism"</a>. <i>Lectures for Religion 166: Religious Life in the United States</i>. Wake Forest University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wfu.edu/~matthetl/perspectives/twentyone.html">the original</a> on 6 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lectures+for+Religion+166%3A+Religious+Life+in+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Fundamentalism&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Terry+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wfu.edu%2F~matthetl%2Fperspectives%2Ftwentyone.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bassam_Tibi" title="Bassam Tibi">Bassam Tibi</a>, <i>The Challenge of Fundamentalism: Political Islam and the New World Disorder. Updated Edition.</i> Los Angeles, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>: 2002. Excerpt available online as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://middleeastinfo.org/article4453.html"><i>The Islamic Fundamentalist Ideology: Context and the Textual Sources</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927212444/http://middleeastinfo.org/article4453.html">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://middleeastinfo.org/">Middle East Information Center</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Pratt, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/art_pratt_2006.html">"Terrorism and Religious Fundamentalism: Prospects for a Predictive Paradigm"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081227215620/http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/art_pratt_2006.html">Archived</a> 27 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Marburg Journal of Religion</i>, <a href="/wiki/Philipps-Universit%C3%A4t_Marburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipps-Universität Marburg">Philipps-Universität Marburg</a>, Volume 11, No. 1 (June 2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dennis, Anthony J. <i>The Rise of the Islamic Empire and the Threat to the West</i> (Ohio: Wyndham Hall Press, 1996) p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>See</i> Dennis, Anthony J. "Fundamentalist Islam and Human Rights" pp. 36–56 in <i>The Rise of the Islamic Empire and the Threat of the West</i> (Ohio: Wyndham Hall Press, 1996).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>See</i> Dennis, Anthony J. "The Attack on Women's Rights" pp. 40–44 in <i>The Rise of the Islamic Empire and the Threat to the West</i> (Ohio: Wyndham Hall Press, 1996).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>See</i> Dennis, Anthony J. "Strange Bedfellows: Fundamentalist Islam and Democracy" pp. 31–33 in <i>The Rise of the Islamic Empire and the Threat to the West</i> (Ohio: Wyndham Hall Press, 1996).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>See</i> Dennis, Anthony J. "The Attack on Freedom of Expression" pp. 47–56 in <i>The Rise of the Islamic Empire and the Threat of the West</i> (Ohio: Wyndham Hall Press, 1996).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>See</i> Dennis, Anthony J. "The Attack on Other Religions" pp. 44–47 in <i>The Rise of the Islamic Empire and the Threat to the West</i> (Ohio: Wyndham Hall Press, 1996)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Murtad", <i>Encyclopedia of Islam</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/story/2005/02/050202_mj-montzari-renegade.shtml">Grand Ayatollah Hossein-Ali Montazeri: "Not Every Conversion is Apostasy"</a>, by Mahdi Jami, In Persian, BBC Persian, 2 February 2005. Retrieved 25 April 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4850080.stm">What Islam says on religious freedom</a>, by Magdi Abdelhadi, 27 March 2006. Retrieved 25 April 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?cid=1119503545098&pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaE%2FFatwaE">Fatwa on Intellectual Apostasy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090425092251/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?cid=1119503545098&pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaE%2FFatwaE">Archived</a> 25 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Text of the fatwa by Sheikh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. A. Rahman in "Punishment of Apostasy in Islam", Institute of Islamic Culture, Lahore, 1972, pp. 10–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamicperspectives.com/Apostasy1.htm">The punishment of apostasy in Islam</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090926233750/http://www.islamicperspectives.com/Apostasy1.htm">Archived</a> 26 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, View of Dr. Ahmad Shafaat on apostasy.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Appleby (1993) p. 342</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahmed (1993), p. 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGary_Ferraro2007" class="citation book cs1">Gary Ferraro (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DwgwGs__4c4C&pg=PA362"><i>Cultural Anthropology: An Applied Perspective</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 362. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0495100089" title="Special:BookSources/978-0495100089"><bdi>978-0495100089</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Anthropology%3A+An+Applied+Perspective&rft.pages=362&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0495100089&rft.au=Gary+Ferraro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDwgwGs__4c4C%26pg%3DPA362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3qwuhK3BBH8C&pg=PA272"><i>Challenges of the Muslim World: Present, Future and Past</i></a>. Emerald Group Publishing. 2008. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780444532435" title="Special:BookSources/9780444532435"><bdi>9780444532435</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Challenges+of+the+Muslim+World%3A+Present%2C+Future+and+Past&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Emerald+Group+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780444532435&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3qwuhK3BBH8C%26pg%3DPA272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohannes_J._G._Jansen1997" class="citation book cs1">Johannes J. G. Jansen (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dualnatureofisla00jans"><i>The Dual Nature of Islamic Fundamentalism</i></a></span>. Cornell University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dualnatureofisla00jans/page/8">8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801433382" title="Special:BookSources/9780801433382"><bdi>9780801433382</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dual+Nature+of+Islamic+Fundamentalism&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780801433382&rft.au=Johannes+J.+G.+Jansen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdualnatureofisla00jans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jansen, <i>The Dual Nature of Islamic Fundamentalism</i>, p. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Darion Rhodes, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ictwps.com/index.cfm/working-papers/salafist-takfiri-jihadism-the-ideology-of-the-caucasus-emirate/">Salafist-Takfiri Jihadism: the Ideology of the Caucasus Emirate</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140421064118/http://www.ictwps.com/index.cfm/working-papers/salafist-takfiri-jihadism-the-ideology-of-the-caucasus-emirate/">Archived</a> 21 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Counter-Terrorism" title="International Institute for Counter-Terrorism">International Institute for Counter-Terrorism</a>, March 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2012/02/09/world/africa/somalia-shabaab-qaeda/">"Al-Shabaab joining al Qaeda, monitor group says – CNN.com"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. 10 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Al-Shabaab+joining+al+Qaeda%2C+monitor+group+says+%E2%80%93+CNN.com&rft.date=2012-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2012%2F02%2F09%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fsomalia-shabaab-qaeda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8543347.stm">"Somali group to be banned in UK"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 1 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Somali+group+to+be+banned+in+UK&rft.date=2010-03-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2F8543347.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120420105211/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hagyDu-fNsr4S0n6WH-pJy7Buc3A?docId=CNG.e6d734782f5f57154f36a51f91130e28.2d1">Armed Islamist group claims control in northeast Mali</a>, AFP</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFP133-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AFP133_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFP133_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120423203754/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5it6uaNq2Rlg0TWFZ9eDufiqjpGgA?docId=CNG.1917c4fef3978cd3368f40fb9f61aca9.5a1">"Islamist fighters call for Sharia law in Mali"</a>. Agence France-Presse. 13 March 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5it6uaNq2Rlg0TWFZ9eDufiqjpGgA?docId=CNG.1917c4fef3978cd3368f40fb9f61aca9.5a1">the original</a> on 23 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Islamist+fighters+call+for+Sharia+law+in+Mali&rft.date=2012-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5it6uaNq2Rlg0TWFZ9eDufiqjpGgA%3FdocId%3DCNG.1917c4fef3978cd3368f40fb9f61aca9.5a1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21042561">Mali crisis: 'Timbuktu joy after life of fear'</a> retrieved 17 January 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Black2013" class="citation news cs1">Ian Black (16 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/16/mali-islamist-militants-al-qaida">"Mali militants: who's who among Islamist rebels"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Mali+militants%3A+who%27s+who+among+Islamist+rebels&rft.date=2013-01-16&rft.au=Ian+Black&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fjan%2F16%2Fmali-islamist-militants-al-qaida&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mojwa-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mojwa_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouamba_Sylla2012" class="citation web cs1">Couamba Sylla (4 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=51578">"Tuareg-jihadists alliance: Qaeda conquers more than half of Mali"</a>. middle-east-online.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130119032755/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=51578">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tuareg-jihadists+alliance%3A+Qaeda+conquers+more+than+half+of+Mali&rft.pub=middle-east-online.com&rft.date=2012-04-04&rft.au=Couamba+Sylla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.middle-east-online.com%2Fenglish%2F%3Fid%3D51578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/05/world/africa/mali-heritage-sites/index.html">"Rebels burn Timbuktu tomb listed as U.N. World Heritage site"</a>. CNN. 6 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rebels+burn+Timbuktu+tomb+listed+as+U.N.+World+Heritage+site&rft.date=2012-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2012%2F05%2F05%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fmali-heritage-sites%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiemoko_DialloAdama_Diarra2012" class="citation news cs1">Tiemoko Diallo; Adama Diarra (28 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mali-crisis-idUSBRE85R15720120628">"Islamists declare full control of Mali's north"</a>. Reuters<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Islamists+declare+full+control+of+Mali%27s+north&rft.date=2012-06-28&rft.au=Tiemoko+Diallo&rft.au=Adama+Diarra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mali-crisis-idUSBRE85R15720120628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC265-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC265_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18224004">"Mali Tuareg and Islamist rebels agree on Sharia state"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 26 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Mali+Tuareg+and+Islamist+rebels+agree+on+Sharia+state&rft.date=2012-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-18224004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2013/03/206493.htm">"Terrorist Designations of Ansar al-Dine"</a>. United States Department of State. 21 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Terrorist+Designations+of+Ansar+al-Dine&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.date=2013-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fprs%2Fps%2F2013%2F03%2F206493.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/sc/committees/1267/NSQE13513E.shtml">"Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 1267 (1999) and 1989 (2011) concerning Al-Qaida and associated individuals and entities QE.A.135.13. ANSAR EDDINE"</a>. United Nations. 21 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Security+Council+Committee+pursuant+to+resolutions+1267+%281999%29+and+1989+%282011%29+concerning+Al-Qaida+and+associated+individuals+and+entities+QE.A.135.13.+ANSAR+EDDINE&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2013-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fsc%2Fcommittees%2F1267%2FNSQE13513E.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mayer-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mayer_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mayer_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ann Elizabeth Mayer, <i>Islamic Law and Human Rights: Conundrums and Equivocations</i>, chapter 14 in Carrie Gustafson, Peter H. Juviler (eds.), <i>Religion and human rights: competing claims?</i>, Columbia University seminar series, M.E. Sharpe, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7656-0261-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7656-0261-X">0-7656-0261-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuiora2008" class="citation book cs1">Guiora, Amos N. (4 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JnHnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA406"><i>Top Ten Global Justice Law Review Articles 2007</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 406. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195376586" title="Special:BookSources/9780195376586"><bdi>9780195376586</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Top+Ten+Global+Justice+Law+Review+Articles+2007&rft.pages=406&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008-09-04&rft.isbn=9780195376586&rft.aulast=Guiora&rft.aufirst=Amos+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJnHnCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZvqAAAAMAAJ&q=57%25+australians+islamic+fundamentalism+united+states"><i>The Economist, Volume 375, Issues 8420–8428</i></a>. 2005. p. 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economist%2C+Volume+375%2C+Issues+8420%E2%80%938428&rft.pages=58&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1ZvqAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D57%2525%2Baustralians%2Bislamic%2Bfundamentalism%2Bunited%2Bstates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424152706/http://www.lowyinstitute.org/files/pubfiles/Australians_Speak_2005.pdf">"The Lowy Institute Poll Australians Speak 2005"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lowyinstitute.org/files/pubfiles/Australians_Speak_2005.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Lowy+Institute+Poll+Australians+Speak+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lowyinstitute.org%2Ffiles%2Fpubfiles%2FAustralians_Speak_2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuiora2008" class="citation book cs1">Guiora, Amos N. (4 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JnHnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA406"><i>Top Ten Global Justice Law Review Articles 2007</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 406. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195376586" title="Special:BookSources/9780195376586"><bdi>9780195376586</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Top+Ten+Global+Justice+Law+Review+Articles+2007&rft.pages=406&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008-09-04&rft.isbn=9780195376586&rft.aulast=Guiora&rft.aufirst=Amos+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJnHnCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoolsaet2013" class="citation book cs1">Coolsaet, Professor Dr Rik (28 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GOKhAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA113"><i>Jihadi Terrorism and the Radicalisation Challenge: European and American ...</i></a> Ashgate Publishing. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409476450" title="Special:BookSources/9781409476450"><bdi>9781409476450</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihadi+Terrorism+and+the+Radicalisation+Challenge%3A+European+and+American+...&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2013-04-28&rft.isbn=9781409476450&rft.aulast=Coolsaet&rft.aufirst=Professor+Dr+Rik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGOKhAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/03/opinion/03fri1.html">"Opinion | Mistrust and the Mosque (Published 2010)"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 3 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221014234011/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/03/opinion/03fri1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Opinion+%7C+Mistrust+and+the+Mosque+%28Published+2010%29&rft.date=2010-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F09%2F03%2Fopinion%2F03fri1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/77475/the-new-york-times-laments-sadly-wary-misunderstanding-muslim-americans-really-it-sadly-w">The New York Times Laments "A Sadly Wary Misunderstanding of Muslim-Americans." But Really Is It "Sadly Wary" Or A "Misunderstanding" At All?</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed,_Akbar_S.Donnan,_Hastings1994" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Akbar S.; Donnan, Hastings (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Toyiydf7kTAC"><i>Islam, globalization, and postmodernity – Google Books</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415093668" title="Special:BookSources/9780415093668"><bdi>9780415093668</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%2C+globalization%2C+and+postmodernity+%E2%80%93+Google+Books&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780415093668&rft.au=Ahmed%2C+Akbar+S.&rft.au=Donnan%2C+Hastings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DToyiydf7kTAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppleby,_R._Scott1993" class="citation book cs1">Appleby, R. Scott (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ye7DYE39tf8C"><i>Fundamentalisms and Society: Reclaiming the Sciences, the Family, and Education</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226508818" title="Special:BookSources/9780226508818"><bdi>9780226508818</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentalisms+and+Society%3A+Reclaiming+the+Sciences%2C+the+Family%2C+and+Education&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780226508818&rft.au=Appleby%2C+R.+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYe7DYE39tf8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper,_William_WagerYue,_Piyu2008" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, William Wager; Yue, Piyu (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3qwuhK3BBH8C"><i>Challenges of the Muslim World: Present, Future and Past</i></a>. Emerald Group Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780444532435" title="Special:BookSources/9780444532435"><bdi>9780444532435</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Challenges+of+the+Muslim+World%3A+Present%2C+Future+and+Past&rft.pub=Emerald+Group+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780444532435&rft.au=Cooper%2C+William+Wager&rft.au=Yue%2C+Piyu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3qwuhK3BBH8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreyfuss,_Robert2006" class="citation book cs1">Dreyfuss, Robert (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hdfLNSnUx-AC"><i>Devil's Game: How the United States Helped Unleash Fundamentalist Islam</i></a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805081374" title="Special:BookSources/9780805081374"><bdi>9780805081374</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Devil%27s+Game%3A+How+the+United+States+Helped+Unleash+Fundamentalist+Islam&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780805081374&rft.au=Dreyfuss%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhdfLNSnUx-AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ariel Francais, <i>Islam radical et nouvel ordre impérial</i>, L'Harmattan, 2007.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewer2006" class="citation book cs1">Hewer, C.T.R (2006). <i>Understanding Islam: the first ten steps</i>. London: SCM Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780334040323" title="Special:BookSources/9780334040323"><bdi>9780334040323</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Islam%3A+the+first+ten+steps&rft.place=London&rft.pub=SCM+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780334040323&rft.aulast=Hewer&rft.aufirst=C.T.R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ORFPI1994" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Olivier (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/failureofpolitic00royo"><i>The Failure of Political Islam</i></a></span>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674291416" title="Special:BookSources/9780674291416"><bdi>9780674291416</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Failure+of+Political+Islam&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780674291416&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffailureofpolitic00royo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKäsehage2021" class="citation book cs1">Käsehage, Nina (2021). "Towards a Covid-Jihad – Millennialism in the field of Jihadism". In Käsehage, Nina (ed.). <i>Religious Fundamentalism in the Age of Pandemic</i>. Religionswissenschaft. Vol. 21. <a href="/wiki/Bielefeld" title="Bielefeld">Bielefeld</a>: Transcript Verlag. pp. 81–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14361%2F9783839454855-004">10.14361/9783839454855-004</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8376-5485-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8376-5485-1"><bdi>978-3-8376-5485-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Towards+a+Covid-Jihad+%E2%80%93+Millennialism+in+the+field+of+Jihadism&rft.btitle=Religious+Fundamentalism+in+the+Age+of+Pandemic&rft.place=Bielefeld&rft.series=Religionswissenschaft&rft.pages=81-106&rft.pub=Transcript+Verlag&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14361%2F9783839454855-004&rft.isbn=978-3-8376-5485-1&rft.aulast=K%C3%A4sehage&rft.aufirst=Nina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sikand, Yoginder. <i>Origins and Development of the Tablighi-Jama'at (1920–2000): A Cross-Country Comparative Study</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-250-2298-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-250-2298-8">81-250-2298-8</a></li> <li>Shepard, William. "What is 'Islamic Fundamentalism'?" <i>Studies in Religion</i>. Winter 1988.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Islamic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Islamic">Islamic</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fundamental" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:fundamental">fundamental</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fundamentalism" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:fundamentalism">fundamentalism</a></b></i>, or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Islamic_fundamentalism" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027003632/http://geocities.com/martinkramerorg/">Fundamentalist Islam</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 27 October 2009)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brucegourley.com/fundamentalism/islamicfundamentalismintro.htm">Islamic Fundamentalism: A Brief Survey</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism" title="Template:Islamism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamism" title="Template talk:Islamism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism_in_Iran" title="Islamic fundamentalism in Iran">Shia Islamism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_governance" title="Islamic governance">Islamic governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_monarchy" title="Islamic monarchy">Islamic monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamistan" title="Islamistan">Islamistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_knowledge" title="Islamization of knowledge">of knowledge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shura</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_model" title="Turkish model">Turkish model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Socio-political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir_Britain" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain">in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir_in_Central_Asia" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir in Central Asia">in Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Defenders_Front" title="Islamic Defenders Front">Islamic Defenders Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt">in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">in Syria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties" title="List of Islamic political parties">Political parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Justice_Party_(Egypt)" title="Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)">Freedom and Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Algeria_Alliance" title="Green Algeria Alliance">Green Algeria Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennahda" title="Ennahda">Ennahda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Constitutional_Movement" title="Islamic Constitutional Movement">Hadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Salvation_Front" title="Islamic Salvation Front">Islamic Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami">Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan">Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat-e_Islami" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamiat-e Islami">Jamiat-e Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Construction_Party" title="Justice and Construction Party">Justice and Construction Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Morocco)" title="Justice and Development Party (Morocco)">Justice and Development Party (Morocco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_Party_(Sudan)" title="National Congress Party (Sudan)">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iraqi_Alliance" title="National Iraqi Alliance">National Iraqi Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Islamic_Party" title="Malaysian Islamic Party">Malaysian Islamic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperous_Justice_Party" title="Prosperous Justice Party">Prosperous Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Wefaq" title="Al Wefaq">Al Wefaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_Party" title="Welfare Party">Welfare Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_Alliance" title="Fatah Alliance">Fatah Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Law_Coalition" title="State of Law Coalition">State of Law Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Action_Front" title="Islamic Action Front">Islamic Action Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_List" title="United Arab List">United Arab List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" title="Houthi movement">Ansar Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Islamic modernism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Political leaders</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani" title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani">Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Hussain_Ahmad" title="Qazi Hussain Ahmad">Qazi Hussain Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rached_Ghannouchi" title="Rached Ghannouchi">Rached Ghannouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safwat_Hegazi" title="Safwat Hegazi">Safwat Hegazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alija_Izetbegovi%C4%87" title="Alija Izetbegović">Alija Izetbegović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasan_Ali_Hasani_Nadwi" title="Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi">Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Nabhani" title="Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani">Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ramadan" title="Tariq Ramadan">Tariq Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Abu_Rashta" title="Ata Abu Rashta">Ata Abu Rashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navvab_Safavi" title="Navvab Safavi">Navvab Safavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Bongo" title="Omar Bongo">Omar Bongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Shariatullah" title="Haji Shariatullah">Haji Shariatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Turabi" title="Hassan al-Turabi">Hassan al-Turabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizieq_Shihab" title="Rizieq Shihab">Rizieq Shihab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Salafi_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholastic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties#Salafist" title="List of Islamic political parties">Political</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Asalah" title="Al Asalah">Al Asalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_Party" title="Authenticity Party">Authenticity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Islah_(Yemen)" title="Al-Islah (Yemen)">Al-Islah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nour_Party" title="Al-Nour Party">Al-Nour Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_Bloc" title="Islamist Bloc">Islamist Bloc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Party" title="People Party">People Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Kashgar_Party" title="Young Kashgar Party">Young Kashgar Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Prominent_Salafi_scholars_by_country" title="Salafi movement">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqbil_bin_Hadi_al-Wadi%27i" title="Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i">Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safar_al-Hawali" title="Safar al-Hawali">Safar al-Hawali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabee_al-Madkhali" title="Rabee al-Madkhali">Rabee al-Madkhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Al-Munajjid" title="Muhammad Al-Munajjid">Muhammad Al-Munajjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Naik" title="Zakir Naik">Zakir Naik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_al-Ouda" title="Salman al-Ouda">Salman al-Ouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Tamimi" title="Ali al-Tamimi">Ali al-Tamimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism" title="International propagation of Salafism">International propagation of Salafism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">Islamic religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi%E2%80%93Sufi_relations" title="Salafi–Sufi relations">Salafi–Sufi relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Militant_Islamism/Jihadism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Militant Islamism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Militant Islamism based in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template:Militant Islamism in the Middle East">MENA region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Egyptian Islamic Jihad">Egyptian Islamic Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_al-Islam" title="Fatah al-Islam">Fatah al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in South Asia">South Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">al-Shabaab</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">in the Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">in North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Azzam" title="Abdullah Yusuf Azzam">Abdullah Yusuf Azzam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhtar_Mansour" title="Akhtar Mansour">Akhtar Mansour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juhayman_al-Otaybi" title="Juhayman al-Otaybi">Juhayman al-Otaybi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Abdel-Rahman" title="Omar Abdel-Rahman">Omar Abdel-Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Islam and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam" title="The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam"><i>Reconstruction</i> (Iqbal, 1930s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Hadith_of_Ruhullah_Khomeini" title="Forty Hadith of Ruhullah Khomeini"><i>Forty Hadith</i> (Khomeini, 1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Principles_of_State_and_Government_in_Islam" title="The Principles of State and Government in Islam"> <i>Principles</i> (Asad, 1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestones_(book)" title="Milestones (book)"><i>Milestones</i> (Qutb, 1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government" title="Islamic Government"><i>Islamic Government</i> (Khomeini, 1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Declaration" title="Islamic Declaration"><i>Islamic Declaration</i> (Izetbegović, 1969-1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Book_(Gaddafi)" title="The Green Book (Gaddafi)"> <i>The Green Book</i> (Gaddafi, 1975)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Historical<br /> events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_in_Pakistan" title="Islamization in Pakistan">Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Arab_and_Islamic_Congress" title="Popular Arab and Islamic Congress">Popular Arab and Islamic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_Campaign" title="Faith Campaign">Faith Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Islamic response to modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_and_Islamic_terrorism_in_the_Balkans" title="Islamism and Islamic terrorism in the Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Islamism in the Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_Sudan" title="Islamism in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islamism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">Political Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Islam in <a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Islam in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism_in_North_Africa" title="Template:Islamism in North Africa">North Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140370#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140370#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140370#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/979941/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh87005404">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119618774">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119618774">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="islámský fundamentalismus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114805&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529981905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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