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variation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monophthongs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monophthongs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Monophthongs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monophthongs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diphthongs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diphthongs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Diphthongs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diphthongs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lexical_categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexical_categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Lexical categories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexical_categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Possession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphosyntactic_alignment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphosyntactic_alignment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Morphosyntactic alignment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphosyntactic_alignment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noun_phrase_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun_phrase_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Noun phrase structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noun_phrase_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clause_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clause_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Clause structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clause_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Voice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Valence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Example</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic_situation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_situation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Linguistic situation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Linguistic_situation-sublist" class="cdx-button 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Abui language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Abui" title="Tataramon na Abui – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Abui" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abui_(langue)" title="Abui (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Abui (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_abui" title="Lingua abui – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua abui" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaren_Abui" title="Yaren Abui – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yaren Abui" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abui_jezik" title="Abui jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Abui jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_nga_Abui" title="Pagsasao nga Abui – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao nga Abui" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Abui" title="Bahasa Abui – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Abui" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiabui" title="Kiabui – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiabui" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abui" title="Abui – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Abui" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Abui" title="Lenga Abui – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Abui" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_abui" title="Język abui – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język abui" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_abui" title="Língua abui – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua abui" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2" title="ภาษาอาบุย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาอาบุย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Abui" title="Tiếng Abui – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Abui" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2822110#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Abui_language" title="View the content page [c]" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Alor language spoken in Indonesia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #fd79da;">Abui</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #fd79da;"><i>Abui tanga</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Alor_Island" title="Alor Island">Alor Island</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Abui_people" title="Abui people">Abui</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">(16,000? cited 1981)<sup id="cite_ref-Wurm_and_Hattori_1981_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wurm_and_Hattori_1981-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans–New Guinea">Trans–New Guinea</a> ? <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/West_Bomberai_languages" title="West Bomberai languages">West Bomberai</a> ?<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Timor%E2%80%93Alor%E2%80%93Pantar_languages" title="Timor–Alor–Pantar languages">Timor–Alor–Pantar</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Alor%E2%80%93Pantar_languages" title="Alor–Pantar languages">Alor–Pantar</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Alor_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Alor languages">Alor</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Abui</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #fd79da;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/abz" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:abz">abz</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/abui1241">abui1241</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1381">Abui</a></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Abui</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">non-Austronesian language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Alor_Archipelago" title="Alor Archipelago">Alor Archipelago</a>. It is spoken in the central part of <a href="/wiki/Alor_Island" title="Alor Island">Alor Island</a> in Eastern Indonesia, <a href="/wiki/East_Nusa_Tenggara" title="East Nusa Tenggara">East Nusa Tenggara</a> (NTT) province by the <a href="/wiki/Abui_people" title="Abui people">Abui people</a>. The native name in the Takalelang dialect is <i>Abui tanga</i> which literally translates as 'mountain language'. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abui_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abui is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Alor%E2%80%93Pantar_languages" title="Alor–Pantar languages">Alor–Pantar languages</a>, within the <a href="/wiki/Timor%E2%80%93Alor%E2%80%93Pantar_languages" title="Timor–Alor–Pantar languages">Timor–Alor–Pantar language family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holton_Robinson_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holton_Robinson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on shared phonological consonant innovations, Abui is part of the Alor subgroup along with <a href="/wiki/Blagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Blagar">Blagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adang_language" title="Adang language">Adang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klon_language" title="Klon language">Klon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kui_language_(Indonesia)" title="Kui language (Indonesia)">Kui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woisika_language" title="Woisika language">Kamang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sawila_language" title="Sawila language">Sawila</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wersing_language" title="Wersing language">Wersing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holton_Robinson_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holton_Robinson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrary to earlier claims, there is still no conclusive evidence linking the Timor-Alor-Pantar languages to the Trans-New-Guinea family. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abui_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Alor-Pantar languages are, at the most, ~3,000 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-Klamer_2014_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klamer_2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It appears as though Proto-AP speakers borrowed certain Austronesian words prior to the breakup of Proto-AP; these loan words underwent regular sound change and can therefore be reconstructed for Proto-AP.<sup id="cite_ref-Holton_et_al_2012_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holton_et_al_2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abui_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abui is spoken by approximately 16,000 speakers in the central part of the Alor Island in Eastern Indonesia, East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) province.<sup id="cite_ref-e25_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_variation">Internal variation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abui_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Internal variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abui has a number of dialects: Northern, Southern and Western.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimes_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Northern dialects spoken around villages of Mainang, Masape, Takalelang and Atimelang have been subject of linguistic study. Southern dialects are spoken around Kelaisi and Apui; western dialects are spoken around Mataru, Fanating and Moru. These dialects remain unstudied. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abui_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abui has a relatively simple phonemic inventory with 16 native and 3 loan consonants. There are 5 short vowels each of them having a long counterpart. In a number of cases lexical tone is found. All information in this section is from Kratochvíl 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-harvp|Kratochvil|2007_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvp|Kratochvil|2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abui_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">voiceless</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless palatal affricate">cç</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">voiced</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_affricate" title="Voiced palatal affricate">ɟʝ</a></span>) </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a></span>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The consonants /cç/, /ɟʝ/, and /g/ are non-native, having been borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> in recent decades. As indicated by the chart above, Abui has /r/ and /l/ as separate phonemes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abui_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Monophthongs">Monophthongs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abui_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Monophthongs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">Monophthongs</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">Short</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">Long</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th> <th>Front</th> <th>Back </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diphthongs">Diphthongs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abui_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Diphthongs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Diphthongs" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphthongs">Diphthongs</a>  </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th> Ending with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span>  </th> <th> Ending with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span>  </th> <th> Ending with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span>  </th> <th> Ending with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span>  </th></tr> <tr> <th>Starting with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uɪ</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uɑ</span> </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uɔ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Starting with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span> </th> <td>  </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪɑ</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪɛ</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪɔ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Starting with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑɪ</span> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th>Starting with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛɪ</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛɑ</span> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th>Starting with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔɪ</span> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abui_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abui is a <a href="/wiki/Head-marking_language" title="Head-marking language">head-marking language</a>; pronominal prefixes mark the possessors on nouns and undergoer arguments on verbs. Nominal morphology is restricted to possessor inflection; number, case and gender inflections do not appear. Verbal morphology is elaborate including person and aspect inflection. Verb compounding and serialization are common. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lexical_categories">Lexical categories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abui_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Lexical categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All information in this section is from Kratochvíl 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-harvp|Kratochvil|2007_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvp|Kratochvil|2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Open classes in Abui are nouns and verbs. Closed classes are adjectives, deictics, quantifiers, aspectual markers, linkers, adverbs, and question words. </p><p>Of these word classes, only verbs and nouns can combine with pronominal prefixes. Only verbs take one of the set of pronominal prefixes (type <span style="font-size:85%;">II REC</span>), and only verbs combine with aspectual suffixes. Some stems can serve as both nouns and verbs, like <span title="Abui-language text"><i lang="abz">tur</i></span> 'spoon/scoop' below. </p><p><span title="Abui-language text"><i lang="abz">tur</i></span> as a noun: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ah,</p><p style="margin: 0px;">oh</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">na</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person singular pronoun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sei</p><p style="margin: 0px;">come.down.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="continuative verb stems" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CNT</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tur</p><p style="margin: 0px;">spoon</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mi=se</p><p style="margin: 0px;">take=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inceptive inchoative aspectual marker se" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INCPI</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yo!<sup id="cite_ref-Kratochvil_2007_71_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kratochvil_2007_71-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="medial anaphoric demonstrative (yo) based in the addressee, deictic verb (fa)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">MDAD</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">ah, na sei tur mi=se yo!<sup id="cite_ref-Kratochvil_2007_71_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kratochvil_2007_71-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p style="display: none;">oh 1SG come.down.CNT spoon take=INCPI MDAD</p><p style="clear: left;">'ah, I'm about to come down to pick up the spoon!'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p><span title="Abui-language text"><i lang="abz">tur</i></span> as a verb: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">fat</p><p style="margin: 0px;">corn</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ma</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ripe</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tur</p><p style="margin: 0px;">spoon.up.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="completive verb stem or completive aspectual marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CPL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ba</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="sequence linker (ba) with intersective reference indicating that the linked elements belong to the same domain" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LNK</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">di</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person free pronoun realizing the A argument" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3A</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">takei=se!<sup id="cite_ref-Kratochvil_2007_71_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kratochvil_2007_71-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0px;">bite=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inceptive inchoative aspectual marker se" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INCPI</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">fat ma tur ba di takei=se!<sup id="cite_ref-Kratochvil_2007_71_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kratochvil_2007_71-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p style="display: none;">corn ripe spoon.up.CPL LNK 3A bite=INCPI</p><p style="clear: left;">'dish up cooked corn so that he eats!'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Unlike other verbs, stative verbs do not require the intersective linker <span title="Abui-language text"><i lang="abz">ba</i></span> when they modify a noun. </p><p>Abui has a small class of adjectives. Adjectives can modify NPs but they can not head a VP. Stative verbs, on the other hand, can both modify NPs and serve as predicates. In order for an adjectival stem to be used predicatively, the addition of the generic verb <span title="Abui-language text"><i lang="abz">-i</i></span> is required. Compare the adjective <span title="Abui-language text"><i lang="abz">akan</i></span> 'black', with the stative verb <span title="Abui-language text"><i lang="abz">fing</i></span> 'be eldest', below. </p><p><span title="Abui-language text"><i lang="abz">akan</i></span> as NP modifier: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kaai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">dog</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">akan</p><p style="margin: 0px;">black</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kaliet-a<sup id="cite_ref-Kratochvil_2007_110_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kratochvil_2007_110-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0px;">old-be.at</p></div><p style="display: none;">kaai akan kaliet-a<sup id="cite_ref-Kratochvil_2007_110_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kratochvil_2007_110-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p style="display: none;">dog black old-be.at</p><p style="clear: left;">'the black dog is old'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p><span title="Abui-language text"><i lang="abz">akan-i</i></span> as predicate: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kaai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">dog</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">akan-i<sup id="cite_ref-Kratochvil_2007_110_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kratochvil_2007_110-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0px;">black-put</p></div><p style="display: none;">kaai akan-i<sup id="cite_ref-Kratochvil_2007_110_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kratochvil_2007_110-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p style="display: none;">dog black-put</p><p style="clear: left;">'the dog is black' (not good for 'black dog')</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p><span title="Abui-language text"><i lang="abz">fing</i></span> as NP modifier: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">moku</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kid</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">fing</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be.eldest</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">do<sup id="cite_ref-Kratochvil_2007_98_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kratochvil_2007_98-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="proximal deictic (do), anaphoric demonstrative (do), deictic verb (ma), or index verb (na, ni, nu)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRX</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">moku fing do<sup id="cite_ref-Kratochvil_2007_98_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kratochvil_2007_98-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p style="display: none;">kid be.eldest PRX</p><p style="clear: left;">'this oldest child'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p><span title="Abui-language text"><i lang="abz">fing</i></span> as predicate: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">do-fing<sup id="cite_ref-Kratochvil_2007_98_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kratochvil_2007_98-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person bound pronoun expressing the U argument or possessor with the same reference as the A argument in the same clause" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3I</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="bound pronoun realizing U argument identified as recipient or goal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REC</abbr>-be.eldest</p></div><p style="display: none;">do-fing<sup id="cite_ref-Kratochvil_2007_98_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kratochvil_2007_98-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p style="display: none;">3I.REC-be.eldest</p><p style="clear: left;">'he is eldest'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abui_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abui is agglutinating and polysynthetic.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nouns are usually morphologically simple, while verbs can have affixes indicating person and aspect. Verb roots also combine with each other. Some words are monomorphemic, consisting of one free root, such as <span title="Abui-language text"><i lang="abz">nee</i></span> 'eat.' Others are more morphologically complex: </p> <dl><dd>prefix-bound.root-bound.root-suffix</dd> <dd><span title="Abui-language text"><i lang="abz">ha-bek-d-i</i></span></dd> <dd>'got it broken'</dd></dl> <dl><dd>prefix-free.root-bound.root-suffix</dd> <dd><span title="Abui-language text"><i lang="abz">ha-bui-d-a</i></span></dd> <dd>'get it shortened'<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possession">Possession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abui_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Possession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abui has possessor-possessum word order. Different classes of prefixes on the possessum designate alienable and inalienable possession. Inalienably-possessed items consist of most body part terms, two kinship terms, and the words <span title="Abui-language text"><i lang="abz">ne</i></span> 'name' and <span title="Abui-language text"><i lang="abz">mol</i></span> 'enemy'. Alienably-possessed items consist of almost all common nouns, parts of wholes, and most kin terms. </p><p><span title="Abui-language text"><i lang="abz">ha-</i></span> as pronominal prefix marking inalienable possessive: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ha-bikil<sup id="cite_ref-Kratochvil_2007_141_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kratochvil_2007_141-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person bound pronoun expressing the U argument or possessor with a distinct reference from the A argument in the same clause" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3II</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inalienable possession" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INAL</abbr>-navel</p></div><p style="display: none;">ha-bikil<sup id="cite_ref-Kratochvil_2007_141_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kratochvil_2007_141-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p style="display: none;">3II.INAL-navel</p><p style="clear: left;">'his/her navel'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p><span title="Abui-language text"><i lang="abz">he-</i></span> as pronominal prefix marking alienable possessive: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">he-konrek<sup id="cite_ref-Kratochvil_2007_145_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kratochvil_2007_145-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person bound pronoun expressing the U argument or possessor with a distinct reference from the A argument in the same clause" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3II</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="alienable possession" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AL</abbr>-shirt</p></div><p style="display: none;">he-konrek<sup id="cite_ref-Kratochvil_2007_145_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kratochvil_2007_145-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p style="display: none;">3II.AL-shirt</p><p style="clear: left;">'his/her shirt'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The same series of prefixes on the possessum are used when possessors are expressed as nouns. </p><p><span title="Abui-language text"><i lang="abz">he-</i></span> as prefix marking alienable possessive: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">maama</p><p style="margin: 0px;">father</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">he-konrek<sup id="cite_ref-Kratochvil_2007_145_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kratochvil_2007_145-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person bound pronoun expressing the U argument or possessor with a distinct reference from the A argument in the same clause" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3II</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="alienable possession" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AL</abbr>-shirt</p></div><p style="display: none;">maama he-konrek<sup id="cite_ref-Kratochvil_2007_145_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kratochvil_2007_145-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p style="display: none;">father 3II.AL-shirt</p><p style="clear: left;">'father's shirt'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphosyntactic_alignment">Morphosyntactic alignment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abui_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Morphosyntactic alignment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abui has a semantic alignment driven by the <a href="/wiki/Thematic_relation" title="Thematic relation">semantic features of the participants</a>. A language with such a 'fluid alignment' is often referred to as an <a href="/wiki/Active%E2%80%93stative_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Active–stative language">active–stative language</a>. In semantic alignment, instigating, controlling and <a href="/wiki/Volition_(linguistics)" title="Volition (linguistics)">volitional</a> participants are realized as the <a href="/wiki/Agent_(grammar)" title="Agent (grammar)">A argument</a> in both transitive and intransitive construction. In Abui, they are expressed with NPs and free pronouns. The affected participants are realized as the U argument. U arguments are expressed by NPs and pronominal prefixes on the verb. There are three types of pronominal prefixes distinguishing the following types of U arguments: <a href="/wiki/Patient_(grammar)" title="Patient (grammar)">patients</a> (PAT), recipients or goals (REC), and benefactives or locations (LOC). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noun_phrase_structure">Noun phrase structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abui_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Noun phrase structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abui syntax is characterized by strict constituent order. In an NP, the modifiers follow the head noun with the exception of deictic <a href="/wiki/Demonstratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstratives">demonstratives</a> and possessors. The NP template is given in below: </p><p>NP template: DEM<sub>s</sub>/NMC<sub>s</sub> (POSS-) N N/ADJ/V/QUANT <i>ba</i> + NMC DEM<sub>a</sub> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Deictic" class="mw-redirect" title="Deictic">deictic</a> demonstrative indicates the spatial location of the referent and together with the possessor marking precede the head (N). <a href="/wiki/Adjectives" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjectives">Adjectives</a> (A), <a href="/wiki/Stative_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Stative verbs">stative verbs</a> (V) and <a href="/wiki/Quantifier_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantifier (linguistics)">quantifiers</a> (QUANT) follow the head. The final constituent of an NP is usually an <a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics)" title="Anaphora (linguistics)">anaphoric</a> demonstrative (DEM<sub>a</sub>) that indicates the 'discourse location' of the referent. Noun-modifying clauses (NMC) normally occur following the head linked with <i>ba</i>. However, a NMC elaborating on the location of the referent (NMC<sub>s</sub>) occurs in the same position as the deictic demonstrative, preceding the head noun. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clause_structure">Clause structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abui_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Clause structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a clause, the arguments always precede the predicate. The constituent order is strict; the clause template is given below. </p><p>Clause template: ADV NP PRO<sub>A</sub> ADV/DEM<sub>s</sub> NP<sub>U</sub> VP NEG DEM<sub>t</sub> </p><p>Note that the deictic demonstrative (DEM<sub>s</sub>) indicating the spatial location of the event always precedes the predicate. The demonstrative (DEM<sub>t</sub>) indicating the temporal location of an event is the final clause constituent. The constituent order in the clause is pragmatically motivated, and the prominent arguments that occur in the preceding discourse are omitted. The topical arguments can be left-dislocated. In a sentence, the main clause (MC) may contain marking of tense, aspect and mood. In subordinate clauses (SC), the marking of tense, aspect and mood is reduced and shared with the MC. The position of a SC with respect to the MC is determined by its semantic type. SCs specifying the temporal location or other settings of the event expressed in the MC must precede the MC. SCs expressing non-factive complements or purpose follow the MC. In discourse, there is a preference for clause chains, with the final fully inflected MC. In narratives, strategies such as tail-head linkage are relied on. More details can be found in Kratochvíl (2007). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voice">Voice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abui_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Voice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abui, like most Papuan languages, lacks an active-passive voice distinction.<sup id="cite_ref-Foley_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foley-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valence">Valence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abui_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Valence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most verbs can occur in transitive or intransitive constructions. Abui has no ditransitive verbs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abui_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abui orthography is based on <a href="/wiki/Malay_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay alphabet">Indonesian</a>. Long vowels are spelled as double vowels. High tone is marked with an <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> on the vowel, and low tone is marked with a <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave</a> one.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example">Example</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abui_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Excerpt from <span title="Abui-language text"><i lang="abz">moku mayol</i></span>, a bride price negotiation text </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">moku</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kid</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mayol,</p><p style="margin: 0px;">woman</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">he-ni-l</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person bound pronoun expressing the U argument or possessor with a distinct reference from the A argument in the same clause" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3II</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="bound pronoun realizing U argument identified as location or benefactive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr>-be.like.this.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="completive verb stem or completive aspectual marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CPL</abbr>-give</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yal</p><p style="margin: 0px;">now</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">he-fu</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person bound pronoun expressing the U argument or possessor with a distinct reference from the A argument in the same clause" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3II</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="alienable possession" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AL</abbr>-betel.nut</p></div><p style="display: none;">moku mayol, he-ni-l yal he-fu</p><p style="display: none;">kid woman 3II.LOC-be.like.this.CPL-give now 3II.AL-betel.nut</p><p style="clear: left;">'the daughter, it became so, now her betel nut'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">he-meting</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person bound pronoun expressing the U argument or possessor with a distinct reference from the A argument in the same clause" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3II</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="alienable possession" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AL</abbr>-betel.vine</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">siei</p><p style="margin: 0px;">come.down.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inceptive verb stem" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ICP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">he-ya</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person bound pronoun expressing the U argument or possessor with a distinct reference from the A argument in the same clause" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3II</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="alienable possession" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AL</abbr>-mother</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">he-maama</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person bound pronoun expressing the U argument or possessor with a distinct reference from the A argument in the same clause" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3II</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="alienable possession" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AL</abbr>-father</p></div><p style="display: none;">he-meting siei he-ya he-maama</p><p style="display: none;">3II.AL-betel.vine come.down.ICP 3II.AL-mother 3II.AL-father</p><p style="clear: left;">'and her betel vine was brought down, her mother and father'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">moku</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kid</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mayol</p><p style="margin: 0px;">woman</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">po-tafuda</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person plural pronoun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr>.I.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="bound pronoun realizing U argument identified as recipient or goal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REC</abbr>-be.all</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">he-kang</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person bound pronoun expressing the U argument or possessor with a distinct reference from the A argument in the same clause" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3II</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="bound pronoun realizing U argument identified as location or benefactive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr>-be.good</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">he-fanga</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person bound pronoun expressing the U argument or possessor with a distinct reference from the A argument in the same clause" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3II</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="bound pronoun realizing U argument identified as location or benefactive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr>-say.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="continuative verb stems" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CNT</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">moku mayol po-tafuda he-kang he-fanga</p><p style="display: none;">kid woman 1PL.I.REC-be.all 3II.LOC-be.good 3II.LOC-say.CNT</p><p style="clear: left;">'the daughter, all of us agreed'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ma</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="proximal deictic (do), anaphoric demonstrative (do), deictic verb (ma), or index verb (na, ni, nu)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRX</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hare,</p><p style="margin: 0px;">so</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">neng</p><p style="margin: 0px;">man</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">he-fing</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person bound pronoun expressing the U argument or possessor with a distinct reference from the A argument in the same clause" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3II</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="bound pronoun realizing U argument identified as location or benefactive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr>-oldest</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">he-kalieta</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person bound pronoun expressing the U argument or possessor with a distinct reference from the A argument in the same clause" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3II</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="alienable possession" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AL</abbr>-old.person</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">naha=te</p><p style="margin: 0px;">or</p></div><p style="display: none;">ma hare, neng he-fing he-kalieta naha=te</p><p style="display: none;">be.PRX so man 3II.LOC-oldest 3II.AL-old.person or</p><p style="clear: left;">'being so, the parents and elder of the man, or'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">he-ya</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person bound pronoun expressing the U argument or possessor with a distinct reference from the A argument in the same clause" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3II</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="alienable possession" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AL</abbr>-mother</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">he-maama+</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person bound pronoun expressing the U argument or possessor with a distinct reference from the A argument in the same clause" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3II</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="alienable possession" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AL</abbr>-father</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ko</p><p style="margin: 0px;">soon</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pi</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person plural pronoun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr>.I</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yaa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mit</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sit</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nate-a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">stand.up-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="durative aspectual suffix (-a)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DUR</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tanga</p><p style="margin: 0px;">speak</p></div><p style="display: none;">he-ya he-maama+ ko pi yaa mit nate-a tanga</p><p style="display: none;">3II.AL-mother 3II.AL-father soon 1PL.I go sit stand.up-DUR speak</p><p style="clear: left;">'his mother and father, we shall negotiate'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ananra</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tell.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="continuative verb stems" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CNT</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">he-lung</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person bound pronoun expressing the U argument or possessor with a distinct reference from the A argument in the same clause" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3II</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="alienable possession" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AL</abbr>-door</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ha-liel</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person bound pronoun expressing the U argument or possessor with a distinct reference from the A argument in the same clause" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3II</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="bound pronoun realizing U argument identified as patient undergoing a change of state or condition" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PAT</abbr>-lift</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lung</p><p style="margin: 0px;">door</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pe-i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">near-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspectual suffix (-i)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mit-i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sit-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspectual suffix (-i)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mangkaisara</p><p style="margin: 0px;">macassarese.drum</p></div><p style="display: none;">ananra he-lung ha-liel lung pe-i mit-i mangkaisara</p><p style="display: none;">tell.CNT 3II.AL-door 3II.PAT-lift door near-PFV sit-PFV macassarese.drum</p><p style="clear: left;">'to open the door, for (those who) sit near the door, one makassarese (drum)'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nuku</p><p style="margin: 0px;">one</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mayol</p><p style="margin: 0px;">woman</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">he-bel</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person bound pronoun expressing the U argument or possessor with a distinct reference from the A argument in the same clause" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3II</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="bound pronoun realizing U argument identified as location or benefactive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr>-buy</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yawa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">javanese.drum</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lohu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be.long</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ayoku</p><p style="margin: 0px;">two</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mangkaisara</p><p style="margin: 0px;">macassarese.drum</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nuku</p><p style="margin: 0px;">one</p></div><p style="display: none;">nuku mayol he-bel yawa lohu ayoku mangkaisara nuku</p><p style="display: none;">one woman 3II.LOC-buy javanese.drum be.long two macassarese.drum one</p><p style="clear: left;">'the bride price two long Javanese drums, one Macassarese drum'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ma</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="proximal deictic (do), anaphoric demonstrative (do), deictic verb (ma), or index verb (na, ni, nu)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRX</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hare</p><p style="margin: 0px;">so</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">neng</p><p style="margin: 0px;">man</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">he-ya</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person bound pronoun expressing the U argument or possessor with a distinct reference from the A argument in the same clause" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3II</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="alienable possession" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AL</abbr>-mother</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">naha=te</p><p style="margin: 0px;">or</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">he-maama</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person bound pronoun expressing the U argument or possessor with a distinct reference from the A argument in the same clause" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3II</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="alienable possession" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AL</abbr>-father</p></div><p style="display: none;">ma hare neng he-ya naha=te he-maama</p><p style="display: none;">be.PRX so man 3II.AL-mother or 3II.AL-father</p><p style="clear: left;">'being so, the mother of the man, or his father'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">he-fing</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person bound pronoun expressing the U argument or possessor with a distinct reference from the A argument in the same clause" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3II</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="bound pronoun realizing U argument identified as location or benefactive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr>-oldest</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">he-kalieta</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person bound pronoun expressing the U argument or possessor with a distinct reference from the A argument in the same clause" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3II</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="alienable possession" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AL</abbr>-old.person</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pi</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person plural pronoun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr>.I</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sama</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be.with</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tanga</p><p style="margin: 0px;">speak.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="continuative verb stems" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CNT</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sama</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be.with</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ananra</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tell.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="continuative verb stems" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CNT</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">he-fing he-kalieta pi sama tanga sama ananra</p><p style="display: none;">3II.LOC-oldest 3II.AL-old.person 1PL.I be.with speak.CNT be.with tell.CNT</p><p style="clear: left;">'(those) elder (to him), his grandparents, we negotiate together'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">he-war</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person bound pronoun expressing the U argument or possessor with a distinct reference from the A argument in the same clause" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3II</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="alienable possession" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AL</abbr>-sun</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">he-tadeng</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person bound pronoun expressing the U argument or possessor with a distinct reference from the A argument in the same clause" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3II</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="alienable possession" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AL</abbr>-day</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be.in</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ba</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="sequence linker (ba) with intersective reference indicating that the linked elements belong to the same domain" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LNK</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">awering</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ladder</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="abz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ha-tàng</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person bound pronoun expressing the U argument or possessor with a distinct reference from the A argument in the same clause" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3II</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="bound pronoun realizing U argument identified as patient undergoing a change of state or condition" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PAT</abbr>-release</p></div><p style="display: none;">he-war he-tadeng mi ba awering ha-tàng</p><p style="display: none;">3II.AL-sun 3II.AL-day be.in LNK ladder 3II.PAT-release</p><p style="clear: left;">'the day when the young woman will be delivered to her husband', <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> when the ladder will be released<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistic_situation">Linguistic situation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abui_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Linguistic situation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Documentation">Documentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abui_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Documentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Abui ethnic group has attracted the attention of foreign researchers since the 1930s. American cultural anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Cora_DuBois" class="mw-redirect" title="Cora DuBois">Cora DuBois</a> lived between 1937 and 1939 in the village of Atimelang. Her research is documented in her monograph 'The People of Alor'.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cora DuBois was accompanied by the Dutch sociologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Margaretha_Nicolspeyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martha Margaretha Nicolspeyer (page does not exist)">Martha Margaretha Nicolspeyer</a> who conducted a study of the social structure of <a href="/wiki/Abui_people" title="Abui people">Abui people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, W.A.L. Stokhof and H. Steinhauer conducted a linguistic survey of Alor and Pantar.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, W.A.L. Stokhof published and analyzed one of the texts collected by Nicolspeyer.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linguistic documentation efforts have been undertaken recently by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leiden.edu/">Leiden University</a>. As one of the results of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071228190921/http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/aapp/alor.html">Alor and Pantar Project</a>, a description of Abui grammar appeared in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-harvp|Kratochvil|2007_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvp|Kratochvil|2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently a tri-lingual Abui-Indonesian-English dictionary was published in Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dictionary was accompanied by a tri-lingual collection of stories from Takalelang and Tifolafeng.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endangerment_and_revitalization">Endangerment and revitalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abui_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Endangerment and revitalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to language shift among the young generation, Abui is considered "threatened"<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is being taught as a subject in local schools.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abui_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Wurm_and_Hattori_1981-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wurm_and_Hattori_1981_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWurmHattori1981" class="citation book cs1">Wurm, Stephen A.; Hattori, Shirô (1981). <i>Language Atlas of the Pacific Area</i>. Canberra: Australian Academy of the Humanities.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Atlas+of+the+Pacific+Area&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Australian+Academy+of+the+Humanities&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Wurm&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A.&rft.au=Hattori%2C+Shir%C3%B4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbui+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holton_Robinson-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holton_Robinson_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holton_Robinson_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoltonRobinson2014">Holton & Robinson (2014)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klamer_2014-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Klamer_2014_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlamer2014">Klamer (2014)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holton_et_al_2012-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holton_et_al_2012_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltonKlamerKratochvílSchapper2012" class="citation journal cs1">Holton, Gary; Klamer, Marian; Kratochvíl, František; Schapper, Antionette (2012). "The historical relations of the Papuan languages of Alor and Pantar". <i>Oceanic Linguistics</i>. <b>51</b> (1): 86–122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fol.2012.0001">10.1353/ol.2012.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F18594">1887/18594</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54756537">54756537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceanic+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+historical+relations+of+the+Papuan+languages+of+Alor+and+Pantar&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=86-122&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F18594&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54756537%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fol.2012.0001&rft.aulast=Holton&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Klamer%2C+Marian&rft.au=Kratochv%C3%ADl%2C+Franti%C5%A1ek&rft.au=Schapper%2C+Antionette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbui+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e25-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e25_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/abz">Abui language</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (25th ed., 2022) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grimes-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grimes_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grimes, Charles E & Alfa Omega Foundation (1997). A Guide to the people and languages of Nusa Tenggara Artha Wacana Press, Kupang, Indonesia,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-9096-00-6" title="Special:BookSources/979-9096-00-6">979-9096-00-6</a>; page 59 specifies the dialects as Atimelang, Kobola and Alakaman - also citing Stokhof (1975:12) that his data was <i>rather scanty</i> and <i>reveal strong dialectal variation</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harvp|Kratochvil|2007-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harvp|Kratochvil|2007_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvp|Kratochvil|2007_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvp|Kratochvil|2007_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKratochvil2007">Kratochvil (2007)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kratochvil_2007_71-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kratochvil_2007_71_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kratochvil_2007_71_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKratochvil2007">Kratochvil 2007</a>:71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kratochvil_2007_110-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kratochvil_2007_110_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kratochvil_2007_110_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKratochvil2007">Kratochvil 2007</a>:110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kratochvil_2007_98-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kratochvil_2007_98_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kratochvil_2007_98_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKratochvil2007">Kratochvil 2007</a>:98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKratochvil2007">Kratochvil 2007</a>:12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKratochvil2007">Kratochvil 2007</a>:69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kratochvil_2007_141-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kratochvil_2007_141_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKratochvil2007">Kratochvil 2007</a>:141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kratochvil_2007_145-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kratochvil_2007_145_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kratochvil_2007_145_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKratochvil2007">Kratochvil 2007</a>:145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foley-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foley_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoley1986">Foley (1986)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKratochvil2007">Kratochvil 2007</a>:65–66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKratochvil2007">Kratochvil 2007</a>:441–445</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDu_Bois1960" class="citation book cs1">Du Bois, Cora Alice (1960). <i>The people of Alor: a social-psychological study of an East Indian island</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+people+of+Alor%3A+a+social-psychological+study+of+an+East+Indian+island&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press.&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Du+Bois&rft.aufirst=Cora+Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbui+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolspeyer1940" class="citation book cs1">Nicolspeyer, Martha Margaretha (1940). <i>De sociale structuur van een Aloreesche bevolkingsgroep</i>. Rijswijk: Kramers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+sociale+structuur+van+een+Aloreesche+bevolkingsgroep&rft.place=Rijswijk&rft.pub=Kramers&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Nicolspeyer&rft.aufirst=Martha+Margaretha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbui+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokhof1975" class="citation book cs1">Stokhof, W.A.L. (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/preliminarynotes043bstok"><i>Preliminary notes on the Alor and Pantar languages (East Indonesia)</i></a></span>. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2Fpl-b43">10.15144/pl-b43</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F145148">1885/145148</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85883-124-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85883-124-7"><bdi>978-0-85883-124-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preliminary+notes+on+the+Alor+and+Pantar+languages+%28East+Indonesia%29&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F145148&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15144%2Fpl-b43&rft.isbn=978-0-85883-124-7&rft.aulast=Stokhof&rft.aufirst=W.A.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpreliminarynotes043bstok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbui+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokhof1984" class="citation journal cs1">Stokhof, W.A.L. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003430">"Annotations to a text in the Abui language (Alor)"</a>. <i>Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde</i>. <b>140</b> (1): 106–162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003430">10.1163/22134379-90003430</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bijdragen+tot+de+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde&rft.atitle=Annotations+to+a+text+in+the+Abui+language+%28Alor%29&rft.volume=140&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=106-162&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134379-90003430&rft.aulast=Stokhof&rft.aufirst=W.A.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F22134379-90003430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbui+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKratochvílBenidiktus_Delpada2008" class="citation book cs1">Kratochvíl, František; Benidiktus Delpada (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180820164450/https://library.hkbu.edu.hk/pdf/Abui_Indonesian_English_dictionary.pdf"><i>Kamus Pengantar Bahasa Abui (Abui-Indonesian-English dictionary)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Kupang, Indonesia: UBB-GMIT. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86892-593-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86892-593-3"><bdi>978-1-86892-593-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.hkbu.edu.hk/pdf/Abui_Indonesian_English_dictionary.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-08-20 – via Hong Kong Baptist University Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kamus+Pengantar+Bahasa+Abui+%28Abui-Indonesian-English+dictionary%29&rft.place=Kupang%2C+Indonesia&rft.pub=UBB-GMIT&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-86892-593-3&rft.aulast=Kratochv%C3%ADl&rft.aufirst=Franti%C5%A1ek&rft.au=Benidiktus+Delpada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.hkbu.edu.hk%2Fpdf%2FAbui_Indonesian_English_dictionary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbui+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKratochvílBenidiktus_Delpada2008" class="citation book cs1">Kratochvíl, František; Benidiktus Delpada (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180726184959/http://library.hkbu.edu.hk/pdf/Abui_stories_from_Takalelang.pdf"><i>Netanga neananra dei lohu naha: Abui tanga heateng ananra (Cerita-cerita dalam Bahasa Abui dari Takalelang, Abui stories from Takalelang)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Kupang, Indonesia: UBB-GMIT. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.hkbu.edu.hk/pdf/Abui_stories_from_Takalelang.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-07-26 – via Hong Kong Baptist University Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Netanga+neananra+dei+lohu+naha%3A+Abui+tanga+heateng+ananra+%28Cerita-cerita+dalam+Bahasa+Abui+dari+Takalelang%2C+Abui+stories+from+Takalelang%29&rft.place=Kupang%2C+Indonesia&rft.pub=UBB-GMIT&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Kratochv%C3%ADl&rft.aufirst=Franti%C5%A1ek&rft.au=Benidiktus+Delpada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.hkbu.edu.hk%2Fpdf%2FAbui_stories_from_Takalelang.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbui+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1381">"Abui"</a>. <i>Endangered Languages Project</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Endangered+Languages+Project&rft.atitle=Abui&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fendangeredlanguages.com%2Flang%2F1381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbui+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandayani" class="citation web cs1">Handayani, Retno. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/lamanbahasa/artikel/2870/upaya-pelindungan-bahasa-adang-dengan-revitalisasi-bahasa">"Upaya pelindungan bahasa Adang dengan revitalisasi bahasa"</a>. <i>Badan pengembangan dan pembinaan bahasa</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Badan+pengembangan+dan+pembinaan+bahasa&rft.atitle=Upaya+pelindungan+bahasa+Adang+dengan+revitalisasi+bahasa&rft.aulast=Handayani&rft.aufirst=Retno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbadanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id%2Flamanbahasa%2Fartikel%2F2870%2Fupaya-pelindungan-bahasa-adang-dengan-revitalisasi-bahasa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbui+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abui_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKratochvil2007" class="citation thesis cs1">Kratochvil, František (2007). <i>A grammar of Abui: A Papuan language of Alor</i> (Doctoral thesis). Utrecht: LOT (Leiden University). <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F11998">1887/11998</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789078328285" title="Special:BookSources/9789078328285"><bdi>9789078328285</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+grammar+of+Abui%3A+A+Papuan+language+of+Alor&rft.degree=Doctoral&rft.inst=LOT+%28Leiden+University%29&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F11998&rft.isbn=9789078328285&rft.aulast=Kratochvil&rft.aufirst=Franti%C5%A1ek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbui+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlamer2014" class="citation book cs1">Klamer, Marion (2014). "The Alor-Pantar languages: Linguistic context, history and typology". In Klamer, Marian (ed.). <i>Alor Pantar languages: History and Typology</i>. Berlin: Language Sciences Press. pp. 5–53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Alor-Pantar+languages%3A+Linguistic+context%2C+history+and+typology&rft.btitle=Alor+Pantar+languages%3A+History+and+Typology&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=5-53&rft.pub=Language+Sciences+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Klamer&rft.aufirst=Marion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbui+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltonRobinson2014" class="citation book cs1">Holton, Gary; Robinson, Laura C. (2014). "The internal history of the Alor-Pantar language family". In Klamer, Marian (ed.). <i>Alor Pantar languages: History and Typology</i>. Berlin: Language Sciences Press. pp. 155–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17169%2Flangsci.b22.44">10.17169/langsci.b22.44</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783944675480" title="Special:BookSources/9783944675480"><bdi>9783944675480</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+internal+history+of+the+Alor-Pantar+language+family&rft.btitle=Alor+Pantar+languages%3A+History+and+Typology&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=155-98&rft.pub=Language+Sciences+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17169%2Flangsci.b22.44&rft.isbn=9783944675480&rft.aulast=Holton&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Laura+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbui+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoley1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_A._Foley" title="William A. Foley">Foley, William A.</a> (1986). <i>The Papuan Languages of New Guinea</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28621-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28621-3"><bdi>978-0-521-28621-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13004531">13004531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papuan+Languages+of+New+Guinea&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13004531&rft.isbn=978-0-521-28621-3&rft.aulast=Foley&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbui+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abui_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Abui_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Abui language">Category:Abui language</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDryer,_Matthew_S.Haspelmath,_Martin2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Dryer" title="Matthew Dryer">Dryer, Matthew S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Martin_Haspelmath" title="Martin Haspelmath">Haspelmath, Martin</a>, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_abv">"Abui language"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Atlas_of_Language_Structures" title="World Atlas of Language Structures">World Atlas of Language Structures</a> Online</i>. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Atlas+of+Language+Structures+Online&rft.atitle=Abui+language&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwals.info%2Flanguoid%2Flect%2Fwals_code_abv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbui+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\tnw\alo&limit=-1">Abui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hum.leiden.edu/research/alor-pantar/">Alor–Pantar Languages: Origins and Theorectical impact (hosted by Leiden University)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090721015634/http://www.alor-pantar.org/">Alor–Pantar Languages: Origins and Theorectical impact (EUROBABEL project website)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalrecordings.net/langcode/abz">Listen to a sample of Abui from Global Recordings Network</a></li></ul> <div style="display:none;"> <p>1SG:first person singular pronoun 1PL:first person plural pronoun 2SG:second person singular pronoun 2PL:second person plural pronoun 3I:third person bound pronoun expressing the U argument or possessor with the same reference as the A argument in the same clause 3II:third person bound pronoun expressing the U argument or possessor with a distinct reference from the A argument in the same clause 3A:third person free pronoun realizing the A argument A:actor argument AL:alienable possession CC:complement clause CNT:continuative verb stems CONJ:conjunction marker CPL:completive verb stem or completive aspectual marker DISTR:distributive bound pronouns (ta-, te-, to-) DST:distal deictic (oro) or deictic verb (ya) indicating a distal location of an entity, or index verb (ha, hi, hu) DSTH:distal deictic (wó) indicating a high and distal location DSTL:distal deictic (wò) indicating a low and distal location DUR:durative aspectual suffix (-a) E:exclusive reference of first person plural pronouns I:inclusive reference of first person plural pronouns INAL:inalienable possession ICP:inceptive verb stem INCPC:inceptive completive aspectual marker te INCPI:inceptive inchoative aspectual marker se IPFV:imperfective aspectual suffix (-e) LNK:sequence linker (ba) with intersective reference indicating that the linked elements belong to the same domain LOC:bound pronoun realizing U argument identified as location or benefactive MD:medial deictic, anaphoric demonstrative (o, lo), deictic verb (la), or an index verb (wa, wi) MDAD:medial anaphoric demonstrative (yo) based in the addressee, deictic verb (fa) MDH:deictic demonstrative (ó) indicating a medial high location MDL:deictic demonstrative (ò) indicating a medial low location NEG:negator verb (naha) NP:noun phrase OS:indicates opposite gender in possessor based kinship term ura QNT:quantity indicating verb ning ‘be.QNT’ PAT:bound pronoun realizing U argument identified as patient undergoing a change of state or condition PFV:perfective aspectual suffix (-i) PL:plural quantifier (loku) PHSLC:phasal completive aspectual marker (ti) PHSLI:phasal inchoative aspectual marker (si) PRH:prohibitive marker (he) PRX:proximal deictic (do), anaphoric demonstrative (do), deictic verb (ma), or index verb (na, ni, nu) PRXAD:proximal deictic (to), anaphoric demonstrative (to), or deictic verb (ta) indicating the location of an entity as proximate for the addressee PRF:perfect aspectual suffix (-u) PNCT:punctual aspectual marker (-o) RC:relative clause REC:bound pronoun realizing U argument identified as recipient or goal RED:reduplicated morpheme or number of morphemes SEQ:sequence linker (ya) indicating that the linked constituents belong each to its own domain SPC:anaphoric demonstrative (hu) indicating a specific reference (typically information new for the addressee) SPCAD:anaphoric demonstrative (nu) indicating a specific reference also known to the addressee SS:indicates same gender in possessor based kinship terms such as muknehi </p> U:undergoer argument</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Valley_Dani_language" title="Grand Valley Dani language">Grand Valley Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hupla_language" title="Hupla language">Hupla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nduga_language" title="Nduga language">Nduga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nggem_language" title="Nggem language">Nggem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silimo_language" title="Silimo language">Silimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walak_language" title="Walak language">Walak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wano_language" title="Wano language">Wano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Dani_language" title="Western Dani language">Western Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yali_language" title="Yali language">Yali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paniai_Lakes_languages" title="Paniai Lakes languages">Paniai Lakes</a></th><td 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href="/wiki/Karas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karas language">Karas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timor%E2%80%93Alor%E2%80%93Pantar_languages" title="Timor–Alor–Pantar languages">Timor–Alor–Pantar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oirata%E2%80%93Makasai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Oirata–Makasai languages">East Timor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fataluku_language" title="Fataluku language">Fataluku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makalero_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Makalero dialect">Makalero</a></li> <li><a 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language (Indonesia)">Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kula_language" title="Kula language">Kula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retta_language" title="Retta language">Retta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawila_language" title="Sawila language">Sawila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wersing_language" title="Wersing language">Wersing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaera_language" title="Kaera language">Kaera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedebang_language" title="Nedebang language">Nedebang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teiwa_language" title="Teiwa language">Teiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pantar_language" title="Western Pantar language">Western Pantar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunak_language" title="Bunak language">Bunak</a></li></ul> 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