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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Overthrow of Sukarno</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overthrow_of_Sukarno-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consolidation_of_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation_of_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Consolidation of power</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Consolidation_of_power-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Consolidation of power subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Consolidation_of_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neutralisation_of_internal_dissent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutralisation_of_internal_dissent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Neutralisation of internal dissent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neutralisation_of_internal_dissent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_politics_and_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_politics_and_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Domestic politics and security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_politics_and_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Depoliticization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depoliticization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Depoliticization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depoliticization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_corporative_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_corporative_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Establishment of corporative groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_corporative_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"State_Ibuism"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"State_Ibuism""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>"State Ibuism"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"State_Ibuism"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_stability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_stability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Political stability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_stability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Political Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apex_of_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apex_of_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Apex of power</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Apex_of_power-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Apex of power subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Apex_of_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Socio-economic_progress_and_growing_corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socio-economic_progress_and_growing_corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Socio-economic progress and growing corruption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socio-economic_progress_and_growing_corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grip_on_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grip_on_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Grip on power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grip_on_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>End of presidency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF_(%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="نظام جديد (إندونيسيا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام جديد (إندونيسيا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_Baru" title="Orde Baru – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Orde Baru" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_Baru" title="Orde Baru – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Orde Baru" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uus_Kord_(Indoneesia)" title="Uus Kord (Indoneesia) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Uus Kord (Indoneesia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EC%A7%88%EC%84%9C_(%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84%EB%84%A4%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84)" title="신질서 (인도네시아) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신질서 (인도네시아)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_Baru" title="Orde Baru – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orde Baru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_Baru" title="Orde Baru – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Orde Baru" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_Baru" title="Orde Baru – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orde Baru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuwe_Orde_(Indonesi%C3%AB)" title="Nieuwe Orde (Indonesië) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nieuwe Orde (Indonesië)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_Baru" title="Orde Baru – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Orde Baru" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Ordem_(Indon%C3%A9sia)" title="Nova Ordem (Indonésia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nova Ordem (Indonésia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Новый порядок в Индонезии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Новый порядок в Индонезии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uusi_j%C3%A4rjestys" title="Uusi järjestys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uusi järjestys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88_(%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2)" title="ยุคระเบียบใหม่ (อินโดนีเซีย) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุคระเบียบใหม่ (อินโดนีเซีย)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%A7%A9%E5%BA%8F_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A)" title="新秩序 (印度尼西亚) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="新秩序 (印度尼西亚)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_Baru_(Indon%C3%A9sia)" title="Orde Baru (Indonésia) – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Orde Baru (Indonésia)" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q497163#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ededed;">New Order<br /><i>Orde Baru</i><br /></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; font-weight: bold;">1966–1998</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Collectie_NMvWereldculturen,_TM-20019413,_Dia-_Schildering_ter_gelegenheid_van_het_40-jarig_jubileum_van_de_viering_van_Onafhankelijkheidsdag,_Henk_van_Rinsum,_08-1985.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Collectie_NMvWereldculturen%2C_TM-20019413%2C_Dia-_Schildering_ter_gelegenheid_van_het_40-jarig_jubileum_van_de_viering_van_Onafhankelijkheidsdag%2C_Henk_van_Rinsum%2C_08-1985.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Collectie_NMvWereldculturen%2C_TM-20019413%2C_Dia-_Schildering_ter_gelegenheid_van_het_40-jarig_jubileum_van_de_viering_van_Onafhankelijkheidsdag%2C_Henk_van_Rinsum%2C_08-1985.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Collectie_NMvWereldculturen%2C_TM-20019413%2C_Dia-_Schildering_ter_gelegenheid_van_het_40-jarig_jubileum_van_de_viering_van_Onafhankelijkheidsdag%2C_Henk_van_Rinsum%2C_08-1985.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="969" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A painting on <a href="/wiki/Merdeka_Square,_Jakarta" title="Merdeka Square, Jakarta">Merdeka Square</a> commemorates the 40th <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Indonesia)" title="Independence Day (Indonesia)">independence day of Indonesia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Including</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Acting_presidency_of_Suharto" title="Acting presidency of Suharto">Acting presidency of Suharto</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leader(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Key events</th><td class="infobox-data"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%931966" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966">Indonesian mass killings</a></li><li>Signing of <i><a href="/wiki/Supersemar" title="Supersemar">Supersemar</a></i></li><li><a href="/wiki/Palapa" title="Palapa">1976 Palapa launching</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian occupation of East Timor">Occupation of East Timor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor_genocide" title="East Timor genocide">East Timor genocide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/May_1998_riots_of_Indonesia" title="May 1998 riots of Indonesia">1998 Indonesian riots</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Suharto" title="Fall of Suharto">Resignation of Suharto</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><b>Chronology</b> <br /><table style="background:var(--background-color-neutral, #eaecf0); color: inherit; border-top: 1px solid #aaa;" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td width="50%" style="text-align:left;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Arrleft.svg/10px-Arrleft.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Arrleft.svg/15px-Arrleft.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Arrleft.svg/20px-Arrleft.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="110" data-file-height="133" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order</a></td> <td width="50%" style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Reformasi_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformasi (Indonesia)">Post-Suharto era</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="class-skin-invert-image"><img alt="class-skin-invert-image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Arrright.svg/10px-Arrright.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="12" class="mw-file-element" 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class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">History of <span class="fn org label">Indonesia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg/220px-Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg/330px-Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg/440px-Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2493" data-file-height="2077" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border:none;"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indonesian_history" title="Timeline of Indonesian history">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Indonesia" title="Prehistoric Indonesia">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></b></td><td style="text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">Java Man</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1,000,000 BP</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">Flores Man</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 94,000–12,000 BP</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></b></td><td style="text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Toba_catastrophe_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Toba catastrophe theory">Toba catastrophe</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 75,000 BP</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Buni_culture" title="Buni culture">Buni culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 400 BCE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 350–1605</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 400s–500s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kantoli" title="Kantoli">Kantoli</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 400s-500s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalingga_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalingga kingdom">Kalingga kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 500s–600s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Melayu_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Melayu kingdom">Melayu kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 600s–1347</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 600s–1025</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Shailendra_dynasty" title="Shailendra dynasty">Shailendra Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 600s–900s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mataram_kingdom" title="Mataram kingdom">Mataram kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 716–1016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bali_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Bali kingdom">Bali kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 914–1908</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sunda_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunda kingdom">Sunda kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 932–1579</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kahuripan" title="Kahuripan">Kahuripan kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1019–1045</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kediri_kingdom" title="Kediri kingdom">Kediri kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1045–1221</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dharmasraya" title="Dharmasraya">Dharmasraya kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1183–1347</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pannai" title="Pannai">Pannai kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1000s–1300s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1222–1292</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1293–1527</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Islamic sultanates</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Spread of Islam in Indonesia">Spread of Islam</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 800–1600</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Peureulak_Sultanate" title="Peureulak Sultanate">Peureulak Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">840–1292</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aru_kingdom" title="Aru kingdom">Aru kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1225–1613</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ternate_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ternate Sultanate">Ternate Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1257–1914</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Samudera_Pasai_Sultanate" title="Samudera Pasai Sultanate">Samudera Pasai Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1267–1521</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pagaruyung_kingdom" title="Pagaruyung kingdom">Pagaruyung kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1347–1833</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1368–1888</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1400–1511</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1405–1851</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Cirebon" title="Sultanate of Cirebon">Cirebon Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1445–1677</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Demak_Sultanate" title="Demak Sultanate">Demak Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1475–1554</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1496–1903</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ternate" title="Sultanate of Ternate">Sultanate of Ternate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1486–1914</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bacan" title="Sultanate of Bacan">Sultanate of Bacan</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1515–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Tidore" title="Sultanate of Tidore">Sultanate of Tidore</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1500s–1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Jailolo" title="Sultanate of Jailolo">Sultanate of Jailolo</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1496–1903</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banten_Sultanate" title="Banten Sultanate">Banten Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1526–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banjar_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjar Sultanate">Banjar Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1526–1863</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalinyamat_Sultanate" title="Kalinyamat Sultanate">Kalinyamat Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1527–1599</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1586–1755</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1528s–1877</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaimana" title="Kingdom of Kaimana">Kingdom of Kaimana</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1600s–1926</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jambi_Sultanate" title="Jambi Sultanate">Jambi Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1604s–1904</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Palembang_Sultanate" title="Palembang Sultanate">Palembang Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1659–1823</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Siak_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Siak Sultanate">Siak Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1725–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Surakarta_Sunanate" title="Surakarta Sunanate">Surakarta Sunanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1745–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Sultanate" title="Yogyakarta Sultanate">Yogyakarta Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1755–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Deli_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Deli Sultanate">Deli Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1814–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Riau-Lingga_Sultanate" title="Riau-Lingga Sultanate">Riau-Lingga Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1824–1911</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Christian kingdoms</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Larantuka" title="Kingdom of Larantuka">Larantuka kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1515–1904</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bolaang_Mongondow" title="Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow">Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1670–1950</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kongsi_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongsi republic">Chinese Kongsi federations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Heshun_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Heshun Confederation">Heshun Confederation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1776–1854</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lanfang_Republic" title="Lanfang Republic">Lanfang Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1777–1884</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Santiaogou_Republic" title="Santiaogou Republic">Santiaogou Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1777–1853</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">European colonization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_Indonesian_Archipelago" title="Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago">Portuguese</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1512–1850</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1521–1677</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company_in_the_Malay_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch East India Company in the Malay Archipelago">Dutch East India Company</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1602–1799</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">British</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1685–1824</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_and_British_interregnum_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies">French and British interregnum</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1806–1816</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em">1800–1942<br />1945–1949</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Emergence of Indonesia</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Awakening" title="Indonesian National Awakening">National Awakening</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1908–1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1942–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">National Revolution</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1945–1949</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Indonesia" title="United States of Indonesia">United States of Indonesia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1949–1950</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Republic of Indonesia</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy_period_in_Indonesia" title="Liberal democracy period in Indonesia">Liberal democracy</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1950–1959</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Guided_Democracy_in_Indonesia" title="Guided Democracy in Indonesia">Guided Democracy</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1959–1966</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1966–1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Order</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1967–1998</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Post-Suharto_era_in_Indonesia" title="Post-Suharto era in Indonesia">Reform era</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1998–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Indonesia" title="Regions of Indonesia">Regions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jakarta" title="History of Jakarta">Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bali" title="History of Bali">Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bogor" title="History of Bogor">Bogor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bandung" title="History of Bandung">Bandung</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of agriculture in Indonesia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Indonesia" title="Archaeology of Indonesia">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indonesian_rupiah" title="History of the Indonesian rupiah">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Indonesia" title="Economic history of Indonesia">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of education in Indonesia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_historical_texts" title="Javanese historical texts">Javanese historical texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of religion in Indonesia">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Buddhism in Indonesia">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in Indonesia">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hinduism in Indonesia">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in Indonesia">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mass_media_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of mass media in Indonesia">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Indonesia" title="Military history of Indonesia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of sports in Indonesia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of women in Indonesia">Women</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Indonesia" title="Template:History of Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Indonesia" title="Template talk:History of Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>New Order</b> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">Orde Baru</i>, abbreviated <i>Orba</i>) describes the regime of the second <a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">Indonesian President</a> <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> from <a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">his rise to power</a> in 1966 until <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Suharto" title="Fall of Suharto">his resignation</a> in 1998. Suharto coined the term upon his accession and used it to contrast his presidency with that of his predecessor <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> (retroactively dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Indonesia" title="Politics of Indonesia">"Old Order"</a> or <i>Orde Lama</i>). </p><p>Immediately following the <a href="/wiki/30_September_Movement" title="30 September Movement">attempted coup</a> in 1965, the political situation was uncertain, and Suharto's New Order found much popular support from groups wanting a separation from Indonesia's problems since its independence. The 'generation of 66' (<i><a href="/wiki/Angkatan_66" title="Angkatan 66">Angkatan 66</a></i>) epitomised talk of a new group of young leaders and new intellectual thought. Following Indonesia's communal and political conflicts, and its economic collapse and social breakdown of the late 1950s through to the mid-1960s, the "New Order" was committed to achieving and maintaining political order, economic development, and the removal of mass participation in the political process. The features of the "New Order" established from the late 1960s were thus a strong political role for the military, the bureaucratisation and corporatisation of political and societal organisations, and selective but brutal repression of opponents. Strident <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-socialist">anti-socialist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Islamist">anti-Islamist</a> doctrine remained a hallmark of the presidency for its subsequent 30 years. </p><p>Within a few years, however, many of its original allies had become indifferent or averse to the New Order, which comprised a military faction supported by a narrow civilian group. Among much of the pro-democracy movement that forced Suharto to resign in the <a href="/wiki/1998_Indonesian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 Indonesian Revolution">1998 Indonesian Revolution</a> and then gained power, the term <i>New Order</i> has come to be used pejoratively. It is frequently employed to describe figures who were either tied to the Suharto period, or who upheld the practises of his authoritarian administration, such as <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collusion" title="Collusion">collusion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">nepotism</a> (widely known by the acronym KKN: <i>korupsi</i>, <i>kolusi</i>, <i>nepotisme</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Order_(Indonesia)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy_period_in_Indonesia" title="Liberal democracy period in Indonesia">Liberal democracy period in Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guided_Democracy_in_Indonesia" title="Guided Democracy in Indonesia">Guided Democracy in Indonesia</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> was Indonesia's founding president, a position he had held since the Republic's formation in 1945. In 1955, the <a href="/wiki/1955_Indonesian_legislative_election" title="1955 Indonesian legislative election">first general parliamentary elections</a> delivered an unstable parliament and from the late 1950s, Sukarno's rule became increasingly <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocratic</a> under his "<a href="/wiki/Guided_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Guided Democracy">Guided Democracy</a>". Described as the great "<a href="/wiki/Dalang_(puppeteer)" title="Dalang (puppeteer)">dalang</a>", Sukarno’s position depended on his concept of <a href="/wiki/NASAKOM" class="mw-redirect" title="NASAKOM">NASAKOM</a> (Nationalism, Religion, Communism) whereby he sought to balance the competing Indonesian Military, Islamic groups, and the increasingly powerful <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Communist Party">Indonesian Communist Party</a> (PKI). To the resentment of the Military and Muslim groups, this arrangement became increasingly reliant on the PKI, which had become the country’s strongest political party. </p><p>Sukarno’s <a href="/wiki/Antiimperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiimperialism">anti-imperial</a> ideology saw Indonesia increasingly dependent on the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">China</a> which was met with indignation from <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> countries. The cash-strapped government had to scrap <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a> subsidies, annual <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> rose to as high as 1,000%, export revenues were shrinking, infrastructure crumbling, and factories were operating at minimal capacity with negligible investment. Sukarno’s administration became increasingly ineffective in providing a viable economic system to lift its citizens out of poverty and hunger. Meanwhile, Sukarno led Indonesia into <i><a href="/wiki/Konfrontasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Konfrontasi">Konfrontasi</a></i>, a military confrontation with Malaysia; removed Indonesia from the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>; and stepped up revolutionary and anti-Western rhetoric.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz199452–57_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz199452–57-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1965 at the height of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the PKI penetrated all levels of government. With the support of Sukarno and the Air Force, the party gained increasing influence at the expense of the Army, thus ensuring the Army's enmity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991282_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991282-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslim clerics, many of whom were landowners, felt threatened by the PKI's rural land confiscation actions. The army was alarmed at Sukarno’s support for the PKI’s wish to quickly establish a "fifth force" of armed peasants and labourers,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was first announced by the PKI to a <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a> journalist. Adding to this desperate and fractious nature of Indonesia in the 1960s, a split within the military was fostered by Western countries backing a right-wing faction against a left-wing faction backed by the PKI.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991272–280_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991272–280-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overthrow_of_Sukarno">Overthrow of Sukarno</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Order_(Indonesia)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overthrow of Sukarno"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order</a></div> <p>On 30 September 1965, six generals were killed by a group calling themselves the <a href="/wiki/30_September_Movement" title="30 September Movement">30 September Movement</a>, who alleged a <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing plot</a> to kill the President. General Suharto led the army in suppressing the abortive coup attempt. The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesia" title="Communist Party of Indonesia">PKI</a> were quickly blamed, and the army led <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">an anti-communist purge</a> that killed an estimated 500,000 to a million people.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public opinion shifted against Sukarno in part due to his apparent knowledge of, and sympathy for, the events of 30 September, and for his tolerance of leftist and communist elements whom the army blamed for the coup attempt. Student groups, such as <a href="/wiki/KAMI_(Indonesia)" title="KAMI (Indonesia)">KAMI</a>, were encouraged by, and sided with, the Army against Sukarno. In March 1966, Suharto secured a presidential decree (known as the <a href="/wiki/Supersemar" title="Supersemar">Supersemar</a>), which gave him authority to take any action necessary to maintain security.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickers2005160_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers2005160-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using the decree, the PKI was banned in March 1966 and the parliament (<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly#Guided_Democracy_Era/Old_Order" title="People's Consultative Assembly">MPRS</a>), government and military were purged of pro-Sukarno elements, many of whom were accused of being communist sympathisers, and replaced with Suharto supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-ELSON7_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ELSON7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A June session of the now-purged parliament promulgated a parliamentary resolution irrevocable by Sukarno (<i>Tap MPRS no. XXV/MPRS/1966</i>), that confirmed Suharto's ban of the PKI and simultaneously banned "<a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Marxism-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism-Leninism">Marxism-Leninism</a>" (<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>; explicitly defined in the resolution's corresponding explanatory memorandum to include "the struggle fundaments and tactics taught by ... <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Mao Tse Tung</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Et_cetera" title="Et cetera">et cetera</a></i>"), as well as promulgating other resolutions that elevated the Supersemar into a parliamentary resolution also irrevocable by Sukarno, and stripped Sukarno of his title of <a href="/wiki/President_for_life" title="President for life">president for life</a>. In August–September 1966, and against the wishes of Sukarno, the New Order ended Indonesia's confrontation with Malaysia and rejoined the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. Parliament re-convened in March 1967 to <a href="/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment">impeach</a> the President for his apparent toleration of 30 September Movement and violation of the constitution by promoting PKI's international communist agenda, negligence of the economy, and promotion of national "moral degradation" via his womanising behaviour. In March 1967, the MPRS stripped Sukarno of his remaining power, and Suharto was named <a href="/wiki/Acting_Presidency_of_Suharto" class="mw-redirect" title="Acting Presidency of Suharto">Acting President</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald198060_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald198060-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sukarno was placed under <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bogor_Palace" title="Bogor Palace">Bogor Palace</a>; little more was heard from him, and he died in June 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz19942_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz19942-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1968, the MPRS appointed Suharto to the first of his five-year terms as President.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991295_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991295-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consolidation_of_power">Consolidation of power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Order_(Indonesia)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consolidation of power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Acting_presidency_of_Suharto" title="Acting presidency of Suharto">Acting presidency of Suharto</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jenderal_TNI_Soeharto.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Jenderal_TNI_Soeharto.png/170px-Jenderal_TNI_Soeharto.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Jenderal_TNI_Soeharto.png/255px-Jenderal_TNI_Soeharto.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Jenderal_TNI_Soeharto.png/340px-Jenderal_TNI_Soeharto.png 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suhartoappointedpresident.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Suhartoappointedpresident.jpg/220px-Suhartoappointedpresident.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Suhartoappointedpresident.jpg/330px-Suhartoappointedpresident.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Suhartoappointedpresident.jpg/440px-Suhartoappointedpresident.jpg 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Suharto took the presidential oath of office on 27 March 1968.</figcaption></figure> <p>The "New Order" was so called to distinguish and "better" itself from Sukarno's "Old Order". <a href="/wiki/Pancasila_(politics)" title="Pancasila (politics)">Pancasila</a> was promoted as the national ideology, one that pre-dated introduced religions such as <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-epress.anu.edu.au_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epress.anu.edu.au-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suharto secured a parliamentary resolution in 1978 (<i>Tap MPR No. II/1978</i>) which obliged all organisations in Indonesia to adhere to Pancasila as a basic principle; he later secured another parliamentary resolution in 1983 (<i>Tap MPR No. II/1983</i>) which prohibited all organizations from adhering to any principles except Pancasila, a policy known as <i><a href="/wiki/Asas_tunggal_Pancasila" title="Asas tunggal Pancasila">Pancasila sole principle</a></i> (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/asas_tunggal_Pancasila" class="extiw" title="id:asas tunggal Pancasila">asas tunggal Pancasila</a></i></span>). He instituted a Pancasila indoctrination program that was mandatory for all Indonesians, from primary school students to office workers.<sup id="cite_ref-epress.anu.edu.au_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epress.anu.edu.au-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pancasila, a rather vague and generalist set of principles originally formulated by Sukarno in 1945, was vigorously promoted as a sacrosanct national ideology which represented the ancient wisdom of the Indonesian people even before the entry of foreign-based religions such as <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. In a July 1982 speech that reflected his deep infatuation with <a href="/wiki/Javanese_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Javanese beliefs">Javanese beliefs</a>, Suharto glorified Pancasila as a key to reaching the perfect life (<i>ilmu kasampurnaning hurip</i>) of harmony with God and fellow mankind.<sup id="cite_ref-epress.anu.edu.au_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epress.anu.edu.au-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, however, the vagueness of Pancasila was exploited by Suharto's government to justify their actions and to condemn their opponents as "anti-Pancasila".<sup id="cite_ref-epress.anu.edu.au_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epress.anu.edu.au-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Dwifungsi" title="Dwifungsi">Dwifungsi</a></i> ("Dual Function") policy allowed the military to have an active role in all levels of Indonesian government, economy, and society. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neutralisation_of_internal_dissent">Neutralisation of internal dissent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Order_(Indonesia)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Neutralisation of internal dissent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Having been appointed president, Suharto still needed to share power with various elements including Indonesian generals who considered Suharto as mere <i><a href="/wiki/Primus_inter_pares" title="Primus inter pares">primus inter pares</a></i> as well as Islamic and student groups who participated in the anti-communist purge. Suharto, aided by his "Office of Personal Assistants" (<i><a href="/wiki/Aspri" title="Aspri">Aspri</a></i>) clique of military officers from his days as commander of Diponegoro Division, particularly <a href="/wiki/Ali_Murtopo" title="Ali Murtopo">Ali Murtopo</a>, began to systematically cement his hold on power by subtly sidelining potential rivals while rewarding loyalists with political position and monetary incentives. </p><p>Having successfully stood-down MPRS chairman General <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Haris_Nasution" title="Abdul Haris Nasution">Nasution</a>'s 1968 attempt to introduce a bill which would have severely curtailed presidential authority, Suharto had him removed from his position as MPRS chairman in 1969 and forced his early retirement from the military in 1972. In 1967, generals HR Dharsono, <a href="/wiki/Kemal_Idris" title="Kemal Idris">Kemal Idris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sarwo_Edhie_Wibowo" title="Sarwo Edhie Wibowo">Sarwo Edhie Wibowo</a> (dubbed "New Order Radicals") opposed Suharto's decision to allow the participation of existing political parties in elections in favour of a non-ideological <a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">two-party system</a> somewhat similar to those found in many <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> countries. Suharto then proceeded to send Dharsono overseas as ambassador, while Kemal Idris and Sarwo Edhie Wibowo were sent to distant <a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a> as regional commanders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWanandi201256–59_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWanandi201256–59-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While many original leaders of the 1966 student movement (<i><a href="/wiki/Angkatan_66" title="Angkatan 66">Angkatan 66</a></i>) were successfully co-opted into the regime, it faced large student demonstrations challenging the legitimacy of the 1971 elections, the <i>Golput</i> Movement, the costly construction of <a href="/wiki/Taman_Mini_Indonesia_Indah" title="Taman Mini Indonesia Indah">Taman Mini Indonesia Indah</a> theme park (1972), the domination of foreign capitalists (<a href="/wiki/Malari_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Malari Incident">Malari Incident</a> of 1974), and the lack of <a href="/wiki/Term_limit" title="Term limit">term limits</a> of Suharto's presidency (1978). The New Order responded by imprisoning student activists and sending army units to occupy the campus of the <a href="/wiki/Bandung_Institute_of_Technology" title="Bandung Institute of Technology">Bandung Institute of Technology</a> in 1978. In April 1978, Suharto ended the campus unrest by issuing a decree on the "Normalization of Campus Life" (NKK) which prohibited political activities on-campus not related to academic pursuits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWanandi201260–68_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWanandi201260–68-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAspinallFeith1999ii_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAspinallFeith1999ii-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1980, fifty prominent political figures—including Nasution—signed the <a href="/wiki/Petition_of_Fifty" title="Petition of Fifty">Petition of Fifty</a> which criticised Suharto's use of <a href="/wiki/Pancasila_(politics)" title="Pancasila (politics)">Pancasila</a> to silence his critics. Suharto refused to address the petitioners' concerns, and some of them were imprisoned with others having restrictions imposed on their movements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWanandi201286–88_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWanandi201286–88-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_politics_and_security">Domestic politics and security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Order_(Indonesia)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Domestic politics and security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Depoliticization">Depoliticization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Order_(Indonesia)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Depoliticization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To placate demands from civilian politicians for the holding of elections, as manifested in MPRS resolutions of 1966 and 1967, Suharto government formulated a series of laws regarding elections as well as the structure and duties of parliament which were passed by MPRS in November 1969 after protracted negotiations. The law provided for a <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly">parliament (<i>Madjelis Permusjawaratan Rakjat</i>/MPR)</a> with the power to elect presidents consisting of a lower house (<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Representative_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Representative Council"><i>Dewan Perwakilan Rakjat</i>/DPR</a>) as well as regional and groups representatives. 100 of the 460 members of DPR were soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces#History" title="Indonesian National Armed Forces">Republic of Indonesia Armed Forces</a> (ABRI)—mostly <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Army" title="Indonesian Army">Indonesian Army</a> soldiers—directly appointed by the government as part of <i>Dwifungsi</i>, while the remaining seats were allocated to political parties based on results of a general election. This mechanism ensures significant government control over legislative affairs, particularly the appointment of presidents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicklefs199176–77_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs199176–77-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElson2001184–186_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElson2001184–186-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To participate in the elections, Suharto realised the need to align himself with a political party. After initially considering alignment with Sukarno's old party, the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Party" title="Indonesian National Party">PNI</a>, in 1969 Suharto took control of an obscure military-run federation of <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-governmental organisation">NGOs</a> called <a href="/wiki/Golkar" title="Golkar">Golkar</a> ("Functional Group") and transform it into his electoral vehicle under the co-ordination of his right-hand man <a href="/wiki/Ali_Murtopo" title="Ali Murtopo">Ali Murtopo</a>. The <a href="/wiki/1971_Indonesian_legislative_election" title="1971 Indonesian legislative election">first general election</a> was held on 3 July 1971 with ten participants: Golkar, four Islamic parties, as well as five nationalist and Christian parties. Campaigning on a non-ideological platform of "development", and aided by official government support and subtle intimidation tactics. Golkar secured 62.8% of the popular vote. The March 1973 general session of the MPR promptly appointed Suharto to a second term in office with Sultan <a href="/wiki/Hamengkubuwono_IX" title="Hamengkubuwono IX">Hamengkubuwono IX</a> as vice-president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz199432_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz199432-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 5 January 1973, to allow better control, the government forced the four Islamic parties to merge into the <a href="/wiki/United_Development_Party" title="United Development Party">PPP</a> (<i>Partai Persatuan Pembangunan</i>/United Development Party) while the five non-Islamic parties were fused into <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Democratic_Party" title="Indonesian Democratic Party">PDI</a> (<i>Partai Demokrasi Indonesia</i>/Indonesian Democratic Party). The government ensured that these parties never developed effective opposition by controlling their leadership, while establishing the "re-call" system to remove any outspoken legislators from their positions. Using this system dubbed the "<a href="/wiki/Pancasila_(politics)" title="Pancasila (politics)">Pancasila</a> Democracy", Golkar won the MPR general elections of <a href="/wiki/1977_Indonesian_legislative_election" title="1977 Indonesian legislative election">1977</a>, <a href="/wiki/1982_Indonesian_legislative_election" title="1982 Indonesian legislative election">1982</a>, <a href="/wiki/1987_Indonesian_legislative_election" title="1987 Indonesian legislative election">1987</a>, <a href="/wiki/1992_Indonesian_legislative_election" title="1992 Indonesian legislative election">1992</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1997_Indonesian_legislative_election" title="1997 Indonesian legislative election">1997</a> with massive landslides. The elected MPR then proceeded to unanimously re-elect Suharto as president in 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, and 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz199432_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz199432-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Establishment_of_corporative_groups">Establishment of corporative groups</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Order_(Indonesia)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Establishment of corporative groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pegawai_Negeri_Sipil.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Pegawai_Negeri_Sipil.svg/120px-Pegawai_Negeri_Sipil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Pegawai_Negeri_Sipil.svg/180px-Pegawai_Negeri_Sipil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Pegawai_Negeri_Sipil.svg/240px-Pegawai_Negeri_Sipil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1743" data-file-height="1743" /></a><figcaption>Suharto and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Home Affairs (Indonesia)">Home Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Amir_Machmud" title="Amir Machmud">Amir Machmud</a> founded <a href="/wiki/KORPRI" title="KORPRI">KORPRI</a> in 1971 to enforce "monoloyalty" policy within the civil service and government-owned enterprises, which contributes to <a href="/wiki/Golkar" title="Golkar">Golkar</a>'s victory throughout the New Order era. This emblem was designed by a <a href="/wiki/Lyricism" title="Lyricism">Lyricist</a> painter in 1973 and adopted by KORPRI the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Suharto proceeded with social engineering projects designed to transform Indonesian society into a de-politicized "floating mass" supportive of the national mission of "development", a concept similar to <a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">corporatism</a>. The government formed civil society groups to unite the populace in support of government programs. For instance, the government created and required all civil servants and employees of state- and local government-owned enterprises and those of <a href="/wiki/Bank_Indonesia" title="Bank Indonesia">Bank Indonesia</a> to join <a href="/wiki/KORPRI" title="KORPRI">KORPRI</a> (the Employees' Corps of the Republic of Indonesia) in November 1971 to ensure their loyalty;<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> organised the FBSI (<i>Federasi Buruh Seluruh Indonesia</i>) as the only legal labour union for workers not eligible for KORPRI membership in February 1973 (later renamed as <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_All_Indonesian_Workers%27_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederation of All Indonesian Workers' Union">SPSI/<i>Serikat Pekerja Seluruh Indonesia</i></a> in 1985), established under the pretext of <a href="/wiki/Tripartism" title="Tripartism">tripartism</a>, officially defined as Pancasilaist Industrial Relations (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">Hubungan Industrial Pancasila</i>) (while in fact it cements only business interests with the state); and established the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Ulema_Council" title="Indonesian Ulema Council">MUI</a> (<i>Majelis Ulama Indonesia</i>) in 1975 to control Islamic clerics. In 1966 to 1967, to promote assimilation of the influential <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Chinese Indonesians</a>, the Suharto government passed <a href="/wiki/Legislation_on_Chinese_Indonesians" title="Legislation on Chinese Indonesians">several laws</a> as part of the so-called "Basic Policy for the Solution of Chinese Problem", whereby only one Chinese-language publication (controlled by the army) was allowed to continue, all Chinese cultural and religious expressions (including display of Chinese characters) were prohibited from public space, Chinese schools were phased out, and the ethnic Chinese were encouraged to take <a href="/wiki/Indonesian-sounding_names_adopted_by_Chinese_Indonesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian-sounding names adopted by Chinese Indonesians">Indonesian-sounding names</a>. Furthermore, Chinese Indonesians are also subject to the <a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_Citizenship_(Indonesia)" title="Certificate of Citizenship (Indonesia)">Certificate of Citizenship</a> in order to enter an academy, obtain a passport, register for an election, and to get married. In 1968, Suharto commenced the very successful <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a> program (<i>Keluarga Berentjana</i>/KB) to stem the huge population growth rate and hence increase per-capita income. A lasting legacy from this period is the <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Indonesian_Spelling_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced Indonesian Spelling System">spelling reform</a> of Indonesian language decreed by Suharto on 17 August 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1994106_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1994106-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""State_Ibuism""><span id=".22State_Ibuism.22"></span>"State Ibuism"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Order_(Indonesia)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: "State Ibuism""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inspired by <a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Javanese culture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Priyayi" title="Priyayi">priyayi</a>, the New Order, during its consolidation era, was <a href="/wiki/Antifeminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifeminist">antifeminist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchic</a>, officially defined as "familyism" (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">kekeluargaan</i>). In 1974, President Suharto established civil servant wives' corps <i>Dharma Wanita</i>, organized under the doctrine of "Five Women's <i><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></i>" (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">Pancadharma Wanita</i>), an antifeminist, patriarchic doctrine<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> similar to Nazi Germany's <a href="/wiki/Kinder,_K%C3%BCche,_Kirche" title="Kinder, Küche, Kirche">Kinder, Küche, Kirche</a>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (November 2023)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>; a "Family Welfare Training" programme (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembinaan_Kesejahteraan_Keluarga" class="extiw" title="id:Pembinaan Kesejahteraan Keluarga">Pembinaan Kesejahteraan Keluarga</a></i>, <b>PKK</b>), which was rooted on a 1957 conference on <a href="/wiki/Home_economics" title="Home economics">home economics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bogor" title="Bogor">Bogor</a>, was made compulsory in 1972, especially on rural regions. </p><p>It wasn't until 1980 that feminism would gain an uprising with the establishment of several foundations, for example the Annisa Shanti foundation (Yasanti). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_stability">Political stability</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Order_(Indonesia)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Political stability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Suharto relied on the military to ruthlessly maintain domestic security, organised by the <a href="/wiki/Kopkamtib" title="Kopkamtib">Kopkamtib</a> (Operation Command for the Restoration of Security and Order) and BAKIN (State Intelligence Coordination Agency). To maintain strict control over the country, Suharto expanded the army's territorial system down to the village level, while military officers were appointed as regional heads under the rubric of the <i><a href="/wiki/Dwifungsi" title="Dwifungsi">Dwifungsi</a></i> ("Dual Function") of the military. By 1969, 70% of Indonesia's provincial governors and more than half of its district chiefs were active military officers. Suharto authorised <i>Operasi Trisula</i> which destroyed PKI remnants trying to organise a guerrilla base in the <a href="/wiki/Blitar" title="Blitar">Blitar</a> area in 1968 and ordered several military operations which ended the communist PGRS-Paraku insurgency in <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a> (1967–1972). Attacks on oil workers by the first incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Free_Aceh_Movement" title="Free Aceh Movement">Free Aceh Movement</a> separatists under <a href="/wiki/Hasan_di_Tiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan di Tiro">Hasan di Tiro</a> in 1977 led to dispatch of small special forces detachments who quickly either killed or forced the movement's members to flee abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConboy2003262–265_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConboy2003262–265-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, in March 1981, Suharto authorised a successful special forces mission to end <a href="/wiki/Garuda_Indonesia_Flight_206" class="mw-redirect" title="Garuda Indonesia Flight 206">hijacking of a Garuda Indonesia flight</a> by Islamic extremists at <a href="/wiki/Don_Muang_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Muang Airport">Don Muang Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElson2001177–178_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElson2001177–178-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To comply with the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Agreement" title="New York Agreement">New York Agreement</a> of 1962 which required a plebiscite on integration of <a href="/wiki/West_Irian" class="mw-redirect" title="West Irian">West Irian</a> into Indonesia before end of 1969, the Suharto government began organising for a so-called "<a href="/wiki/Act_of_Free_Choice" title="Act of Free Choice">Act of Free Choice</a>" (PEPERA) scheduled on July–August 1969. The government sent RPKAD special forces under <a href="/wiki/Sarwo_Edhie_Wibowo" title="Sarwo Edhie Wibowo">Sarwo Edhie Wibowo</a> which secured the surrender of several bands of the former Dutch-organized militia (<a href="/wiki/Papuan_Volunteer_Corps" title="Papuan Volunteer Corps"><i>Papoea Vrijwilligers Korps</i>/ PVK</a>) at large in the jungles since the Indonesian takeover in 1963, while sending Catholic volunteers under <a href="/wiki/Jusuf_Wanandi" title="Jusuf Wanandi">Jusuf Wanandi</a> to distribute consumer goods to promote pro-Indonesian sentiments. In March 1969, it was agreed that the plebiscite will be channelled via 1,025 tribal chiefs, citing the logistical challenge and political ignorance of the population. Using the above strategy, the plebiscite produced a unanimous decision for integration with Indonesia, which was duly noted by <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> in November 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElson2001178–279_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElson2001178–279-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_Islam">Political Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Order_(Indonesia)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Political Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Suharto, <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">political Islamists</a> were suppressed and religious Muslims were carefully watched by the Indonesian government. Several <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> Generals who served under Suharto like <a href="/wiki/Leonardus_Benjamin_Moerdani" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonardus Benjamin Moerdani">Leonardus Benjamin Moerdani</a> actively persecuted religious Muslims in the Indonesian armed forces, which was described as being "anti-Islamic", denying religious Muslims promotions, and preventing them from praying in the barracks and banning them from even using the Islamic greeting <i><a href="/wiki/As-salamu_alaykum" title="As-salamu alaykum">As-salamu alaykum</a></i>, and these anti-Islamic policies were entirely supported by Suharto, despite Suharto being a Muslim himself, since he considered political Islam a threat to his power.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Christian General Theo Syafei, who also served under Suharto, spoke out against political Islam coming to power in Indonesia, and insulted the Qur'an and Islam in remarks which were described as Islamophobic.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a> was banned from 1982 to 1991 in state schools.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Order_(Indonesia)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F032437-0030,_Berchtesgaden,_Staatsbesuch_Pr%C3%A4sident_Suharto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F032437-0030%2C_Berchtesgaden%2C_Staatsbesuch_Pr%C3%A4sident_Suharto.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F032437-0030%2C_Berchtesgaden%2C_Staatsbesuch_Pr%C3%A4sident_Suharto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F032437-0030%2C_Berchtesgaden%2C_Staatsbesuch_Pr%C3%A4sident_Suharto.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F032437-0030%2C_Berchtesgaden%2C_Staatsbesuch_Pr%C3%A4sident_Suharto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F032437-0030%2C_Berchtesgaden%2C_Staatsbesuch_Pr%C3%A4sident_Suharto.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F032437-0030%2C_Berchtesgaden%2C_Staatsbesuch_Pr%C3%A4sident_Suharto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>Suharto on a visit to <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> in 1970.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sumitro_Djojohadikusumo%2C_Pekan_Buku_Indonesia_1954%2C_p240.jpg/77px-Sumitro_Djojohadikusumo%2C_Pekan_Buku_Indonesia_1954%2C_p240.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sumitro_Djojohadikusumo%2C_Pekan_Buku_Indonesia_1954%2C_p240.jpg/116px-Sumitro_Djojohadikusumo%2C_Pekan_Buku_Indonesia_1954%2C_p240.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sumitro_Djojohadikusumo%2C_Pekan_Buku_Indonesia_1954%2C_p240.jpg/154px-Sumitro_Djojohadikusumo%2C_Pekan_Buku_Indonesia_1954%2C_p240.jpg 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="479" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:86px;max-width:86px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:112px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Widjojo_Nitisastro_(1977).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Widjojo_Nitisastro_%281977%29.jpg/84px-Widjojo_Nitisastro_%281977%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Widjojo_Nitisastro_%281977%29.jpg/126px-Widjojo_Nitisastro_%281977%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Widjojo_Nitisastro_%281977%29.jpg/168px-Widjojo_Nitisastro_%281977%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="867" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:81px;max-width:81px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:112px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ali_Wardhana,_Menkeu_-_Anggota_Kabinet_Pembangunan_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ali_Wardhana%2C_Menkeu_-_Anggota_Kabinet_Pembangunan_II.jpg/79px-Ali_Wardhana%2C_Menkeu_-_Anggota_Kabinet_Pembangunan_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ali_Wardhana%2C_Menkeu_-_Anggota_Kabinet_Pembangunan_II.jpg/119px-Ali_Wardhana%2C_Menkeu_-_Anggota_Kabinet_Pembangunan_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ali_Wardhana%2C_Menkeu_-_Anggota_Kabinet_Pembangunan_II.jpg/158px-Ali_Wardhana%2C_Menkeu_-_Anggota_Kabinet_Pembangunan_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="912" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:87px;max-width:87px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:104px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emil_Salim,_Dewan_Pengarah_BRIN.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Emil_Salim%2C_Dewan_Pengarah_BRIN.png/85px-Emil_Salim%2C_Dewan_Pengarah_BRIN.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Emil_Salim%2C_Dewan_Pengarah_BRIN.png/128px-Emil_Salim%2C_Dewan_Pengarah_BRIN.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Emil_Salim%2C_Dewan_Pengarah_BRIN.png/170px-Emil_Salim%2C_Dewan_Pengarah_BRIN.png 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="363" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:73px;max-width:73px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:104px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jb_sumarlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Jb_sumarlin.jpg/71px-Jb_sumarlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Jb_sumarlin.jpg/107px-Jb_sumarlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Jb_sumarlin.jpg/142px-Jb_sumarlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="1740" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:86px;max-width:86px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:104px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dorodjatun_Kuntjoro-Jakti,_Duta_Besar_RI_untuk_Amerika_Serikat_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Dorodjatun_Kuntjoro-Jakti%2C_Duta_Besar_RI_untuk_Amerika_Serikat_%28cropped%29.jpg/84px-Dorodjatun_Kuntjoro-Jakti%2C_Duta_Besar_RI_untuk_Amerika_Serikat_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Dorodjatun_Kuntjoro-Jakti%2C_Duta_Besar_RI_untuk_Amerika_Serikat_%28cropped%29.jpg/126px-Dorodjatun_Kuntjoro-Jakti%2C_Duta_Besar_RI_untuk_Amerika_Serikat_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Dorodjatun_Kuntjoro-Jakti%2C_Duta_Besar_RI_untuk_Amerika_Serikat_%28cropped%29.jpg/168px-Dorodjatun_Kuntjoro-Jakti%2C_Duta_Besar_RI_untuk_Amerika_Serikat_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="950" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The economists who are considered members of the "<a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Mafia" title="Berkeley Mafia">Berkeley Mafia</a>."</div></div></div></div> <p>The new president enlisted a group of mostly American-educated Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economists</a>, dubbed the "<a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Mafia" title="Berkeley Mafia">Berkeley Mafia</a>", to formulate government economic policy. By cutting subsidies and government debt, and reforming the exchange rate mechanism, inflation dropped from 660% in 1966 to 19% in 1969. The threat of <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> was alleviated by influx of <a href="/wiki/USAID" class="mw-redirect" title="USAID">USAID</a> rice aid shipments in 1967 to 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Realizing the dearth of domestic capital capable of re-juvenating growth, Suharto reversed Sukarno's economic <a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">autarky</a> policies by opening selected economic sectors of the country to foreign investment under the new Foreign Investment Law of January 1967 (containing generous tax holidays and free movement of money). Suharto himself travelled to Western Europe and Japan in a series of trips to promote investment into Indonesia, starting in the natural resources sector. Among the first foreign investors to re-enter Indonesia were mining companies <a href="/wiki/Freeport-McMoran" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeport-McMoran">Freeport Sulphur Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vale_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Vale Limited">International Nickel Company</a>, later followed by significant investment from Japanese, South Korean, and Taiwanese companies. British-owned businesses nationalized by the Sukarno administration as part of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Konfrontasi</a> (including then-<a href="/wiki/Dual-listed_company" title="Dual-listed company">dual-listed</a> <a href="/wiki/Unilever" title="Unilever">Unilever</a> and the British part of also-then-dual-listed <a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Royal Dutch/Shell</a>) were reprivatized; however, Dutch companies originally nationalized in the late 1950s-early 1960s (including but not limited to <a href="/wiki/Hollandsche_Beton_Groep" title="Hollandsche Beton Groep">Hollandsche Beton Groep</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nederlandsch-Indische_Levensverzekerings_en_Lijfrente_Maatschappij" title="Nederlandsch-Indische Levensverzekerings en Lijfrente Maatschappij">NILLMIJ</a> (by 1969 merged into Ennia, now <a href="/wiki/Aegon_N.V." class="mw-redirect" title="Aegon N.V.">Aegon</a>), and the Dutch part of Royal Dutch/Shell) were not reprivatized due to nationalist sentiments.<sup id="cite_ref-ULVR_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ULVR-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1967, the government managed to secure low-interest foreign aid from ten countries grouped under the <b><a href="/wiki/Inter-Governmental_Group_on_Indonesia" title="Inter-Governmental Group on Indonesia">Inter-Governmental Group on Indonesia</a></b> (IGGI) to cover its budget deficit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElson2001170–172_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElson2001170–172-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Suharto's government issued the Domestic Investment Law of June 1968 to allow development of a domestic <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a> class capable of motoring economic growth to supplement existing state-owned enterprises. The late 1960s and early 1970s saw emergence of domestic entrepreneurs (mostly <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Chinese">Chinese-Indonesians</a>) in the import-substitution light-manufacturing sector such as <a href="/wiki/Astra_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Astra Group">Astra Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salim_Group" title="Salim Group">Salim Group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2018178–203_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2018178–203-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flush with IGGI foreign aid and later the jump in oil exports during the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>, the government began a series of large-scale intensive investment in infrastructure under a series of five-year plans (<i>Rencana Pembangunan Lima Tahun / REPELITA</i>): </p> <ul><li>REPELITA I (1969–1974) focusing on agricultural improvements (<a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a>) to ensure food security</li> <li>REPELITA II (1974–1979) focusing on infrastructure on islands outside Java and growth in primary industries</li> <li>REPELITA III (1979–1984) focusing on achieving food self-sufficiency and growth in export-oriented labour-intensive industry</li> <li>REPELITA IV (1984–1989) focusing on growth in capital-good manufacturing</li> <li>REPELITA V (1989–1994) focusing on growth in telecommunications, education, and transportation infrastructure</li> <li>REPELITA VI (1994–1998, unfinished) focusing on infrastructure to support foreign investment and free trade<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2018178–203_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2018178–203-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SMH_McDONALD_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH_McDONALD-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sheridan-theaustralian_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheridan-theaustralian-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>While establishing a formal economy based on rational and sound macroeconomic policies, Suharto continued his past <i><a href="/wiki/Modus_operandi" title="Modus operandi">modus operandi</a></i> of creating a vast network of charitable organisations ("<i>yayasan</i>") run by the military and his family members, which extracted "donations" from domestic and foreign enterprises in exchange for necessary government support and permits. While some proceeds of these organisations were used for genuinely charitable purposes (such as building a heart-disease hospital by <i>Yayasan Harapan Kita</i> run by the first lady), most of the money was recycled as <a href="/wiki/Slush_fund" title="Slush fund">slush funds</a> to reward political allies to maintain support for Suharto's presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-SMH_McDONALD_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH_McDONALD-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KKN_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KKN-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1975, the state oil company <a href="/wiki/Pertamina" title="Pertamina">Pertamina</a> was forced to <a href="/wiki/Default_(finance)" title="Default (finance)">default</a> on its <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>15 billion in loans from <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canadian</a> <a href="/wiki/Creditor" title="Creditor">creditors</a>. The company's director, General <a href="/wiki/Ibnu_Sutowo" title="Ibnu Sutowo">Ibnu Sutowo</a> (a close ally of Suharto), invested the windfall income from rising oil prices into a myriad of other business activities such as shipping, steel, construction, real estate, and hospitals. These businesses were mismanaged and riddled with corruption. The government was forced to bail out the company, in the process nearly doubling the <a href="/wiki/National_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="National debt">national debt</a>, while Ibnu Sutowo was removed from his position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1994[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1994[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Order_(Indonesia)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SuhartoNAMLusaka1970.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/SuhartoNAMLusaka1970.jpg/170px-SuhartoNAMLusaka1970.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/SuhartoNAMLusaka1970.jpg/255px-SuhartoNAMLusaka1970.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/37/SuhartoNAMLusaka1970.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Suharto attends 1970 meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:229px;max-width:229px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Indonesia_1978.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Location_Indonesia_1978.svg/225px-Location_Indonesia_1978.svg.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Location_Indonesia_1978.svg/338px-Location_Indonesia_1978.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Location_Indonesia_1978.svg/450px-Location_Indonesia_1978.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Indonesia's territorial extent in 1978, including <a href="/wiki/East_Timor_(province)" title="East Timor (province)">East Timor</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_1992_20000r_r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Indonesia_1992_20000r_r.jpg/225px-Indonesia_1992_20000r_r.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Indonesia_1992_20000r_r.jpg/338px-Indonesia_1992_20000r_r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Indonesia_1992_20000r_r.jpg/450px-Indonesia_1992_20000r_r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="284" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Indonesia's maximum territorial extent as depicted on the <a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_rupiah#Sixth_series_(1992)" class="mw-redirect" title="Banknotes of the rupiah">Rp20,000 banknote</a> issued in 1992</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Upon assuming power, Suharto government adopted a policy of <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrality (international relations)">neutrality</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> with quiet alignment with the <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western bloc</a> (including Japan and South Korea) with the objective of securing support for Indonesia's economic recovery. Western countries, impressed by Suharto's strong anti-communist credentials, were quick to offer their support. <a href="/wiki/China-Indonesia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="China-Indonesia relations">Diplomatic relations</a> with the People's Republic of China were suspended in October 1967 due to suspicion of Chinese involvement in <a href="/wiki/30_September_Movement" title="30 September Movement">30 September Movement</a> (diplomatic relations were only restored in 1990). Due to Suharto's destruction of PKI the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> embargoed military sales to Indonesia. However, from 1967 to 1970 foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Adam_Malik" title="Adam Malik">Adam Malik</a> managed to secure several agreements to restructure massive debts incurred by Sukarno from the Soviet Union and other Eastern European communist states. Regionally, having ended <a href="/wiki/Indonesia-Malaysia_confrontation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation">confrontation with Malaysia</a> in August 1966, Indonesia became a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a> (ASEAN) in August 1967. This organisation is designed to establish a peaceful relationship between Southeast Asian countries free from conflicts such as the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SMH_McDONALD_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH_McDONALD-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1974, the neighbouring colony of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Portuguese Timor</a> descended into <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> after the withdrawal of Portuguese authority following the <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a>, whereby the leftist-leaning <a href="/wiki/Fretilin" title="Fretilin">Fretilin</a> (<i>Frente Revolucionária de Timor-Leste Independente</i>) emerged triumphant. After persuasion from Western countries (including from US president <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald R. Ford</a> and Australian <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">prime minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Gough Whitlam</a> during their visits to Indonesia), Suharto decided to intervene to prevent establishment of a communist state. After an unsuccessful attempt of covert support to Timorese anti-communist groups <a href="/wiki/Timorese_Democratic_Union" title="Timorese Democratic Union">UDT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timorese_Popular_Democratic_Association" title="Timorese Popular Democratic Association">APODETI</a>, Suharto authorised a full-scale <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian invasion of East Timor">invasion</a> of the colony on 7 December 1975 followed with its official annexation as Indonesia's 27th province of <a href="/wiki/East_Timor_(province)" title="East Timor (province)">East Timor</a> in July 1976. The "encirclement and annihilation" campaigns of 1977–1979 broke the back of Fretilin control over the hinterlands, although continuing <a href="/wiki/Guerilla_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerilla warfare">guerilla</a> resistance forced the government to maintain strong military presence in the half-island until 1999. An estimated minimum of 90,800 and maximum of 213,600 conflict-related deaths occurred in East Timor during <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian occupation of East Timor">Indonesian rule (1974–1999)</a>; namely, 17,600–19,600 killings and 73,200 to 194,000 'excess' deaths from hunger and illness. Indonesian forces were responsible for about 70% of the violent killings.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Apex_of_power">Apex of power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Order_(Indonesia)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Apex of power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socio-economic_progress_and_growing_corruption">Socio-economic progress and growing corruption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Order_(Indonesia)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Socio-economic progress and growing corruption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collectie_NMvWereldculturen,_TM-20020606,_Dia,_%27Jalan_Thamrin,_met_het_Welkomstmonument_op_de_achtergrond%27,_fotograaf_Henk_van_Rinsum,_1980.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Collectie_NMvWereldculturen%2C_TM-20020606%2C_Dia%2C_%27Jalan_Thamrin%2C_met_het_Welkomstmonument_op_de_achtergrond%27%2C_fotograaf_Henk_van_Rinsum%2C_1980.jpg/170px-Collectie_NMvWereldculturen%2C_TM-20020606%2C_Dia%2C_%27Jalan_Thamrin%2C_met_het_Welkomstmonument_op_de_achtergrond%27%2C_fotograaf_Henk_van_Rinsum%2C_1980.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Collectie_NMvWereldculturen%2C_TM-20020606%2C_Dia%2C_%27Jalan_Thamrin%2C_met_het_Welkomstmonument_op_de_achtergrond%27%2C_fotograaf_Henk_van_Rinsum%2C_1980.jpg/255px-Collectie_NMvWereldculturen%2C_TM-20020606%2C_Dia%2C_%27Jalan_Thamrin%2C_met_het_Welkomstmonument_op_de_achtergrond%27%2C_fotograaf_Henk_van_Rinsum%2C_1980.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Collectie_NMvWereldculturen%2C_TM-20020606%2C_Dia%2C_%27Jalan_Thamrin%2C_met_het_Welkomstmonument_op_de_achtergrond%27%2C_fotograaf_Henk_van_Rinsum%2C_1980.jpg/340px-Collectie_NMvWereldculturen%2C_TM-20020606%2C_Dia%2C_%27Jalan_Thamrin%2C_met_het_Welkomstmonument_op_de_achtergrond%27%2C_fotograaf_Henk_van_Rinsum%2C_1980.jpg 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> in the 1980s</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1996, Indonesia's <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> rate had dropped to around 11% compared with 45% in 1970 according to some studies, though this claim of poverty reduction is debatable and many studies indicate that poverty was much higher than claimed,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with as many as 50% of Indonesians living on a <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">dollar</a> <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a> a day or less.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1966 to 1997, Indonesia recorded real GDP growth of 5.03% per year, pushing real GDP per capita upwards from US$806 to US$4,114. In 1966, the manufacturing sector made up less than 10% of GDP (mostly industries related to oil and agriculture). By 1997, manufacturing had risen to 25% of GDP, and 53% of exports consisted of manufactured products. The government invested into massive infrastructure development (notably the launch of the <a href="/wiki/Palapa" title="Palapa">Palapa</a> telecommunication satellites); consequently Indonesian infrastructure in the mid-1990s was considered on par with China's. Suharto was keen to capitalise on such achievements to justify his presidency, and an <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly">MPR</a> resolution in 1983 granted him the title of "Father of Development".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERock20033_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERock20033-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Suharto's health-care programs (such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Puskesmas" title="Puskesmas">Puskesmas</a></i> program) increased life expectancy from 47 years (1966) to 67 years (1997) and cut the <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> rate by more than 60%.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The government's <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Bantuan Pembangunan Sekolah Dasar</i></span> program, better known as <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">SD Inpres</i></span> and launched in 1973, resulted in the primary-school enrollment ratio reaching 90% by 1983 while almost eliminating the education gap between boys and girls. Sustained support for agriculture resulted in Indonesia reaching rice self-sufficiency by 1984, an unprecedented achievement which earned Suharto a gold medal from the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a> in November 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERock20034_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERock20034-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1980s, Suharto responded to the fall in oil exports due to the <a href="/wiki/1980s_oil_glut" title="1980s oil glut">1980s oil glut</a> by successfully shifting the main pillar of the economy into <a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">export</a>-oriented labour-intensive manufacturing, made globally competitive by Indonesia's low wages and a series of currency <a href="/wiki/Devaluations" class="mw-redirect" title="Devaluations">devaluations</a>. <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">Industrialization</a> was mostly undertaken by ethnic-Chinese companies, which evolved into immense <a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(business)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conglomerate (business)">conglomerates</a>, dominating the nation's economy. The largest conglomerates are the <a href="/wiki/Salim_Group" title="Salim Group">Salim Group</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Liem_Sioe_Liong" class="mw-redirect" title="Liem Sioe Liong">Liem Sioe Liong (Sudono Salim)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sinar_Mas_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinar Mas Group">Sinar Mas Group</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Eka_Tjipta_Widjaja" title="Eka Tjipta Widjaja">Oei Ek Tjong (Eka Tjipta Widjaja)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Astra_International" title="Astra International">Astra Group</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/William_Soeryadjaya" title="William Soeryadjaya">Tjia Han Poen (William Soeryadjaya)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lippo_Group" title="Lippo Group">Lippo Group</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Mochtar_Riady" title="Mochtar Riady">Lie Mo Tie (Mochtar Riady)</a>, the Barito Pacific Group, led by <a href="/wiki/Prajogo_Pangestu" title="Prajogo Pangestu">Pang Djun Phen (Prajogo Pangestu)</a>, and the Nusamba Group, led by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hasan" title="Bob Hasan">Bob Hasan</a>. Suharto decided to support the growth of a small number of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Indonesian">Chinese-Indonesian</a> conglomerates since they could not challenge his rule due to their ethnic-minority status, and, based on past experience, he thought that they possessed the skills and capital needed to create real growth for the country. In exchange for Suharto's patronage, the conglomerates provided vital financing for his "regime maintenance" activities.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1980s, the Suharto government decided to de-regulate the <a href="/wiki/Banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking">banking</a> sector to encourage savings and providing domestic source of financing required for growth. Suharto decreed the "October Package of 1988" (<i>PAKTO 88</i>), which eased requirements for establishing banks and extending credit, resulting in a 50% increase in number of banks from 1989 to 1991. To promote savings, the government introduced the <i>TABANAS</i> (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Tabungan Pembangunan Nasional</i></span>, National Development Savings) program to the populace. The <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Stock_Exchange" title="Jakarta Stock Exchange">Jakarta Stock Exchange</a>, originally opened in 1912 as the Batavia (later Jakarta) branch of the Amsterdam Stock Exchange (now <a href="/wiki/Euronext_Amsterdam" title="Euronext Amsterdam">Euronext Amsterdam</a>) and re-opened in 1977, performed strongly due to a spree of domestic <a href="/wiki/Initial_public_offering" title="Initial public offering">IPOs</a> and an influx of foreign funds after deregulation in 1990.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The sudden availability of credit fuelled strong economic growth in the early 1990s, but weak regulation of the financial sector sowed the seeds of the catastrophic crisis in 1997 which eventually lead to Suharto's resignation.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The growth of the economy was coincided by rapid expansion in corruption, collusion, and nepotism (<i>Korupsi, Kolusi, dan Nepotisme / KKN</i>). In the early 1980s, Suharto's children, particularly <a href="/wiki/Siti_Hardiyanti_Rukmana" title="Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana">Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana</a> ("Tutut"), <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Suharto" title="Tommy Suharto">Hutomo Mandala Putra ("Tommy")</a>, and Bambang Trihatmodjo, grew increasingly venal and corrupt. Their companies were given lucrative government contracts and protected from market competition by monopolies. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Inner_Ring_Road" title="Jakarta Inner Ring Road">Jakarta Inner Ring Road</a>, which Tutut had a majority (75% at one time) stake through her PT Citra Lamtoro Gung Persada subsidiary PT Citra Marga Nusaphala Persada; the national car project, monopolized by Bambang and Tommy (through the Bimantara Group (now <a href="/wiki/MNC_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="MNC Corporation">MNC Group</a>)'s joint venture with the <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company" title="Hyundai Motor Company">Hyundai Motor Company</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timor_Putra_Nasional" title="Timor Putra Nasional">Timor Putra Nasional</a>'s joint venture with <a href="/wiki/Kia" title="Kia">Kia Motors</a>, respectively); the clove industry, monopolized by a Tommy-linked governmental body called the Clove Buffering and Marketing Administration (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">Badan Penyangga dan Pemasaran Cengkeh</i>, BPPC); and even the cinema market (and furthermore, all imports of films distributed by the <a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">American major film studios</a>), monopolised by <a href="/wiki/21_Cineplex" title="21 Cineplex">21 Cineplex</a>, owned by Suharto's cousin Sudwikatmono's Subentra Group (now Indika Group). The family was said to have controlled about 36,000 km<sup>2</sup> of real estate in Indonesia, including 100,000 m<sup>2</sup> of prime office space in Jakarta and nearly 40% of the land in East Timor. Additionally, Suharto's family members received free shares in 1,251 of Indonesia's most lucrative domestic companies (mostly run by Suharto's ethnic-Chinese cronies), while foreign-owned companies were encouraged to establish "strategic partnerships" with Suharto family's companies. Meanwhile, the myriad <i>yayasan</i>s run by Suharto family grew even larger, levying millions of dollars in "donations" from the public and <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sectors</a> each year.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_20040325_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_20040325-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Global_Corruption_Report_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_Corruption_Report-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grip_on_power">Grip on power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Order_(Indonesia)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Grip on power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_cohen_with_suharto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/William_cohen_with_suharto.jpg/220px-William_cohen_with_suharto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/William_cohen_with_suharto.jpg/330px-William_cohen_with_suharto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/William_cohen_with_suharto.jpg/440px-William_cohen_with_suharto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2770" data-file-height="1950" /></a><figcaption>Suharto with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">US Secretary of Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Cohen" title="William Cohen">William Cohen</a>, 14 January 1998.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the 1980s, Suharto's grip on power was very strong, maintained by strict control over civil society, engineered elections, liberal use of the military's coercive powers, and a strong economy.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his retirement from the military in June 1976, Suharto undertook a re-organization of the armed forces that concentrated power away from commanders to the president. In March 1983, he appointed General <a href="/wiki/Leonardus_Benjamin_Moerdani" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonardus Benjamin Moerdani">Leonardus Benjamin Moerdani</a> as head of the armed forces. A tough and capable soldier, Moerdani was also a Roman Catholic, which precluded him from posing a political threat to Suharto.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElson2001457–460_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElson2001457–460-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Suharto ruthlessly suppressed elements that disturbed the tranquility of the New Order society. From 1983 to 1985, army death squads murdered up to 10,000 suspected criminals in response to a spike in crime rate (dubbed "<a href="/wiki/Petrus_Killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrus Killings">Petrus Killings</a>"). Suharto's imposition of <a href="/wiki/Pancasila_(politics)" title="Pancasila (politics)">Pancasila</a> as <a href="/wiki/Asas_tunggal_Pancasila" title="Asas tunggal Pancasila">sole ideology</a> caused protests from conservative Islamic groups which considered Islamic law (<i><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a></i>) to be above any human conceptions. In September 1984, a violent demonstration in the <a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Priok" title="Tanjung Priok">Tanjung Priok</a> area of Jakarta by conservative Muslims led to soldiers <a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Priok_massacre" title="Tanjung Priok massacre">opening fire</a>, massacring up to 100 protesters. A retaliatory series of small bombings (notably the bombing of <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> Temple in January 1985) led to arrests of hundreds of conservative Islamic activists, ranging from future parliamentary leader A. M. Fatwa to radical cleric <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakar_Bashir" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Bakar Bashir">Abu Bakar Bashir</a> (future founder of terrorist group <a href="/wiki/Jemaah_Islamiyah" title="Jemaah Islamiyah">Jemaah Islamiyah</a>). Attacks on police by the resurgent <a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi#Great_Socialist_People's_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya_(1977–2011)" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libyan</a>-aided <a href="/wiki/Free_Aceh_Movement" title="Free Aceh Movement">Free Aceh Movement</a> in 1989 led to a brutal military operation ("<i><a href="/wiki/1990%E2%80%9398_Indonesian_military_operations_in_Aceh" class="mw-redirect" title="1990–98 Indonesian military operations in Aceh">Operasi Jaring Merah</a></i>") that killed up to 12,000 people, mostly civilians, by the time ended the insurgency ended in 1992. More subtly, the Suharto government sought to better control the press by issuing a 1984 law requiring all media to possess a press operating licence (<i>SIUPP</i>) which could be revoked at any time by the Ministry of Information.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAspinallFeith1999ii–iii_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAspinallFeith1999ii–iii-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the international arena, Western concern over Communism waned with the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, and Suharto's human-rights record came under greater international scrutiny. The November 1991 <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz Massacre">Santa Cruz Massacre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dili" title="Dili">Dili</a>, East Timor, resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the United States">United States Congress</a> passing limitations on <a href="/wiki/IMET" class="mw-redirect" title="IMET">IMET</a> assistance to the Indonesian Military. Suharto retaliated by cancelling purchase orders for American <a href="/wiki/F-16" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16">F-16</a> fighter jets in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-HR_IMET_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HR_IMET-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNHCHR_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHCHR-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Netherlands condemned the Santa Cruz Massacre, Suharto retaliated by expelling the Dutch from IGGI in March 1992 and renaming it the <a href="/wiki/Consultative_Group_on_Indonesia" title="Consultative Group on Indonesia">Consultative Group on Indonesia</a> (CGI) which continued increasing aid to Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElson2001501–503_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElson2001501–503-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Realizing this trend, Suharto sought wider alliances under the rubric of economic development, away from over-reliance to United States support. Suharto was elected as head of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> in 1992, while Indonesia became a founding member of <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">APEC</a>, in 1989, and hosted the <a href="/wiki/Bogor" title="Bogor">Bogor</a> APEC Summit in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElson2001510–511_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElson2001510–511-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Domestically, the growing rapaciousness of Suharto's family created discontent among the military, which lost access to power and lucrative <a href="/wiki/Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">rent-seeking</a> opportunities. In the March 1988 <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly">MPR</a> session, military legislators attempted to pressure Suharto by unsuccessfully seeking to block the nomination of <a href="/wiki/Sudharmono" title="Sudharmono">Sudharmono</a>, a Suharto-loyalist, as vice-president. After General <a href="/wiki/Leonardus_Benjamin_Moerdani" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonardus Benjamin Moerdani">Moerdani</a> voiced his objections on the <a href="/wiki/Corruption_charges_against_Suharto" title="Corruption charges against Suharto">Suharto family's corruption</a>, the president dismissed him from the position of military chief. Suharto proceeded to slowly "de-militarize" his regime; he dissolved the powerful <a href="/wiki/Kopkamtib" title="Kopkamtib">Kopkamtib</a> in September 1988 and ensured key military positions were held by loyalists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPour2007242–264_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPour2007242–264-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an attempt to diversify his power base away from the military, Suharto began courting support from Islamic elements. He undertook a much-publicized <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">hajj</a> pilgrimage in 1991, took up name of <a href="/wiki/Hajji" title="Hajji">Haji</a> Mohammad Suharto, started promoting Islamic values into society, and promoted the careers of Islamic-oriented generals (dubbed the "green generals"). To win support from the nascent Muslim business community, which resented dominance of Chinese-Indonesian conglomerates, Suharto formed the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Association_of_Muslim_Intellectuals" title="Indonesian Association of Muslim Intellectuals">Indonesian Association of Muslim Intellectuals</a> (ICMI) in November 1990, and appointed his protégé <a href="/wiki/BJ_Habibie" class="mw-redirect" title="BJ Habibie">B. J. Habibie</a>, Minister for Research and Technology since 1978, as its leader. During this period of Suharto's cozying with Islamists, race riots against ethnic-Chinese began to occur quite regularly, beginning with the April 1994 riot in <a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElson2001211–214_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElson2001211–214-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1990s, Suharto's government came to be dominated by sycophantic civilian politicians such as <a href="/wiki/B._J._Habibie" title="B. J. Habibie">Habibie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harmoko" title="Harmoko">Harmoko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginandjar_Kartasasmita" title="Ginandjar Kartasasmita">Ginandjar Kartasasmita</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Tanjung" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar Tanjung">Akbar Tanjung</a>, who owed their position solely to Suharto. As a sign of Habibie's growing clout, when three prominent Indonesian magazines—<i><a href="/wiki/Tempo_(Indonesian_magazine)" title="Tempo (Indonesian magazine)">Tempo</a></i>, <i>DeTIK</i>, and <i>Editor</i>—criticised Habibie's purchase of almost the entire fleet of the disbanded <a href="/wiki/Volksmarine" title="Volksmarine">East German Navy</a> in 1993, despite most of the vessels having little value other than scrap, Suharto ordered the offending publications to be closed down on 21 June 1994<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElson2001211–214_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElson2001211–214-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the pretext that these critiques could "incite conflicts within the cabinet". This would lead to several of the closed publications' journalists to form the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Independent_Journalists" title="Alliance of Independent Journalists">Alliance of Independent Journalists</a> shortly thereafter; <i>Tempo</i> would later move to the then-largely-uncensored internet as <i>Tempointeraktif</i> (which still exists today as <i>tempo.co</i>) for the rest of the New Order, and the owner of <i>DeTIK</i> would launch another magazine called <i>DeTAK</i>. </p><p>By the 1990s, elements of the growing Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a>, created by Suharto's economic development, were becoming restless with his autocracy and his family's brazen corruption, fuelling demands for "<a href="/wiki/Reformasi_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformasi (Indonesia)">Reformasi</a>" (reform) of the 30-year-old New Order system. By 1996, <a href="/wiki/Megawati_Sukarnoputri" title="Megawati Sukarnoputri">Megawati Sukarnoputri</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> and chairwoman of the normally compliant <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Democratic_Party" title="Indonesian Democratic Party">PDI</a>, was becoming a rallying point for this growing discontent. In response, Suharto backed a co-opted faction of the PDI led by Suryadi, which removed Megawati from the chair. On 27 July 1996, <a href="/wiki/27_July_1996_incident" title="27 July 1996 incident">an attack</a> by soldiers and hired thugs led by Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Sutiyoso" title="Sutiyoso">Sutiyoso</a> on demonstrating Megawati supporters in Jakarta resulted in fatal riots and looting. This incident was followed by waves of arrests on 200 democracy activists, 23 of whom were kidnapped (some were murdered) by army squads called <i>Tim Mawar</i> ("Rose Team") led by Suharto's son-in-law, Major-General <a href="/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto" title="Prabowo Subianto">Prabowo Subianto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElson2001284–287_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElson2001284–287-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of these incidents, as late as mid-1997, Suharto's grip on power seemed as secure as ever with the military led by his loyalists, all opposition groups suppressed, and the economy in good shape. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_presidency">End of presidency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Order_(Indonesia)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: End of presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Suharto" title="Fall of Suharto">Fall of Suharto</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suharto_resigns.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Suharto_resigns.jpg/220px-Suharto_resigns.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Suharto_resigns.jpg/330px-Suharto_resigns.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Suharto_resigns.jpg/440px-Suharto_resigns.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>Suharto reads his address of resignation at Merdeka Palace on 21 May 1998. Suharto's VP and successor, <a href="/wiki/B._J._Habibie" title="B. J. Habibie">B. J. Habibie</a>, was on his left.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a> began in July 1997, in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, and spread into Indonesia as foreign speculative investors pulled out their investments, sucking U.S. dollar liquidity in Indonesia and causing severe depreciation of the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rupiah" title="Indonesian rupiah">Indonesian rupiah</a>. In the private sector, many Indonesian corporations had been borrowing heavily in lower-interest U.S. dollars, while their revenues were mostly in rupiah; their debt rapidly increased as the US dollar appreciated, leaving many companies virtually bankrupt. These companies desperately sold rupiah and bought U.S. dollars, causing the rupiah's value to drop from Rp 2,600 per dollar in August 1997 to over Rp 14,800 per dollar by January 1998. Efforts by the <a href="/wiki/Bank_Indonesia" title="Bank Indonesia">central bank</a> to defend its managed float regime by selling dollars had little impact and instead drained Indonesia's foreign exchange reserves, forcing the government to free-float the currency and seek liquidity aid from the <a href="/wiki/IMF" class="mw-redirect" title="IMF">IMF</a> (International Monetary Fund).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In exchange for US$43 billion in liquidity aid, Suharto was forced to sign three letters of intent from October 1997 to April 1998 with the IMF. The letters of intent promised reforms, which included closing banks owned by Suharto's family and cronies starting in November 1997. Plans to close unhealthy banks resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Bank_run" title="Bank run">bank run</a> that drained liquidity; depositors knew of the poor regulations and risky related-party credit extensions of Indonesian banks. In January 1998, the government was forced to provide emergency liquidity assistance (BLBI), issue a blanket guarantee for bank deposits, and set up the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Bank_Restructuring_Agency" title="Indonesian Bank Restructuring Agency">Indonesian Bank Restructuring Agency</a> to take over management of troubled banks to prevent the collapse of the financial system. Based on IMF recommendations, the government increased interest rates to 70% in February 1998 to control spiralling inflation caused by the higher price of imports, but this action killed availability of credit to the corporate sector. Suharto's foot-dragging in undertaking reforms demanded by IMF in relation to his children's business further weakened public confidence.<sup id="cite_ref-SMH_McDONALD_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH_McDONALD-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickers2005203–207_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers2005203–207-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to American economist <a href="/wiki/Steve_Hanke" title="Steve Hanke">Steve Hanke</a>, invited by Suharto in February 1998 to plan a <a href="/wiki/Currency_board" title="Currency board">currency board</a> system, President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> and IMF managing director <a href="/wiki/Michel_Camdessus" title="Michel Camdessus">Michel Camdessus</a> deliberately worsened the Indonesian crisis to force Suharto to resign. Hanke quoted Camdessus as saying "We created the conditions that obliged President Suharto to leave his job".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economic meltdown was accompanied by increasing political tension. Anti-Chinese riots occurred in <a href="/wiki/Situbondo" class="mw-redirect" title="Situbondo">Situbondo</a> (1996), <a href="/wiki/Tasikmalaya" title="Tasikmalaya">Tasikmalaya</a> (1996), <a href="/wiki/Banjarmasin" title="Banjarmasin">Banjarmasin</a> (1997), and <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a> (1997); while bloody ethnic clashes broke out between the <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madurese_people" title="Madurese people">Madurese</a> settlers in <a href="/wiki/Central_Kalimantan" title="Central Kalimantan">Central Kalimantan</a> in 1997. After violent campaign season, <a href="/wiki/Golkar" title="Golkar">Golkar</a> won the heavily rigged <a href="/wiki/1997_Indonesian_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1997 Indonesian elections">May 1997 MPR elections</a>. The new MPR voted unanimously to re-elect Suharto to another five-year term in office in March 1998, upon which he proceeded to appoint his protege <a href="/wiki/BJ_Habibie" class="mw-redirect" title="BJ Habibie">BJ Habibie</a> as vice-president while stacking the cabinet with his own family and business associates (his daughter <a href="/wiki/Siti_Hardiyanti_Rukmana" title="Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana">Tutut</a> became Minister of Social Affairs). The government's decision to increase fuel prices by 70% on 4 May triggered anti-Chinese rioting in <a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a>. With Suharto increasingly seen as the source of the country's mounting economic and political crises, prominent political figures spoke out against his presidency (notably Muslim politician <a href="/wiki/Amien_Rais" title="Amien Rais">Amien Rais</a>), and in January 1998 university students began organising nationwide demonstrations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElson2001267_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElson2001267-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a> there was communal violence between <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayaks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madurese_people" title="Madurese people">Madurese</a> in 1996, in the <a href="/wiki/Sambas_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambas conflict">Sambas conflict</a> of 1999, and the <a href="/wiki/Sampit_conflict" title="Sampit conflict">Sampit conflict</a> of 2001, all of which resulted in large-scale massacres of the Madurese.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Sambas conflict, both <a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay Indonesian">Malays</a> and Dayaks massacred Madurese. </p><p>The crisis climaxed when Suharto was on a state visit to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> in May 1998. Security forces <a href="/wiki/Trisakti_shootings" title="Trisakti shootings">killed four student demonstrators</a> from Jakarta's <a href="/wiki/Trisakti_University" title="Trisakti University">Trisakti University</a> on 12 May 1998, which was followed by <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_riots_of_May_1998" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian riots of May 1998">anti-Chinese rioting and looting across Jakarta and some other cities</a> on 13–15 May that destroyed thousands of buildings and killed over 1,000 people. Various theories exist on the origins of the racial pogrom against the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">ethnic-Chinese</a>. One theory suggested rivalry between military chief General <a href="/wiki/Wiranto" title="Wiranto">Wiranto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto" title="Prabowo Subianto">Prabowo Subianto</a>, while another theory suggested deliberate provocation by Suharto to divert blame for the crisis to the ethnic-Chinese and discredit the student movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurdey2006148–150_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurdey2006148–150-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 May, tens of thousands of university students occupied the <a href="/wiki/DPR/MPR_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="DPR/MPR Building">parliament building</a>, demanding Suharto's resignation. Upon Suharto's return to Jakarta, he tried to defend his presidency by offering to resign in 2003 and to reshuffle his cabinet. These efforts failed when his political allies deserted him by refusing to join the proposed new cabinet. According to military chief <a href="/wiki/Wiranto" title="Wiranto">Wiranto</a>, on 18 May, Suharto issued a decree which provided authority to him to take any measures to restore security (similar to the 1966 <a href="/wiki/Supersemar" title="Supersemar">Supersemar</a>), however Wiranto decided not to enforce the decree to prevent conflict with the population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiranto201167–69_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiranto201167–69-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 May 1998, Suharto announced his resignation, upon which vice-president <a href="/wiki/B._J._Habibie" title="B. J. Habibie">B. J. Habibie</a> assumed the presidency in accordance with the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-SMH_McDONALD_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH_McDONALD-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickers2005203–207_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers2005203–207-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAspinallFeith1999iv–vii_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAspinallFeith1999iv–vii-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Order_(Indonesia)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly following the end of his New Order, Suharto was generally condemned and vilified. The early 2000s saw a substantial growth of democratic reform, reversing many of Suharto's authoritarian policies. Culturally, Indonesians also began to embrace a variety of freedoms (<i>kebebasan</i>) beyond the political sphere in their personal lives.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters2008_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters2008-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In later years, Suharto's rule has been remembered for its deadly repression, authoritarianism, and personal corruption as well as its government stability, considerable economic growth, and accompanying increases in the standard of living, creating strongly divided perceptions of Suharto and the New Order. Upon his death in 2008, Suharto was given a burial with full military honors, signalling a renewal in public support.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters2008_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters2008-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proposals to name Suharto a <a href="/wiki/National_Hero_of_Indonesia" title="National Hero of Indonesia">national hero of Indonesia</a> have been debated following his death. A resurgence of nostalgia for Suharto's reign among some Indonesians has been linked to discontent with modern political problems and the growth of younger generations born too late to experience the New Order. The <a href="/wiki/2024_Indonesian_general_election" title="2024 Indonesian general election">2024 election</a> of former New Order general Prabowo Subianto as President of Indonesia signalled a turning point in perceptions of Suharto, as Prabowo paid tribute to Suharto in his victory speech. Opinion polls showed Prabowo's victory being heavily supported by younger voters.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Order_(Indonesia)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">KORPRI still exists today and all civil servants are still required to join the corps.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Returned in 1970 as <i>Decorient Indonesia</i>; became consolidated subsidiary of HBG in 1977, and was retained by <a href="/wiki/Royal_BAM_Group" title="Royal BAM Group">Royal BAM Group</a> following its acquisition of HBG in 2002, until a <a href="/wiki/Management_buyout" title="Management buyout">management buyout</a> in 2021</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2001/08/24/stop-talk-kkn.html">Stop talk of KKN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141026103742/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2001/08/24/stop-talk-kkn.html">Archived</a> 26 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Jakarta Post (24 August 2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz199452–57-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz199452–57_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwarz1994">Schwarz 1994</a>, pp. 52–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSheriden2008" class="citation news cs1">Sheriden, Greg (28 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090906175338/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23118079-5013460,00.html">"Farewell to Jakarta's Man of Steel"</a>. The Australian. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23118079-5013460,00.html">the original</a> on 6 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Farewell+to+Jakarta%27s+Man+of+Steel&rft.date=2008-01-28&rft.aulast=Sheriden&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.news.com.au%2Fstory%2F0%2C25197%2C23118079-5013460%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Order+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991282-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991282_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicklefs1991">Ricklefs 1991</a>, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDake2006" class="citation book cs1">Dake, Antonie (2006). <i>Sukarno Files</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bekamsteriljakarta.com/2011/04/jelang-ajal-sang-phobi-theo-syafei.html">the original</a> on 24 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1999). and G. Van Klinken (ed.). <i>The Last Days of President Suharto</i>. Clayton, Victoria, Australia: Monash Asia Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7326-1175-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7326-1175-X"><bdi>0-7326-1175-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Days+of+President+Suharto&rft.place=Clayton%2C+Victoria%2C+Australia&rft.pub=Monash+Asia+Institute&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7326-1175-X&rft.aulast=Aspinall&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Feith%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Order+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConboy2003" class="citation book cs1">Conboy, Kenneth J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lf5TUoHfeM8C"><i>Kopassus: Inside Indonesia's Special Forces</i></a>. Equinox Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789799589880" title="Special:BookSources/9789799589880"><bdi>9789799589880</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kopassus%3A+Inside+Indonesia%27s+Special+Forces&rft.pub=Equinox+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9789799589880&rft.aulast=Conboy&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlf5TUoHfeM8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Order+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hamish_McDonald" title="Hamish McDonald">McDonald, H.</a> (1980). <i>Suharto's Indonesia</i>. Blackburn AU: Fontana Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-635721-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-635721-0"><bdi>0-00-635721-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suharto%27s+Indonesia&rft.place=Blackburn+AU&rft.pub=Fontana+Books&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-00-635721-0&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Order+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPour2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pour, Julius (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IjSBAAAAMAAJ"><i>Benny: tragedi seorang loyalis</i></a> (in Indonesian). Kata Hasta Pustaka. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-1056-10-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-1056-10-6"><bdi>978-979-1056-10-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benny%3A+tragedi+seorang+loyalis&rft.pub=Kata+Hasta+Pustaka&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-979-1056-10-6&rft.aulast=Pour&rft.aufirst=Julius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIjSBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Order+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurdey2006" class="citation book cs1">Purdey, Jemma (2006). <i>Anti-Chinese Violence in Indonesia, 1996–1999</i>. Honolulu HI: University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824830571" title="Special:BookSources/9780824830571"><bdi>9780824830571</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-Chinese+Violence+in+Indonesia%2C+1996%E2%80%931999&rft.place=Honolulu+HI&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780824830571&rft.aulast=Purdey&rft.aufirst=Jemma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Order+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicklefs1991" class="citation book cs1">Ricklefs, M. C. (1991). <i>A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1300, Second Edition</i>. MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-57689-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-57689-6"><bdi>0-333-57689-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Indonesia+since+c.+1300%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-333-57689-6&rft.aulast=Ricklefs&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Order+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarz1994" class="citation book cs1">Schwarz, A. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationinwaitingi00schw"><i>A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s</i></a>. Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86373-635-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-86373-635-2"><bdi>1-86373-635-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Nation+in+Waiting%3A+Indonesia+in+the+1990s&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-86373-635-2&rft.aulast=Schwarz&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationinwaitingi00schw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Order+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVickers2005" class="citation book cs1">Vickers, Adrian (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri"><i>A History of Modern Indonesia</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521542623" title="Special:BookSources/9780521542623"><bdi>9780521542623</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Indonesia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780521542623&rft.aulast=Vickers&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmoderni00adri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Order+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWanandi2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jusuf_Wanandi" title="Jusuf Wanandi">Wanandi, Jusuf</a> (2012). <i>Shades of Grey: A Political Memoir of Modern Indonesia 1965–1998</i>. Singapore: Equinox Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789793780924" title="Special:BookSources/9789793780924"><bdi>9789793780924</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shades+of+Grey%3A+A+Political+Memoir+of+Modern+Indonesia+1965%E2%80%931998&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Equinox+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789793780924&rft.aulast=Wanandi&rft.aufirst=Jusuf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Order+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiranto2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wiranto" title="Wiranto">Wiranto</a> (2011). <i>7 Tahun Menggali Pemikiran dan Tindakan Pak Harto 1991–1997</i> [<i>7 Years Exploring the Thoughts and Actions of Pak Harto 1991–1997</i>]. Jakarta: PT Citra Kharisma Bunda. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786028112123" title="Special:BookSources/9786028112123"><bdi>9786028112123</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=7+Tahun+Menggali+Pemikiran+dan+Tindakan+Pak+Harto+1991%E2%80%931997&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=PT+Citra+Kharisma+Bunda&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9786028112123&rft.au=Wiranto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Order+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Order_(Indonesia)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Booth, Anne and Peter McCawley (eds) 1981. <i>The Indonesian economy during the Soeharto Era</i>, Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-580477-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-580477-5">0-19-580477-5</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/nb/1997/nb9722.htm">Camdessus Commends Indonesian Actions</a></i>. Press Release. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. (31 October 1997)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColmey1999" class="citation news cs1">Colmey, John (24 May 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010208155758/http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990524/cover1.html">"The Family Firm"</a>. TIME Asia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990524/cover1.html">the original</a> on 8 February 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Family+Firm&rft.date=1999-05-24&rft.aulast=Colmey&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fasia%2Fasia%2Fmagazine%2F1999%2F990524%2Fcover1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Order+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hill, Hal (1994) in <i>Indonesia's New Order: The Dynamics of Socio-economic Transformation</i> (Ed, Hal Hill), Allen & Unwin, Australia, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86373-229-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-86373-229-2">1-86373-229-2</a> pp56–57</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051109023133/http://web.amnesty.org/library/eng-idn/index">"Indonesia: Arrests, torture and intimidation: The Government's response to its critics"</a>. Amnesty International. 27 November 1996. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.amnesty.org/library/eng-idn/index&start=391">the original</a> on 9 November 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Indonesia%3A+Arrests%2C+torture+and+intimidation%3A+The+Government%27s+response+to+its+critics&rft.date=1996-11-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.amnesty.org%2Flibrary%2Feng-idn%2Findex%26start%3D391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Order+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/lo/countries/id/id_economic.html">"Indonesia Economic"</a>. <i>Commanding Heights</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commanding+Heights&rft.atitle=Indonesia+Economic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fcommandingheights%2Flo%2Fcountries%2Fid%2Fid_economic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Order+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>McGregor, Katharine E., <i>History in Uniform. Military Ideology and the Construction of Indonesia’s Past</i>, Leiden 2007, <a href="/wiki/KITLV" class="mw-redirect" title="KITLV">KITLV</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-360-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-360-2">978-9971-69-360-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070323210822/http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/dg/povertys.nsf/0/2f56edbf2ef22ff185256b2100754284?OpenDocument">"Public Expenditures, Prices and the Poor"</a>. World Bank. 1993. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/dg/povertys.nsf/0/2f56edbf2ef22ff185256b2100754284?OpenDocument">the original</a> on 23 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Public+Expenditures%2C+Prices+and+the+Poor&rft.date=1993&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwbln0018.worldbank.org%2Fdg%2Fpovertys.nsf%2F0%2F2f56edbf2ef22ff185256b2100754284%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Order+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2004" class="citation news cs1">Simpson, Brad (9 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB128/index.htm">"Indonesia's 1969 Takeover of West Papua Not by "Free Choice"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. National Security Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Indonesia%27s+1969+Takeover+of+West+Papua+Not+by+%22Free+Choice%22&rft.date=2004-07-09&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB128%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Order+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span>`</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000525133559/http://insideindonesia.org/edit58/tapol.htm">"Tapol Troubles: When Will They End?"</a>. Inside Indonesia. April–June 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insideindonesia.org/edit58/tapol.htm">the original</a> on 25 May 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tapol+Troubles%3A+When+Will+They+End%3F&rft.date=1999-04%2F1999-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insideindonesia.org%2Fedit58%2Ftapol.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Order+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToer2000" class="citation book cs1">Toer, Pramoedya Ananta (2000). <i>The Mute's Soliloquy : A Memoir</i>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-028904-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-028904-6"><bdi>0-14-028904-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mute%27s+Soliloquy+%3A+A+Memoir&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-14-028904-6&rft.aulast=Toer&rft.aufirst=Pramoedya+Ananta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Order+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWanadi2012" class="citation book cs1">Wanadi, Jusuf (2012). <i>Shades of Grey: A Political Memoir of Modern Indonesia 1965-1998</i>. Equinox publishing, Singapore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-378-092-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-378-092-4"><bdi>978-979-378-092-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shades+of+Grey%3A+A+Political+Memoir+of+Modern+Indonesia+1965-1998&rft.pub=Equinox+publishing%2C+Singapore&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-979-378-092-4&rft.aulast=Wanadi&rft.aufirst=Jusuf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Order+%28Indonesia%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Watson, C.W. (Bill), <i>Of Self and Injustice. Autobiography and Repression in Modern Indonesia</i>, Leiden 2006, <a href="/wiki/KITLV" class="mw-redirect" title="KITLV">KITLV</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9971-69-369-0" title="Special:BookSources/9971-69-369-0">9971-69-369-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Order_(Indonesia)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10622/COLL00175"><i>Oral History Collection In Search of Silenced Voices</i></a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Social_History" title="International Institute of Social History">International Institute of Social History</a> — Collection of interviews with Indonesian exiles, on political roles and personal experiences before and after 30 September 1965.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Order" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="Template:New Order (Indonesia)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="Template talk:New Order (Indonesia)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Order (Indonesia)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Order" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Order</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> - <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Indonesia">2nd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">President of Indonesia</a> (1968–1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rise to power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_September_Movement" title="30 September Movement">30 September Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersemar" title="Supersemar">Supersemar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acting_presidency_of_Suharto" title="Acting presidency of Suharto">Acting presidency of Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspri" title="Aspri">Aspri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key aspects & events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dwifungsi" title="Dwifungsi">Dwifungsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asas_tunggal_Pancasila" title="Asas tunggal Pancasila">Asas tunggal Pancasila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angkatan_66" title="Angkatan 66">Angkatan 66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petition_of_Fifty" title="Petition of Fifty">Petition of Fifty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decline</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisakti_shootings" title="Trisakti shootings">Trisakti shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1998_riots_of_Indonesia" title="May 1998 riots of Indonesia">Indonesian riots of May 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Suharto" title="Fall of Suharto">Fall of Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Suharto_era_in_Indonesia" title="Post-Suharto era in Indonesia">Post-Suharto era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Indonesia" title="Vice President of Indonesia">Vice presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sri Sultan <a href="/wiki/Hamengkubuwono_IX" title="Hamengkubuwono IX">Hamengkubuwono IX</a> (1973–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Malik" title="Adam Malik">Adam Malik</a> (1978–1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar_Wirahadikusumah" title="Umar Wirahadikusumah">Umar Wirahadikusumah</a> (1983–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudharmono" title="Sudharmono">Sudharmono</a> (1988–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Try_Sutrisno" title="Try Sutrisno">Try Sutrisno</a> (1993–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._J._Habibie" title="B. J. Habibie">B. J. Habibie</a> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Machmud" title="Amir Machmud">Amir Machmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hasan" title="Bob Hasan">Bob Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto" title="Prabowo Subianto">Prabowo Subianto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Sadikin" title="Ali Sadikin">Ali Sadikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudono_Salim" title="Sudono Salim">Sudono Salim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Mafia" title="Berkeley Mafia">Berkeley Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golkar" title="Golkar">Golkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KORPRI" title="KORPRI">KORPRI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> & family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Suharto" title="Early life and career of Suharto">Early life and career of Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siti_Hartinah" title="Siti Hartinah">Tien Suharto</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siti_Hardiyanti_Rukmana" title="Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana">Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Suharto" title="Tommy Suharto">Tommy Suharto</a> (son)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pengkhianatan_G30S/PKI" title="Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI">Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Year_of_Living_Dangerously_(film)" title="The Year of Living Dangerously (film)">The Year of Living Dangerously</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Act_of_Killing" title="The Act of Killing">The Act of Killing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Look_of_Silence" title="The Look of Silence">The Look of Silence</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/40_Years_of_Silence:_An_Indonesian_Tragedy" title="40 Years of Silence: An Indonesian Tragedy">40 Years of Silence: An Indonesian Tragedy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_legislative_election,_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian legislative election, 1971">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_legislative_election,_1977" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian legislative election, 1977">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_legislative_election,_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian legislative election, 1982">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_legislative_election,_1987" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian legislative election, 1987">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_legislative_election,_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian legislative election, 1992">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_legislative_election,_1997" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian legislative election, 1997">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_legislative_election,_1999" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian legislative election, 1999">1999</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cabinets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Development_Cabinet" title="First Development Cabinet">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Development_Cabinet" title="Second Development Cabinet">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Development_Cabinet" title="Third Development Cabinet">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Development_Cabinet" title="Fourth Development Cabinet">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Development_Cabinet" title="Fifth Development Cabinet">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Development_Cabinet" title="Sixth Development Cabinet">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Development_Cabinet" title="Seventh Development Cabinet">Seventh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Suharto" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Suharto">Suharto on Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indonesia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indonesia_topics" 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title="Timeline of Indonesian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Indonesia" title="Prehistoric Indonesia">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia#Hindu-Buddhist_civilizations" title="History of Indonesia">Hinduism-Buddhism era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Spread of Islam in Indonesia">Spread of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_Indonesian_Archipelago" title="Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago">Portuguese era (1512–1605)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Company rule in the Dutch East Indies">VOC era (1603–1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_British_interregnum_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies">French and British era (1806–1816)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies (1800–1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation (1942–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">National Revolution (1945–49)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy_period_in_Indonesia" title="Liberal democracy period in Indonesia">Liberal democracy era (1950–59)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_Democracy_in_Indonesia" title="Guided Democracy in Indonesia">Guided Democracy (1959–65)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transitional period (1965–66)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Order (1966–98)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Suharto_era_in_Indonesia" title="Post-Suharto era in Indonesia"><i>Reformasi</i> (since 1998)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Indonesia" title="Geography of Indonesia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Borders of Indonesia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Indonesia" title="Climate of Indonesia">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Indonesia" title="Climate change in Indonesia">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Indonesia" title="Conservation in Indonesia">Conservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biosphere_reserves_of_Indonesia" title="List of biosphere reserves of Indonesia">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Indonesia" title="List of national parks of Indonesia">National parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Indonesia" title="Deforestation in Indonesia">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Indonesia" title="List of earthquakes in Indonesia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Indonesia" title="Environmental issues in Indonesia">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Indonesia" title="Geology of Indonesia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Indonesia" title="List of islands of Indonesia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Indonesia" title="List of lakes of Indonesia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Mountains of Indonesia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_highest_point" title="List of Indonesian provinces by highest point">Provincial highest points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_history_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Natural history of Indonesia">Natural history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Indonesia" title="Fauna of Indonesia">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Indonesia" title="Flora of Indonesia">Flora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Indonesia" title="Regions of Indonesia">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Indonesia" title="List of rivers of Indonesia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Indonesia" title="List of volcanoes in Indonesia">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Indonesia" title="Politics of Indonesia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Indonesia" title="Subdivisions of Indonesia">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Administrative divisions of the Dutch East Indies">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regencies and cities of Indonesia">Regencies & Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Indonesia" title="Districts of Indonesia">Districts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Indonesia" title="Cabinet of Indonesia">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia" title="Constitution of Indonesia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Indonesia" title="Elections in Indonesia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Indonesia" title="Foreign relations of Indonesia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Indonesia" title="Human rights in Indonesia">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Indonesia" title="Law of Indonesia">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Indonesia" title="Censorship in Indonesia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Indonesia" title="Law enforcement in Indonesia">Enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Indonesian National Armed Forces">Military</a> (<a href="/wiki/Babinsa" title="Babinsa">Babinsa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Indonesia" title="Capital of Indonesia">National capital</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pancasila_(politics)" title="Pancasila (politics)">Pancasila</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly">People's Consultative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Police" title="Indonesian National Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Indonesia" title="List of political parties in Indonesia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Indonesia" title="List of presidents of Indonesia">List</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wawasan_Nusantara" title="Wawasan Nusantara">Wawasan Nusantara</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Economy of Indonesia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Indonesia" title="Agriculture in Indonesia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Indonesia" title="Automotive industry in Indonesia">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Indonesia" title="Aviation in Indonesia">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Indonesia" title="List of banks in Indonesia">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Indonesia" title="Energy in Indonesia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Indonesia" title="Economic history of Indonesia">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Indonesia" title="Science and technology in Indonesia">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia_Stock_Exchange" title="Indonesia Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Indonesia" title="Communications in Indonesia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Indonesia" title="Tourism in Indonesia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Indonesia" title="Transport in Indonesia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Indonesia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Indonesia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Society of Indonesia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Indonesia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Indonesia" title="Crime in Indonesia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Indonesia" title="Human trafficking in Indonesia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_Indonesia" title="Piracy in Indonesia">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Indonesia" title="Prostitution in Indonesia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Indonesia" title="Smoking in Indonesia">Smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia" title="Culture of Indonesia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Indonesia" title="Architecture of Indonesia">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_architecture_of_Indonesia" title="Colonial architecture of Indonesia">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Mosques</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rumah_adat" title="Rumah adat">Rumah adat</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_art" title="Indonesian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batik_in_Indonesia" title="Batik in Indonesia">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Indonesia" title="Cinema of Indonesia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia" title="National costume of Indonesia">Costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Indonesia" title="Dance in Indonesia">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Indonesia" title="List of festivals in Indonesia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Indonesia" title="Folklore of Indonesia">Legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_literature" title="Indonesian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_martial_arts" title="Indonesian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Indonesia" title="Mass media in Indonesia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia" title="Music of Indonesia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Indonesia" title="Mythology of Indonesia">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Hero_of_Indonesia" title="National Hero of Indonesia">National heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_painting" title="Indonesian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_properties_of_Indonesia" title="Cultural properties of Indonesia">Properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Indonesia" title="Public holidays in Indonesia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Indonesia" title="Sport in Indonesia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Indonesia" title="Theatre of Indonesia">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Indonesia" title="Video games in Indonesia">Video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Indonesia" title="Demographics of Indonesia">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Indonesia" title="Education in Indonesia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Indonesia" title="Health in Indonesia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Indonesia" title="Healthcare in Indonesia">Healthcare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Indonesia" title="Homelessness in Indonesia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_in_Indonesia" title="Refugees in Indonesia">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Indonesia" title="Women in Indonesia">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Indonesia">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Indonesia" title="National symbols of Indonesia">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia_Raya" title="Indonesia Raya">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia" title="National costume of Indonesia">Costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_emblem_of_Indonesia" title="National emblem of Indonesia">Emblem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Indonesia" title="Armorial of Indonesia">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Indonesia" title="Armorial of Indonesia">Subdivision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_faunal_emblems" title="List of Indonesian faunal emblems">Faunal emblems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Indonesia" title="Flag of Indonesia">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of flags of Indonesia">Subdivision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_floral_emblems" title="List of Indonesian floral emblems">Floral emblems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhinneka_Tunggal_Ika" title="Bhinneka Tunggal Ika">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(archipelago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusantara (archipelago)">Nusantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibu_Pertiwi" title="Ibu Pertiwi">Personification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indonesian_songs" title="Category:Indonesian songs">Songs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Indonesia" title="Outline of Indonesia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Indonesia-related_articles" title="Index of Indonesia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indonesia" title="Category:Indonesia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" class="extiw" title="commons:Indonesia">Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Indonesia" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas 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