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</div> <div class="control"> <button class="button is-small is-link">Go</button> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <ol class="breathe-horizontal" start="1"> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.01201">arXiv:2407.01201</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.01201">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2407.01201">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="High Energy Physics - Experiment">hep-ex</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Detectors">physics.ins-det</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Performance of small-diameter muon drift tube chambers with new fast readout ASIC at high background rates </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abovyan%2C+S">Sergey Abovyan</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bangaru%2C+N">Nayana Bangaru</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Fallavollita%2C+F">Francesco Fallavollita</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Kortner%2C+O">Oliver Kortner</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Kortner%2C+S">Sandra Kortner</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Kroha%2C+H">Hubert Kroha</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Voevodina%2C+E">Elena Voevodina</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Richter%2C+R">Robert Richter</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Zhao%2C+Y">Yazhou Zhao</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2407.01201v2-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> Experiments like ATLAS at the HL-LHC or detectors at future hadron colliders need muon detectors with excellent momentum resolution up to the TeV scale both at the trigger and offline reconstruction levels. This requires muon tracking chambers with high spatial resolution even at the highest background fluxes. Drift-tube chambers are the most cost-effective technology for large-area muon systems,… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2407.01201v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2407.01201v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2407.01201v2-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> Experiments like ATLAS at the HL-LHC or detectors at future hadron colliders need muon detectors with excellent momentum resolution up to the TeV scale both at the trigger and offline reconstruction levels. This requires muon tracking chambers with high spatial resolution even at the highest background fluxes. Drift-tube chambers are the most cost-effective technology for large-area muon systems, providing the required high rate capability and three-dimensional spatial resolution. Thanks to advances in electronics, the new generation small-diameter Muon Drift Tube (sMDT) detectors with 15 mm tube diameter can be used in stand-alone mode up to the background rates expected at future hadron collider experiments, providing event times and second coordinates without additional trigger chambers. New developments in integrated front-end electronics include fast baseline restoration of the shaped signal and picosecond time-to-digital converters for second coordinate measurement with double-sided read-out. Self-triggered operation is now possible using modern high-performance FPGAs for real-time pattern recognition and track reconstruction. A new amplifier shaper discriminator chip in 65 nm TSMC CMOS technology with increased sensitivity and faster baseline recovery has been developed to cope with high background fluxes. Extensive test beam campaigns using sMDT chambers with new readout electronics have been performed at the CERN Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF++). Results show that the shorter peaking time of the new chip enhances the spatial resolution of the drift tubes by up to 100 $渭$m at a background rate of 1 MHz, the maximum rate expected at the 100 TeV collider experiment. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2407.01201v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2407.01201v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 3 July, 2024; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 1 July, 2024; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> July 2024. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">Contribution to the 16th Pisa Meeting ( May 26, 2024 to June 1, 2024 La Biodola - Isola d'Elba (Italy)) submitted to publish in a special issue of Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A</span> </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.06355">arXiv:2303.06355</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2303.06355">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2303.06355">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Detectors">physics.ins-det</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/07/C07001">10.1088/1748-0221/18/07/C07001 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Production and characterization of random electrode sectorization in GEM foils </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Pellecchia%2C+A">Antonello Pellecchia</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bianco%2C+M">Michele Bianco</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=De+Oliveira%2C+R">Rui De Oliveira</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Fallavollita%2C+F">Francesco Fallavollita</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Fiorina%2C+D">Davide Fiorina</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Rosi%2C+N">Nicole Rosi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Verwilligen%2C+P">Piet Verwilligen</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2303.06355v4-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> In triple-GEM detectors, the segmentation of GEM foils in electrically independent sectors allows reducing the probability of discharge damage to the detector and improving the detector rate capability; however, a segmented foil presents thin dead regions in the separation between two sectors and the segmentation pattern has to be manually aligned with the GEM hole pattern during the foil manufact… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2303.06355v4-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2303.06355v4-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2303.06355v4-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> In triple-GEM detectors, the segmentation of GEM foils in electrically independent sectors allows reducing the probability of discharge damage to the detector and improving the detector rate capability; however, a segmented foil presents thin dead regions in the separation between two sectors and the segmentation pattern has to be manually aligned with the GEM hole pattern during the foil manufacturing, a procedure potentially sensitive to errors. We describe the production and characterization of triple-GEM detectors produced with an innovative GEM foil segmentation technique, the ``random hole segmentation'', that allows an easier manufacturing of segmented GEM foils. The electrical stability to high voltage and the gain uniformity of a random-hole segmented triple-GEM prototype are measured. The results of a test beam on a prototype assembled for the Phase-2 GEM upgrade of the CMS experiment are also presented; a high-statistics efficiency measurement shows that the random hole segmentation can limit the efficiency loss of the detector in the areas between two sectors, making it a viable alternative to blank segmentation for the GEM foil manufacturing of large-area detector systems. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2303.06355v4-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2303.06355v4-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 26 May, 2023; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 11 March, 2023; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> March 2023. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.12037">arXiv:2203.12037</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2203.12037">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2203.12037">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Detectors">physics.ins-det</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="High Energy Physics - Experiment">hep-ex</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2022.166716">10.1016/j.nima.2022.166716 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Quality Control of Mass-Produced GEM Detectors for the CMS GE1/1 Muon Upgrade </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abbas%2C+M">M. Abbas</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abbrescia%2C+M">M. Abbrescia</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abdalla%2C+H">H. Abdalla</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abdelalim%2C+A">A. Abdelalim</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=AbuZeid%2C+S">S. AbuZeid</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Agapitos%2C+A">A. Agapitos</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ahmad%2C+A">A. Ahmad</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ahmed%2C+A">A. Ahmed</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ahmed%2C+W">W. Ahmed</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Aim%C3%A8%2C+C">C. Aim猫</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Aruta%2C+C">C. Aruta</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Asghar%2C+I">I. Asghar</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Aspell%2C+P">P. Aspell</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Avila%2C+C">C. Avila</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Babbar%2C+J">J. Babbar</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ban%2C+Y">Y. Ban</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Band%2C+R">R. Band</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bansal%2C+S">S. Bansal</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Benussi%2C+L">L. Benussi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Beyrouthy%2C+T">T. Beyrouthy</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bhatnagar%2C+V">V. Bhatnagar</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bianco%2C+M">M. Bianco</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bianco%2C+S">S. Bianco</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Black%2C+K">K. Black</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Borgonovi%2C+L">L. Borgonovi</a> , et al. (157 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2203.12037v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> The series of upgrades to the Large Hadron Collider, culminating in the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider, will enable a significant expansion of the physics program of the CMS experiment. However, the accelerator upgrades will also make the experimental conditions more challenging, with implications for detector operations, triggering, and data analysis. The luminosity of the proton-proton co… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2203.12037v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2203.12037v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2203.12037v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> The series of upgrades to the Large Hadron Collider, culminating in the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider, will enable a significant expansion of the physics program of the CMS experiment. However, the accelerator upgrades will also make the experimental conditions more challenging, with implications for detector operations, triggering, and data analysis. The luminosity of the proton-proton collisions is expected to exceed $2-3\times10^{34}$~cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$ for Run 3 (starting in 2022), and it will be at least $5\times10^{34}$~cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$ when the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider is completed for Run 4. These conditions will affect muon triggering, identification, and measurement, which are critical capabilities of the experiment. To address these challenges, additional muon detectors are being installed in the CMS endcaps, based on Gas Electron Multiplier technology. For this purpose, 161 large triple-Gas Electron Multiplier detectors have been constructed and tested. Installation of these devices began in 2019 with the GE1/1 station and will be followed by two additional stations, GE2/1 and ME0, to be installed in 2023 and 2026, respectively. The assembly and quality control of the GE1/1 detectors were distributed across several production sites around the world. We motivate and discuss the quality control procedures that were developed to standardize the performance of the detectors, and we present the final results of the production. Out of 161 detectors produced, 156 detectors passed all tests, and 144 detectors are now installed in the CMS experiment. The various visual inspections, gas tightness tests, intrinsic noise rate characterizations, and effective gas gain and response uniformity tests allowed the project to achieve this high success rate. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2203.12037v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2203.12037v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 22 March, 2022; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> March 2022. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">45 pages, 39 figures, submitted to Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A</span> </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.06525">arXiv:2203.06525</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2203.06525">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2203.06525">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Detectors">physics.ins-det</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> MPGDs for tracking and Muon detection at future high energy physics colliders </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Black%2C+K">K. Black</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Colaleo%2C+A">A. Colaleo</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Aim%C3%A8%2C+C">C. Aim猫</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Alviggi%2C+M">M. Alviggi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Aruta%2C+C">C. Aruta</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bianco%2C+M">M. Bianco</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Balossino%2C+I">I. Balossino</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bencivenni%2C+G">G. Bencivenni</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bertani%2C+M">M. Bertani</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Braghieri%2C+A">A. Braghieri</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Cafaro%2C+V">V. Cafaro</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Calzaferri%2C+S">S. Calzaferri</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Camerlingo%2C+M+T">M. T. Camerlingo</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Canale%2C+V">V. Canale</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Cibinetto%2C+G">G. Cibinetto</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Corbetta%2C+M">M. Corbetta</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=D%27Amico%2C+V">V. D'Amico</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=De+Lucia%2C+E">E. De Lucia</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Della+Pietra%2C+M">M. Della Pietra</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Di+Donato%2C+C">C. Di Donato</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Di+Nardo%2C+R">R. Di Nardo</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Domenici%2C+D">D. Domenici</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Errico%2C+F">F. Errico</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Everaerts%2C+P">P. Everaerts</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Fallavollita%2C+F">F. Fallavollita</a> , et al. (39 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2203.06525v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> In the next years, the energy and intensity frontiers of the experimental Particle Physics will be pushed forward with the upgrade of existing accelerators (LHC at CERN) and the envisaged construction of new machines at energy scales up to hundreds TeV or with unprecedented intensity (FCC-hh, FCC-ee, ILC, Muon Collider). Large size, cost-effective, high-efficiency detection systems in high backgro… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2203.06525v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2203.06525v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2203.06525v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> In the next years, the energy and intensity frontiers of the experimental Particle Physics will be pushed forward with the upgrade of existing accelerators (LHC at CERN) and the envisaged construction of new machines at energy scales up to hundreds TeV or with unprecedented intensity (FCC-hh, FCC-ee, ILC, Muon Collider). Large size, cost-effective, high-efficiency detection systems in high background environments are required in order to accomplish the physics program. MPGDs offer a diversity of technologies that allow them to meet the required performance challenges at future facilities thanks to the specific advantages that each technology provides. MPGDs allow stable operation, with environmentally friendly gas mixtures, at very high background particle flux with high detection efficiency and excellent spatial resolution. These features make MPGD one of the primary choices as precise muon tracking and trigger system in general-purpose detectors at future HEP colliders. In addition, the low material budget and the flexibility of the base material make MPGDs suitable for the development of very light, full cylindrical fine tracking inner trackers at lepton colliders. On-going R&Ds aim at pushing the detector performance at the limits of each technology. We are working in continuing to consolidate the construction and stable operation of large-size detectors, able to cope with large particle fluxes. In this white paper, we describe some of the most prominent MPGD technologies, their performance measurements, the challenges faced in the most recent applications, and the areas of improvement towards efficient tracking and Muon detection at future high energy physics colliders. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2203.06525v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2203.06525v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 12 March, 2022; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> March 2022. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">Contribution to Snowmass 2021</span> </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.09021">arXiv:2201.09021</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2201.09021">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2201.09021">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Detectors">physics.ins-det</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Rate capability of large-area triple-GEM detectors and new foil design for the innermost station, ME0, of the CMS endcap muon system </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bianco%2C+M">Michele Bianco</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Fallavollita%2C+F">Francesco Fallavollita</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Fiorina%2C+D">Davide Fiorina</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Pellecchia%2C+A">Antonello Pellecchia</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Garcia%2C+L+F+R">Luis Felipe Ramirez Garcia</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Rosi%2C+N">Nicole Rosi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Verwilligen%2C+P">Piet Verwilligen</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2201.09021v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> To extend the acceptance of the CMS muon spectrometer to the region 2.4 $<|畏|<$ 2.8, stacks of triple-GEM chambers, forming the ME0 station, are planned for the CMS Phase 2 Upgrade. These large-area micro-pattern gaseous detectors must operate in a challenging environment with expected background particle fluxes up to 150 kHz/cm$^2$. Unlike traditional non-resistive gaseous detectors, the rate cap… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2201.09021v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2201.09021v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2201.09021v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> To extend the acceptance of the CMS muon spectrometer to the region 2.4 $<|畏|<$ 2.8, stacks of triple-GEM chambers, forming the ME0 station, are planned for the CMS Phase 2 Upgrade. These large-area micro-pattern gaseous detectors must operate in a challenging environment with expected background particle fluxes up to 150 kHz/cm$^2$. Unlike traditional non-resistive gaseous detectors, the rate capability of such triple-GEM detectors is limited not by space charge effects, but by voltage drops on the chamber electrodes due to avalanche-induced currents flowing through the resistive protection circuits (introduced as discharge quenchers). We present a study of the irradiation of large-area triple-GEM detectors with moderate fluxes to obtain a high integrated hit rate. The results show drops as high as 40% of the nominal detector gas gain, which would result in severe loss of tracking efficiency. We discuss possible mitigation strategies leading to a new design for the GEM foils with electrode segmentation in the radial direction, instead of the "traditional" transverse segmentation. The advantages of the new design include uniform hit rate across different sectors, minimization of gain-loss without the need for voltage compensation, and independence of detector gain on background flux shape. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2201.09021v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2201.09021v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 22 January, 2022; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> January 2022. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.09364">arXiv:2107.09364</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2107.09364">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2107.09364">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Detectors">physics.ins-det</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="High Energy Physics - Experiment">hep-ex</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/11/P11014">10.1088/1748-0221/16/11/P11014 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Performance of a Triple-GEM Demonstrator in $pp$ Collisions at the CMS Detector </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abbas%2C+M">M. Abbas</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abbrescia%2C+M">M. Abbrescia</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abdalla%2C+H">H. Abdalla</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abdelalim%2C+A">A. Abdelalim</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=AbuZeid%2C+S">S. AbuZeid</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Agapitos%2C+A">A. Agapitos</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ahmad%2C+A">A. Ahmad</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ahmed%2C+A">A. Ahmed</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ahmed%2C+W">W. Ahmed</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Aim%C3%A8%2C+C">C. Aim猫</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Aruta%2C+C">C. Aruta</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Asghar%2C+I">I. Asghar</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Aspell%2C+P">P. Aspell</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Avila%2C+C">C. Avila</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Babbar%2C+J">J. Babbar</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ban%2C+Y">Y. Ban</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Band%2C+R">R. Band</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bansal%2C+S">S. Bansal</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Benussi%2C+L">L. Benussi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bhatnagar%2C+V">V. Bhatnagar</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bianco%2C+M">M. Bianco</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bianco%2C+S">S. Bianco</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Black%2C+K">K. Black</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Borgonovi%2C+L">L. Borgonovi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bouhali%2C+O">O. Bouhali</a> , et al. (156 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2107.09364v2-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> After the Phase-2 high-luminosity upgrade to the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the collision rate and therefore the background rate will significantly increase, particularly in the high $畏$ region. To improve both the tracking and triggering of muons, the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Collaboration plans to install triple-layer Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detectors in the CMS muon endcaps. Demonstr… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2107.09364v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2107.09364v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2107.09364v2-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> After the Phase-2 high-luminosity upgrade to the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the collision rate and therefore the background rate will significantly increase, particularly in the high $畏$ region. To improve both the tracking and triggering of muons, the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Collaboration plans to install triple-layer Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detectors in the CMS muon endcaps. Demonstrator GEM detectors were installed in CMS during 2017 to gain operational experience and perform a preliminary investigation of detector performance. We present the results of triple-GEM detector performance studies performed in situ during normal CMS and LHC operations in 2018. The distribution of cluster size and the efficiency to reconstruct high $p_T$ muons in proton--proton collisions are presented as well as the measurement of the environmental background rate to produce hits in the GEM detector. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2107.09364v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2107.09364v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 22 September, 2021; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 20 July, 2021; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> July 2021. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">10 pages, 5 figures</span> </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.03621">arXiv:2107.03621</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2107.03621">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2107.03621">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Detectors">physics.ins-det</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="High Energy Physics - Experiment">hep-ex</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/12/P12026">10.1088/1748-0221/16/12/P12026 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Modeling the triple-GEM detector response to background particles for the CMS Experiment </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abbas%2C+M">M. Abbas</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abbrescia%2C+M">M. Abbrescia</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abdalla%2C+H">H. Abdalla</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abdelalim%2C+A">A. Abdelalim</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=AbuZeid%2C+S">S. AbuZeid</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Agapitos%2C+A">A. Agapitos</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ahmad%2C+A">A. Ahmad</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ahmed%2C+A">A. Ahmed</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ahmed%2C+W">W. Ahmed</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Aim%C3%A8%2C+C">C. Aim猫</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Aruta%2C+C">C. Aruta</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Asghar%2C+I">I. Asghar</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Aspell%2C+P">P. Aspell</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Avila%2C+C">C. Avila</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Azhgirey%2C+I">I. Azhgirey</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Babbar%2C+J">J. Babbar</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ban%2C+Y">Y. Ban</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Band%2C+R">R. Band</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bansal%2C+S">S. Bansal</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Benussi%2C+L">L. Benussi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bhatnagar%2C+V">V. Bhatnagar</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bianco%2C+M">M. Bianco</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bianco%2C+S">S. Bianco</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Black%2C+K">K. Black</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Borgonovi%2C+L">L. Borgonovi</a> , et al. (164 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2107.03621v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> An estimate of environmental background hit rate on triple-GEM chambers is performed using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation and compared to data taken by test chambers installed in the CMS experiment (GE1/1) during Run-2 at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The hit rate is measured using data collected with proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV and a luminosity of 1.5$\times10^{34}$ cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$. The… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2107.03621v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2107.03621v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2107.03621v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> An estimate of environmental background hit rate on triple-GEM chambers is performed using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation and compared to data taken by test chambers installed in the CMS experiment (GE1/1) during Run-2 at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The hit rate is measured using data collected with proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV and a luminosity of 1.5$\times10^{34}$ cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$. The simulation framework uses a combination of the FLUKA and Geant4 packages to obtain the hit rate. FLUKA provides the radiation environment around the GE1/1 chambers, which is comprised of the particle flux with momentum direction and energy spectra ranging from $10^{-11}$ to $10^{4}$ MeV for neutrons, $10^{-3}$ to $10^{4}$ MeV for $纬$'s, $10^{-2}$ to $10^{4}$ MeV for $e^{\pm}$, and $10^{-1}$ to $10^{4}$ MeV for charged hadrons. Geant4 provides an estimate of detector response (sensitivity) based on an accurate description of detector geometry, material composition and interaction of particles with the various detector layers. The MC simulated hit rate is estimated as a function of the perpendicular distance from the beam line and agrees with data within the assigned uncertainties of 10-14.5%. This simulation framework can be used to obtain a reliable estimate of background rates expected at the High Luminosity LHC. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2107.03621v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2107.03621v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 8 July, 2021; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> July 2021. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">16 pages, 9 figures, 6 tables</span> </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.09505">arXiv:2009.09505</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.09505">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2009.09505">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Detectors">physics.ins-det</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="High Energy Physics - Experiment">hep-ex</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/15/12/P12019">10.1088/1748-0221/15/12/P12019 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Interstrip Capacitances of the Readout Board used in Large Triple-GEM Detectors for the CMS Muon Upgrade </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abbas%2C+M">M. Abbas</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abbrescia%2C+M">M. Abbrescia</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abdalla%2C+H">H. Abdalla</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abdelalim%2C+A">A. Abdelalim</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=AbuZeid%2C+S">S. AbuZeid</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Agapitos%2C+A">A. Agapitos</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ahmad%2C+A">A. Ahmad</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ahmed%2C+A">A. Ahmed</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ahmed%2C+W">W. Ahmed</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Aim%C3%A8%2C+C">C. Aim猫</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Aruta%2C+C">C. Aruta</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Asghar%2C+I">I. Asghar</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Aspell%2C+P">P. Aspell</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Avila%2C+C">C. Avila</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Babbar%2C+J">J. Babbar</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ban%2C+Y">Y. Ban</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Band%2C+R">R. Band</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bansal%2C+S">S. Bansal</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Benussi%2C+L">L. Benussi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bhatnagar%2C+V">V. Bhatnagar</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bianco%2C+M">M. Bianco</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bianco%2C+S">S. Bianco</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Black%2C+K">K. Black</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Borgonovi%2C+L">L. Borgonovi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bouhali%2C+O">O. Bouhali</a> , et al. (156 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2009.09505v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> We present analytical calculations, Finite Element Analysis modeling, and physical measurements of the interstrip capacitances for different potential strip geometries and dimensions of the readout boards for the GE2/1 triple-Gas Electron Multiplier detector in the CMS muon system upgrade. The main goal of the study is to find configurations that minimize the interstrip capacitances and consequent… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2009.09505v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2009.09505v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2009.09505v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> We present analytical calculations, Finite Element Analysis modeling, and physical measurements of the interstrip capacitances for different potential strip geometries and dimensions of the readout boards for the GE2/1 triple-Gas Electron Multiplier detector in the CMS muon system upgrade. The main goal of the study is to find configurations that minimize the interstrip capacitances and consequently maximize the signal-to-noise ratio for the detector. We find agreement at the 1.5--4.8% level between the two methods of calculations and on the average at the 17% level between calculations and measurements. A configuration with halved strip lengths and doubled strip widths results in a measured 27--29% reduction over the original configuration while leaving the total number of strips unchanged. We have now adopted this design modification for all eight module types of the GE2/1 detector and will produce the final detector with this new strip design. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2009.09505v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2009.09505v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 20 September, 2020; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> September 2020. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">22 pages, 14 figures</span> </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Journal ref:</span> 2020 JINST 15 P12019 </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1403.1709">arXiv:1403.1709</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1403.1709">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/1403.1709">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Detectors">physics.ins-det</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics">astro-ph.IM</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Physics and Society">physics.soc-ph</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Historical building stability monitoring by means of a cosmic ray tracking system </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Zenoni%2C+A">A. Zenoni</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bonomi%2C+G">G. Bonomi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Donzella%2C+A">A. Donzella</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Subieta%2C+M">M. Subieta</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Baronio%2C+G">G. Baronio</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bodini%2C+I">I. Bodini</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Cambiaghi%2C+D">D. Cambiaghi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Lancini%2C+M">M. Lancini</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Vetturi%2C+D">D. Vetturi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Barnab%C3%A0%2C+O">O. Barnab脿</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Fallavollita%2C+F">F. Fallavollita</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Nard%C3%B2%2C+R">R. Nard貌</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Riccardi%2C+C">C. Riccardi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Rossella%2C+M">M. Rossella</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Vitulo%2C+P">P. Vitulo</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Zumerle%2C+G">G. Zumerle</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1403.1709v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> Cosmic ray radiation is mostly composed, at sea level, by high energy muons, which are highly penetrating particles capable of crossing kilometers of rock. Cosmic ray radiation constituted the first source of projectiles used to investigate the intimate structure of matter and is currently and largely used for particle detector test and calibration. The ubiquitous and steady presence at the Earth'… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1403.1709v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1403.1709v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1403.1709v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> Cosmic ray radiation is mostly composed, at sea level, by high energy muons, which are highly penetrating particles capable of crossing kilometers of rock. Cosmic ray radiation constituted the first source of projectiles used to investigate the intimate structure of matter and is currently and largely used for particle detector test and calibration. The ubiquitous and steady presence at the Earth's surface and the high penetration capability has motivated the use of cosmic ray radiation also in fields beyond particle physics, from geological and archaeological studies to industrial applications and civil security. In the present paper, cosmic ray muon detection techniques are assessed for stability monitoring applications in the field of civil engineering, in particular for static monitoring of historical buildings, where conservation constraints are more severe and the time evolution of the deformation phenomena under study may be of the order of months or years. As a significant case study, the monitoring of the wooden vaulted roof of the "Palazzo della Loggia" in the town of Brescia, in Italy, has been considered. The feasibility as well as the performances and limitations of a monitoring system based on cosmic ray tracking, in the considered case, have been studied by Monte Carlo simulation and discussed in comparison with more traditional monitoring systems. Requirements for muon detectors suitable for this particular application, as well as the results of some preliminary tests on a muon detector prototype based on scintillating fibers and silicon photomultipliers SiPM are presented. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1403.1709v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1403.1709v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 7 March, 2014; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> March 2014. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">32 pages, 16 figures</span> </p> </li> </ol> <div class="is-hidden-tablet">  <span class="help" style="display: inline-block;"><a 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