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However, that there was a mutual influence is an established fact. The Baptist influence among the Mennonites in Russia coincided with the revival that was started through the work of <a href="/index.php?title=W%C3%BCst,_Eduard_(1818-1859)" title="W眉st, Eduard (1818-1859)">Eduard W眉st</a> and became noticeable when the traditional Mennonite form of baptism was changed on 23 September 1860 by the group which introduced baptism by <a href="/index.php?title=Immersion" title="Immersion">immersion</a>. When the newly founded <a href="/index.php?title=Mennonite_Brethren_Church" title="Mennonite Brethren Church">Mennonite Brethren Church</a> in 1862 made immersion compulsory it adopted a characteristic Baptist practice, which it apparently took over from that group. </p><p><a href="/index.php?title=Friesen,_Peter_Martin_(1849-1914)" title="Friesen, Peter Martin (1849-1914)">Peter M. Friesen</a> reported that Jacob Reimer claimed that he had read the life story of the Baptist Anna Judson in 1837, on which occasion he learned that there were some Christians who practiced baptism by immersion. By 1860 other literature had reached the Mennonites in Russia in which baptism by immersion was advocated. During the winter of 1860-1861 a correspondence was begun with the Baptist evangelist <a href="/index.php?title=Alf,_Gottfried_F._(1831-1898)" title="Alf, Gottfried F. (1831-1898)">Gottfried F. Alf</a> in <a href="/index.php?title=Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and the Mennonite elder <a href="/index.php?title=Ewert,_Peter_(19th_century)" title="Ewert, Peter (19th century)">Peter Ewert</a> of the <a href="/index.php?title=Deutsch-Wymysle_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsch-Wymysle (Poland)">Deutsch-Wymysle</a> Mennonites who had also just introduced baptism by immersion. The founding and organization of the <a href="/index.php?title=Einlage_Mennonite_Brethren_Church_(Einlage,_Chortitza_Mennonite_Settlement,_Zaporizhia_Oblast,_Ukraine)" title="Einlage Mennonite Brethren Church (Einlage, Chortitza Mennonite Settlement, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)">Einlage Mennonite Brethren Church</a> at <a href="/index.php?title=Chortitza_Mennonite_Settlement_(Zaporizhia_Oblast,_Ukraine)" title="Chortitza Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)">Chortitza</a> took place in close cooperation with the father of the German Baptist movement, <a href="/index.php?title=Oncken,_Johann_Gerhard_(1800-1884)" title="Oncken, Johann Gerhard (1800-1884)">Johann G. Oncken</a> of Hamburg. He ordained <a href="/index.php?title=Unger,_Abraham_(1825-1880)" title="Unger, Abraham (1825-1880)">Abraham Unger</a> as elder of the congregation in 1869. Other Baptist ministers such as <a href="/index.php?title=Benzien,_Karl_(19th/20th_century)" title="Benzien, Karl (19th/20th century)">K. Benzien</a>, <a href="/index.php?title=Baedeker,_Friedrich_Wilhelm_(1823-1906)" title="Baedeker, Friedrich Wilhelm (1823-1906)">F. W. Baedeker</a>, and <a href="/index.php?title=Liebig,_August_G._A._(1836-1914)" title="Liebig, August G. A. (1836-1914)">August Liebig</a> exerted a very definite influence on the newly organized Mennonite Brethren Church. Although the Baptists did not succeed in achieving an organic union with this Mennonite group, the spiritual ties and spheres of co-operation continued throughout the decades. Some Mennonite Brethren ministers received their training in the Baptist Seminary at Hamburg and many of their missionaries went out to the Baptist mission field in <a href="/index.php?title=India" title="India">India</a> a part of which was later obtained as a Mennonite Brethren mission field. </p><p>On the other hand, the Mennonites and particularly the Mennonite Brethren in Russia had a definite share in the origin and development of the evangelical movement in Russia which resulted in two major groups, the <a href="/index.php?title=Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> and Evangelical Christians. Especially the groups which had separated from the Greek Catholic Church, such as the <a href="/index.php?title=Dukhobors" title="Dukhobors">Dukhobors</a> and the Molokans, were a fertile field. The <a href="/index.php?title=Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietists</a>, W眉st and Bonek盲mper, introduced into the German settlements of South Russia meetings for devotional purposes called Stunden (hours). Those attending these meetings became known as "<a href="/index.php?title=Stundism" title="Stundism">Stundists</a>." These practices were also accepted by the Mennonites. Gradually some hired Russian helpers attending such meetings were converted. Having observed public baptisms by the Mennonite Brethren, some desired also to be baptized. Thus J. Wider and his brother G. Wider baptized the first Russians in 1863. <a href="/index.php?title=Unger,_Abraham_(1825-1880)" title="Unger, Abraham (1825-1880)">Elder A. Unger</a> of the <a href="/index.php?title=Einlage_Mennonite_Brethren_Church_(Einlage,_Chortitza_Mennonite_Settlement,_Zaporizhia_Oblast,_Ukraine)" title="Einlage Mennonite Brethren Church (Einlage, Chortitza Mennonite Settlement, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)">Einlage Mennonite Brethren congregation</a> baptized a Yefim Zembal who in turn baptized other Russian Stundists, outstanding among whom was Ivan Ryaboshapka, who became a leading evangelist. <a href="/index.php?title=Jansen,_Cornelius_(1822-1894)" title="Jansen, Cornelius (1822-1894)">Cornelius Jansen</a> of <a href="/index.php?title=Berdyansk_(Zaporizhia_Oblast,_Ukraine)" title="Berdyansk (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)">Berdyansk</a>, and the <a href="/index.php?title=Molotschna_Mennonite_Settlement_(Zaporizhia_Oblast,_Ukraine)" title="Molotschna Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)">Molotschna Mennonites</a>, helped Scottish Presbyterian evangelist William Melville, who had been working in Russia since 1823, in the distribution of Bibles in Russia, which paved the way for the revival and renewed spread of the Stundist movement which had begun somewhat earlier. </p><p>Another source of the Stundist or Evangelical movement originated through the Englishman Lord Radstock, who in St. Petersburg started a tract mission in 1875, primarily among the aristocracy. Outstanding among the leaders were W. A. Pashkov and Korff. Although this movement originally had little to do with the Mennonites, later contacts were established through such men as <a href="/index.php?title=Kroeker,_Jakob_(1872-1948)" title="Kroeker, Jakob (1872-1948)">Jakob Kroeker</a>. After the <a href="/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_and_Civil_War" title="Russian Revolution and Civil War">Bolshevik Revolution in 1917</a>, <a href="/index.php?title=Licht_im_Osten" title="Licht im Osten"><em>Licht im Osten</em></a>, Wernigerode a.H., Germany, under the directorship of the Mennonite preacher, Jakob Kroeker, became the spiritual center of the Russian Baptist and Evangelical Christian refugees in Germany, from which Christian literature was sent to Russia, and where young people were trained for evangelistic work in Slavic countries. Among the leaders and teachers of the institution who had come from Russia in addition to Jakob Kroeker were W. Jack, Wl. Marzinkowskij, B. Harder, J. S. Prochanov. </p><p>In Russia itself co-operation between the Mennonites, and the Baptists and Evangelical Christians, continued particularly after the Revolution. To what degree the Mennonites or the followers of Tolstoy were responsible for the fact that many of the Evangelicals and Baptists became <a href="/index.php?title=Conscientious_Objection" title="Conscientious Objection">conscientious objectors</a> to war is not definitely established. Prior to the severe persecutions under the Soviets, the number of the two groups (<a href="/index.php?title=Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> and Evangelicals) was estimated as being above two million. </p><p>During the 1950s the groups were supposed to have united (according to the <em>Bolshaya Sovietskaya Encyclopedia</em>) under the chairmanship of Zhidkov. </p><p>For bibliography see <a href="/index.php?title=Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> </p><p><br /> </p> <table class="infobox"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Author(s) </th> <td>Emil H盲ndiges </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td>Cornelius Krahn </td></tr> <tr> <th>Date Published </th> <td>1953 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/index.php?title=Author1::H%C3%A4ndiges,_Emil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Author1::H盲ndiges, Emil (page does not exist)"> </a> <a href="/index.php?title=Author2::Krahn,_Cornelius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Author2::Krahn, Cornelius (page does not exist)"> </a> <a href="/index.php?title=PublDate::1953&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PublDate::1953 (page does not exist)"> </a> </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <h1><span class="mw-headline" id="Cite_This_Article">Cite This Article</span></h1> <p><b>MLA style</b> </p><p>H盲ndiges, Emil and Cornelius Krahn. "Baptists and Mennonites in Russia." <i>Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online</i>. 1953. Web. 29 Nov 2024. <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external free" href="https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Baptists_and_Mennonites_in_Russia&oldid=90984">https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Baptists_and_Mennonites_in_Russia&oldid=90984</a>. </p><p><b>APA style</b> </p><p>H盲ndiges, Emil and Cornelius Krahn. (1953). Baptists and Mennonites in Russia. <i>Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online</i>. Retrieved 29 November 2024, from <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external free" href="https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Baptists_and_Mennonites_in_Russia&oldid=90984">https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Baptists_and_Mennonites_in_Russia&oldid=90984</a>. </p><p><br /> </p> <hr /> <p><br /></p><div class="floatleft"><a href="/index.php?title=File:Hpbuttns.png&filetimestamp=20180129190736&" class="image"><img alt="Hpbuttns.png" src="/images/a/a0/Hpbuttns.png" decoding="async" width="144" height="56" data-file-width="144" data-file-height="56" /></a></div><p> Adapted by permission of <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldpress.com/">Herald Press</a>, Harrisonburg, Virginia, from <i>Mennonite Encyclopedia</i>, Vol. 1, pp. 230-231. All rights reserved. </p><p><br /> 漏1996-2024 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. 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