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href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:White_Wine_Glas.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/White_Wine_Glas.jpg/140px-White_Wine_Glas.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/White_Wine_Glas.jpg/210px-White_Wine_Glas.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/White_Wine_Glas.jpg/280px-White_Wine_Glas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="800"></a> <figcaption> सफेद मदिरा </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:Red_Wine_Glass.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Red_Wine_Glass.jpg/140px-Red_Wine_Glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Red_Wine_Glass.jpg/210px-Red_Wine_Glass.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Red_Wine_Glass.jpg/280px-Red_Wine_Glass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="800"></a> <figcaption> लाल मदिरा </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:17-05-06-Miniaturen_RR79033.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/17-05-06-Miniaturen_RR79033.jpg/220px-17-05-06-Miniaturen_RR79033.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/17-05-06-Miniaturen_RR79033.jpg/330px-17-05-06-Miniaturen_RR79033.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/17-05-06-Miniaturen_RR79033.jpg/440px-17-05-06-Miniaturen_RR79033.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3788" data-file-height="2741"></a> <figcaption></figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="रम">रम</a>, <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="व्हिस्की">विस्की</a>, <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="चूलईया (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">चूलईया</a>, <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="महुआ">महुआ</a>, <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ब्रांडी">ब्रांडी</a>, <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="जीन">जीन</a>, <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="बियर">बीयर</a>, <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="हंड़िया">हंड़िया</a>, आदि सभी एक है क्योंकि सबमें <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="अल्कोहल">अल्कोहल</a> होता है। हाँ, इनमें एलकोहल की मात्रा और नशा लाने कि अपेक्षित क्षमता अलग-अलग जरूर होती है परन्तु सभी को हम 'शराब' ही कहते है। कभी-कभी लोग हड़िया या <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="बियर">बीयर</a> को शराब से अलग समझते हैं जो कि बिलकुल गलत है। दोनों में एल्कोहल तो होता ही है।</p> <p>शराब अक्सर हमारे समाज में आनन्द के लिए पी जाती है। ज्यादातर शुरूआत दोस्तों के प्रभाव या दबाव के कारण होता है और बाद में भी कई अन्य कारणों से लोग इसका सेवन जारी रखते है। जैसे- बोरियत मिटाने के लिए, खुशी मनाने के लिए, <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="अवसाद">अवसाद</a> में, <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="चिंता">चिन्ता</a> में, तीव्र क्रोध या आवेग आने पर, आत्माविश्वास लाने के लिए या मूड बनाने के लिए आदि। इसके अतिरिक्त शराब के सेवन को कई समाज में धार्मिक व अन्य सामाजिक अनुष्ठानों से भी जोड़ा जाता है। परन्तु कोई भी समाज या धर्म इसके दुरूपयोग की स्वीकृति नहीं देता है।</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="hi" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">अनुक्रम</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">शराब सेवन के लक्षण</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">शराब का आदी होना</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">शराब के आदी व्यक्ति की पहचान</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">शराब से शारीरिक क्षति</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">शराब छोडने के उपाय</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">सन्दर्भ</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">इन्हें भी देखें</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="शराब_सेवन_के_लक्षण"><span id=".E0.A4.B6.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AC_.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.A8_.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.87_.E0.A4.B2.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B7.E0.A4.A3"></span>शराब सेवन के लक्षण</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: शराब सेवन के लक्षण" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>संपादित करें</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>शराब के लगातार सेवन से कुछ विशेष लक्षण दिखाई देने लगते हैं, जिसके आधार पर भी इसके आदी होने को पहचाना जा सकता है। जैसे-<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <ul> <li>हमेशा शराब सेवन करने की प्रबल इच्छा या तलब।</li> </ul> <ul> <li>असरदार (टॉलरेंस) नशा के लिए शराब की मात्रा में बढोतरी।</li> </ul> <ul> <li>शराब छोड़ने पर शरीर में कम्पन होना, <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="रक्तचाप">रक्तचाप</a> अनियमित हो जाना, घबराहट, बेचैनी होना, कानों में आवाज सुनाई पड़ना, आँखो के सामने कीड़े-मकोडे़ चलते नजर आना, भयभीत होना, नींद न आना आदि। दुबारा सेवन करते ही इन लक्षणें में सुधार होना पाया जाता है।</li> </ul> <ul> <li>लम्बे समय तक अधिक मात्रा में सेवन करना।</li> </ul> <ul> <li>रूचिकर कार्यो से विमुख होने और अधिकतर समय शराब की तलाश में बिताना या नशे के प्रभाव में रहना।</li> </ul> <ul> <li>शारीरिक व मानसिक दुष्प्रभावों के बावजूद सेवन बंद नही रखना या कोशिश करने के बावजूद सेवन बंद नही कर पाना।</li> </ul> <ul> <li>सामाजिक, व्यवसायिक, पारिवारिक क्षेत्रो में हनन।</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="शराब_का_आदी_होना"><span id=".E0.A4.B6.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AC_.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.BE_.E0.A4.86.E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.80_.E0.A4.B9.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.BE"></span>शराब का आदी होना</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: शराब का आदी होना" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>संपादित करें</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>जब लोग शराब का सेवन जारी रखते है तो धीरे-धीरे ऐसी आदत बन जाती है कि उसे छोड़ पाना मुश्किल हो जाता है। वह व्यक्ति के जीवन का अभिन्न अंग बन जाता है। छोड़ने की कोशिश करने पर नाना प्रकार के शारीरिक व मानसिक परेशानियाँ होती है और व्यक्ति इसका लगातार सेवन करने के लिए बाध्य हो जाता है।</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="शराब_के_आदी_व्यक्ति_की_पहचान"><span id=".E0.A4.B6.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AC_.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.87_.E0.A4.86.E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.80_.E0.A4.B5.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BF_.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.80_.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.B9.E0.A4.9A.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A8"></span>शराब के आदी व्यक्ति की पहचान</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: शराब के आदी व्यक्ति की पहचान" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>संपादित करें</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>जब व्यक्ति लगातार शराब पीने लगता है तब समस्याओं की निरंतर बढ़ती हुई स्थितियाँ आती है तथा शारीरिक समस्याएँ विशेष रूप से पेट की बीमारियाँ, <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="यकृत">यकृत</a> (लीवर) की बीमारी विशेषतः <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="वृक्कीय खराबी">सिरोसिस</a>, <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="स्नायु तंत्र (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">स्नायु तंत्र</a> की कमजोरियाँ, <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="कर्कट रोग">कैंसर</a> आदि। यदि आदतों का शिकंजा बहुत मजबूत हो चुका है तो आप अपने आप से चार सवाल पूछें-</p> <ul> <li>क्या आपने शराब को कम करने या बंद करने की कोशिश की है?</li> <li>क्या आपके शराब पीने पर किसी ने कभी कुछ कहा जिससे आप क्रोधित हो गये?</li> <li>क्या आपको ऐसा लगता है कि शराब पीने से आप किसी दोषभाव से पीड़ित है?</li> <li>क्या सुबह उठते ही आपको शराब पीनी पड़ती है ताकि आपके शरीर में स्थिरता आये?</li> </ul> <p>यदि इनमें से दो सवाल के भी उत्तर हाँ में है तो आप शराब के आदि हो चुके है और आपको तुरन्त चिकित्सा व्यवस्था करवानी चाहिए वरना आपका जीवन खराब हो सकता है।</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="शराब_से_शारीरिक_क्षति"><span id=".E0.A4.B6.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AC_.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.87_.E0.A4.B6.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.95_.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B7.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BF"></span>शराब से शारीरिक क्षति</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: शराब से शारीरिक क्षति" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>संपादित करें</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>शराब शरीर के लगभग सभी अंगो पर अपना बुरा प्रभाव छोड़ता है अैर शरीर का शायद ही कोई अंग इसके दुष्प्रभाव से वंचित रहता है। शराब से पेट संबंधी बिमारियाँ जैसे- <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="अपच">अपच</a>, पेट के धाव (अल्सर), यकृत की बीमारी जैसे-सिरोसिस, लिवर का पूरी तरह से क्षतिग्रस्त होना, स्नायु तंत्र की कमजोरियाँ, हृदय संबंधी रोग विशेषतः <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="रक्तचाप">रक्तचाप</a>, यादास्त की बीमारी, कैंसर आदि। इस तरह से हम देखते है कि शरीर तो खराब होता ही है, मस्तिस्क की कोशिकाएँ भी मरने लगती है। मानसिक रोग उत्पन्न होते है तथा व्यक्ति में परिवर्तन आ जाता है।</p> <p><b>व्यक्ति के जीवन पर अन्य प्रभाव</b> शराब व्यक्ति के जीवन में कई स्तरों पर अपना प्रभाव डालती है। जैसे-मानसिक स्तर पर उत्तेजना, चिड़चिड़ापन, उदासी, आदि। व्यवसायिक क्षेत्र में कार्य दक्षता और क्षमता में गिरावट। सामाजिक स्तर पर धीरे-धीरे समाजिक गतिविधियों से विमुख होना और दूसरो की नजर में गिरना आदि।</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="शराब_छोडने_के_उपाय"><span id=".E0.A4.B6.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AC_.E0.A4.9B.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.A1.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.87_.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.87_.E0.A4.89.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AF"></span>शराब छोडने के उपाय</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: शराब छोडने के उपाय" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>संपादित करें</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>सबसे पहले शराब पीने वाले खुद यह तय करे कि अब मैं शराब नही पीउँगा तो चिकित्सक इनकी मदद कर सकते है। देखा जाता है कि परिवार वाले तो उनके इलाज के लिए तैयार रहते है किन्तु व्यक्ति स्वयं इलाज नहीं कराना चाहता। ऐसी हालत में चिकित्सक का प्रयास सार्थक हो ही नहीं सकता।<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>मनश्चिकित्सा केन्द्रों में नशा विमुक्ति केन्द्र होते है जहाँ डी-टोक्सीफिकेशन द्वारा शराब छुड़ाने तथा उसके उपरांत मोटिवेशन थैरपी, फिजियोथैरपी तथा ग्रुप थैरपी द्वारा इससे निजात पाने की कोशिश की जाती है। स्वयं व्यक्ति के प्रबल इच्छाशक्ति तथा परिवार के सहयोग तथा चिकित्सकों के सतत् प्रयास से सफलता पूर्वक इसका इलाज संभव है।</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="सन्दर्भ"><span id=".E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A6.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AD"></span>सन्दर्भ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: सन्दर्भ" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>संपादित करें</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://cipranchi.nic.in/cipranchi_adm/writereaddata/upload/files/manasik/UKO.pdf"><b>उजाले की ओर</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006095920/http://cipranchi.nic.in/cipranchi_adm/writereaddata/upload/files/manasik/UKO.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-10-06 at the <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="वेबैक मशीन">वेबैक मशीन</a> (<a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="केन्द्रीय मनश्चिकित्सा संस्थान">केन्द्रीय मनश्चिकित्सा संस्थान</a>, <a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="राँची">राँची</a>)</span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.alcohol.org/treatment/">"Alcoholism Rehab: Types of Treatment for Alcoholism"</a>. <i>Alcohol.org</i> (अंग्रेज़ी में)<span class="reference-accessdate">. अभिगमन तिथि <span class="nowrap">2021-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alcohol.org&rft.atitle=Alcoholism+Rehab%3A+Types+of+Treatment+for+Alcoholism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alcohol.org%2Ftreatment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5547232">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free 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देखें</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: इन्हें भी देखें" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>संपादित करें</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul> <li><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="शराब का इतिहास">शराब का इतिहास</a></li> <li><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="मद्यकरण">मद्यकरण</a></li> <li><a href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="व्यसन">व्यसन</a> (ऐडिक्शन)</li> </ul>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%26oldid%3D6012057">https://hi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=शराब&oldid=6012057</a>" से प्राप्त </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://hi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="MP1999" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1701583317"> <span>अंतिम बार 3 दिसम्बर 2023 को 06:01 बजे संपादित किया गया</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>भाषाएँ</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25A8_%25D9%2585%25D9%2582%25D8%25B7%25D8%25B1" title="مشروب مقطر – अरबी" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مشروب مقطر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="अरबी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D9%2583%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1_(%25D9%2585%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25A8_%25D9%2585%25D9%2582%25D8%25B7%25D8%25B1)" title="الليكير (مشروب مقطر) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الليكير (مشروب مقطر)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnops" title="Schnops – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schnops" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25BE%25D1%2586%25D0%25BD%25D1%258B%25D1%258F_%25D1%2581%25D0%25BF%25D1%2596%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BD%25D1%258B%25D1%258F_%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BE%25D1%2596" title="Моцныя спіртныя напоі – बेलारूसी" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Моцныя спіртныя напоі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="बेलारूसी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25BE%25D1%2586%25D0%25BD%25D1%258B%25D1%258F_%25D1%2581%25D1%258C%25D0%25BF%25D1%2596%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BD%25D1%258B%25D1%258F_%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BE%25D1%2596" title="Моцныя сьпіртныя напоі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Моцныя сьпіртныя напоі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B8%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Спиртна напитка – बुल्गारियाई" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Спиртна напитка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="बुल्गारियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AC" title="शराब – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="शराब" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2592%25E1%2580%25B1%25E1%2580%25AB%25E1%2580%259D%25E1%2580%25BA" title="ဒေါဝ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဒေါဝ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beguda_destil%25C2%25B7lada" title="Beguda destil·lada – कातालान" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Beguda destil·lada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="कातालान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%25C3%25A1lenka" title="Pálenka – चेक" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pálenka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="चेक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwirod" title="Gwirod – वेल्श" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwirod" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="वेल्श" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritus_(spirituosa)" title="Spiritus (spirituosa) – डेनिश" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spiritus (spirituosa)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="डेनिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirituose" title="Spirituose – जर्मन" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spirituose" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="जर्मन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor – अंग्रेज़ी" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Liquor" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="अंग्रेज़ी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brando" title="Brando – एस्पेरेंतो" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Brando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="एस्पेरेंतो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebida_destilada" title="Bebida destilada – स्पेनिश" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bebida destilada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="स्पेनिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edari_destilatu" title="Edari destilatu – बास्क" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Edari destilatu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="बास्क" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2586%25D9%2588%25D8%25B4%25DB%258C%25D8%25AF%25D9%2586%25DB%258C_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25DA%25A9%25D9%2584%25DB%258C_%25D8%25AA%25D9%2582%25D8%25B7%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C" title="نوشیدنی الکلی تقطیری – फ़ारसी" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نوشیدنی الکلی تقطیری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="फ़ारसी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenniv%25C3%25ADn" title="Brennivín – फ़ैरोइज़" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Brennivín" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="फ़ैरोइज़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boisson_spiritueuse" title="Boisson spiritueuse – फ़्रेंच" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Boisson spiritueuse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="फ़्रेंच" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterke_drank" title="Sterke drank – पश्चिमी फ़्रिसियाई" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sterke drank" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="पश्चिमी फ़्रिसियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biot%25C3%25A1ille" title="Biotáille – आयरिश" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Biotáille" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="आयरिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2590%25D7%259C%25D7%259B%25D7%2595%25D7%2594%25D7%2595%25D7%259C_%25D7%259E%25D7%2596%25D7%2595%25D7%25A7%25D7%25A7" title="אלכוהול מזוקק – हिब्रू" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלכוהול מזוקק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="हिब्रू" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jako_alkoholno_pi%25C4%2587e" title="Jako alkoholno piće – क्रोएशियाई" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jako alkoholno piće" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="क्रोएशियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palenc" title="Palenc – ऊपरी सॉर्बियन" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Palenc" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="ऊपरी सॉर्बियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589getett_szesz" title="Égetett szesz – हंगेरियाई" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Égetett szesz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="हंगेरियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minuman_keras" title="Minuman keras – इंडोनेशियाई" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Minuman keras" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="इंडोनेशियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennt_v%25C3%25ADn" title="Brennt vín – आइसलैंडिक" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Brennt vín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="आइसलैंडिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillato" title="Distillato – इतालवी" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Distillato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="इतालवी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%2592%25B8%25E7%2595%2599%25E9%2585%2592" title="蒸留酒 – जापानी" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="蒸留酒" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="जापानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor – जावानीज़" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Liquor" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="जावानीज़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%25A6%259D%25EB%25A5%2598%25EC%25A3%25BC" title="증류주 – कोरियाई" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="증류주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="कोरियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua_ardens" title="Aqua ardens – लैटिन" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aqua ardens" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="लैटिन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritas" title="Spiritas – लिथुआनियाई" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Spiritas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="लिथुआनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B4%25A6%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25AF%25E0%25B4%2582" title="മദ്യം – मलयालम" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മദ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="मलयालम" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%25A1%25E1%2580%259B%25E1%2580%2580%25E1%2580%25BA" title="အရက် – बर्मीज़" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အရက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="बर्मीज़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2585%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A5%258D%25E2%2580%258C%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%2583" title="अय्‌लाः – नेवाड़ी" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अय्‌लाः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="नेवाड़ी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedistilleerde_drank" title="Gedistilleerde drank – डच" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gedistilleerde drank" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="डच" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennevin" title="Brennevin – नॉर्वेजियाई नॉयनॉर्स्क" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Brennevin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="नॉर्वेजियाई नॉयनॉर्स्क" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennevin" title="Brennevin – नॉर्वेजियाई बोकमाल" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brennevin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="नॉर्वेजियाई बोकमाल" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beure_destillat" title="Beure destillat – ओसीटान" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Beure destillat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="ओसीटान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebida_destilada" title="Bebida destilada – पुर्तगाली" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bebida destilada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="पुर्तगाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayaq_yaku" title="Hayaq yaku – क्वेचुआ" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hayaq yaku" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="क्वेचुआ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B5_%25D1%2581%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B8%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BD%25D1%258B%25D0%25B5_%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8" title="Крепкие спиртные напитки – रूसी" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Крепкие спиртные напитки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="रूसी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2598%25D1%2581%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B8%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4%25D1%258D%25D1%2580" title="Испиирдэр – याकूत" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Испиирдэр" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="याकूत" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambicadu" title="Lambicadu – सार्दिनियन" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Lambicadu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="सार्दिनियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distilled_beverage" title="Distilled beverage – स्कॉट्स" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Distilled beverage" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="स्कॉट्स" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%25BDestoka_pi%25C4%2587a" title="Žestoka pića – सेर्बो-क्रोएशियाई" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Žestoka pića" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="सेर्बो-क्रोएशियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Liquor" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destil%25C3%25A1t_(n%25C3%25A1poj)" title="Destilát (nápoj) – स्लोवाक" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Destilát (nápoj)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="स्लोवाक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%25BDgana_pija%25C4%258Da" title="Žgana pijača – स्लोवेनियाई" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Žgana pijača" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="स्लोवेनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pija_e_distiluar" title="Pija e distiluar – अल्बानियाई" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pija e distiluar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="अल्बानियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2596%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE_%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B8%25D1%259B%25D0%25B5" title="Жестоко пиће – सर्बियाई" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Жестоко пиће" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="सर्बियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spritdryck" title="Spritdryck – स्वीडिश" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Spritdryck" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="स्वीडिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%25B8%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B2" title="สุรา – थाई" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สุรา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="थाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirt" title="Spirt – तुर्कमेन" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Spirt" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="तुर्कमेन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam%25C4%25B1t%25C4%25B1lm%25C4%25B1%25C5%259F_i%25C3%25A7ki" title="Damıtılmış içki – तुर्की" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Damıtılmış içki" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="तुर्की" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D1%2596%25D1%2586%25D0%25BD%25D1%2596_%25D1%2581%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B8%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BD%25D1%2596_%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BE%25D1%2597" title="Міцні спиртні напої – यूक्रेनियाई" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міцні спиртні напої" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="यूक्रेनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%25C6%25B0%25E1%25BB%25A3u_ch%25C6%25B0ng_c%25E1%25BA%25A5t" title="Rượu chưng cất – वियतनामी" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rượu chưng cất" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="वियतनामी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortndrank" title="Kortndrank – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Kortndrank" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%2592%25B8%25E9%25A6%258F%25E9%2585%2592" title="蒸馏酒 – वू चीनी" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蒸馏酒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="वू चीनी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2591%25D7%25A8%25D7%2590%25D7%25A0%25D7%25A4%25D7%259F" title="בראנפן – यहूदी" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בראנפן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="यहूदी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laeuj_get" title="Laeuj get – ज़ुआंग" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Laeuj get" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="ज़ुआंग" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%2592%25B8%25E9%25A6%258F%25E9%2585%2592" title="蒸馏酒 – चीनी" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蒸馏酒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="चीनी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheng-li%25C3%25BB-chi%25C3%25BA" title="Cheng-liû-chiú – मिन नान" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Cheng-liû-chiú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="मिन नान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%2592%25B8%25E9%25A4%25BE%25E9%2585%2592" title="蒸餾酒 – कैंटोनीज़" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蒸餾酒" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="कैंटोनीज़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-hi.svg" alt="विकिपीडिया" width="120" height="28" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.75em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">अन्तिम परिवर्तन 06:01, 3 दिसम्बर 2023।</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">उपलब्ध सामग्री <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.hi">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> के अधीन है जब तक अलग से उल्लेख ना किया गया हो।</li> 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