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data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelmo_de_Benty_Grange" title="Yelmo de Benty Grange – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yelmo de Benty Grange" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casque_de_Benty_Grange" title="Casque de Benty Grange – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Casque de Benty Grange" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketopong_Benty_Grange" title="Ketopong Benty Grange – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ketopong Benty Grange" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmo_di_Benty_Grange" title="Elmo di Benty Grange – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elmo di Benty Grange" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketopong_Grange_Benty" title="Ketopong Grange Benty – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ketopong Grange Benty" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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-1.782972</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Discovered by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bateman_(antiquary)" title="Thomas Bateman (antiquary)">Thomas Bateman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Present location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Weston_Park_Museum" title="Weston Park Museum">Weston Park Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Registration</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idigsheffield.org.uk/object.asp?ref=J93_1189">J93.1189</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Benty Grange helmet is an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> <a href="/wiki/Boar-crested_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Boar-crested helmet">boar-crested helmet</a> from the seventh century AD. It was excavated by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bateman_(antiquary)" title="Thomas Bateman (antiquary)">Thomas Bateman</a> in 1848 from a <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumulus</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Benty_Grange" title="Benty Grange">Benty Grange</a> farm in <a href="/wiki/Monyash" title="Monyash">Monyash</a> in western <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a>. The grave had probably been looted by the time of Bateman's excavation, but still contained other high-status objects suggestive of a richly furnished burial, such as the <a href="/wiki/Benty_Grange_hanging_bowl" title="Benty Grange hanging bowl">fragmentary remains of a hanging bowl</a>. The helmet is displayed at <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Weston_Park_Museum" title="Weston Park Museum">Weston Park Museum</a>, which purchased it from Bateman's estate in 1893. The helmet was constructed by covering the outside of an iron framework with plates of horn and the inside with cloth or leather; the organic material has since decayed. It would have provided some protection against weapons, but was also ornate and may have been intended for ceremonial use. It was the first Anglo-Saxon helmet to be discovered, with five others found since: <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_helmet" title="Sutton Hoo helmet">Sutton Hoo (1939)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coppergate_Helmet" title="Coppergate Helmet">Coppergate (1982)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Helmet" title="Pioneer Helmet">Wollaston (1997)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shorwell_helmet" title="Shorwell helmet">Shorwell (2004)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_helmet" title="Staffordshire helmet">Staffordshire (2009)</a>. The helmet features a unique combination of structural and technical attributes, but contemporaneous parallels exist for its individual characteristics. It is classified as one of the "crested helmets" used in Northern Europe from the 6th to 11th centuries AD. The most striking feature of the helmet is the boar at its apex; this pagan symbol faces towards a <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">Christian cross</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_helmet" title="Nasal helmet">nasal</a> in a display of <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a>. This is representative of 7th-century England when Christian missionaries were slowly converting Anglo-Saxons away from traditional <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a>. The helmet seems to exhibit a stronger preference toward paganism, with a large boar and a small cross. The cross may have been added for talismanic effect, the help of any god being welcome on the battlefield. The boar atop the <a href="/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)" title="Crest (heraldry)">crest</a> was likewise associated with protection and suggests a time when boar-crested helmets may have been common, as do the helmet from Wollaston and the <a href="/wiki/Guilden_Morden_boar" title="Guilden Morden boar">Guilden Morden boar</a>. The contemporary epic <a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a> mentions such helmets five times and speaks of the strength of men "when the hefted sword, its hammered edge and gleaming blade slathered in blood, razes the sturdy boar-ridge off a helmet".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeaney200091-1">[1]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BentyGrangeHelmReconstruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colour photograph of the Benty Grange helmet replica on view at Weston Park Museum in Sheffield" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/BentyGrangeHelmReconstruction.jpg/250px-BentyGrangeHelmReconstruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/BentyGrangeHelmReconstruction.jpg/375px-BentyGrangeHelmReconstruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/BentyGrangeHelmReconstruction.jpg/500px-BentyGrangeHelmReconstruction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2125" data-file-height="2919" /></a><figcaption>Replica of the Benty Grange helmet at Weston Park Museum in Sheffield</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BentyGrangeHelmReconstructionSide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/BentyGrangeHelmReconstructionSide.jpg/250px-BentyGrangeHelmReconstructionSide.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="366" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/BentyGrangeHelmReconstructionSide.jpg/375px-BentyGrangeHelmReconstructionSide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/BentyGrangeHelmReconstructionSide.jpg/500px-BentyGrangeHelmReconstructionSide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2164" data-file-height="3164" /></a><figcaption>Side view of the replica.</figcaption></figure> The Benty Grange helmet was made by covering an iron frame with horn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974227,_230–231-2">[2]</a> It probably weighed about 1.4 kg (3.1 lb), the weight of the Weston Park Museum's 1986 replica.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_replica_in_use-3">[3]</a> The framework, which now exists in sixteen corroded fragments, originally consisted of seven iron strips, each between 1 and 2 millimetres thick.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974227,_230–231-2">[2]</a> A brow band, 65 cm (26 in) long and 2.5 cm (1.0 in) wide, encircled the head.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974231-4">[4]</a> Two strips of the same width ran from front to back, and from side to side.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974231-4">[4]</a> The 40 cm (16 in) long nose-to-<a href="/wiki/Nape" title="Nape">nape</a> band extended 4.75 cm (1.87 in) in the front and 3.8 cm (1.5 in) in the back; the extension over the nose was straight, whereas the extension at the back was curved inwards, so as to fit the nape of the wearer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974231-4">[4]</a> The lateral band ran from ear to ear; both ends are broken off slightly below the brow band, but it would have extended further as part of a cheek or ear protection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974231-4">[4]</a> It was affixed to the outside of the <a href="/wiki/Dexter_and_sinister" title="Dexter and sinister">dexter</a> (wearer's right) side of the brow band, the inside of the <a href="/wiki/Dexter_and_sinister" title="Dexter and sinister">sinister</a> (wearer's left) side, and the outside of the nose-to-nape band.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974231-4">[4]</a> The four quadrants created by this configuration were each subdivided by a narrower subsidiary strip of iron, only one of which now survives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974227,_231-5">[5]</a> Each subsidiary strip was attached to the outside of the brow band 7 cm (2.8 in) from the centre of the lateral band.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974231-4">[4]</a> Here they were 22 mm (0.87 in) wide, and, while tapering towards a width of 15 mm (0.59 in), rose at a 70° angle towards the lateral band, which they overlapped at a 50° angle just beneath the crest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974231-4">[4]</a> The inside of the helmet was most likely originally lined with leather or cloth, since decayed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974231-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_replica_in_use-3">[3]</a> Eight plates of horn, probably softened and bent and suggested to be from <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10">[note 1]</a> were cut to fit the eight spaces created by the iron frame.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974232–233-11">[10]</a> No horn now survives, but mineralized traces on the iron strips preserve the grain pattern.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974231-4">[4]</a> The plates were fitted over the iron, thereby hiding it, and abutted at the centre of each strip.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974231–232-12">[11]</a> The joins were hidden by further pieces of horn that were cut to the width of the iron strips and placed on top.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974232-13">[12]</a> The three layers—iron at the bottom, followed by two layers of horn—were held together by a succession of <a href="/wiki/Rivet" title="Rivet">rivets</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974232-13">[12]</a> iron rivets placed from inside the helmet, and rivets made of, or coated in, silver, with ornamental heads in the shape of a double-headed axe, placed from the outside, 4 cm (1.6 in) apart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974232-13">[12]</a> Traces of horn on the rear extension of the nose-to-nape band, and on the rear brow band, suggest that the material was also used for a neck guard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974232-13">[12]</a> These suggest that pieces of horn, extending 5 cm (2.0 in) from the centre of the brow band to the bottom of the rear nose-to-nape band, would have met each extension of the lateral band at a 5° angle, reaching them 6.4 cm (2.5 in) from the centre of the brow band.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974232-13">[12]</a> In addition to the aesthetic elements incorporated into the basic construction of the helmet, two features provide added decoration: a cross on the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_helmet" title="Nasal helmet">nasal</a> and a boar on the crest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974234–242-14">[13]</a> The silver cross is 3.9 cm (1.5 in) long by 2 cm (0.8 in) wide, and consists of two parts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974234–235-15">[14]</a> A silver strip was added underneath, elongating what was originally an equal-armed cross.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974234–235-15">[14]</a> It was placed atop a layer of horn and attached to the helmet with two rivets, one at the intersection of the two arms and one at the bottom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974234–236-16">[15]</a> Around the cross in a zigzag pattern are twenty-nine silver studs, out of a suggested original forty, that were probably tapped into small holes drilled or bored into the horn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974236-17">[16]</a> The most distinctive feature of the Benty Grange helmet is its boar, affixed to the apex of the helmet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974236–237-18">[17]</a> The core of its body is made of two pieces of hollow D-sectioned bronze tubes, their flat sides approximately 2 mm (0.08 in) apart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974237-19">[18]</a> The space between the two halves was filled in with a substance, likely horn or metal, which has now disintegrated; it perhaps projected upwards, forming the mane or spine of the boar,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974237-19">[18]</a> or, as has been interpreted on the replica, created a recess into which a mane of actual boar bristles could fit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_boar_on_replica-20">[19]</a> On either side of the bronze core was affixed a plate of iron, forming the visible exterior of the boar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974239–240-21">[20]</a> Four <a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">pear</a>-shaped plates of <a href="/wiki/Gilding" title="Gilding">gilded</a> silver—cut down and filed from Roman silver, as evidenced by a classical leaf design on the reverse of the front left plate, and file marks on the <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">obverse</a>—acted as hips, through which passed two silver rivets, one atop the other, per end.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974237,_240,_pl._68-22">[21]</a> These rivets held together the five layers of the boar, and were welded to the plates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974237,_240-23">[22]</a> Into the body of the boar were placed holes, probably punched, that held circular silver studs approximately 1.5 mm (0.06 in) in diameter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974237–239-24">[23]</a> The studs, likely flush with the surface of the body, were filed down and gilded, and may have been intended to represent golden bristles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974237–239-24">[23]</a> Eyes were formed with 5 mm (0.20 in) long pointed oval <a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">garnets</a> set into gold sockets with <a href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">filigree</a> wire edging.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974241-25">[24]</a> The sockets were 8 mm (0.31 in) long by 3.5 mm (0.14 in) wide, and had 8 mm (0.31 in) long shanks, filled with <a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">beeswax</a>, sunk into the head.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974241-25">[24]</a> Individual pieces of gilded bronze seem to have formed the tail, tusks, muzzle, jawline, and ears of the boar, but few traces of them now remain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974240–242-26">[25]</a> Two sets of iron legs—probably solid originally, but rendered hollow by corrosion—attached the body to an elliptical bronze plate; both sets depict front legs, bent forwards without account for the anatomical differences between a boar's fore and hind limbs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974240–242-26">[25]</a> The elliptical plate is 9 cm (3.5 in) long with a maximum width of 1.9 cm (0.75 in), and matches the curvature of the helmet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974242-27">[26]</a> Four holes indicate attachment points for the legs and another three connected the plate to the frame of the helmet, in addition to a large rivet hole slightly behind the centre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974242-27">[26]</a> The plate was probably affixed directly to the frame, the legs passing through holes in the horn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_boar_from_replica-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELester198734-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2></div> The Benty Grange helmet would have both offered some protection if worn in battle, and indicated its wearer's status.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_replica_in_use-3">[3]</a> As the Weston Park replica shows, it would have originally been an impressive object,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_replica-30">[29]</a> and may have been intended for ceremonial use.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_replica_in_use-3">[3]</a> Experiments using a mockup of the replica also showed that the helmet would have resisted blows with an <a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">axe</a>, which damaged the horn without entirely breaking it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_replica_in_use-3">[3]</a> Arrows and spears pierced the horn, but they also pierced modern fibreglass and safety helmets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_replica_in_use-3">[3]</a> Helmets were rare in Anglo-Saxon England, and the Benty Grange helmet, both by its richness and its scarcity, signified the high status of its owner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_replica_in_use-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_replica-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoodAgerWilliamsHarrington201293-31">[30]</a> Such protection certainly seems to have been among the armour of the affluent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStjerna19121–2-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETweddle19921169-33">[32]</a> In the contemporary epic <a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a>, a poem about kings and nobles, they are relatively common,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStjerna19121–2-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETweddle19921169-33">[32]</a> while the helmeted <a href="/wiki/Vendel" title="Vendel">Vendel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valsg%C3%A4rde" title="Valsgärde">Valsgärde</a> graves from the same period in Sweden, thought to be the burials of wealthy non-royals, suggest that helmets were not solely for the use of the élite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETweddle19921170-34">[33]</a> Yet thousands of furnished Anglo-Saxon graves have been excavated since the start of the 19th century and helmets remain rare;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoodAgerWilliamsHarrington201293,_93_n.8-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButterworthFregniFullerGreaves201641_n.27-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETweddle19921167-37">[36]</a> this may partly reflect poor rates of artefact survival or even recognition, but their extreme scarcity indicates that they were never deposited in great numbers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETweddle19921167-37">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benty_Grange_-_geograph.org.uk_-_311410.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Green farmland on an overcast day, with a stone wall in the foreground, and somewhat dilapidated stone buildings bordered by trees in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Benty_Grange_-_geograph.org.uk_-_311410.jpg/220px-Benty_Grange_-_geograph.org.uk_-_311410.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Benty_Grange_-_geograph.org.uk_-_311410.jpg/330px-Benty_Grange_-_geograph.org.uk_-_311410.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Benty_Grange_-_geograph.org.uk_-_311410.jpg/440px-Benty_Grange_-_geograph.org.uk_-_311410.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benty_Grange" title="Benty Grange">Benty Grange</a> Farm, near <a href="/wiki/Monyash" title="Monyash">Monyash</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire_Dales" title="Derbyshire Dales">Derbyshire Dales</a></figcaption></figure> The helmet was discovered in a <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">barrow</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Benty_Grange" title="Benty Grange">Benty Grange</a> farm in Derbyshire,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateman186128-38">[37]</a> in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Peak_District" title="Peak District">Peak District</a> National Park.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELester198734-29">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bateman_(antiquary)" title="Thomas Bateman (antiquary)">Thomas Bateman</a>, an archaeologist and antiquarian who led the excavation,<a href="#cite_note-41">[note 2]</a> described Benty Grange as "a high and bleak situation";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateman186128-38">[37]</a> its barrow, which still survives, is prominently located by <a href="/wiki/The_Street_(Derbyshire)" title="The Street (Derbyshire)">a major Roman road</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOzanne1962–196335-42">[40]</a> now roughly parallel to the <a href="/wiki/A515_road" title="A515 road">A515</a> in the area,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerbyshire_Historic_Environment_Record-43">[41]</a> possibly to display the burial to passing travellers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown201721-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974224-45">[43]</a> The barrow is one of several tumuli in the vicinity, and may have also been designed to share the skyline with two other nearby monuments, <a href="/wiki/Arbor_Low" title="Arbor Low">Arbor Low</a> <a href="/wiki/Stone_circles" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone circles">stone circle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gib_Hill" title="Gib Hill">Gib Hill</a> barrow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown201721-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974223–224-46">[44]</a> The seventh-century Peak District was a small buffer province between <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>, occupied, according to the <a href="/wiki/Tribal_Hidage" title="Tribal Hidage">Tribal Hidage</a>, by the Anglo-Saxon <a href="/wiki/Pecsaetan" title="Pecsaetan">Pecsæte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke19909–12,_102,_106,_108-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2014312-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[note 3]</a> The area came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercian</a> kingdom around the eighth century;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2014312-48">[46]</a> the Benty Grange and other rich barrows suggest that the Pecsæte may have had their own dynasty beforehand, but there is no written evidence for this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke19909–12,_102,_106,_108-47">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excavation">Excavation</h3></div> Bateman excavated the barrow on 3 May 1848.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateman186128-38">[37]</a> Although he did not mention it in his account, he was probably not the first person to dig up the grave.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974229-54">[51]</a> The fact that the objects were found in two clusters 6 feet (1.8 m) apart, and that other objects that normally accompany a helmet, such as a sword and shield, were absent,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith190868-55">[52]</a> suggests that the grave had previously been looted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974229-54">[51]</a> Given the size of the mound, an alternative (or additional) explanation is that it originally contained two burials, only one of which Bateman discovered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistoric_England_Benty_Grange-56">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[note 4]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benty_Grange_helmet_-_Llewellynn_Jewitt_watercolour.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colour image of a Llewellynn Jewitt watercolour depicting the Benty Grange helmet and associated finds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Benty_Grange_helmet_-_Llewellynn_Jewitt_watercolour.png/220px-Benty_Grange_helmet_-_Llewellynn_Jewitt_watercolour.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Benty_Grange_helmet_-_Llewellynn_Jewitt_watercolour.png/330px-Benty_Grange_helmet_-_Llewellynn_Jewitt_watercolour.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Benty_Grange_helmet_-_Llewellynn_Jewitt_watercolour.png 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>Watercolour by <a href="/wiki/Llewellynn_Jewitt" title="Llewellynn Jewitt">Llewellynn Jewitt</a> depicting the Benty Grange helmet and associated finds</figcaption></figure> The barrow comprises a circular central mound approximately 15 m (50 ft) in diameter and 0.6 m (2 ft) high, an encircling <a href="/wiki/Ditch" title="Ditch">fosse</a> about 1 m (3.3 ft) wide and 0.3 m (1 ft) deep, and outer <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/penannular" class="extiw" title="wikt:penannular">penannular</a> earthworks around 3 m (10 ft) wide and 0.2 m (0.66 ft) high.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistoric_England_Benty_Grange-56">[53]</a> The entire structure measures approximately 23 by 22 m (75 by 72 ft).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistoric_England_Benty_Grange-56">[53]</a> Bateman suggested a body once lay at its centre, flat against the original surface of the soil;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateman186128-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateman1849276-59">[55]</a> what he described as the one remnant, strands of hair, is now thought to be from a cloak of fur, cowhide or something similar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974223,_pl._73-60">[56]</a> The recovered objects were found in two clusters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974229-54">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateman1849276–277-61">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateman186128–30-62">[58]</a> One cluster was found in the area of the supposed hair, the other about 6 ft (1.8 m) to the west.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateman1849276–277-61">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateman186128–30-62">[58]</a> In the former area Bateman described "a curious assemblage of ornaments", which were difficult to remove successfully from the hardened earth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateman186128-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateman1849276–277-61">[57]</a> This included a cup identified as leather but probably of wood,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen189846–47,_47_n.a-63">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974223,_223_n.4-64">[60]</a> approximately 3 in (7.6 cm) in diameter at the mouth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateman186128-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateman1849277-65">[61]</a> Its rim was edged with silver,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateman186128-38">[37]</a> while its surface was "decorated by four wheel-shaped ornaments and two crosses of thin silver, affixed by pins of the same metal, clenched inside".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateman186129-66">[62]</a> Also found were <a href="/wiki/Benty_Grange_hanging_bowl" title="Benty Grange hanging bowl">the remnants</a> of three <a href="/wiki/Hanging_bowl" title="Hanging bowl">hanging bowl</a> escutcheons,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateman1849277-65">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateman186129-66">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974224–225-67">[63]</a> as well as "a knot of very fine wire", and some "thin bone variously ornamented with lozenges &c."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateman186129-66">[62]</a> attached to silk, but that soon decayed when exposed to air.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateman186130-68">[64]</a> Approximately 6 ft (1.8 m) to the west of the other objects was found a jumbled mass of ironwork.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateman1849277–278-69">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateman186130–32-70">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974225–227-71">[67]</a> Separated, this mass included a collection of chainwork, a six-pronged piece of iron resembling a <a href="/wiki/Pitchfork" title="Pitchfork">hayfork</a>, and the helmet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateman1849277–278-69">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateman186130–32-70">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974225–227-71">[67]</a> As Bateman described it: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The helmet has been formed of ribs of iron radiating from the crown of the head, and covered with narrow plates of horn, running in a diagonal direction from the ribs, so as to form a herring-bone pattern; the ends were secured by strips of horn, radiating in like manner as the iron ribs, to which they were riveted at intervals of about an inch and a-half: all the rivets had ornamented heads of silver on the outside, and on the front rib is a small cross of the same metal. Upon the top, or crown of the helmet, is an elongated oval brass plate, upon which stands the figure of an animal, carved in iron, now very much rusted, but still a very good representation of a pig: it has bronze eyes. There are also many smaller decorations, abounding in rivets, which have pertained to the helmet, but which it is impossible to assign to their proper places, as is also the case with some small iron buckles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateman1849277–278-69">[65]</a></blockquote> Bateman closed his 1849 account of the excavation by noting the "particularly corrosive nature of the soil",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateman1849279-72">[68]</a> which by 1861 he said "has generally been the case in tumuli in Derbyshire".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateman186132-73">[69]</a> He suggested that this was the result of "a mixing or tempering with some corrosive liquid; the result of which is the presence of thin ochrey veins in the earth, and the decomposition of nearly the whole of the human remains."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateman186132-73">[69]</a> Bateman's friend <a href="/wiki/Llewellynn_Jewitt" title="Llewellynn Jewitt">Llewellynn Jewitt</a>, an artist and antiquarian who frequently accompanied Bateman on excavations,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoss1889170–171,_175–176,_249,_301-74">[70]</a> painted four watercolours of the finds, parts of which were included in Bateman's 1849 account.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_escutcheon_watercolour-75">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[note 5]</a> This was more than Jewitt produced for any other of their excavations, a mark of the importance that they assigned to the Benty Grange barrow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_escutcheon_watercolour-75">[71]</a> The helmet entered Bateman's extensive collection, where it attracted interest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWay185516-80">[75]</a> On 27 October 1848 he reported his discoveries, including the helmet, cup, and hanging bowl, at a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/British_Archaeological_Association" title="British Archaeological Association">British Archaeological Association</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Times''1848-81">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Morning_Post''1848-82">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Ipswich_Journal''1848-83">[78]</a> and in 1855 it was catalogued along with other objects from the Benty Grange barrow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateman1855159–160-84">[79]</a> In 1861 Bateman died at age 39,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowarth1899v-40">[39]</a> and in 1876 his son, Thomas W. Bateman, loaned the objects to Sheffield.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowarth1899iii-85">[80]</a> They were displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Weston_Park_Museum" title="Weston Park Museum">Weston Park Museum</a> through 1893, at which time the museum purchased objects, including the helmet, from the family; other pieces were dispersed elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowarth1899iii–iv,_242-86">[81]</a> As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benty_Grange_helmet&action=edit">[update]</a>, the helmet remains in the collection of the museum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield_Museums_helmet-87">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield-88">[83]</a> From 8 November 1991 to 8 March 1992 it joined the <a href="/wiki/Coppergate_Helmet" title="Coppergate Helmet">Coppergate helmet</a> at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> for The Making of England: Anglo-Saxon Art and Culture, AD 600–900.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebsterBackhouse199159–62-89">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowring201276-90">[85]</a> The Benty Grange barrow was designated a <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monument" title="Scheduled monument">scheduled monument</a> on 23 October 1970.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistoric_England_Benty_Grange-56">[53]</a> The list entry notes that "[a]lthough the centre of Benty Grange [barrow] has been partially disturbed by excavation, the monument is otherwise undisturbed and retains significant archaeological remains."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistoric_England_Benty_Grange-56">[53]</a> It goes on to note that further excavation would yield new information.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistoric_England_Benty_Grange-56">[53]</a> The surrounding fields were designated a <a href="/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest" title="Site of Special Scientific Interest">Site of Special Scientific Interest</a> in 2013, and see agricultural use.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatural_England_Benty_Grange_SSSI-91">[86]</a> The nearby farmhouse was renovated between 2012 and 2014;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeak_District_Applications2012-92">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBentyGrange_Twitter2014-93">[88]</a> as of 2023 is used as a holiday cottage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeak_Venues_Benty_Grange-94">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservation">Conservation</h3></div> In 1948, the helmet was brought to the British Museum to undergo cleaning and study.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974229–230-95">[90]</a> Permission to carry out the work had been requested the previous year,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford195613-96">[91]</a> when <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Bruce-Mitford" title="Rupert Bruce-Mitford">Rupert Bruce-Mitford</a>, recently returned from <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> service in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Signals" title="Royal Corps of Signals">Royal Signals</a> to an assistant keepership at the museum,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiddle201576-97">[92]</a> spent time in Sheffield examining the Benty Grange <a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">grave goods</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974229-54">[51]</a> A 1940 letter from <a href="/wiki/T._D._Kendrick" title="T. D. Kendrick">T. D. Kendrick</a> to Bruce-Mitford's army camp had assigned him his position, and responsibility for the <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo" title="Sutton Hoo">Sutton Hoo</a> discoveries—"Brace yourself for the task", the letter concluded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1989b-98">[93]</a> Upon his return, he therefore took to studying the comparison material; his work in 1947 included the excavation of the Valsgärde 11 boat-grave in Sweden alongside <a href="/wiki/Sune_Lindqvist" title="Sune Lindqvist">Sune Lindqvist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchaeological_News_Letter19484-99">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1989a-100">[95]</a> and the trip to Sheffield, intended to shed light on the <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_helmet" title="Sutton Hoo helmet">Sutton Hoo helmet</a> through comparison with the only other Anglo-Saxon helmet then known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974229-54">[51]</a> Permission was obtained from the curator and trustees of the Weston Park Museum for the proposed work, and, by February 1948—when, shortly before the centennial of its excavation, Bruce-Mitford exhibited it to the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London" title="Society of Antiquaries of London">Society of Antiquaries of London</a>—the Benty Grange helmet was brought to London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProceedings1948221-101">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974229–230-95">[90]</a> Work at the British Museum was overseen by keeper of the research laboratory <a href="/wiki/Harold_Plenderleith" title="Harold Plenderleith">Harold Plenderleith</a>, who in some cases, particularly with the boar, did the work himself; additional input was provided by Bruce-Mitford, the technical attaché and authority on ancient metalwork <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Maryon" title="Herbert Maryon">Herbert Maryon</a>, and the archaeologist and art historian <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Henry" title="Françoise Henry">Françoise Henry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974229–230,_238–240-102">[97]</a> In the hundred years following its exposure to the air the helmet had continued to corrode, and certain parts had become indiscernible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield-88">[83]</a> The boar was unrecognizable, and the silver rivets and cross were almost completely obscured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974230-103">[98]</a> A strong needle was used to pick off the encrustation, revealing the underlying features.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974230,_237-104">[99]</a> During this process, the boar, hitherto thought solid, snapped in two.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974230,_237-104">[99]</a> Bruce-Mitford termed this occurrence "fortunate", for it revealed the boar's inner structure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974230,_237-104">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Charles_Fraser" title="Frederic Charles Fraser">Frederic Charles Fraser</a> examined the remnants of horn at the <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum</a>, and conducted experiments softening and shaping modern horn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974233-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typology">Typology</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_helmet#Helmets" title="Sutton Hoo helmet">Sutton Hoo helmet § Helmets</a></div> The Benty Grange helmet is dated to the first half of the 7th century AD, on the basis of its technical construction and decorative style.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974240,_242-105">[100]</a> It is one of six <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> helmets, joined by the subsequent discoveries from <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_helmet" title="Sutton Hoo helmet">Sutton Hoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coppergate_Helmet" title="Coppergate Helmet">York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Helmet" title="Pioneer Helmet">Wollaston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shorwell_helmet" title="Shorwell helmet">Shorwell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_helmet" title="Staffordshire helmet">Staffordshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButterworthFregniFullerGreaves201641_n.27-36">[35]</a> These are all, other than the Frankish Shorwell helmet,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoodAgerWilliamsHarrington201292-106">[101]</a> examples of the "crested helmets" known in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a> in the 6th through 11th centuries AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer1987199–203,_230–231-107">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETweddle19921083,_1086-108">[103]</a> Such helmets are characterized by prominent crests and rounded caps, traits shared by the Benty Grange example,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETweddle19921083,_1092-109">[104]</a> and other than a <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> fragment found in <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>, uniformly originate from England or Scandinavia; contemporary continental helmets were primarily <a href="/wiki/Spangenhelm" title="Spangenhelm">spangenhelm</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lamellenhelm" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamellenhelm">lamellenhelm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteuer1987190–200,_227–230-110">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETweddle19921082–1087,_1125-111">[106]</a> The ultimate form of the helmet is unparalleled among surviving Anglo-Saxon and crested helmets, although individual characteristics are shared.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebsterBackhouse199159-112">[107]</a> While other Anglo-Saxon helmets were typically formed with wide perpendicular bands and four infill plates,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETweddle1992941,_946-113">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeadows20049–10-114">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoodAgerWilliamsHarrington201285–86-115">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[note 6]</a> their Swedish counterparts from Vendel and Valsgärde display similar use of thin iron frameworks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebsterBackhouse199159-112">[107]</a> The complicated construction of the Benty Grange boar, which combines garnet, filigree, gold, silver, iron, and bronze, is unique across ornamental Anglo-Saxon objects,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974241-25">[24]</a> but the general boar-crest is paralleled by the Wollaston and <a href="/wiki/Guilden_Morden_boar" title="Guilden Morden boar">Guilden Morden</a> boars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1977a166–167-120">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeadows200416-121">[115]</a> One other helmet exhibits the use of horn, but it is the spangenhelm-type helmet of a high-status child, discovered in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974231-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETweddle19921057-122">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BentyGrangeHelmBoarCrest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/BentyGrangeHelmBoarCrest.jpg/280px-BentyGrangeHelmBoarCrest.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/BentyGrangeHelmBoarCrest.jpg/420px-BentyGrangeHelmBoarCrest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/BentyGrangeHelmBoarCrest.jpg/560px-BentyGrangeHelmBoarCrest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3789" data-file-height="2406" /></a><figcaption>Close-up of the boar crest.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Germanic_boar_helmet#Context" title="Germanic boar helmet">Germanic boar helmet § Context</a></div> The helmet was made during the nascent days of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Britain#England" title="History of Christianity in Britain">Christianity in Anglo-Saxon England</a>, and exhibits both <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">pagan</a> motifs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebsterBackhouse199159–60-123">[117]</a> The boar invoked a pagan tradition<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1977b1-124">[118]</a> and the cross a Christian belief. <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> had been officially converted to Christianity in the fourth century, although Celtic paganism remained strong. In the fifth century Ireland was converted by British missionaries and in 563 Irish missionaries based in the monastery of <a href="/wiki/Iona_Abbey" title="Iona Abbey">Iona</a> off the western coast of Scotland embarked on the conversion of the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a>. Christianity almost disappeared in southern Britain after its conquest by the pagan Anglo-Saxons in the fifth and sixth centuries, apart from the surviving Celtic areas of southwest England and Wales. In 597 Pope <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory the Great">Gregory the Great</a> sent the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_mission" title="Gregorian mission">Gregorian mission</a> to Kent to embark on the <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">conversion of the Anglo-Saxons</a>. It rapidly converted kingdoms as far north as Northumbria, but initial success was often followed by a period of apostasy and in several cases the final conversion was carried out by Irish missionaries from Iona. It is not known whether the Pecsæte were converted by adherents of the Roman or Irish Celtic tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharles-Edwards2003104-125">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2014123–124-126">[120]</a> The Benty Grange helmet was made during this time of change, as evidenced by its <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretic</a> display.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebsterBackhouse199159–60-123">[117]</a> It emphasises the pagan element, a large boar dominating a small cross.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETweddle19921095-127">[121]</a> The cross may not necessarily be an indication of Christian belief; it may have instead been chosen for its <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">amuletic</a> effect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebsterBackhouse199159-112">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1852242-128">[122]</a> Whatever the politics behind religious conversion, the battlefield was not a place to discriminate against gods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayr-Harting199165–66-129">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_boar">The boar</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Locha(js).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colour photograph of a Central European boar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Locha%28js%29.jpg/220px-Locha%28js%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Locha%28js%29.jpg/330px-Locha%28js%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Locha%28js%29.jpg/440px-Locha%28js%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2940" data-file-height="2024" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Central_European_boar" title="Central European boar">Central European boar</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">boar</a> had symbolic import in prehistoric Europe, where, according to the archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Foster" title="Jennifer Foster">Jennifer Foster</a>, it was "venerated, eulogised, hunted and eaten ... for millennia, until its virtual extinction in recent historical time."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1977b1-124">[118]</a> Anglo-Saxon boar symbols follow a thousand years of similar iconography, coming after <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène</a> examples in the 4th century BC, <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gaulish</a> specimens three centuries later, and Roman boars in the 4th century AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank200878-130">[124]</a> They likely represent a fused tradition of European and Mediterranean cultures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank200882-131">[125]</a> The boar is said to have been sacred to a <a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">mother goddess</a> figure among linguistically Celtic communities in <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> Europe,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1977b5-132">[126]</a> while the Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, writing around the 1st century AD, suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Baltic</a> <a href="/wiki/Aesti" title="Aesti">Aesti</a> wore boar symbols in battle to invoke her protection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus186831-133">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus188625-134">[128]</a> Boar-crested helmets are depicted on the turn-of-the-millennium <a href="/wiki/Gundestrup_cauldron" title="Gundestrup cauldron">Gundestrup cauldron</a>, discovered in Denmark, and on a <a href="/wiki/Torslunda_plates" title="Torslunda plates">Torslunda plate</a> from Sweden, made 500 years later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1977b5-132">[126]</a> The Romans also included the boar as one of their many symbols—four <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legions</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank200878-130">[124]</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Legio_XX_Valeria_Victrix" title="Legio XX Valeria Victrix">twentieth</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1977b15,_19,_26-135">[129]</a> adopted it as their emblem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1977b5-132">[126]</a> The boar persisted in continental <a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Germanic tradition</a> during the nearly 400 years of Roman rule in Britain, such as in association with the Scandinavian gods <a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1977b27-136">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank200880-137">[131]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank200886-138">[132]</a> Its return to prominence in the Anglo-Saxon period, as represented by the boars from Benty Grange, Wollaston, Guilden Morden, and <a href="/wiki/Horncastle_boar%27s_head" title="Horncastle boar's head">Horncastle</a>, may therefore suggest the post-Roman reintroduction of a Germanic tradition from Europe, rather than the continuation of a tradition in Britain through 400 years of Roman rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1977b27-136">[130]</a> Whatever its precise symbolism, the Anglo-Saxon boar appears to have been associated with protection; the Beowulf poet makes this clear, writing that boar symbols on helmets kept watch over the warriors wearing them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeowulfll._303–306-139">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaney1970123–124-140">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boar-crests_in_Beowulf">Boar-crests in Beowulf</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sutton_Hoo_helmet_2016.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colour photograph of the Sutton Hoo helmet, which has boar images on each of its two eyebrows" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Sutton_Hoo_helmet_2016.png/220px-Sutton_Hoo_helmet_2016.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Sutton_Hoo_helmet_2016.png/330px-Sutton_Hoo_helmet_2016.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Sutton_Hoo_helmet_2016.png/440px-Sutton_Hoo_helmet_2016.png 2x" data-file-width="1949" data-file-height="2791" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_helmet" title="Sutton Hoo helmet">Sutton Hoo helmet</a> exhibits the other style of boar motif mentioned in Beowulf.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_helmet#Beowulf" title="Sutton Hoo helmet">Sutton Hoo helmet § Beowulf</a></div> The Benty Grange helmet recalls the Anglo-Saxon poem <a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a>, in which boar-adorned helmets are mentioned five times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeowulfll._303–306,_1110–1112,_1286,_1327–1328,_1448–1454-141">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatto1957a155–156-142">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeake198080-143">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateman186133-144">[138]</a> Three passages<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeowulfll._1110–1112,_1286,_1327–1328-145">[139]</a> appear to describe examples that, like the Benty Grange helmet, are topped with a freestanding boar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECramp195762–63-146">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1968354-147">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaney1970123–124-140">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[note 7]</a> After <a href="/wiki/%C3%86schere" title="Æschere">Æschere</a> is killed by <a href="/wiki/Grendel%27s_mother" title="Grendel's mother">Grendel's mother</a>, King <a href="/wiki/Hrothgar" title="Hrothgar">Hrothgar</a>'s lamentation speaks of such helmets. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> "Ne frin þu æfter sælum! Sorh is geniwod Denigea leodum. Dead is Æschere, Yrmenlafes yldra broþor, min runwita ond min rædbora, eaxlgestealla, ðonne we on orlege hafelan weredon, þonne hniton feþan, eoferas cnysedan. Swylc scolde eorl wesan. æþeling ærgod, swylc Æschere wæs!" </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> "Rest? What is rest? Sorrow has returned. Alas for the Danes! Æschere is dead. He was Yrmenlaf's elder brother and a soul-mate to me, a true mentor, my right-hand man when the ranks clashed and our boar-crests had to take a battering in the line of action. Æschere was everything the world admires in a wise man and a friend." </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—<a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> text<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Beowulf''ll._1322–1329-155">[148]</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left">—English translation<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeaney200093-156">[149]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The devastation wrought by Grendel's mother itself invokes a boar-crested helmet, for "[h]er onslaught was less only by as much as an amazon warrior's strength is less than an armed man's when the hefted sword, its hammered edge and gleaming blade slathered in blood, razed the sturdy boar-ridge off a helmet"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeaney200091-1">[1]</a> (Wæs se gryre læssa efne swa micle, swa bið mægþa cræft, wiggryre wifes be wæpnedmen, þonne heoru bunden, hamere geþruen, sweord swate fah swin ofer helme ecgum dyhtig andweard scireð.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Beowulf''ll._1282–1287-157">[150]</a>) These two passages likely refer to boar-crests like those found on the Benty Grange and Wollaston helmets,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECramp195762–63-146">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1968354-147">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaney1970123-151">[145]</a> and the detached Guilden Morden boar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank200878–79-158">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatto1957b258-159">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Benty_Grange_helmet" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Benty Grange helmet">Benty Grange helmet</a>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Writing in 1974 about his 1940s examination of the helmet, <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Bruce-Mitford" title="Rupert Bruce-Mitford">Rupert Bruce-Mitford</a> stated that "experiments were carried out by softening and spreading a horn from a <a href="/wiki/Shorthorn" title="Shorthorn">shorthorn</a> breed. It was clear that a much bigger horned breed of cattle must have been involved in the construction. This was presumably <a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">bos</a> longifrons; and there is no need to postulate <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974233-6">[6]</a> Bos longifrons was thought then to be a <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> descended from aurochs and ancestor to modern cattle, but is now understood to be indistinct from the latter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClutton-Brock199984-7">[7]</a> On the 1986 replica, black-tipped white horns from a breed of Northumbrian cattle, which had been in the country for 800 years, was used.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_horn_bands-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_horn_plates-9">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Bateman excavated more than 500 barrows in his lifetime, earning him the moniker "The Barrow Knight."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoss1889176-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowarth1899v-40">[39]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> The Tribal Hidage is a list of territories south of the <a href="/wiki/Humber" title="Humber">Humber</a>, sized by hides, which were used as a measure of taxation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby19919-49">[47]</a> Though the list has been variously dated between the mid-seventh and the late-eighth centuries, it may mix earlier and later calculations, and include information from as late as the tenth century;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby19919–11-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair2014-51">[49]</a> it survives in several manuscripts, the latest of which dates to around the eleventh century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke19909–10-52">[50]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Llewellynn_Jewitt" title="Llewellynn Jewitt">Llewellynn Jewitt</a> suggested in 1870 that there had been two burials, writing that "In this mound, although a curious and unique helmet, the silver mountings of a leather drinking-cup, some highly interesting and beautiful enamelled ornaments, and other objects, as well as indications of the garments, remained, not a vestige of the body, with the exception of some of the hair, was to be seen. The lovely and delicate form of the female and the form of the stalwart warrior or noble had alike returned to their parent earth, leaving no trace behind, save the enamel of her teeth and traces of his hair alone, while the ornaments they wore and took pride in, and the surroundings of their stations, remained to tell their tale at this distant date."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJewitt1870211-57">[54]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Like the helmet, the four watercolours are now in the collection of the Weston Park Museum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_escutcheon_watercolour-75">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_chainwork_1-76">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_chainwork_2-77">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_helmet_watercolour-78">[74]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> This is true of the helmets from York, Wollaston, and Shorwell.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETweddle1992941,_946-113">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeadows20049–10-114">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoodAgerWilliamsHarrington201285–86-115">[110]</a> The exception, besides the Benty Grange helmet, is the Sutton Hoo helmet, which appears to have had its cap raised from a single piece of iron.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1978152,_203-116">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoodAgerWilliamsHarrington201292,_92_n.4-117">[112]</a> The Staffordshire helmet is still undergoing conservation work and research.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButterworthFregniFullerGreaves201632-118">[113]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> In the other two instances boars are referred to in the plural,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeowulfll._303–306,_1448–1454-148">[142]</a> such as when Beowulf and his men leave their ship as "[b]oar-shapes flashed above their cheek-guards"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeaney200021–23-149">[143]</a> (eoforlic scionon ofer hleorbergan<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeowulfll._303–304-150">[144]</a>). These references were perhaps made with the intention of recalling boars like those on the eyebrows of the <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_helmet" title="Sutton Hoo helmet">Sutton Hoo helmet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECramp195762–63-146">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1968354-147">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaney1970123-151">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1972122-152">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974200-153">[147]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeaney200091-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeaney200091_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeaney200091_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeaney2000">Heaney 2000</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974227,_230–231-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974227,_230–231_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974227,_230–231_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce-Mitford1974">Bruce-Mitford 1974</a>, pp. 227, 230–231. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_replica_in_use-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_replica_in_use_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_replica_in_use_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_replica_in_use_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_replica_in_use_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_replica_in_use_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_replica_in_use_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_replica_in_use_3-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFMuseums_Sheffield_replica_in_use">Museums Sheffield replica in use</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974231-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974231_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974231_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974231_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974231_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974231_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974231_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974231_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974231_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974231_4-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974231_4-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce-Mitford1974">Bruce-Mitford 1974</a>, p. 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974227,_231-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974227,_231_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce-Mitford1974">Bruce-Mitford 1974</a>, pp. 227, 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974233-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974233_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974233_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce-Mitford1974">Bruce-Mitford 1974</a>, p. 233. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClutton-Brock199984-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClutton-Brock199984_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClutton-Brock1999">Clutton-Brock 1999</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_horn_bands-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_horn_bands_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMuseums_Sheffield_horn_bands">Museums Sheffield horn bands</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_horn_plates-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_horn_plates_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMuseums_Sheffield_horn_plates">Museums Sheffield horn plates</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974232–233-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974232–233_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce-Mitford1974">Bruce-Mitford 1974</a>, pp. 232–233. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974231–232-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974231–232_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce-Mitford1974">Bruce-Mitford 1974</a>, pp. 231–232. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974232-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974232_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974232_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974232_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974232_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974232_13-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce-Mitford1974">Bruce-Mitford 1974</a>, p. 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974234–242-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974234–242_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce-Mitford1974">Bruce-Mitford 1974</a>, pp. 234–242. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974234–235-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974234–235_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974234–235_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce-Mitford1974">Bruce-Mitford 1974</a>, pp. 234–235. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974234–236-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974234–236_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce-Mitford1974">Bruce-Mitford 1974</a>, pp. 234–236. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974236-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974236_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce-Mitford1974">Bruce-Mitford 1974</a>, p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974236–237-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974236–237_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce-Mitford1974">Bruce-Mitford 1974</a>, pp. 236–237. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974237-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974237_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974237_19-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce-Mitford1974">Bruce-Mitford 1974</a>, p. 237. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_boar_on_replica-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_boar_on_replica_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMuseums_Sheffield_boar_on_replica">Museums Sheffield boar on replica</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974239–240-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974239–240_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce-Mitford1974">Bruce-Mitford 1974</a>, pp. 239–240. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974237,_240,_pl._68-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974237,_240,_pl._68_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce-Mitford1974">Bruce-Mitford 1974</a>, pp. 237, 240, pl. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974237,_240-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974237,_240_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce-Mitford1974">Bruce-Mitford 1974</a>, pp. 237, 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974237–239-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974237–239_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974237–239_24-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce-Mitford1974">Bruce-Mitford 1974</a>, pp. 237–239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974241-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974241_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974241_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974241_25-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce-Mitford1974">Bruce-Mitford 1974</a>, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974240–242-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974240–242_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974240–242_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce-Mitford1974">Bruce-Mitford 1974</a>, pp. 240–242. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974242-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974242_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974242_27-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce-Mitford1974">Bruce-Mitford 1974</a>, p. 242. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_boar_from_replica-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_boar_from_replica_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMuseums_Sheffield_boar_from_replica">Museums Sheffield boar from replica</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELester198734-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELester198734_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELester198734_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLester1987">Lester 1987</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_replica-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_replica_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_replica_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMuseums_Sheffield_replica">Museums Sheffield replica</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoodAgerWilliamsHarrington201293-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoodAgerWilliamsHarrington201293_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoodAgerWilliamsHarrington2012">Hood et al. 2012</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStjerna19121–2-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStjerna19121–2_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStjerna19121–2_32-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStjerna1912">Stjerna 1912</a>, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETweddle19921169-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETweddle19921169_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETweddle19921169_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTweddle1992">Tweddle 1992</a>, p. 1169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETweddle19921170-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETweddle19921170_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTweddle1992">Tweddle 1992</a>, p. 1170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoodAgerWilliamsHarrington201293,_93_n.8-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoodAgerWilliamsHarrington201293,_93_n.8_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoodAgerWilliamsHarrington2012">Hood et al. 2012</a>, pp. 93, 93 n.8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButterworthFregniFullerGreaves201641_n.27-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButterworthFregniFullerGreaves201641_n.27_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButterworthFregniFullerGreaves201641_n.27_36-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFButterworthFregniFullerGreaves2016">Butterworth et al. 2016</a>, p. 41 n.27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETweddle19921167-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETweddle19921167_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETweddle19921167_37-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTweddle1992">Tweddle 1992</a>, p. 1167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateman186128-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateman186128_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateman186128_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateman186128_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateman186128_38-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateman186128_38-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateman186128_38-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateman186128_38-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFBateman1861">Bateman 1861</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoss1889176-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoss1889176_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoss1889">Goss 1889</a>, p. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowarth1899v-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowarth1899v_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowarth1899v_40-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHowarth1899">Howarth 1899</a>, p. v. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOzanne1962–196335-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOzanne1962–196335_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOzanne1962–1963">Ozanne 1962–1963</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerbyshire_Historic_Environment_Record-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerbyshire_Historic_Environment_Record_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDerbyshire_Historic_Environment_Record">Derbyshire Historic Environment Record</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown201721-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown201721_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown201721_44-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown2017">Brown 2017</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974224-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974224_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce-Mitford1974">Bruce-Mitford 1974</a>, p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974223–224-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974223–224_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce-Mitford1974">Bruce-Mitford 1974</a>, pp. 223–224. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke19909–12,_102,_106,_108-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke19909–12,_102,_106,_108_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke19909–12,_102,_106,_108_47-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFYorke1990">Yorke 1990</a>, pp. 9–12, 102, 106, 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2014312-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2014312_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2014312_48-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeynes2014">Keynes 2014</a>, p. 312. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby19919-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby19919_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKirby1991">Kirby 1991</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby19919–11-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby19919–11_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKirby1991">Kirby 1991</a>, pp. 9–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair2014-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair2014_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlair2014">Blair 2014</a>. 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistoric_England_Benty_Grange_56-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistoric_England_Benty_Grange_56-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistoric_England_Benty_Grange_56-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistoric_England_Benty_Grange_56-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFHistoric_England_Benty_Grange">Historic England Benty Grange</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJewitt1870211-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJewitt1870211_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJewitt1870">Jewitt 1870</a>, p. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateman1849276-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateman1849276_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBateman1849">Bateman 1849</a>, p. 276. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974223,_pl._73-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974223,_pl._73_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce-Mitford1974">Bruce-Mitford 1974</a>, pp. 223, pl. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateman1849276–277-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateman1849276–277_61-0">a</a> 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateman186130–32_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateman186130–32_70-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBateman1861">Bateman 1861</a>, pp. 30–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974225–227-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974225–227_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce-Mitford1974225–227_71-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBruce-Mitford1974">Bruce-Mitford 1974</a>, pp. 225–227. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateman1849279-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateman1849279_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBateman1849">Bateman 1849</a>, p. 279. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateman186132-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateman186132_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateman186132_73-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBateman1861">Bateman 1861</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoss1889170–171,_175–176,_249,_301-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoss1889170–171,_175–176,_249,_301_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoss1889">Goss 1889</a>, 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_helmet_watercolour_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMuseums_Sheffield_helmet_watercolour">Museums Sheffield helmet watercolour</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWay185516-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWay185516_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWay1855">Way 1855</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Times''1848-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Times''1848_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Times1848">The Times 1848</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Morning_Post''1848-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Morning_Post''1848_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Morning_Post1848">The Morning Post 1848</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Ipswich_Journal''1848-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Ipswich_Journal''1848_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Ipswich_Journal1848">The Ipswich Journal 1848</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateman1855159–160-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateman1855159–160_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBateman1855">Bateman 1855</a>, pp. 159–160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowarth1899iii-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowarth1899iii_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHowarth1899">Howarth 1899</a>, p. iii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowarth1899iii–iv,_242-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowarth1899iii–iv,_242_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHowarth1899">Howarth 1899</a>, pp. iii–iv, 242. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield_Museums_helmet-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield_Museums_helmet_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSheffield_Museums_helmet">Sheffield Museums helmet</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuseums_Sheffield_88-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMuseums_Sheffield">Museums Sheffield</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebsterBackhouse199159–62-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebsterBackhouse199159–62_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWebsterBackhouse1991">Webster & Backhouse 1991</a>, pp. 59–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowring201276-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowring201276_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowring2012">Bowring 2012</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENatural_England_Benty_Grange_SSSI-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatural_England_Benty_Grange_SSSI_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNatural_England_Benty_Grange_SSSI">Natural England Benty Grange SSSI</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeak_District_Applications2012-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeak_District_Applications2012_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeak_District_Applications2012">Peak District Applications 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBentyGrange_Twitter2014-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBentyGrange_Twitter2014_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBentyGrange_Twitter2014">BentyGrange Twitter 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeak_Venues_Benty_Grange-94"><a 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London: John Russell Smith. pp. 28–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ten+Years%27+Digging+in+Celtic+and+Saxon+Grave+Hills%2C+in+the+counties+of+Derby%2C+Stafford%2C+and+York%2C+from+1848+to+1858%3B+with+notices+of+some+former+discoveries%2C+hitherto+unpublished%2C+and+remarks+on+the+crania+and+pottery+from+the+mounds&rft.place=London&rft.pages=28-33&rft.pub=John+Russell+Smith&rft.date=1861&rft.aulast=Bateman&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoopBAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenty+Grange+helmet" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentyGrange_Twitter2014" class="citation web cs1">Benty Grange [@BentyGrange] (22 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/BentyGrange/status/502909840143175680">"We are proud to open the doors to Benty Grange to our first guests. We couldn't have done it without @PeakVenues . THANKS"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>). Retrieved 10 February 2018 – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=We+are+proud+to+open+the+doors+to+Benty+Grange+to+our+first+guests.+We+couldn%27t+have+done+it+without+%40PeakVenues+.+THANKS&rft.date=2014-08-22&rft.au=Benty+Grange&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FBentyGrange%2Fstatus%2F502909840143175680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenty+Grange+helmet" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeak_Venues_Benty_Grange" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.peakvenues.co.uk/venues/13/benty-grange/">"Benty Grange – Barn Conversion – Peak Venues"</a>. Peak Venues. Retrieved 10 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Peak+Venues&rft.atitle=Benty+Grange+%E2%80%93+Barn+Conversion+%E2%80%93+Peak+Venues&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.peakvenues.co.uk%2Fvenues%2F13%2Fbenty-grange%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenty+Grange+helmet" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheffield_Museums_helmet" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sheffieldmuseums.org.uk/whats-on/benty-grange-helmet/">"Benty Grange Helmet: Continuing Display, Weston Park Museum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Galleries_and_Museums_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield Galleries and Museums Trust">Museums Sheffield</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240520193125/https://www.sheffieldmuseums.org.uk/whats-on/benty-grange-helmet">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museums+Sheffield&rft.atitle=Benty+Grange+Helmet%3A+Continuing+Display%2C+Weston+Park+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sheffieldmuseums.org.uk%2Fwhats-on%2Fbenty-grange-helmet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenty+Grange+helmet" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatural_England_Benty_Grange_SSSI" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/SiteDetail.aspx?SiteCode=S2000750&SiteName=Benty%20Grange&countyCode=&responsiblePerson=&SeaArea=&IFCAArea=">"Benty Grange SSSI"</a>. Designated Sites. <a href="/wiki/Natural_England" title="Natural England">Natural England</a>. Retrieved 18 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Designated+Sites&rft.atitle=Benty+Grange+SSSI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdesignatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk%2FSiteDetail.aspx%3FSiteCode%3DS2000750%26SiteName%3DBenty%2520Grange%26countyCode%3D%26responsiblePerson%3D%26SeaArea%3D%26IFCAArea%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenty+Grange+helmet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeowulf" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a>. n.d.</cite></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Old English quotations above use the Klaeber text, published as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlaeber1922" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Klaeber" title="Frederick Klaeber">Klaeber, Friedrich</a> (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zcw6AAAAMAAJ">Beowulf and The Fight at Finnsburg</a>. 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London: The British Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86159-189-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86159-189-3"><bdi>978-0-86159-189-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronology+of+Temporary+Exhibitions+at+the+British+Museum&rft.place=London&rft.series=British+Museum+Research+Publications&rft.pub=The+British+Museum&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-86159-189-3&rft.aulast=Bowring&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fpdf%2FRP_Exhibitions_Chronology.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenty+Grange+helmet" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2017" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Antony (October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.derbyshire.gov.uk/planningdocuments/R1-1017-33/sup-Environmental%20Statement%20-%20Appendix%2010.2%20-%20Setting%20Assessment%20(compressed).pdf">"Dowlow Quarry ROMP Environmental Statement Appendix 10.2: Setting Assessment"</a> (PDF). ARS Ltd Reports. 2017 (82).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ARS+Ltd+Reports&rft.atitle=Dowlow+Quarry+ROMP+Environmental+Statement+Appendix+10.2%3A+Setting+Assessment&rft.volume=2017&rft.issue=82&rft.date=2017-10&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.derbyshire.gov.uk%2Fplanningdocuments%2FR1-1017-33%2Fsup-Environmental%2520Statement%2520-%2520Appendix%252010.2%2520-%2520Setting%2520Assessment%2520%28compressed%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenty+Grange+helmet" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce-Mitford1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Bruce-Mitford" title="Rupert Bruce-Mitford">Bruce-Mitford, Rupert</a> (1956). "The Benty Grange Helmet". Annual Report for the Year Ending 31st March 1956. Sheffield: Sheffield City Museum. pp. 13–15. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/694999446">694999446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Benty+Grange+Helmet&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+for+the+Year+Ending+31st+March+1956&rft.place=Sheffield&rft.pages=13-15&rft.pub=Sheffield+City+Museum&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F694999446&rft.aulast=Bruce-Mitford&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenty+Grange+helmet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce-Mitford1972" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Bruce-Mitford" title="Rupert Bruce-Mitford">Bruce-Mitford, Rupert</a> (Autumn 1972). "The Sutton Hoo Helmet: A New Reconstruction". <a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Quarterly" title="British Museum Quarterly">The British Museum Quarterly</a>. XXXVI (3–4): 120–130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4423116">10.2307/4423116</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4423116">4423116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Museum+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Sutton+Hoo+Helmet%3A+A+New+Reconstruction&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=XXXVI&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=120-130&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4423116&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4423116%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bruce-Mitford&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenty+Grange+helmet" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce-Mitford1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Bruce-Mitford" title="Rupert Bruce-Mitford">Bruce-Mitford, Rupert</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aspectsofanglosa0000bruc">Aspects of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology: Sutton Hoo and Other Discoveries</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Gollancz_Ltd" title="Victor Gollancz Ltd">Victor Gollancz Limited</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-575-01704-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-575-01704-X"><bdi>0-575-01704-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Anglo-Saxon+Archaeology%3A+Sutton+Hoo+and+Other+Discoveries&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Victor+Gollancz+Limited&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-575-01704-X&rft.aulast=Bruce-Mitford&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faspectsofanglosa0000bruc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenty+Grange+helmet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce-Mitford1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Bruce-Mitford" title="Rupert Bruce-Mitford">Bruce-Mitford, Rupert</a> (1978). The Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial, Volume 2: Arms, Armour and Regalia. London: British Museum Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1331-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1331-9"><bdi>978-0-7141-1331-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sutton+Hoo+Ship-Burial%2C+Volume+2%3A+Arms%2C+Armour+and+Regalia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=British+Museum+Publications&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-1331-9&rft.aulast=Bruce-Mitford&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenty+Grange+helmet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce-Mitford1989a" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Bruce-Mitford" title="Rupert Bruce-Mitford">Bruce-Mitford, Rupert</a> (1989a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://suttonhoo.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Saxon10.pdf">"Early Thoughts on Sutton Hoo"</a> (PDF). Saxon (10).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saxon&rft.atitle=Early+Thoughts+on+Sutton+Hoo&rft.issue=10&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Bruce-Mitford&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsuttonhoo.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F02%2FSaxon10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenty+Grange+helmet" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce-Mitford1989b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Bruce-Mitford" title="Rupert Bruce-Mitford">Bruce-Mitford, Rupert</a> (1989b). Anglo-Saxon and Mediaeval Archaeology, History and Art, with special reference to Sutton Hoo: The highly important Working Library and Archive of more than 6,000 titles formed by Dr. Rupert L.S. Bruce-Mitford FBA, D.Litt., FSA. Wickmere: Merrion Book Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/858531182">858531182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+and+Mediaeval+Archaeology%2C+History+and+Art%2C+with+special+reference+to+Sutton+Hoo%3A+The+highly+important+Working+Library+and+Archive+of+more+than+6%2C000+titles+formed+by+Dr.+Rupert+L.S.+Bruce-Mitford+FBA%2C+D.Litt.%2C+FSA&rft.place=Wickmere&rft.pub=Merrion+Book+Co.&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F858531182&rft.aulast=Bruce-Mitford&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenty+Grange+helmet" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>Includes prefatory essays My Japanese Background and Forty Years with Sutton Hoo by Bruce-Mitford. The latter was republished in <a href="#CITEREFCarver2004">Carver 2004</a>, pp. 23–28.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterworthFregniFullerGreaves2016" class="citation journal cs1">Butterworth, Jenni; Fregni, Giovanna; Fuller, Kayleigh & Greaves, Pieta (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19455224.2016.1155071">"The Importance of Multidisciplinary Work Within Archaeological Conservation Projects: Assembly of the Staffordshire Hoard Die-Impressed Sheets"</a>. Journal of the Institute of Conservation. 39 (1): 29–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19455224.2016.1155071">10.1080/19455224.2016.1155071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Institute+of+Conservation&rft.atitle=The+Importance+of+Multidisciplinary+Work+Within+Archaeological+Conservation+Projects%3A+Assembly+of+the+Staffordshire+Hoard+Die-Impressed+Sheets&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-43&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19455224.2016.1155071&rft.aulast=Butterworth&rft.aufirst=Jenni&rft.au=Fregni%2C+Giovanna&rft.au=Fuller%2C+Kayleigh&rft.au=Greaves%2C+Pieta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F19455224.2016.1155071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenty+Grange+helmet" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarver2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Carver" title="Martin Carver">Carver, Martin</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-404-1/dissemination/field_reports/pdf/fr02_before_1983_nov04.pdf">"Before 1983"</a> (PDF). Sutton Hoo Field Reports (Data Set). 2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5284%2F1000266">10.5284/1000266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sutton+Hoo+Field+Reports&rft.atitle=Before+1983&rft.volume=2&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5284%2F1000266&rft.aulast=Carver&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchaeologydataservice.ac.uk%2Fcatalogue%2Fadsdata%2Farch-404-1%2Fdissemination%2Ffield_reports%2Fpdf%2Ffr02_before_1983_nov04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenty+Grange+helmet" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaney1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Chaney" title="William Chaney">Chaney, William A.</a> (1970). The Cult of Kingship in Anglo-Saxon England: The Transition from Paganism to Christianity. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/963628882">963628882</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cult+of+Kingship+in+Anglo-Saxon+England%3A+The+Transition+from+Paganism+to+Christianity&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F963628882&rft.aulast=Chaney&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenty+Grange+helmet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles-Edwards2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Charles-Edwards" title="Thomas Charles-Edwards">Charles-Edwards, Thomas</a> (2003). After Rome. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924982-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924982-4"><bdi>978-0-19-924982-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Rome&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924982-4&rft.aulast=Charles-Edwards&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenty+Grange+helmet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClutton-Brock1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Juliet_Clutton-Brock" title="Juliet Clutton-Brock">Clutton-Brock, Juliet</a> (1999). A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals (2nd ed.). 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Medieval Archaeology (Data Set). 1: 57–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00766097.1957.11735382">10.1080/00766097.1957.11735382</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medieval+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Beowulf+and+Archaeology&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=57-77&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00766097.1957.11735382&rft.aulast=Cramp&rft.aufirst=Rosemary+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchaeologydataservice.ac.uk%2FarchiveDS%2FarchiveDownload%3Ft%3Darch-769-1%2Fdissemination%2Fpdf%2Fvol01%2F1_057_077.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenty+Grange+helmet" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Ellis_Davidson" title="Hilda Ellis Davidson">Davidson, Hilda Ellis</a> (1968). "Archaeology and Beowulf". In Garmonsway, George Norman & <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Simpson" title="Jacqueline Simpson">Simpson, Jacqueline</a> (eds.). Beowulf and its Analogues. London: J. M. Dent & Sons. pp. 350–360. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/421931242">421931242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Archaeology+and+Beowulf&rft.btitle=Beowulf+and+its+Analogues&rft.place=London&rft.pages=350-360&rft.pub=J.+M.+Dent+%26+Sons&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F421931242&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Hilda+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenty+Grange+helmet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster1977a" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Foster" title="Jennifer Foster">Foster, Jennifer</a> (1977a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-769-1/dissemination/pdf/vol21/21_166_167.pdf">"Notes and News: A Boar Figurine from Guilden Morden, Cambs"</a> (PDF). Medieval Archaeology (Data Set). XXI: 166–167. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5284%2F1000320">10.5284/1000320</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medieval+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Notes+and+News%3A+A+Boar+Figurine+from+Guilden+Morden%2C+Cambs.&rft.volume=XXI&rft.pages=166-167&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5284%2F1000320&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchaeologydataservice.ac.uk%2FarchiveDS%2FarchiveDownload%3Ft%3Darch-769-1%2Fdissemination%2Fpdf%2Fvol21%2F21_166_167.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenty+Grange+helmet" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> <ul><li>Images on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-769-1/dissemination/pdf/vol21/21_001_022_plates.pdf">plate XIV</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster1977b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Foster" title="Jennifer Foster">Foster, Jennifer</a> (1977b). Bronze Boar Figurines in Iron Age and Roman Britain. Vol. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-904531-74-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-904531-74-9"><bdi>978-0-904531-74-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bronze+Boar+Figurines+in+Iron+Age+and+Roman+Britain&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-904531-74-9&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenty+Grange+helmet" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roberta_Frank" title="Roberta Frank">Frank, Roberta</a> (2008). "The Boar on the Helmet". In <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Karkov" title="Catherine Karkov">Karkov, Catherine E.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Helen_Damico" title="Helen Damico">Damico, Helen</a> (eds.). Aedificia Nova: Studies in Honor of Rosemary Cramp. Publications of the Richard Rawlinson Center. Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University. pp. 76–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58044-110-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58044-110-0"><bdi>978-1-58044-110-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Boar+on+the+Helmet&rft.btitle=Aedificia+Nova%3A+Studies+in+Honor+of+Rosemary+Cramp&rft.place=Kalamazoo&rft.series=Publications+of+the+Richard+Rawlinson+Center&rft.pages=76-88&rft.pub=Medieval+Institute+Publications%2C+Western+Michigan+University&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58044-110-0&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Roberta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenty+Grange+helmet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoss1889" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Goss" title="William Henry Goss">Goss, William Henry</a> (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=txoLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7">The Life and Death of Llewellynn Jewitt, F.S.A., Etc., with Fragmentary Memoirs of Some of his Famous Literary and Artistic Friends, Especially of Samuel Carter Hall, F.S.A., Etc</a>. London: Henry Gray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Death+of+Llewellynn+Jewitt%2C+F.S.A.%2C+Etc.%2C+with+Fragmentary+Memoirs+of+Some+of+his+Famous+Literary+and+Artistic+Friends%2C+Especially+of+Samuel+Carter+Hall%2C+F.S.A.%2C+Etc.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Henry+Gray&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Goss&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtxoLAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPP7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenty+Grange+helmet" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatto1957a" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Thomas_Hatto" title="Arthur Thomas Hatto">Hatto, Arthur Thomas</a> (August 1957a). 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"Notes and News: Snake-swords and Boar-helmets". English Studies. XXXVIII (6): 257–259. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00138385708597004">10.1080/00138385708597004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Studies&rft.atitle=Notes+and+News%3A+Snake-swords+and+Boar-helmets&rft.volume=XXXVIII&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=257-259&rft.date=1957-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00138385708597004&rft.aulast=Hatto&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenty+Grange+helmet" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeaney2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Heaney, Seamus</a> (2000). Beowulf: A New Verse Translation. New York: W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32097-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32097-8"><bdi>978-0-393-32097-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beowulf%3A+A+New+Verse+Translation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32097-8&rft.aulast=Heaney&rft.aufirst=Seamus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenty+Grange+helmet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuseums_Sheffield" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idigsheffield.org.uk/object.asp?ref=J93_1189">"Helmet from Benty Grange"</a>. I Dig Sheffield. Museums Sheffield. 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London: <a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin" title="Allen & Unwin">Unwin Hyman</a>. pp. 9–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-04-445691-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-04-445691-3"><bdi>0-04-445691-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Tribal+Hidage&rft.btitle=The+Earliest+English+Kings&rft.place=London&rft.pages=9-12&rft.pub=Unwin+Hyman&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-04-445691-3&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=David+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearliestenglishk0000kirb%2Fpage%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenty+Grange+helmet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLester1987" class="citation journal cs1">Lester, Geoff (Fall 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oenewsletter.org/OEN/archive/OEN21_1.pdf">"The Anglo-Saxon Helmet from Benty Grange, Derbyshire"</a> (PDF). 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Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press#Clarendon_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Clarendon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-813194-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-813194-1"><bdi>0-19-813194-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/79-41091">79-41091</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+Animal+Art&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F79-41091&rft.isbn=0-19-813194-1&rft.aulast=Speake&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanglosaxonanimal0000spea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenty+Grange+helmet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteuer1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Heiko_Steuer" title="Heiko Steuer">Steuer, Heiko</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freidok.uni-freiburg.de/fedora/objects/freidok:4109/datastreams/FILE1/content">"Helm und Ringschwert: Prunkbewaffnung und Rangabzeichen germanischer Krieger"</a> [Helmet and Ring-Sword: Ornamental Weapons and Insignia of Germanic Warriors]. 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Hildesheim: Lax. pp. 189–236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7848-1617-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-7848-1617-7"><bdi>3-7848-1617-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Helm+und+Ringschwert%3A+Prunkbewaffnung+und+Rangabzeichen+germanischer+Krieger&rft.btitle=Studien+zur+Sachsenforschung&rft.place=Hildesheim&rft.pages=189-236&rft.pub=Lax&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=3-7848-1617-7&rft.aulast=Steuer&rft.aufirst=Heiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreidok.uni-freiburg.de%2Ffedora%2Fobjects%2Ffreidok%3A4109%2Fdatastreams%2FFILE1%2Fcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenty+Grange+helmet" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStjerna1912" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Knut_Stjerna" title="Knut Stjerna">Stjerna, Knut</a> (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924013340074">Essays on Questions Connected with the Old English Poem of Beowulf</a>. 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London: Council for British Archaeology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-872414-19-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-872414-19-2"><bdi>1-872414-19-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240321135711/https://www.collections.yorkarchaeologicaltrust.co.uk/s/publications/item/74497">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglian+Helmet+from+16%E2%80%9322+Coppergate&rft.place=London&rft.series=The+Archaeology+of+York&rft.pub=Council+for+British+Archaeology&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-872414-19-2&rft.aulast=Tweddle&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collections.yorkarchaeologicaltrust.co.uk%2Fs%2Fpublications%2Fitem%2F74497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenty+Grange+helmet" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuseums_Sheffield_escutcheon_watercolour" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idigsheffield.org.uk/object.asp?ref=Jewitt_S10B">"Watercolour of finds from Benty Grange including escutcheon and cup fittings"</a>. 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Retrieved 5 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=I+Dig+Sheffield&rft.atitle=Watercolour+showing+the+helmet+from+Benty+Grange&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idigsheffield.org.uk%2Fobject.asp%3Fref%3DJewitt_S9B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenty+Grange+helmet" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWay1855" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Way" title="Albert Way">Way, Albert</a> (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dYZbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA16">"Notice of a Bronze Relique, Assigned to the Later Roman or the Saxon Age, Discovered at Leckhampton, Gloucestershire"</a>. The Archaeological Journal. XII: 7–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Archaeological+Journal&rft.atitle=Notice+of+a+Bronze+Relique%2C+Assigned+to+the+Later+Roman+or+the+Saxon+Age%2C+Discovered+at+Leckhampton%2C+Gloucestershire&rft.volume=XII&rft.pages=7-21&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Way&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdYZbAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenty+Grange+helmet" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebsterBackhouse1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Webster_(art_historian)" title="Leslie Webster (art historian)">Webster, Leslie</a> & <a href="/wiki/Janet_Backhouse" title="Janet Backhouse">Backhouse, Janet</a>, eds. (1991). The Making of England: Anglo-Saxon Art and Culture, AD 600–900. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7721-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7721-9"><bdi>978-0-8020-7721-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+England%3A+Anglo-Saxon+Art+and+Culture%2C+AD+600%E2%80%93900&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-7721-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenty+Grange+helmet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeak_District_Applications2012" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/259302/Week-30-Starting-18-07-2012.pdf">"Weekly List of Applications Validated by the Authority: Applications validated between 18/072012 – 24/07/2012"</a> (PDF). Peak District National Park Authority.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Peak+District+National+Park+Authority&rft.atitle=Weekly+List+of+Applications+Validated+by+the+Authority%3A+Applications+validated+between+18%2F072012+%E2%80%93+24%2F07%2F2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peakdistrict.gov.uk%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0003%2F259302%2FWeek-30-Starting-18-07-2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenty+Grange+helmet" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wood, Ian (2014). "Conversion". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England (Second ed.). Chichester, UK: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 123–124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65632-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65632-7"><bdi>978-0-470-65632-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conversion&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Chichester%2C+UK&rft.pages=123-124&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-470-65632-7&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenty+Grange+helmet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYorke1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Yorke" title="Barbara Yorke">Yorke, Barbara</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/details/kingskingdomsofe0000york">Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16639-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16639-X"><bdi>0-415-16639-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kings+and+Kingdoms+of+Early+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-415-16639-X&rft.aulast=Yorke&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingskingdomsofe0000york&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABenty+Grange+helmet" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Republished as an ebook as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Yorke" title="Barbara Yorke">Yorke, Barbara</a> (2003) [1990]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cultorweb.com/eBooks/Storia/Kings%20and%20Kingdoms%20of%20Early%20Anglo-Saxon%20England.pdf">Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England</a> (PDF). 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class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Helmets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Helmet" title="Helmet">Helmets</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual historical helmets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_of_Agighiol" title="Helmet of Agighiol">Agighiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agris_Helmet" title="Agris Helmet">Agris</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Benty Grange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broe_helmet" title="Broe helmet">Broe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_helmet" title="Canterbury helmet">Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts_in_Transylvania#Helmet_of_Ciumeşti" title="Celts in Transylvania">Ciumeşti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppergate_Helmet" title="Coppergate Helmet">Coppergate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_of_Co%C8%9Bofene%C8%99ti" title="Helmet of Coțofenești">Coțofenești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry_Sallet" title="Coventry Sallet">Coventry Sallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosby_Garrett_Helmet" title="Crosby Garrett Helmet">Crosby Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emesa_helmet" title="Emesa helmet">Emesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gevninge_helmet_fragment" title="Gevninge helmet fragment">Gevninge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjermundbu_helmet" title="Gjermundbu helmet">Gjermundbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilden_Morden_boar" title="Guilden Morden boar">Guilden Morden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guisborough_Helmet" title="Guisborough Helmet">Guisborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallaton_Helmet" title="Hallaton Helmet">Hallaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellvi_helmet_eyebrow" title="Hellvi helmet eyebrow">Hellvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_helmet_of_Henry_VIII" title="Horned helmet of Henry VIII">Henry VIII's Horned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horncastle_boar%27s_head" title="Horncastle boar's head">Horncastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_of_Iron_Gates" title="Helmet of Iron Gates">Iron Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokrume_helmet_fragment" title="Lokrume helmet fragment">Lokrume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyrick_Helmet" title="Meyrick Helmet">Meyrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemiya_Helmet" title="Nemiya Helmet">Nemiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newstead_Helmet" title="Newstead Helmet">Newstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nijmegen_Helmet" title="Nijmegen Helmet">Nijmegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_of_Peretu" title="Helmet of Peretu">Peretu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Helmet" title="Pioneer Helmet">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribchester_Helmet" title="Ribchester Helmet">Ribchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorwell_helmet" title="Shorwell helmet">Shorwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_helmet" title="Staffordshire helmet">Staffordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_helmet" title="Sutton Hoo helmet">Sutton Hoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjele_helmet_fragment" title="Tjele helmet fragment">Tjele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veks%C3%B8_helmets" class="mw-redirect" title="Veksø helmets">Veksø</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_the_Magnificent%27s_Venetian_Helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Süleyman the Magnificent's Venetian Helmet">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Helmet" title="Waterloo Helmet">Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witcham_Gravel_helmet" title="Witcham Gravel helmet">Witcham Gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarm_helmet" title="Yarm helmet">Yarm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Combat_helmet" title="Combat helmet">Combat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attic_helmet" title="Attic helmet">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar%27s_tusk_helmet" title="Boar's tusk helmet">Boar's tusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotian_helmet" title="Boeotian helmet">Boeotian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_helmet" title="Chalcidian helmet">Chalcidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolus_helmet" title="Coolus helmet">Coolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinthian_helmet" title="Corinthian helmet">Corinthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galea_(helmet)" title="Galea (helmet)">Galea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_type_helmet" title="Illyrian type helmet">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_helmet" title="Imperial helmet">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kegelhelm" title="Kegelhelm">Kegelhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konos" title="Konos">Konos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Roman_ridge_helmet" title="Late Roman ridge helmet">Late Roman ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montefortino_helmet" title="Montefortino helmet">Montefortino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negau_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Negau helmet">Negau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_helmet" title="Phrygian helmet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pileus_(hat)" title="Pileus (hat)">Pilos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shmarjet" title="Shmarjet">Shmarjet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval and Early Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armet" title="Armet">Armet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventail" title="Aventail">Aventail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbute" title="Barbute">Barbute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bascinet" title="Bascinet">Bascinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgonet" title="Burgonet">Burgonet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervelliere" title="Cervelliere">Cervelliere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_helmet" title="Close helmet">Close</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragoon_helmet" title="Dragoon helmet">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosed_helmet" title="Enclosed helmet">Enclosed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falling_buffe" title="Falling buffe">Falling buffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog-mouth_helm" title="Frog-mouth helm">Frog-mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_boar_helmet" title="Germanic boar helmet">Germanic boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_helm" title="Great helm">Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bascinet#Hounskull" title="Bascinet">Hounskull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingasa">Jingasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabuto" title="Kabuto">Kabuto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katapu" title="Katapu">Katapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettle_hat" title="Kettle hat">Kettle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulah_khud" title="Kulah khud">Kulah khud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamellenhelm" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamellenhelm">Lamellenhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster-tailed_pot_helmet" title="Lobster-tailed pot helmet">Lobster-tailed pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men-yoroi" title="Men-yoroi">Mempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morion_(helmet)" title="Morion (helmet)">Morion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_helmet" title="Nasal helmet">Nasal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paseki" title="Paseki">Paseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickelhaube" title="Pickelhaube">Pickelhaube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallet" title="Sallet">Sallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secrete_(helmet)" title="Secrete (helmet)">Secrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spangenhelm" title="Spangenhelm">Spangenhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takula_tofao" title="Takula tofao">Takula tofao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turban_helmet" title="Turban helmet">Turban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age_arms_and_armour#Helmet" title="Viking Age arms and armour">Viking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragoon_helmet" title="Dragoon helmet">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickelhaube" title="Pickelhaube">Pickelhaube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pith_helmet" title="Pith helmet">Pith helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarleton_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarleton helmet">Tarleton helmet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1914–1945</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_helmet" title="Adrian helmet">Adrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodie_helmet" title="Brodie helmet">Brodie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_M36_helmet" title="Bulgarian M36 helmet">M36 (Bulgaria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakian_M32_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovakian M32 helmet">M32 (Czechoslovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1923_helmet_(Denmark)" title="M1923 helmet (Denmark)">M1923 (Denmark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stahlhelm" title="Stahlhelm">Stahlhelm (Germany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_M1934/39_helmet" title="Greek M1934/39 helmet">M1934/39 (Greece)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_Steel_Airborne_Troop" title="Helmet Steel Airborne Troop">Helmet Steel Airborne Troop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M33_helmet" title="M33 helmet">M33 (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M42_Duperite_helmet" title="M42 Duperite helmet">M42 Duperite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1_helmet" title="M1 helmet">M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1C_helmet" title="M1C helmet">M1C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Navy_Mk_II_talker_helmet" title="US Navy Mk II talker helmet">Mk II talker helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mk_III_helmet" title="Mk III helmet">Mk III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_M34" title="Netherlands M34">Netherlands M34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He%C5%82m_wz._31" title="Hełm wz. 31">Hełm wz. 31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_M1940_helmet" title="Portuguese M1940 helmet">M1940 (Portugal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAC_helmet" title="RAC helmet">RAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSh-36" title="SSh-36">SSh-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSh-39_and_SSh-40" title="SSh-39 and SSh-40">SSh-39 and SSh-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1921_helmet_(Spain)" title="M1921 helmet (Spain)">M1921 (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1926_helmet_(Spain)" title="M1926 helmet (Spain)">M1926 (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1934_helmet_(Spain)" title="M1934 helmet (Spain)">M1934 (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1942_Modelo_Z" title="M1942 Modelo Z">M1942 Modelo Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSK_90_helmet" title="SSK 90 helmet">SSK 90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1926_helmet_(Sweden)" title="M1926 helmet (Sweden)">M1926 (Sweden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1937_helmet_(Sweden)" title="M1937 helmet (Sweden)">M1937 (Sweden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Eplattenier_helmet" title="L'Eplattenier helmet">L'Eplattenier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_M1918_Helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss M1918 Helmet">M1918 (Switzerland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Uniforms of the Imperial Japanese Army">Type 92 Tetsubo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1945–1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangtan_Helmet" title="Bangtan Helmet">Bangtan Helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CABAL_II" title="CABAL II">CABAL II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Vz._53_Helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak Vz. 53 Helmet">Czechoslovak Vz. 53 Helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GK80" title="GK80">GK80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_M70" title="Hungarian M70">Hungarian M70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_M73_helmet" title="Romanian M73 helmet">Romanian M73 helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C2%BA_44_E.T.A._de_Paracaidista" class="mw-redirect" title="Mº 44 E.T.A. de Paracaidista">Mº 44 E.T.A.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M59/85" title="M59/85">M59/85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He%C5%82m_wz._50" title="Hełm wz. 50">Hełm wz. 50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He%C5%82m_wz._63" title="Hełm wz. 63">Hełm wz. 63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He%C5%82m_wz._67" title="Hełm wz. 67">Hełm wz. 67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M63_helmet" title="M63 helmet">M63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M76_paratrooper_helmet" title="M76 paratrooper helmet">M76 Para</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mk_IV_helmet" title="Mk IV helmet">Mk IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mk_6_helmet" title="Mk 6 helmet">Mk 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le_1951_helmet" title="Modèle 1951 helmet">Modèle 1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le_1978_helmet" title="Modèle 1978 helmet">Modèle 1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPC-1" title="MPC-1">MPC-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OR-201" title="OR-201">OR-201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paratrooper_helmet" title="Paratrooper helmet">Paratrooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSh-60" title="SSh-60">SSh-60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSh-68" title="SSh-68">SSh-68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_M1971_Helmet" title="Swiss M1971 Helmet">Swiss M71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_66_helmet" title="Type 66 helmet">Type 66</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CG634" title="CG634">CG634</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefechtshelm_M92" title="Gefechtshelm M92">M92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOLFO" title="GOLFO">GOLFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_M90_helmet" title="Iraqi M90 helmet">M90 (Iraq)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JK_96_helmet" title="JK 96 helmet">JK 96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M59/85" title="M59/85">M59/85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M87_kevlar_helmet" title="M87 kevlar helmet">M87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personnel_Armor_System_for_Ground_Troops" title="Personnel Armor System for Ground Troops">PASGT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He%C5%82m_wz._93" title="Hełm wz. 93">Hełm wz. 93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He%C5%82m_wz._2000" title="Hełm wz. 2000">Hełm wz. 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfera_(helmet)" title="Sfera (helmet)">Sfera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPECTRA_helmet" title="SPECTRA helmet">SPECTRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6B7_helmet" title="6B7 helmet">6B7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A2_Helmet" title="A2 Helmet">A2 Helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Combat_Helmet" title="Advanced Combat Helmet">Advanced Combat Helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BK-3_helmet" title="BK-3 helmet">BK-3 helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QGF-03" title="QGF-03">QGF-03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Combat_Helmet_(Australia)" title="Enhanced Combat Helmet (Australia)">ECH (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Combat_Helmet_(United_States)" title="Enhanced Combat Helmet (United States)">ECH (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Assault_Shell_Technology_helmet" title="Future Assault Shell Technology helmet">FAST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6B47_helmet" title="6B47 helmet">6B47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He%C5%82m_wz._2005" title="Hełm wz. 2005">Hełm wz. 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Head_Protection_System" title="Integrated Head Protection System">IHPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KH-B2000" title="KH-B2000">KH-B2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_Helmet" title="Lightweight Helmet">Lightweight Helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Integrated_Communications_Helmet" title="Modular Integrated Communications Helmet">MICH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mk_7_helmet" title="Mk 7 helmet">Mk 7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Athletic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batting_helmet" title="Batting helmet">Batting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coolflo" title="Coolflo">Coolflo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headgear_(martial_arts)" title="Headgear (martial arts)">Boxing / Martial Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_helmet" title="Bicycle helmet">Bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_helmet" title="Cricket helmet">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_helmet" title="Equestrian helmet">Equestrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_helmet" title="Football helmet">Gridiron football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyeshield" title="Eyeshield">Eyeshield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_helmets" title="Revolution helmets">Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hockey_helmet" title="Hockey helmet">Hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrosse_helmet" title="Lacrosse helmet">Lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_helmet" title="Motorcycle helmet">Motorcycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racing_helmet" title="Racing helmet">Racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_cap" title="Scrum cap">Scrum cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_helmet" title="Ski helmet">Ski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Work</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Custodian_helmet" title="Custodian helmet">Custodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighter%27s_helmet" title="Firefighter's helmet">Firefighter's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_hat" title="Hard hat">Hard hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot_protection_helmet" title="Riot protection helmet">Riot protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welding_helmet" title="Welding helmet">Welding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_helmet" title="Flight helmet">Flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_cover" title="Helmet cover">Helmet cover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitznefet_(Israeli_military)" title="Mitznefet (Israeli military)">Mitznefet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_(heraldry)" title="Helmet (heraldry)">Heraldic use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_helmet" title="Horned helmet">Horned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahiole" title="Mahiole">Mahiole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarnhelm" title="Tarnhelm">Tarnhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pith_helmet" title="Pith helmet">Pith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_fiber_helmet" title="American fiber helmet">American fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winged_helmet" title="Winged helmet">Winged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuckerman_helmet" title="Zuckerman helmet">Zuckerman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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